ARAMIS v 5.3 - Materials Science Group University of Groningen

GOM mbH Mittelweg 7-8 D-38106 Braunschweig E-Mail: [email protected] Germany Fax: +49 (0) 531 390 29 15 Tel.: +49 (0) 531 390 29 0 http://www.gom.com Page 1 (97)

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ARAMIS v 5.3.0

User Manual

hanspeter

Pfeil-german

Legal and Safety Notes

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Legal and Safety Notes

Safety Notes - General Make sure you comply with the respec-

tive valid accident prevention regula-tions.

Use the product only on a safe and steady ground.

Protect large stands with horizontal extension arms from falling over.

AC power connection of the unit must comply with the valid regulations of the respective coun-tries.

Operate the equipment only with the operating voltages printed on the housing. Using an incor-rect operating voltage may cause malfunctions or the risk of fire.

Protect the cables from mechanical load (squeezing, tension, etc.). Damaged cables may cause short-circuits and the risk of fire.

Do not use equipment connected to AC power during heavy thunderstorms. Due to voltage variations and transient voltages in the low-voltage network, malfunctions and dangerous voltages between housing and other compo-nents may occur.

The ambient temperature must be between +5 and +40 °C. Make sure no rapid temperature variations occur that might cause condensation.

Disconnect the power plug before opening the housing.

Replace bulbs and fuses only with components having the same specifications.

The devices must not come into contact with wa-ter. For cleaning, use a moist cloth but first dis-connect the power plug.

Legal Notes No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means or used to make any de-rivative work (such as translation, transformation or adaptation) without the prior written permission of GOM. GOM reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes in content from time to time without obligation on the part of GOM to provide no-tification of such revision or change. GOM provides this manual without warranty of any kind, either implied or expressed, including, but not limited, to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. GOM may improve or change the manual and/or the product(s) described herein at any time. Copyright © 2004 GOM mbH All rights reserved!

Table of Contents

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Table of Contents

Legal and Safety Notes .................................................................................2

Table of Contents...........................................................................................3

1. Introduction......................................................................................6

2. Brief Introduction to the ARAMIS System .....................................7 2.1 Fields of Application...................................................................................7 2.2 Typical Measuring Procedure ....................................................................8 2.3 Features of the ARAMIS System .............................................................10 2.4 Main Hardware and Software Components ............................................10 2.5 The ARAMIS System Variants..................................................................11

3. Sensor Types .................................................................................12 3.1 General Information ..................................................................................12 3.1.1 Sensor Configuration ARAMIS 1.3 M...............................................12 3.2 Definition of Terms Referring to the ARAMIS 3D Sensor Unit and

Measuring Volume ....................................................................................14 3.3 How to Handle Lenses..............................................................................15 3.4 Sensor Setup .............................................................................................15

4. The Trigger Box .............................................................................18 4.1 Commissioning .........................................................................................18 4.2 Brief Description .......................................................................................18 4.2.1 Trigger Box Front Panel ...................................................................18 4.2.2 Further Information About the Front Panel Control Elements ..........19 4.2.3 Trigger Box Rear Panel ...................................................................20 4.2.4 Further Information About the Rear Panel Connectors ....................20

5. Measurement Preparation.............................................................21 5.1 Preparing a Specimen ..............................................................................21

6. ARAMIS Software – General Information and Calibration..........23 6.1 Starting the PC with the GOM LINUX Operating System.......................23 6.2 Starting the ARAMIS Software.................................................................23 6.3 General ARAMIS Operation......................................................................23 6.3.1 General Steps to Carry Out a Standard Measuring Project .............24 6.3.2 The Operating Modes ......................................................................24 6.4 Structure of the ARAMIS Menu Window .................................................25 6.4.1 Structure of the ARAMIS Menu Window in Project Mode ................25 6.4.2 Structure of the ARAMIS Menu Window in Evaluation Mode...........26 6.5 The ARAMIS Toolbar ................................................................................26 6.5.1 The ARAMIS Toolbar in Project Mode .............................................26 6.5.2 The ARAMIS Toolbar in Evaluation Mode .......................................27 6.6 Save Data ...................................................................................................27 6.7 Restoring the Factory-Preadjusted Settings ..........................................28 6.8 Overview of the Most Important Mouse Functions................................28 6.8.1 Move the 3D Object in the 3D Object Window.................................28 6.8.2 Right Mouse Button Menus in Project Mode & Start Measurement .29 6.8.3 Right Mouse Button Menus in Project Mode & Stop Measurement .29 6.8.4 Right Mouse Button Menus in Evaluation Mode ..............................30 6.9 Calibration .................................................................................................31

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7. Carrying Out a Standard Measuring Project with Report Generation ..................................................................................... 35

7.1 Determination of Measuring Volume and Preparation of the Specimen................................................................... 35

7.2 Calibration (Project Mode) ....................................................................... 35 7.3 Creating a New Project (Project Mode)................................................... 35 7.4 Activate Recording Mode (Project Mode)............................................... 36 7.5 Computation Mask of Measuring Images (Project Mode)..................... 37 7.6 Define Start Point (Project Mode)............................................................ 38 7.6.1 Manual Start Point Definition........................................................... 38 7.6.2 Semi-Automatic Start Point Definition ............................................. 39 7.7 Compute Project ....................................................................................... 40 7.8 Results (Evaluation Mode)....................................................................... 40 7.9 Transform Project (Evaluation Mode)..................................................... 41 7.10 Data Post Processing (Evaluation Mode)............................................... 41 7.11 Report Generation .................................................................................... 42

8. Useful Information for Working With the ARAMIS Software and Measuring Projects................................................................ 44

8.1 2D Images and 3D Representations........................................................ 44 8.2 Status Indicator Line ................................................................................ 44 8.3 Notes Regarding the Explorer Information in the Project Mode.......... 44 8.4 Cancel an Operating Step........................................................................ 44

9. Further Operating Functions In the Project Mode...................... 45 9.1 Project Parameters................................................................................... 45 9.1.1 Facet ............................................................................................... 45 9.1.2 Strain............................................................................................... 45 9.1.3 Scaling ............................................................................................ 46 9.1.4 Stages ............................................................................................. 46 9.2 Stage Parameters ..................................................................................... 46 9.2.1 Accuracy ......................................................................................... 46 9.2.2 Residual .......................................................................................... 46 9.2.3 Check Intersection Deviation........................................................... 46 9.3 Recording Image Sequences................................................................... 47 9.3.1 Measuring Modes............................................................................ 47 9.4 Mask Definition ......................................................................................... 47 9.5 Start Point Definition................................................................................ 48 9.6 Compute Project ....................................................................................... 48 9.7 Export ........................................................................................................ 48

10. Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode................ 49 10.1 Data Post Processing............................................................................... 49 10.1.1 Filter ................................................................................................ 49 10.1.2 Interpolation .................................................................................... 49 10.1.3 Delete Points................................................................................... 50 10.2 Primitives................................................................................................... 50 10.2.1 General Information......................................................................... 50 10.2.2 Selection Methods........................................................................... 51 10.2.3 Menu Item Invert Direction .............................................................. 51 10.2.4 Overview and Brief Descriptions of all Primitives ............................ 51 10.3 Transform Measuring Results................................................................. 57 10.3.1 3-2-1 Transformation....................................................................... 58

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10.4 3-2-1 Transformation Using Primitives ...................................................60 10.4.1 Transformation Using the Edge of the Specimen.............................60 10.4.2 Transformation Using the Edge of the Specimen and

Circular Hole ....................................................................................61 10.5 Eliminate Rigid Body Movement..............................................................62 10.6 Result Representations ............................................................................63 10.6.1 Statistical Data .................................................................................63 10.7 Stage Point, Info Point..............................................................................64 10.8 Sections .....................................................................................................65 10.9 Reports.......................................................................................................66 10.9.1 Right Mouse Button Click: .............................................................67 10.9.2 Right Mouse Button Click: .............................................................67 10.9.3 Right Mouse Button Click and Edit Element (Labeling) ...............68 10.9.4 Right Mouse Button Click and Edit Element (Diagram) ...............69 10.9.5 Right Mouse Button Click Somewhere on the Report ......................69 10.9.6 Right Mouse Button Click Somewhere on the Report and

Create Element ................................................................................70 10.10 Export.........................................................................................................71 10.10.1 Data Export of Points .......................................................................71 10.10.2 Export of Diagram Data ...................................................................72 10.10.3 Export Statistics ...............................................................................72 10.10.4 Export Configuration Files................................................................72

11. Other Operating Functions ...........................................................77 11.1.1 Overview on the General Functions of the Macro Recorder ............77 11.1.2 Record New Macro ..........................................................................77 11.1.3 Useful Notes Regarding the Macro Recorder ..................................77 11.2 CD/DVD Recorder......................................................................................78 11.3 Preferences................................................................................................79 11.3.1 Save User-Defined Preference Configurations ................................80 11.3.2 Load User-Defined Preference Configurations ................................80

12. Troubleshooting.............................................................................81

13. The Basics of Strain ......................................................................82 13.1 The Term "Strain" .....................................................................................82 13.2 The Deformation Gradient Tensor...........................................................82 13.2.1 Deformation Gradient Tensor Definition...........................................82 13.2.2 Decomposing the Deformation Gradient Tensor into

Polar Coordinates ............................................................................83 13.2.3 Major and Minor Strain Derived from the

Deformation Gradient Tensor...........................................................83 13.3 Calculation of the Deformation Gradient Tensor from a

2D Displacement Field..............................................................................84 13.4 Calculation of the Deformation Gradient Tensor from a

3D Displacement Field..............................................................................86 13.4.1 The Tangential Model ......................................................................86 13.4.2 The Spline Model .............................................................................87 13.5 Bibliography for Strain Theory ................................................................88

14. ARAMIS Menu Structure ...............................................................89 14.1 Structure in Evaluation Mode ..................................................................89 14.2 Structure in Project Mode ........................................................................94

15. Index ...............................................................................................96

Introduction

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1. Introduction This user manual is intended for qualified personnel who has basic knowledge of deformation analysis and basic PC knowledge (win-dows-based programs and operating systems). This user manual is configured to the transfer of knowledge of sensor settings, standard measuring procedures and the documentation of the measuring re-sults.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! The ARAMIS system is a measuring system that also addresses ex-perts of digital optical deformation analysis. Therefore, it is unavoid-able that the ARAMIS software contains menu items not intended for the standard user. Improper use of these menu items (expert parame-ters) may cause incorrect measurements.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! This User Manual does not deal with the system installation and spe-cial user information of the trigger box. If necessary, this information is compiled in a separate user information. For being able to make optimum use of the system, we assume the ability to visualize in 3D and a color vision ability. This user manual is divided into the following sections: • The first page informs about important safety aspects. • Sections 1 and 2 give basic information about the ARAMIS system

and the system variants. • Section 3 informs about the sensor types of the ARAMIS system

and how to adjust the sensor. • Section 4 informs about the control elements of the trigger box and

its interfaces. How to create trigger lists is not part of this user man-ual.

• Section 5 provides information about preparing the objects to be measured.

• Section 6 contains general information about the ARAMIS software and informs about the system calibration.

• Section 7 describes how to carry out a standard measuring project using the standard functions of the ARAMIS system.

• Section 8 gives hints and notes for the ARAMIS system. • Section 9 informs about operating functions in the project mode of

the ARAMIS application software. • Section 10 informs about further operating functions in the evalua-

tion mode of the ARAMIS application software. • Section 11 informs about other operating functions like import, ex-

port, macros, preferences and CD recording. • Section 12 informs about troubleshooting. • Section 13 informs about the mathematical basics of the ARAMIS

strain calculations. • Section 14 shows the ARAMIS menu structure in order to find the

way even to "hidden" menu functions. • Section 15 contains a search index to provide quick access to the

most important ARAMIS information.

Brief Introduction to the ARAMIS System

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In this user manual the following standard signal words are used:

CCAAUUTTIIOONN !! - points to a situation that might be dangerous. NNOOTTIICCEE !! - points to a situation in which the product or an

object in the vicinity of the product might be dam-aged.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! - indicates important application notes and other useful information.

2. Brief Introduction to the ARAMIS System ARAMIS is a non-contact optical 3D deformation measuring system. ARAMIS analyzes, calculates and documents material deformations. The graphical representation of the measuring results provides an op-timum understanding of the behavior of the object to be measured. ARAMIS recognizes the surface structure of the object to be meas-ured in digital camera images and allocates coordinates to the image pixels. The first coordinates are gathered already when recording the reference condition. In the measuring project, this image represents the undeformed state of the object. After or during the deformation of the object to be measured, further images are recorded. Then, ARAMIS compares the digital images and calculates the displacement and the deformation of the object characteristics. If the object to be measured has only a few object characteristics, like it is the case with homogeneous surfaces, you need to prepare such surfaces by means of suitable methods, for example apply a stochas-tic color spray pattern that follows the deformation. ARAMIS is particularly suitable for three-dimensional deformation measurements under static and dynamic load in order to analyze de-formations and strain of real components. Most of the system functions are controlled by the software. Measur-ing, evaluation, display and print functions are available. All functions can be accessed via pull-down menus, hotkeys and dialog windows.

2.1 Fields of Application • Material testing • Strength assessment • Component dimensioning • Examination of non-linear behavior • Characterization of creep and aging processes • Determination of Forming Limit Curves (FLC) • Verification of FE models • Determination of material characteristics • Analysis of the behavior of homogeneous and inhomogeneous ma-

terials during deformation • Strain calculations


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2.2 Typical Measuring Procedure You can position the ARAMIS camera freely on a stand. For a 3D measurement setup, two cameras are used that are calibrated prior to measuring. After creating the measuring project in the software, im-ages are recorded in various load stages of the specimen. The area to be evaluated (computation mask) and the start point are defined di-rectly in the camera images. When calculating the measuring project, ARAMIS observes the deformation of the specimen through the im-ages by means of various square image details (facets). The following figure shows 15 x 15 pixel facets with a 2 pixel overlapping area. 15x15 facets with a 2 pixel overlapping area, made visible by means of the right mouse button menu in the camera image (Visualization Facet filed) and Preferences Aramis Visuali-zation Displayed facets set to 1. You can adjust the pixel size of the facets in the software. The facets are identified by the individual gray level structures of the individual pixels within the facet. In the following, we show a pair of facets (15 x 15 pixels) of the right and left camera, the gray values of which were observed through six deformation stages (Stage 0 to Stage 5). Stage 0 is the undeformed reference state and Stage 5 is the final deformation state. The white dashed line visualizes the undeformed state in the images. The system determines the 2D coordinates of the facets from the cor-ner points of the green facets and the resulting centers. Using photo-grammetric methods, the 2D coordinates of a facet, observed from the left camera and the 2D coordinates of the same facet, observed from the right camera, lead to a common 3D coordinate.


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......... ...... ................ ......... ...... ................ Stage 2-4, Left Image Stage 2-4, Right Image ......... ...... ................ ......... ...... ................ After successful processing, you may perform a post-processing pro-cedure in order to reduce e.g. measuring noise or to suppress local disturbing effects. The measuring result is now available as 3D view. All further result representations like statistical data, sections, reports, etc. are derived thereof.


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2.3 Features of the ARAMIS System • Used as 2D or 3D measuring system • ARAMIS assigns square image details, so-called facets (e.g. 15 x

15 pixels), in different images to each other. • Varying lighting conditions of different images are automatically

compensated. • Simple preparation of the specimen as the raster method used only

requires the application of a stochastic or regular pattern in case the surface of the specimen is not structured sufficiently.

• Large measuring area: Both, small and large objects (from 1 mm to 2000 mm) can be measured with the same sensor. Deformations can be measured in a range of 0.05% up to several 100%.

• Full-field and graphical 3D representation of the measuring results with high data point density.

• The graphical representation of the measuring results provides an optimum understanding of the component behavior.

• High mobility as the system can easily be accommodated in the flight-case included in the delivery. Thus, it can be transported by car or plane without any problems. For more mobility, the ARAMIS FireWire system is available with a powerful notebook PC.

• Transformations according to the 3-2-1 or best-fit method. • Quality control: Calculation and display of the measuring results

with a predefined or customer-specific color representation. • Report generation and export functions for measuring and result

data. • Automation due to macro functions. Recurring command se-

quences can easily be automated.

2.4 Main Hardware and Software Components • Sensor with two cameras (only for 3D setup) • Stand for secure and steady hold of the sensor • Trigger box for power supply of the cameras and to control image

recording • High-performance PC system • ARAMIS application software and Linux system software You may also operate the ARAMIS system without the trigger box. However, the maximum frame rate then is limited to one image per second, and the cameras are supplied with power via a separate power supply unit.


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2.5 The ARAMIS System Variants The main difference between the ARAMIS system variants is the camera type used. The following table shows an overview of the main system families. The system families listed here refer to the operation with a trigger box.

System types ARAMIS 1.3 M ARAMIS 4 M ARAMIS HS Standard measuring volume in mm3

10x8x8 (with 50 mm lens + distance ring) up to 1700x1360x1360 (with 12 mm or 8 mm lens)

20x20x10 to 2000x2000x2000

25x20x15 to 1700x1360x1360

Camera resolution 1280x1024 pixels 2048x2048 pixels 1280x1024 pixels

Camera chip 2/3 inch, CCD 1 inch, CCD 1 inch, CMOS Max. frame rate 12 Hz, optional 24 Hz 7 Hz 485 Hz at 1280x1024 pixels

970 Hz at 1280x512 pixels Intermediate image storage

In the main memory (RAM) of the evaluating computer

In the main memory (RAM) of the evalu-ating computer

On the frame grabber boards of the evaluating computer

Shutter time

0.1 ms up to 2 s, computer-controlled, asynchronously triggerable



Strain measuring range 0.1 % up to >100 % 0.05 % up to >100 % 0.1 % up to >100 % Strain accuracy up to 0.02 % up to 0.01 % up to 0.02 % Measuring results 2D or 3D displacements, strain and component contour

For further information see http://www.gom.com

Sensor Types

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3. Sensor Types

3.1 General Information Prior to start measuring, the respective measuring volume has to be selected depending on the object size, see table 3.1.1 Sensor Con-figuration. The measuring volume determines the distance between sensor and specimen and the set of lenses.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! Prior to initial commissioning of the ARAMIS system, the sensor must be adjusted. The angle relations of the lenses (only for 3D setup with 2 cameras), the focus and the aperture need to be set. Then, the complete system (only for 3D setup) is calibrated by means of calibra-tion panels or calibration crosses. If the measuring volume is adjusted successfully by calibration, you can start a measuring project.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! In practice, depending on the measuring task, different measuring vol-umes might be required. You only need to adjust the sensor again if the measuring distance or the angle relations of the cameras or the adjustments of the camera lenses have to be changed because of a different measuring volume. The following table shows some typical combinations of measuring volumes, distances and set of lenses.

3.1.1 Sensor Configuration ARAMIS 1.3 M The 50 mm and the 17 mm lenses belong to the most common sensor configurations.

Focal length of lens

Distance ring Measuring volume (L x W x H)

Calibration object

Base Min. length of camera support

Measuring distance

Camera angle α

Ellipse qual-ity for cali-

bration 200 x 160 x 160 mm³ Plane 560 mm 800 mm 1300 mm 175 x 140 x 140 mm³ Plane 530 mm 800 mm 1210 mm 135 x 108 x 108 mm³ Plane 400 mm 600 mm 960 mm

25° 0.4

100 x 80 x 80 mm³ Plane 300 mm 500 mm 700 mm 65 x 52 x 52 mm³ Plane 240 mm 500 mm 510 mm 50 x 40 x 40 mm³ Plane 180 mm 500 mm 430 mm 35 x 28 x 28 mm³ Plane 130 mm 500 mm 300 mm

no

25 x 20 x 14 mm³ Plane 110 mm 500 mm 240 mm

25° 0.6

15 x 12 x 8 mm³ Plane 110 mm 500 mm 200 mm 30°

50 mm

1 x 25 mm 10 x 8 x 4 mm³ Plane 110 mm 500 mm 180 mm 35°

0.8

800 x 640 x 640 mm³ Cross 750 mm 1000 mm 1560 mm 550 x 440 x 400 mm³ Cross 560 mm 800 mm 1100 mm 350 x 280 x 280 mm³ Plane 340 mm 500 mm 750 mm 250 x 200 x 200 mm³ Plane 260 mm 500 mm 590 mm 200 x 160 x 160 mm³ Plane 210 mm 500 mm 460 mm 175 x 140 x 140 mm³ Plane 190 mm 500 mm 410 mm 135 x 108 x 108 mm³ Plane 100 mm 500 mm 320 mm

17 mm no

100 x 80 x 80 mm³ Plane 110 mm 500 mm 240 mm

25° 0.4

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The following list shows other possible combinations:

Focal length of lens

Distance ring Measuring volume (L x W x H)

Calibration object

Base Min. length of camera support

Measuring distance

Camera angle α

Ellipse qual-ity for cali-

bration 100 x 80 x 80 mm³ Panel 800 mm 1000 mm 960 mm 1 x 5 mm 65 x 52 x 52 mm³ Panel 300 mm 500 mm 740 mm

75 mm

1 x 10 mm 50 x 40 x 40 mm³ Panel 260 mm 500 mm 530 mm 25°

350 x 280 x 280 mm³ Panel 540 mm 800 mm 1430 mm 250 x 200 x 200 mm³ Panel 530 mm 800 mm 1140 mm 200 x 160 x 160 mm³ Panel 370 mm 500 mm 850 mm 175 x 140 x 140 mm³ Panel 380 mm 500 mm 810 mm 135 x 108 x 108 mm³ Panel 300 mm 500 mm 640 mm 100 x 80 x 80 mm³ Panel 200 mm 500 mm 450 mm 65 x 52 x 52 mm³ Panel 160 mm 500 mm 330 mm

35 mm no

50 x 40 x 40 mm³ Panel 110 mm 500 mm 260 mm

25°

550 x 440 x 440 mm³ Cross 720 mm 1000 mm 1580 mm 350 x 280 x 280 mm³ Panel 420 mm 600 mm 950 mm 250 x 200 x 200 mm³ Panel 340 mm 500 mm 760 mm 200 x 160 x 160 mm³ Panel 270 mm 500 mm 590 mm 175 x 140 x 140 mm³ Panel 245 mm 500 mm 530 mm 135 x 140 x 140 mm³ Panel 200 mm 500 mm 400 mm

23 mm no


25°

1700 x 1360 x 1360 mm³ Cross 1200 mm 1200 mm 2500 mm 1200 x 960 x 960 mm³ Cross 800 mm 1000 mm 1800 mm 800 x 640 x 640 mm³ Cross 560 mm 800 mm 1200 mm 550 x 440 x 440 mm³ Cross 400 mm 600 mm 800 mm 350 x 280 x 280 mm³ Panel 280 mm 500 mm 570 mm 250 x 200 x 200 mm³ Panel 200 mm 500 mm 425 mm

12 mm no


25°

1700 x 1360 x 1360 mm³ Cross 800 mm 1000 mm 1700 mm 1200 x 960 x 960 mm³ Cross 600 mm 800 mm 1200 mm 800 x 640 x 640 mm³ Cross 400 mm 600 mm 800 mm 550 x 440 x 440 mm³ Cross 280 mm 500 mm 570 mm 350 x 280 x 280 mm³ Panel 190 mm 500 mm 400 mm 250 x 200 x 200 mm³ Panel 140 mm 500 mm 290 mm

25°

8 mm no

200 x 160 x 160 mm³ Panel 110 mm 500 mm 235 mm 28°

0.4

Sensor Types

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3.2 Definition of Terms Referring to the ARAMIS 3D Sensor Unit and Measuring Volume

The figure shows a 3D sensor unit in top view.

Measuring distance

Camera lens right R

Camera lens left L

Center of the measuring volume

Height H (measuring volume)

Width W (measuring volume)

Length L (measuring volume)

Camera support

Camera angle

Base distance

Specimen to be measured

Camera rotation axis

Camera adapter plate

Angle bisector by laser pointer

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3.3 How to Handle Lenses The lenses shown in these examples may differ from those delivered in practice. Therefore, the statements made here have to be used cor-respondingly. Select a set of lenses matching the required measuring volume and screw it into the cameras.

NNOOTTIICCEE !! To avoid getting dirt into the cameras, always equip the devices with lenses or with a protective cap, even when switched off. Screw in the lenses carefully by hand.

3.4 Sensor Setup In order to achieve the measuring volumes shown in table 3.1.1, the ARAMIS sensor needs to be set up accordingly. To adjust the sensor, the complete system including the ARAMIS ap-plication software must be installed. How to use the software is de-scribed in sections 6 to 11. General steps to adjust the sensor: • Equip the cameras with the corresponding lenses appropriate for

the measuring volume. • If available, attach the laser pointer in the center of the camera

support. • Adjust the base distance between the cameras on the camera sup-

port symmetrically to the laser pointer (if available). • Adjust the measuring distance between object and sensor. • Adjust the cameras by means of the live images. • Adjust the focus of the camera lenses. • Adjust the aperture of the camera lenses.

Screw thread; tighten carefully by hand in the housing! While doing so, lock focus locking ring!

Focus setting ring with locking screw

Aperture setting ring. Note: The lowest possi-ble aperture value (e.g. 2.8) means the aper-ture is max. opened and the highest value in-dicates that the aperture is max. closed.

Screw thread; tighten carefully by hand in the housing! While doing so, lock focus locking ring!

Focus locking ring with hex socket head lock-ing screw

Focal length. In this example 17 mm.

Aperture setting ring with manual locking screw. Note: In the example shown, aperture value 11 means aperture closed and aperture value 1.4 means aperture open.

Sensor Types

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Adjust the software: After starting the ARAMIS software, select the camera icon Start/Stop Measurement in the project mode (View Project Mode) to get a live video of both cameras. Attach the laser pointer (if available): Attach the laser pointer in the center of the camera support. Adjust the base distance: Adjust the base distance by moving the camera adapter plates on the camera support accordingly. The base distance is the distance be-tween the camera rotation axes, see 3.2. Set up the cameras symmet-rically on the camera support or symmetrically to the laser pointer. Adjust the measuring distance: The measuring distance is determined by using a tape measure and results between the front edge of the camera support and the center of the object to be measured, see 3.2. Adjust cameras: The camera angle α results when you point the cameras to the same spot in the live images of the object to be measured. Ignore any devia-tions from the horizontal line in the live images. Fix the cameras: If you can just no longer turn the cameras on the adapter plate, tighten the clamping fixture max. ¼ to ⅓ turns further.

NNOOTTIICCEE !! Adjust the focus: If possible, always adjust the focus with the aperture maximally opened. Place a text or a business card in the center and adjust the optimum focus. You can also adjust the focus with the help of the calibration panel. This method provides a clear focus adjustment. In the overexposed mode (in the live image, click the right mouse button and select Over-exposed), adjust the shutter time such that the white points appear overexposed (red). Now, adjust the focus to minimum red point size. Then, lock the focus setting!

Never turn as tight as it will go!

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Adjust the aperture: If you want to use the specimen lighting, switch it on now. Choose the shutter time according to the expected recording rate, the setting should be clearly below the recording rate. Settings below 100 ms at a frame rate of 4 images per second are usual. Now close the aperture until the video images are free of overexposure. Red areas in the video image indicate overexposure and therefore should not occur. Make sure, the aperture is closed as far possible (high aperture val-ues) in order to achieve a best possible depth of field. The aperture of both cameras should be closed to approximately the same extent. You can check this by means of the false-color mode of the video image. You enable the false-color mode by clicking with the right mouse but-ton onto the video image and selecting False Color. The video images should show approximately the same color distribution.

Left camera Right camera

After you finished the sensor setup, select in the project mode View Start/Stop Measurement.

The Trigger Box

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4. The Trigger Box The trigger box for the ARAMIS measuring system serves to flexibly record images just-in-time and with analog value control for high-speed through low-speed applications. In addition to the power supply unit for max. 4 cameras, the 19" trigger box includes a Linux computer which, in connection with the different input interfaces and individual trigger lists, provides trigger signals for the frame grabber boards of the PC. The camera images are stored in the evaluating computer. The trigger box has an own IP address.

NNOOTTIICCEE !! In case the ARAMIS system shall be operated without a trigger box, the system will be delivered with additional power supply units for the cameras. Only apply a voltage in the range between -0.5 V to +7 V to the trigger input of the PC (frame grabber boards). If this voltage range is ex-ceeded or if the value falls below it, the installed frame grabber boards may be damaged.

4.1 Commissioning After switching on the trigger box (Power on/off), the status LED is lights up in orange for about 40 seconds. The trigger box is ready for use if the LED changes to green. You may switch on and off the trig-ger box in all operating states. If the status LED is red, a hardware error occurred.

4.2 Brief Description

4.2.1 Trigger Box Front Panel

F1 Selection of trigger input signal

F2 Adjustment of trigger input level

F3 Inversion of trigger output signal

F4 Manual trigger signal release via trigger box software

F5 Manual trigger signal release without trigger box software

F3 LED Illuminates in case of inverted trigger output signal

F4 LED Illuminates in case of manual trigger signal release via trig-ger box software

F5 LED Illuminates in case of manual trigger signal release without trigger box software

F6 Power on/off

The Trigger Box

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4.2.2 Further Information About the Front Panel Control Elements Selection switch Function F1 is used to select the type of signal avail-able at the trigger input R1. Level: In position Level, the trigger box responds to DC signals at input R1. As soon as the voltage adjusted with potentiometer Trigger Level F2 is exceeded, a switching action is activated. Use F2 to vary the switching voltage in the range of -10 V to +10 V. In this operating mode, input R1 has a switching hysteresis of approx. 400 mV, and only a voltage between -10 V to +10V may be applied.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! Please note that the switching speed is some microseconds. TTL: In position TTL, the trigger box responds to TTL signals at input R1. In order to activate a switching action, the available signal must be set from low (0V) to high (+5V). In this mode, only a voltage between 0 V to +5 V may be applied to the trigger input. Opto: In position Opto, input R1 is galvanically isolated by an opti-cal coupler and may directly receive DC voltages up to 20 V. A switch-ing action is activated as of a voltage of 3 V. In this mode, only a voltage between -20 V to +20 V may be applied to the trigger input.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! Please note that the switching speed is some microseconds. Diff: In position Diff, the trigger box responds to LVDS signals at input R1. In this case, input R1 has an internal resistance of approx. 100 Ohm. In this mode, only a voltage between 0 V to +5 V may be applied to the trigger input.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! Please note that the switching speed is some microseconds. Depending on the operating mode, the following typical delay times occur at input Trigger in R1:

Oper. mode: Delay time Level 20 µs up to 22 µs TTL approx. 340 ns Opt approx. 4.5 µs Diff 1µs up to 10 µs

By pushing button Invert F3, the signal at the trigger output is inverted and the status LES F3 LED illuminates. Pushbutton Manual F4 is used to generate a trigger signal that is con-verted by the trigger box software and routed to the trigger output R2. When pushing the button, the LED above it (F4 LED) illuminates. Pushbutton Manual F5 in control panel Trigger out is used to generate a trigger signal that is not converted by the trigger box software. It is directly routed to the trigger output R2. When pushing the button, the LED above it (F5 LED) illuminates.

The Trigger Box

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4.2.3 Trigger Box Rear Panel

4.2.4 Further Information About the Rear Panel Connectors A in 0: Analog input 0, A in 1: Analog input 1 The analog inputs are rated for recording analog signals during image recording between -10 V and +10 V, e.g. for force and distance. These inputs can also be used to generate a trigger signal at a certain voltage value or at a gradient. Only apply a voltage between -10 V and +10 V to both inputs.

Wide range power supply input, 115 /230 V, 50 to 60 Hz

Laser pointer connection for in-dicating the center of the meas-uring volume

Power supply for max. 4 cameras

R2 Standard trigger output for ARAMIS PC

Trigger output for special applications

Analog outputs A out 0 and A out 1, presently with-out function

D in 1: Digital input 1, D in 2: Digital input 2 The digital inputs are used to cancel individual ele-ments in a trigger list. Only apply a voltage between 0 V and +5 V to both inputs.

A in 0: Analog input 0, A in 1: Analog input 1

R1 Input for trigger voltages be-tween -10 V and +10 V

Connection for the photoelectric sensor belonging to the trigger box

Ethernet interface for the connection with the PC. The serial interface is only re-quired for older ARAMIS systems.

Measurement Preparation

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5. Measurement Preparation

5.1 Preparing a Specimen The surface structure is important for measuring an object. The opti-mum specimen surface is smooth. Highly structured surfaces may cause problems in facet and 3D identification. The surface of the object to be measured must have a pattern in order to clearly allocate the pixels in the camera images (facets). Thus, a pixel in the reference image can be allocated to the corresponding im-age in the target image. The pattern on the object should show a high contrast because otherwise such an allocation (matching) does not work. On one hand, the size of the surface characteristics should be small enough to allow a fine raster of calculation facets during evaluation. On the other hand, the pattern should be large enough to be com-pletely resolved by the camera. Random pattern: Best suitable are stochastic patterns which are adapted to the meas-uring volume, camera resolution and facet size. In addition, for calculation, it is advantageous if the patterns do not have larger areas of constant brightness, e.g. wide lines. Structures with changing gray values as they occur with random patterns are more appropriate. The left figure shows a pattern that is not really suitable. The right figure shows a good and clearly better pattern.

Low contrast stochastic pattern High contrast stochastic pattern Always treat shiny surfaces e.g. with developer spray or suitable matt white paint in order to achieve a dull surface.

CCAAUUTTIIOONN !! The spray may contain solvents! Please observe the warnings printed

on the spray can. Do not inhale the fumes, only use the spray with the sufficient ventilation. Avoid contact with your skin and your eyes. Spray fumes may be highly inflammable - do not smoke! Keep away from ignition source.

NNOOTTIICCEE !! Check the suitability of plastics and other non-metallic surfaces before you spray them. A random pattern is best for allocating facets. You may create such a pattern after spraying the specimen with developer spray (white), by additionally applying e.g. a matt black spray or graphite spray with softly pressing the spray button (spray can "spits") such that a high contrast stochastic pattern results.

Measurement Preparation

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The following figure shows some 15 pixel facets with a 2 pixel over-lapping area. This allows for an unproblematic gray level calculation and a precise strain measurement. Logic pattern: ARAMIS also works with regular structures that were applied to the surface of the specimen either with a pen or by means of stencil/spray technique. When applying these patterns, make sure the pattern is smaller than the selected facet size.

ARAMIS Software – General Information and Calibration

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6. ARAMIS Software – General Information and Calibra-tion

6.1 Starting the PC with the GOM LINUX Operating System When pressing the power switch, the LINUX operating system starts automatically. If a second system like Windows is installed on the PC, first a menu appears to select the desired operating system. A standard user called demo is factory-adjusted for the Linux operat-ing system. The respective password is demo as well. The demo user has the rights for writing, reading and deleting data and directories he created. This user manual does not deal with the Linux operating system in more detail. You only need superficial Linux knowledge to be able to work with the ARAMIS software.

6.2 Starting the ARAMIS Software

6.3 General ARAMIS Operation The ARAMIS software is mainly operated by using the mouse. The right, middle and left mouse button and the mouse wheel have func-tions assigned and are window-dependent. The middle mouse button and the mouse wheel are one common control element. The most im-portant functions of the right and middle mouse button / mouse wheel are listed under 6.8.

Start option B Start option A


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6.3.1 General Steps to Carry Out a Standard Measuring Project For carrying out a standard measuring project using a calibrated ARAMIS system, the following steps are required: Step 1: Start the PC and the ARAMIS software. Step 2: Switch on the trigger box or establish the camera power

supply. Step 3: Create a project in the ARAMIS software. Step 4: In the project mode use Start/Stop Measurement to re-

cord images of the required deformation stages. Step 5: Define the computation mask for the areas in which the

deformation analysis is performed. Step 6: Define the start point for calculation. Step 7: Compute the project. Step 8: Transform the measuring project into a defined coordi-

nate system. Step 9: Evaluation of the results. Step 10: Report generation.

6.3.2 The Operating Modes ARAMIS generally works in two operating modes, the Project Mode and the Evaluation Mode. The Project Mode of the ARAMIS software allows for creating measur-ing projects, adjusting and calibrating the sensor and recording the camera images. The deformation process generally is recorded by means of several camera images. If all relevant camera images are recorded, the area to be calculated and the start point for deformation calculation needs to be defined. Now start computation with Compute Project. Change to the Evaluation Mode by selecting the respective icon. The Evaluation Mode of the ARAMIS software is used to edit the color result representations. Functions are available for data post process-ing, transformation, section generation, deformation visualization and report generation.

Evaluation Mode

Start/Stop Measurement in the Project Mode

Project Mode

Calcu

latio

n of

de

form

atio

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6.4 Structure of the ARAMIS Menu Window

6.4.1 Structure of the ARAMIS Menu Window in Project Mode The figure shows the ARAMIS project mode with Start Measurement active. The figure shows the ARAMIS project mode with Start Measurement disabled and the video player activated via View Video Player.

Explorer

Toolbar

Parameter setting in meas-uring mode

2D live image of the left camera

2D live image of the right camera

Display of the 2D camera images of the stage se-lected in the explorer.

Pull-down menus

Status indicator line

Display of the reference im-ages Stage 0 Because of the facet genera-tion, the left image appears greenish.


Video player to play the created image sequences.

Info window


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6.4.2 Structure of the ARAMIS Menu Window in Evaluation Mode The figure shows the ARAMIS evaluation mode and report generation.

6.5 The ARAMIS Toolbar With Edit Edit Toolbar you can configure the toolbar user-specifically.

6.5.1 The ARAMIS Toolbar in Project Mode

Compute project

Reset stages Create start point

Open online help

Evaluation mode

Project mode Calibration Computation mask

Start/stop measure-ment

Info and overview window for: - Project info - Stage data - Sections - Stage points - Reports

3D result window You can move the 3D result in the 3D space


Display of the 2D camera images or of the report of the stage selected in the explorer.

automatically manually


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6.5.2 The ARAMIS Toolbar in Evaluation Mode

6.6 Save Data The data of the measuring projects are automatically stored in a direc-tory which is created with File New Project. The measuring project data consist of the files and directories shown below. The .dap-file is the measuring project file. Using this file, ARAMIS can start the measuring project again. In directory stages all data are stored that were created in the Project Mode. In directory strain all data of the Evaluation Mode are stored. Directory results contains all result data. If you create primitives in the measuring project, you need to save them separately with File Save as or Save.

Print 3D result window or save it as file Appearance of the 3D view

Standard views in the 3D object window Open online help Evaluation mode

Project Mode Visualization of the result in the 3D view or in 2D camera images

3D display of sections


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6.7 Restoring the Factory-Preadjusted Settings You can restore the factory-adjusted preferences at any time using menu item Edit Preferences Reset all Preferences. Most of the changes only take effect on new measuring projects!

6.8 Overview of the Most Important Mouse Functions

6.8.1 Move the 3D Object in the 3D Object Window The mouse pointer must be in the 3D object window. Zoom 3D object in and out: Turn mouse wheel. Move 3D object: Press mouse wheel and move mouse. Rotate 3D object: Press left mouse button and move mouse. Rotate 3D object around its axis: Press left mouse button and Shift key and move the mouse.

Expert parameter ! With an increasing editing level, the number of the displayed pref-erence parameters increases.

With Default, you can reset single selected preferences (highlighted in blue) to the factory-adjusted set-tings.


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6.8.2 Right Mouse Button Menus in Project Mode & Start Measurement

6.8.3 Right Mouse Button Menus in Project Mode & Stop Measurement


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6.8.4 Right Mouse Button Menus in Evaluation Mode


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6.9 Calibration Before starting measurements for the first time, the ARAMIS 3D sys-tem (setup with 2 cameras) needs to be calibrated. Also, if the adjustment of the camera lenses or the position of the cameras with respect to each other is changed, the system requires calibration. A prerequisite for successful calibration is the correct setup of the sensor, see 3.4. The object to be measured defines the measuring volume and thus the set of lenses to be used. The measuring distance to the calibration object has to be adjusted according to the camera lenses used and according to the available camera support, see Sen-sor Configuration 3.1.1. Step A: To start the calibration process, first select View Project Mode and then Sensor Calibration Calibration. As calibration mode choose Instructions. The calibration object is determined by the measuring volume. Select the appropriate calibration object, Panel or Cross (white). For a meas-uring volume of 350x280x280mm3, for example, select calibration panel 350x280. Large measuring volumes are calibrated using a cali-bration cross. Only click on Edit advanced parameter if you need to influence the el-lipse quality of the calibration objects.

Step B: Select the correct calibration object from the list. The respective information is written on the calibration object.

If the calibration object is not included in the list, open the configura-tion menu by clicking the right mouse button in the Calibration window and enter the calibration object. The required information is written on the calibration object. Step C: You need to enter the Focal length of the camera lenses. The focal length is written on the camera lenses, see also 3.3.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! Further steps depend on the calibration object used. Steps D1 to G1 describe the application with the calibration panel, steps D2 to G2 describe the application with the calibration cross.


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Step D1 (with calibration panel): Check the calibration settings. You start the calibration process by clicking on button Finish. Step E1 (with calibration panel): In connection with a calibration panel, the screen looks as follows. Place the calibration object in the center of the sensor so that the video image records the entire calibration object. The vertical line of the projected target and that of the red cross hairs must coincide in the video image. Set Shutter such that the points are not overex-posed. Set the 2D view to Overexposed by clicking with the right mouse button into the view. Red indicates overexposure! Step F1 (with calibration panel): Record further calibration images according to the instructions in the respective window. Step G1 (with calibration panel): After you recorded the last image, click on button Compute. Step H1 (with calibration panel): After successful computation, the calibration result is displayed. The calibration deviation should be less than 0.04. It is not required to have this value as small as possible. The camera angle results from the selected sensor setup. The angle variance (the tilted position of the calibration panel during the calibration process) should be larger than 20° (e.g. -32.1°/35.3°). The height variance (adjustment closer to / further away from the cali-bration panel during the calibration process) should be within the measuring volume. The possible height variance depends on the camera aperture setting (depth of field).

As soon as the calibration object is aligned according to the instructions, click on the but-ton Snap.

Instruction window for calibration steps

Set the shutter value of the circular markers. Click and use the mouse wheel.

Quit calibration


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Step D2 (with calibration cross): Check the calibration settings. You start the calibration process by clicking on button Finish.

Step E2 (with calibration cross): In connection with a calibration cross, the screen looks as follows. Place the calibration object in the center of the sensor. The vertical line of the projected cross and the red cross hairs in the video image should coincide on the level where the calibration bars cross each other and not on the raised single point. Set Shutter such that the calibration markers are not overexposed. Set the 2D view to Overexposed by clicking with the right mouse but-ton into the view. Red indicates overexposure! Step F2 (with calibration cross): Record further calibration images according to the instructions in the respective window. Step G2 (with calibration cross): After you recorded the last image, click on button Compute.

As soon as the calibration object is aligned according to the instructions, click on the button Snap.

Instruction window for calibration steps

Set the shutter value of the circular markers. Anklicken und Mausrad benutzen.

Quit calibration

Here, you may choose the unit for the shut-ter time: s, ms, µs.


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Step H2 (with calibration cross): After successful computation, the calibration result is displayed. The calibration deviation should be less than 0.04. It is not required to have this value as small as possible. The camera angle results from the selected sensor setup. The angle variance should be larger than 20° (e.g. -22.1°/23.3°). The plus/minus deviation of the set calibration scale is displayed. A high deviation indicates an incorrect calibration object or incorrect scale parameters. The height variance (adjustment closer to / further away from the cali-bration panel during the calibration process) should be within the measuring volume. The possible height variance depends on the camera aperture setting (depth of field).

Carrying Out a Standard Measuring Project with Report Generation

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7. Carrying Out a Standard Measuring Project with Re-port Generation

7.1 Determination of Measuring Volume and Preparation of the Specimen

Prior to start measuring, make sure the measuring object fits into the selected measuring volume in all its deformation stages. Prepare the specimen according to 5.1.

7.2 Calibration (Project Mode) If the measuring volume is not yet calibrated, carry out a calibration procedure according to 6.9. Make sure that you selected a calibration object (panel or cross) suitable for the measuring volume, i.e. the cali-bration object should cover the entire measuring volume during the calibration steps.

7.3 Creating a New Project (Project Mode) An ARAMIS project contains all data belonging to a measurement. If you open the project file (with the extension .dap), all images and re-sults belonging to the project are loaded as well. Create a new project with File New Project. On the first page of the New Project wizard, you need to define the base directory (e.g. /home/demo) and the project name. In addition, you can define whether the project is a 2D measurement (only one camera is used for measuring plane deformations) or a 3D measure-ment (two camera setup with the object moving out of the viewing plane). The second step allows for defining the project parameters. Normally, the default settings are sufficient but may be changed depending on the task. See chapter 9.1 Project Parameters. After you created the project, the project name appears in the explorer and the ARAMIS software is in the Project Mode.


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7.4 Activate Recording Mode (Project Mode) In order to activate the recording mode, click on Start/Stop Measure-ment. Select the mode for image recording. Available modes are marked with a green check mark. Most applications are covered by the modes Simple with Triggerbox and Fast Measurement. In the mode Simple with Triggerbox the images are released by click-ing on the camera icon. This mode allows an image sequence of 1 image/s. The timer provides for recording an image sequence auto-matically. In the mode Fast Measurement, the images are released after clicking on the camera icon and after an external start signal occurred. The ARAMIS software waits until such a start signal is available. In this mode, you can only adjust the Shutter time and the number of Images in the software. The frame rate/s depends on the shutter time. For further measuring modes, please refer to 9.3.1. All recording modes require that the area in the images to be evalu-ated is not overexposed. Prior to each image recording, check that the live image shows a brightness distribution suitable for measuring. This is done by means of the false-color mode (click with the right mouse button on the live image and select False Color). In the false-color mode, no white and blue-black areas must be visible. The false-color scale is defined from light (white) to dark (blue-black). Quit the recording mode with Start/Stop Measurement.


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7.5 Computation Mask of Measuring Images (Project Mode) Only areas on a specimen that are relevant for deformation shall be calculated. Thus, for example, fixtures or backgrounds shall not be in-cluded in the computation of the 3D coordinates. Edges of the speci-men and contour jumps shall be excluded from the computation as well. Define such masking using Project Mask. Masked areas are dis-played in blue in the camera images. No computation is carried out for these areas. In the following, the masking steps are described for a tensile test specimen. Fig. A shows the state after Stop Measurement. Stage 0 in the left im-age is greenish, i.e. unmasked.

Fig. A: State after Stop Measurement Fig. B: Selection tool Mask Area Fig. C: Result after Mask Area Fig. D: Result after Invert Mask


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In figure B, the relevant area was selected point by point with the left mouse button using masking tool Mask Area. You quit the function by means of the right mouse button. Fig. C shows the result of the selec-tion which is inverted with Invert Mask (fig. D) in order to compute the desired area.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! You can only mask an area in the left image of the reference stage (stage 0).

7.6 Define Start Point (Project Mode) For facet computation, all stages require the definition of a start point. Generally, the start point refers to the same facet in all stages. How-ever, it is possible to work with different start points in one measuring project, for example, if after computation it turns our that for some stages the ARAMIS system could not calculate any facets. Auto Start Point is a fully automatic start point definition process which searches for a start point in the middle of the area to be calculated.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! Auto Start Point only works correctly if the pattern of the specimen is good and if the stages were recorded without too large deformation steps. With Add Start Point, you define the start point semi-automatically or manually. You may only activate Add Start Point if stage 0 is selected in the explorer or in a stage for which facets were already calculated. Independent of the definition method you choose, you should check the start points in the images. The figure shows valid and invalid start points of a project.

7.6.1 Manual Start Point Definition Select a distinctive point in the left camera image with Ctrl + left mouse button. The ARAMIS software automatically tries to find the corresponding point in the right camera image. In both camera im-ages, these points are marked.

Valid start points during defini-tion phase

Invalid start points during definition phase

Invalid start points after defini-tion phase

Valid start points after defini-tion phase


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In addition, the Add Start Point dialog displays the facet parameters (Accuracy, Residual, Intersection deviations, see 9.2). For the calculation from the left to the right camera image, the epipolar line, on which the point must be located, is used as help. If the start point is not automatically found in the right or left camera image, select it manually in the images with Ctrl and left mouse but-ton. That is why we recommend to select a distinctive point. If the selected start point exceeds one of the parameters, the facet is displayed in red and the respective parameter is marked in red. However, you may accept this facet nevertheless by clicking on Over-ride. The parameters of this one stage are overwritten. However, you should avoid this procedure. Use Next to open the next stage; the software automatically tries to find the start point there as well. If, however, the deformation with re-spect to the previous stage is too large, you have to select the start point manually. For this purpose, click with Ctrl and left mouse button on the same point as in the previous stage. As guidance, the two upper camera images show the reference stage (Stage 0).

7.6.2 Semi-Automatic Start Point Definition You carry out the semi-automatic start point definition with the Add Start Point dialog as well, see 7.6.1. Only click on Automatic in the dia-log window. After you manually defined the start point in stage 0 and clicked on Next, the process automatically runs through all stages.


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7.7 Compute Project Start the computation of all facets through all stages with Project

Compute Project. Both upper camera images display the stages that have just been calculated. The status indicator line on the bottom left and the window Progress show the current state of the computation process. The log window displays all computable facets and the number of the actually computed facets. Now, the calculated results are shown in the images of each stage. Calculated facets are displayed in green. Reddish facets show that the matching parameters (Accuracy and Residual) are exceeded. In case of yellow facets, the intersection deviation is too high. The following figure shows such facets (15x15 pixels, 2 pixels overlapping), zoomed with visible facet confinements (right mouse button in the window Visualization Facet Fields). If the results are not satisfying, you may change the parameters with Project Stage Defaults or Project Parameter and start computation again. However, individual missing facets should not be regarded as critical. After computation, switch to the Evaluation Mode.

7.8 Results (Evaluation Mode) The results are generally displayed in the 3D view. Here, the 3D coor-dinates of the specimen and the results derived from it are displayed. The deformation result is displayed in the 3D object window according


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to the selected visualization method and the desired load stage. You may select the most common visualization methods in the toolbar. If the selection list does not include the desired method, click with the right mouse button on the 3D view and adapt the list with View Results

Result Selection.

7.9 Transform Project (Evaluation Mode) When selecting the evaluation methods, see 7.8, please bear in mind that some methods require a defined alignment of the coordinate sys-tem. Major, Minor, Mises and Tresca Strain as well as Yield Stress, ... do not require alignment. For more information about coordinate sys-tem definitions, see 10.3.

7.10 Data Post Processing (Evaluation Mode) Menu Results provides several post processing functions to optimize the result representations. For example: - Filters may suppress undesired noise or emphasize local effects, - Interpolations can calculate missing 3D points, - 3D points which negatively affect the measurement, e.g. in the

marginal areas of the specimen, can be deleted later, - Sections and stage points may be created for the reports, - etc.


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7.11 Report Generation The report generation described here is just one of various possibili-ties to create a report. ARAMIS provides for documenting 3D deforma-tion processes, sections and points in the different load stages and through those stages. The following report generation was created using template report-example and allows a color representation of 3D deformations in the individual load stages, the display of deformations along sections in the individual load stages as a diagram and the presentation of point movements through all load stages as a diagram. Please note that you need to define sections and points in advance, see 10.7 and 10.8. In the info window, click on the report icon and on report-example. After you did so, tab report-example appears in the 2D window next to Right Image. First, the report is shown without color 3D representation. You need to create the image sequence. The function uses the selected representation in the 3D object win-dow. You may create several image sequences. Select the image se-quence you would like to create the report of in a dialog window. Call up Results Edit Result Images and click with the right mouse button into the empty field to open menu Grab from 3D. A name is suggested for the 3D image sequence. Use the selection tool to select the relevant area in the 3D result win-dow. Grab all displays the entire result window in the report. Click on Create to display the color 3D image in the report.


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If you want to display images from a different image sequence in the report, click with the right mouse button on the 3D image and select the desired image sequence with Edit Element Image Source.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! All report elements can be edited by clicking with the right mouse but-ton on the respective element. You may also change the elements' appearance, dimensions and positions, etc. For example, you may select the stage points that are displayed in the Strain Stage diagram. Print the result with Report Report Print. You may save the report as image by using File Export Reports

Snapshot. Image format allows to save the report in the pixel formats TIFF, JPEG and PNG. More possibilities to create and export reports are described in section 10.6.

Useful Information for Working With the ARAMIS Software and Measuring Projects

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8. Useful Information for Working With the ARAMIS Software and Measuring Projects

8.1 2D Images and 3D Representations • You can use the mouse wheel to zoom the 2D camera images and

the 3D view. This allows to quickly check if, for example, details are correctly recorded by both cameras. Press the mouse wheel to move the images.

• You can conveniently rotate 3D views in the screen view by holding the shift key pressed and clicking the left mouse button in the image and then move the mouse. The rotation center clicked on defines the axis of rotation.

• When you click with the right mouse button on the 2D camera im-age, you may change the display mode with Image Display. Overexposed displays areas that are too bright in red. False Color displays the brightness distribution in color with yellow and green indicating optimum brightness distribution. White indi-cates overexposure and blue that the brightness distribution is too low.

• When you click with the right mouse button on the 2D camera im-age, you may change the display mode with Visualization. Start points, facet fields, masks, strain and selections can be made visi-ble that way. Strain and Selection can only be selected in the eva-luation mode .

• Sometimes it might be helpful to maximize the 2D camera images. Click with the right mouse button on the corresponding 2D camera image and maximize it with Image View Maximize Window. The image is now displayed on the entire screen. To get both camera images again, select the right mouse function Image View Ar-range Windows.

8.2 Status Indicator Line The status indicator line at the bottom left on the screen gives interest-ing and helpful information regarding the current ARAMIS functions.

8.3 Notes Regarding the Explorer Information in the Project Mode

The green check mark indicates that all facets of the stage were cal-culated. The question mark indicates that the stage does not have a start point. The yellow check mark indicates that the facets in the stage were not yet calculated or that the Stage Parameter was changed after compu-tation.

8.4 Cancel an Operating Step You can cancel some computation-intensive operating steps like im-age recording by pressing the escape key. The same is achieved by clicking on the cancel icon in the footer of the ARAMIS window, which turns red only during a process runs that can be cancelled.

Cancel icon

Project Parameters Further Operating Functions In the Project Mode

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9. Further Operating Functions In the Project Mode The standard operating functions of the project mode were described in sections 7.3 through 7.7. This section explains special operating functions or gives further information about the standard functions.

9.1 Project Parameters The project parameters define important parameters of a project. Normally, the default settings are sufficient but may be changed de-pending on the task. Parameters that are changed via Project Pro-ject Parameter only take effect on the current project or on the new project to be created. The default settings of the project parameters can only be changed in menu item Edit Preferences Preferences

Aramis Project Defaults.

9.1.1 Facet Size: Size is the size of the facet to be calculated in pixels. The selection of the facet size depends on the pattern on the specimen's surface. Within a facet, a clearly recognizable gray level distribution shall be present, see 5.1. As default value we suggest 15 pixels. You can only adjust odd values. Step: Step is the distance between two facets in pixels. The preview window shows the overlapping of two facets which, for the default settings (Facet Size = 15 and Facet Step = 13) is 2 pixels. The larger the over-lapping area, the closer the 3D coordinates calculated from the facet centers.

9.1.2 Strain Computation size: Computation size includes the adjacent points around a point in the strain calculation. The default setting is the lowest possible value 3. This means that a 3x3 field of 3D points is used to calculate the strain value of the center point. This setting is particularly suitable for the as-sessment of local strain. If you increase this value, the noise de-creases and in the marginal area less strain can be calculated. Validity quote: If not all adjacent points exist for this calculation, the strain for the cen-ter point can be calculated nevertheless. The validity quote deter-mines how many points have to exist for calculation. A quote of 100% means that all 9 points (for a field of 3x3) must exist. A validity quote of 55% is suggested. Strain method: Strain is always calculated as the difference between two stages. With Total you select the first stage as reference stage. With Step by Step calculation is performed stagewise. Strain is calcu-lated as follows: 0 1, 1 2, 2 3, 3 4, etc. By Reference refers data to reference stages previously defined in the project mode. Strain is then calculated based on the reference stage.

Further Operating Functions In the Project Mode Stage Parameters

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A stage is set as reference if, in the project mode, you click with the right mouse button on a stage and select Set as Reference. This re-sets the facets of following stages that were already calculated.

9.1.3 Scaling This parameter is only active in connection with 2D measuring pro-jects. Here, you define the scaling of an image pixel.

9.1.4 Stages Reference time: In the tab Stages, the reference time of a stage can be set to zero, e.g. when displaying diagrams with a time axis (report generation). Thus, it is possible to assign the project time zero to a stage. Preced-ing stages are no longer shown in the diagram.

9.2 Stage Parameters The stage parameters define important parameters of one or all stages. Normally, the default settings are sufficient but may be changed depending on the task. Parameters changed via Stage Stage Parameter immediately take effect on the stage selected in the explorer or, if the option is acti-vated, on all stages. The standard settings of the stage parameters can only be changed in menu item Edit Preferences Preferences Aramis Stage De-faults. For future stages which will be loaded into the project later, you may set the Stage Parameter also using Project Stage Defaults.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! Please note that these settings only take effect on new stages!

9.2.1 Accuracy Max. Accuracy is the matching accuracy with which a facet can be found again. Based on the gray levels of the pixels, the facet is fit into the pixel field and the Max. Accuracy defines the maximum admissible displacement of the facet corner points. The default value is 0.04 pixel.

9.2.2 Residual Max. Residual is the admissible deviation of brightness within the fac-ets given in gray values. Here, 20 gray levels should be adjusted as default value. In case of poor surfaces or if reflections occur, this value may be in-creased.

9.2.3 Check Intersection Deviation Intersection Deviation is the intersection deviation that occurs if the left and the right camera measure a point. The higher this value, the more probable is the decalibration of the system. The default value for Check intersection deviation is 0.3 pixel. When exceeding the Check intersection deviation value, the value is displayed in red during start point definition and the respective facets are shown in yellow in the 2D images.

Recording Image Sequences Further Operating Functions In the Project Mode

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9.3 Recording Image Sequences

9.3.1 Measuring Modes Overview of the different measuring modes:

Trigger Mode Max. Recording Speed Explanation Simple approx. 1 image/s Images are recorded manually via the ARAMIS software using .

For this function, the trigger box is not needed at all or just for the camera power supply. The images are saved directly in the project directory on the hard disk.

Simple with triggerbox

approx. 1 image/s Images are recorded manually via the ARAMIS software using . Via the trigger box, the ARAMIS system processes additional analog voltage values which describe the load states in the individual deformation stages. The images are saved directly in the project directory on the hard disk.

Ext. trigger approx. 1 image/s Image recording is released via the trigger signal input of the frame grabber boards, i.e. one trigger pulse releases the recording of one image (right and left image for 3D setup). Please absolutely observe the notes of section 4! For this function, the trigger box is not needed at all or just for the camera power supply. The images are saved directly in the project directory on the hard disk.

Extern trigger with triggerbox

approx. 1 image/s Image recording is released via the trigger box, i.e. a DC trigger pulse, a TTL pulse or a photoelectric sensor pulse connected to the trigger box release the recording of one image (right and left image for 3D setup). Please observe the notes of section 4. Via the trigger box, the ARAMIS system can proc-ess additional analog voltage values which describe the load states in the individual deformation stages. The images are saved directly in the project directory on the hard disk.

Fast measurement >1 image/s, The maximum is limited by the max. frame rate of the cameras!

Image recording is released via the trigger box, i.e. a start pulse (DC trigger pulse, a TTL pulse or a photoelectric sensor pulse) connected to the trigger box releases the recording of one image se-quence. First, the images are saved in the main memory (RAM) of the computer or, in case of high-speed ARAMIS, in the frame grabber boards, in order to achieve a max. image transfer rate. Corre-sponding analog voltage values are saved in the trigger box.

Triggerlist >1 image/s, The maximum is limited by the max. frame rate of the cameras!

In this operating mode, the trigger lists determine the behavior of the trigger box. Trigger lists can be adapted to the individual measuring task and allow to control the trigger box via analog voltage val-ues which describe the load states in the individual deformation stages. However, first, the images are saved in the main memory (RAM) of the computer or, in case of high-speed ARAMIS, in the frame grabber boards, in order to achieve a max. image transfer rate. Corresponding analog voltage values are saved in the trigger box.

Slave Mode >1 image/s, The maximum is limited by the max. frame rate of the cameras!

Image recording is released via the trigger signal input of the frame grabber boards by means of a TTL signal. Each negative TTL signal edge releases the recording of one image. Please absolutely observe the notes of section 4! For this function, the trigger box is not needed at all or just for the camera power supply. However, first, the images are saved in the main memory (RAM) of the computer or, in case of high-speed ARAMIS, in the frame grabber boards, in order to achieve a max. image transfer rate.

9.4 Mask Definition How to create masks is described in section 7.5. Selection menu Project Mask provides extensive selection tools. It is also possible to save a defined mask with Save Mask and to load it again in the same or in another measuring project with Load Mask.

Further Operating Functions In the Project Mode Start Point Definition

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9.5 Start Point Definition General information about the start point definition is already given in section 7.6. Window Matching results displays the achieved quality parameters of the start point facets defined. The number of decimals describes whether it is the right or left image (0 = left image, 1 = right image). In this example, this part of the window shows the deviation of stage 0 to stage 9. This part of the window shows the parameters of one stage, calcu-lated from the right and left 2D image, here stage 9. If a parameter exceeds the value defined in the Stage Parameter, it is displayed in red. You can see the facet parameters of the previous stage by using the scroll bar.

9.6 Compute Project Use Project Compute Project to calculate the project. The calculation progress of the current stage is displayed in window Progress. The percentage refers to all possible facets that theoreti-cally result after masking. The computation process of all stages is displayed on the bottom right. With Abort or Esc you can stop computation at any time.

9.7 Export You may export the camera images of all or of selected stages in TIFF format. Open the function with File Export Export Stage Images. The name is assigned semi-automatically. The file name entered al-ways gets a 1 or a 0 (0 = left image, 1 = right image), followed by a stage index, e.g. Piccam-1-0013.tif .

Data Post Processing Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode

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10. Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode

10.1 Data Post Processing

10.1.1 Filter Results Filter allows filtering of the results in order to reduce possi-ble noise or emphasize local effects. The filter function can be used for selected stages or for all stages and additionally for selected areas or for not selected areas. Filtering only influences the results displayed in the 3D window.

3D view prior to filtering

3D view after filtering

10.1.2 Interpolation Results Interpolate 3D Points allows to create individual 3D points based on interpolation. The parameter "Max. Size" defines the size of the hole to be closed. For example, Max. Size 1 will close holes with exactly one missing 3D point. Consider if you want to interpolate all stages or just the stages selected in the explorer. It is mandatory to select the areas (Edit Select in 3D View .... or click with the right mouse button in the 3D object) in which interpola-tion shall be carried out. Only then a preview can be calculated when pressing Compute.

3D view prior to interpolation

Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode Primitives

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3D view after interpolation

10.1.3 Delete Points With Results Delete 3D Points you may delete data from the 3D data. It is mandatory to select the areas (Edit Select in 3D View) that are to be deleted. Only then a preview can be calculated when pressing Compute.

10.2 Primitives

10.2.1 General Information Primitives are user-defined objects in the 3D view. Possible primitives are: Points, lines, circles, planes, spheres, cylinders, cones, paraboloids and NURBS surfaces. You need primitives, for example, for transformation or inspection (documentation of measuring results) of a specimen. Primitives are saved as separate files in c3d format. To save the primitives, you need to select them in the explorer. Now, you can save the primitives with File Save as. Primitives having an asterisk (*) at the end of their name (only dis-played in the title bar), have not yet been saved! The functions are called up with Primitives.

Primitives Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode

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The table below shows various possibilities to create primitives. The corresponding submenus allow with Create to define primitives and with Definition or Visualization to adapt the appearance of labels. For some primitives, distances and deviations are displayed. During the definition phase of primitives, the normal vector of lines, circles, planes, cylinders and cones can be determined with Visualiza-tion in the field Primitive parameter. For most primitives, the normal vector is shown. In addition, you can adjust the length or size of the primitives here in most cases. With Visualization and Label Parameter, the content and the appear-ance of the corresponding label can be changed. Normally, the name is assigned automatically, however, a manual definition is also possi-ble. If you want to change a label later, select the respective object in the explorer using the right mouse button and select Edit Properties.

10.2.2 Selection Methods Use Ctrl and left mouse button in the 3D window or in the 2D camera images to select points, planes, lines, etc. to create primitives. For selection, you may also click directly onto the labels with Ctrl and left mouse button or choose the respective items from the list. Points, which you select in the ARAMIS 3D data or in the ARAMIS 2D camera images always refer to the facet centers. Sometimes it is necessary to position points between the facet centers in the 3D window. This can be done with Ctrl, Shift and left mouse but-ton.

10.2.3 Menu Item Invert Direction This menu item provides for inverting the normal direction of all primi-tives that have a direction. This includes planes, lines, circles, rectan-gular holes and slotted holes.

10.2.4 Overview and Brief Descriptions of all Primitives The table informs about possible primitives and lists the basic ele-ments that can be used to create primitives. The figures just show one application example of various possibilities during the creation of primitives. Definition of terms: 3D object section – Section through 3D data made with the pull-down menu Sections in the evaluation mode. Intersection points, intersection lines – Primitives intersect primitives. Individual points – All possible individual points like intersection points, projected points, etc. Lines – All primitive lines and intersection lines.


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Primitives Brief Description Typical Example

Point

Creates an individual 3D point.

Point on 3D object.

Divis

ion P

oint

Creates an individual 3D point between 2 points. The position between the points can be defined in 100 steps using Di-vision ratio.

Points between two points on 3D object with center value 50%.

Inter

secti

on P

oint

Creates an intersection point between primitives. As intersection point between two lines, the center point of the shortest orthogonal distance between these lines is given because the lines practically never intersect each other.

Intersection point of 2 lines.

Proje

ction

Poin

t

Projects a point of 3D views and primitives to other 3D views and primi-tives on the shortest possible way. You can adjust the projection type with Project onto and Project Mode.

Projection of point 5 (on the rotation axis of a cone) to plane 2.

Point

s fro

m Lin

e

Extracts the start and end points of lines, intersection lines and rotation axes of cylinders and cones.

Extraction of start and end points of a cylinder rotation axis.

Poin

ts

Pixe

l-Plan

e Int

erse

ction

This function is used for the generation of transformation points. For more information see 10.4 and 10.4.1.

no figure


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Point

-Poin

t Line

Creates a line between two points.

Line between the center of a best-fit sphere and a 3D surface.

Point

-Dire

ction

Line

Creates a line from the start point in a direction to be defined. The length of the line in arrow direction can be defined with Size.

Line on the cylinder surface from the start point on the right parallel to the rotation axis of the cylinder.

Perp

endic

ular L

ine

Creates a line from the start point orthogonal to another line.

The center of the sphere was selected as start point for the perpendicular line which runs vertical to the rotation axis of the cylinder.

Inter

secti

on Li

ne

Creates intersection lines between surfaces of primitives.

Intersection line between two planes.

Line

s

Best-

Fit Li

ne

Creates a line according to the best-fit principle based on selected 3D surfaces. Based on the selected points, the line can be calculated for All points or with the help of statistical methods with 1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a large amount of points, 1 Sigma is approx. 68.3%, 2 Sigma approx. 95.4% and 3 Sigma approx. 99.7% of all points. Using the statistical methods, measuring point outliers can be eliminated during the best-fit process.

Selected 3D surface.

Best-fit line, created on a previously selected 3D surface.


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Primitives Brief Description Typical Example Po

int-P

oint-P

oint P

lane

Creating a plane through 3 points.

Plane 1 was created by selecting three points on a 3D surface.

Point

-Nor

mal P

lane

Creates a plane through one point in the direction of other objects like lines, cylinders, etc.

On a cylinder-shaped 3D surface, a cylinder was created using the best-fit method.

Axis

Para

llel P

lane

Creates a plane through a point and perpendicular to the axis of the current coordinate system.

A point on the rotation axis of cylinder 1 was selected, and the Z axis was selected as axially parallel.

Para

llel P

lane

Creates a plane parallel to a circle or another plane. Use "Offset" to adjust the distance to the element you created the plane from.

Plane 1 was created in parallel to circle 1, stating an off-set value.

Plan

e in V

iewing

Di

recti

on

Creates a plane through two points or a temporary defined line (using the selection tool of the menu) in the current viewing direction.

Plane through two points on a sphere-shaped 3D surface in viewing direction of the screen.

Plan

es

Best-

Fit P

lane

Creates a plane according to the best-fit principle based on selected 3D surfaces or sections. Based on the selected points, the plane can be calculated for All points or with the help of statistical methods with 1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a large amount of points, 1 Sigma is approx. 68.3%, 2 Sigma approx. 95.4% and 3 Sigma approx. 99.7% of all points. Using the statistical methods, measuring point outliers can be eliminated during the best-fit process.

Best-fit plane, created on a previously selected 3D sur-face.


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Point

-Poin

t-Poin

t Circ

le Creates a circle through three points.

By selecting three points on the 3D surface, circle 1 was created.

Point

-Nor

mal-R

adius

Circ

le

Creates a circle by defining the circle center and stating the rotation axis. The radius can be defined by selecting the points or by entering the ra-dius value directly.

On a cylinder-shaped 3D surface, a cylinder was created using the best-fit method. The circle center is on the rota-tion axis of the cylinder. The direction of the circle was created by means of the rotation axis of the cylinder. The radius was directly entered as value.

Circ

les

Best-

Fit C

ircle

Creates a circle according to the best-fit principle based on selected 3D surfaces. Based on the selected points, the circle can be calculated for All points or with the help of statistical methods with 1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a large amount of points, 1 Sigma is approx. 68.3%, 2 Sigma approx. 95.4% and 3 Sigma approx. 99.7% of all points. Using the statistical methods, measuring point outliers can be eliminated during the best-fit process.

Point

-Rad

ius S

pher

e

Creates a sphere by means of stating the center of the sphere and the radius. The radius can be defined by selecting the points or by entering the ra-dius value directly.

Freely defined sphere with the center on the 3D surface by means of point selection. The radius of the sphere was created by selecting a point (white arrow) on the 3D surface.

Sphe

res

Best-

Fit S

pher

e

Creates a sphere according to the best-fit principle based on selected spherical 3D surfaces. If the radius of the sphere is known, you may enter it to support the best-fit function by means of Restriction Radius. Based on the selected points, the sphere can be calculated for All points or with the help of statistical methods with 1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a large amount of points, 1 Sigma is approx. 68.3%, 2 Sigma approx. 95.4% and 3 Sigma approx. 99.7% of all points. Using the statistical methods, measuring point outliers can be eliminated during the best-fit process.

Best-fit sphere, created on a selected spherical 3D sur-face.


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Primitives Brief Description Typical Example Po

int-P

oint-R

adius

Cyli

nder

Creates a cylinder through two points. Point 1 determines the beginning of the cylinder's rotation axis. Point 2 determines the end point of the rotation axis. Use Radius to ad-just the circumference of the cylinder.

The cylinder was created based on line 1. For this pur-pose, the end points of the line were created with Points

Extract points from line. The cylinder rotation axis was defined using the extracted points first point 3 and second point 3. The radius was determined by entering its value.

Point

-Dire

ction

-Rad

ius C

ylind

er

Creates an aligned cylinder by means of a point and a direction. Point determines the center of the cylinder. Direction determines the direction of the rotation axis. You can adjust the cylinder by means of Radius and Length.

Cylinder perpendicular to a 3D surface. The center of the cylinder is the center of the circle that was previously created on the 3D surface by means of Best-Fit Circle. This circle is also used to determine the direction.

Cyl

inde

rs

Best-

Fit C

ylind

er

Creates a cylinder according to the best-fit principle based on selected cylinder-shaped 3D surfaces. Based on the selected points, the cylinder can be calculated for All points or with the help of statistical methods with 1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a large amount of points, 1 Sigma is approx. 68.3%, 2 Sigma approx. 95.4% and 3 Sigma approx. 99.7% of all points. Using the statistical methods, measuring point outliers can be eliminated during the best-fit process. If the radius of the cylinder or/and the direction of the cylinder is known, you may enter these values to support the best-fit function by means of Restriction Radius or Restriction Direction.

Best-fit cylinder, created on a selected cylindrical 3D sur-face.

Con

es

Best-

Fit C

one

Creates a cone according to the best-fit principle based on selected cone-shaped 3D surfaces. Based on the selected points, the cone can be calculated for All points or with the help of statistical methods with 1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a large amount of points, 1 Sigma is approx. 68.3%, 2 Sigma approx. 95.4% and 3 Sigma approx. 99.7% of all points. Using the statistical methods, measuring point outliers can be eliminated during the best-fit process. If the direction of the cone is known, you may enter it to support the best-fit function by means of Restriction Direction.

Best-fit cone, created on a selected cone-shaped 3D sur-face.

Mor

e

Best-

Fit N

URBS

Sur

face

Creates a NURBS surface. Based on the selected points, the surface can be calculated for All points or with the help of statistical methods with 1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a large amount of points, 1 Sigma is approx. 68.3%, 2 Sigma approx. 95.4% and 3 Sigma approx. 99.7% of all points. Use Degree to set the NURBS degree. The more complex a surface is, the higher the NURBS degree needs to be.

NURBS surface created on a selected area of the 3D surface.

Transform Measuring Results Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode

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Best-

Fit P

arab

oloid

Creates a paraboloid. Based on the selected points, the paraboloid can be calculated for All points or with the help of statistical methods with 1 Sigma to 5 Sigma. In case of a large amount of points, 1 Sigma is approx. 68.3%, 2 Sigma approx. 95.4% and 3 Sigma approx. 99.7% of all points.

Paraboloid created on a selected area of the 3D view.

10.3 Transform Measuring Results You may display the position of the coordinate system with respect to the specimen using View 3D View Coordinate System in Origin. The position of the coordinate system depends on the calibration of the cameras and usually has no logical relation to the specimen.

Specimen in stage 0 with undefined coordinate system ARAMIS provides the transformation methods 3-2-1 Transformation and Best-Fit by Ref. Points. Open these functions with Project Transform Project. The most common method is 3-2-1 transformation. Best-Fit by Ref. Points is only used for projects which observe a 3D deformation simultaneously by several ARAMIS sensor units. For this method it is mandatory to apply reference points (circular markers) to the specimen which have been recorded in the undeformed state us-ing the photogrammetric system TRITOP. With the help of these TRI-TOP reference point data, the different measuring data can now be transferred into a common 3D view using the best-fit method.

Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode Transform Measuring Results

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10.3.1 3-2-1 Transformation 3-2-1 means that three 3D points (Z1, Z2, Z3, located as far as possi-ble from each other and not in a line) describe a plane, two additional 3D points describe a line (Y1, Y2, located as far as possible from each other in the X-axis) and one 3D point describes a point (X). For the transformation method ZZZ-YY-X means the following: Three Z points (Z1, Z2, Z3, red plane) define the Z plane. The addi-tional two Y points (Y1, Y2, blue plane) define the Y plane. The X point (X, green plane) now defines the X plane. At the intersection of the planes is the zero point of the coordinate system. The following figure illustrates the connections. Of course, other transformations like XXX-YY-Z are possible as well. To increase the reliability of the transformation, you may use addi-tional coordinates and thus determine e.g. the plane by four coordi-nates. In this case, the four points are averaged. Select the respective points in the 3D view or in the camera images with Ctrl and left mouse button. After each selection, the blue bar jumps to the next line. Coordinate Definition with 3-2-1 and ZZZ-YY-X Start transformations with Project Transform Project 3-2-1 Trans-formation and set value to ZZZ-YY-X. The easiest way to define the coordinate system is by means of the 3D points in the 3D view or the 2D points in the 2D camera image. Se-lect the respective points with Ctrl and left mouse button.

Select 3-2-1 mode in this field: XXX-YY-Z; XXX-ZZ-Y; YYY-XX-Z; YYY-ZZ-X; ZZZ-XX-Y; ZZZ-YY-X

Y 3D point (Y1, line)

Zero point

Z plane

Y plane

X plane

Y 3D point (Y2, line)

Z 3D point (Z2, plane)

X 3D point (X, point)



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The 3D points are automatically taken over until the last point defined the X origin. The Z, Y, X planes defined by the points are displayed around these points. You can now see the result in the 3D window. For this purpose it is useful to display the real position of the coordi-nate system in the 3D object, View 3D View Coordinate System in Origin.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! If the direction of the coordinate system is not yet correct, you can ad-just the correct direction by means of Plane positive or Line positive. Define Additional 3D Points for the Coordinate System: You can define additional 3D points for determining the coordinates. The additional points increase the accuracy of the coordinate system, for example, if you use four instead of three 3D points to define a plane. However, as four or more 3D points in practice never lie on one ideal plane, ARAMIS determines the average value of the resulting tolerances which lead to a higher reliability of the results. Select Project Transform Project 3-2-1 Transformation Addi-tional points. Select the respective points in the views with Ctrl and left mouse button. You still need to assign the point to the respective coordinate area and probably its coordinate needs to be entered.

Set unit of measure for the XYZ parameters

Switch direction of line 1 and line 2 reference points (Y1, Y2)

Switch direction of plane reference points. (Z1, Z2, Z3)

Here, you enter specific Z1, Z2, Z3, Y1, Y2 and X coordinates.

Menu to define additional points

Select 3D points with Ctrl and left mouse but-ton in the 2D or 3D view!

Shows the transformation deviation.

Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode 3-2-1 Transformation Using Primitives

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Pressing Add adds the point to the list and pressing Ok accepts the transformation.

10.4 3-2-1 Transformation Using Primitives Often it is necessary to define the coordinate system based on the geometry of the specimen. So, for example, edges of the specimen or drilled holes are important to define axes or the origin. Primitives are available as auxiliary tools for these transformations. The following two examples explain how to use primitives for the defi-nition of coordinate systems.

10.4.1 Transformation Using the Edge of the Specimen For this specimen, the Y axis shall follow the edge of the specimen.

2D camera image 3D view

Select Z coordinate area.

Add additional Z coordinate to the list.

Display transformation deviation (av-erage value of tolerances).

If necessary, enter respective coordi-nate

Press Ok to accept the transformation.

3-2-1 Transformation Using Primitives Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode

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Prior to the actual 3-2-1 transformation you need to derive primitives from the edge of the specimen. For this purpose, start Primitives Plane Best-Fit Plane. Select a plane specimen area in the camera image or in the 3D window. In the Best-Fit Plane dialog window, press Preview. Based on the selected 3D points, a plane is calculated and displayed. Press Create to create this plane.

Plane selection in the 2D camera image Specimen (blue) with best-fit plane (green) Then, start Primitives Point Pixel-Plane Intersection. Either se-lect the plane from the list or with Ctrl and left mouse button in the 3D window. Now, in the 2D camera image, click on a pixel on the edge of the specimen with Ctrl and left mouse button. The point to be clicked on may also lie outside the mask. When pressing Create, the pixel is projected onto the plane and a point primitive is created. Carry out the same procedure for the sec-ond pixel on the edge of the specimen. Now start Project Transformation Project 3-2-1 Transformation. As the Y axis shall run along the edge of the specimen, select trans-formation type ZZZ-XX-Y. This means, you need to select 3 points on the specimen's surface for the Z plane, the two points of the edge of the specimen for the X line and any point for Y. At the end, the coordinate system is positioned along the edge of the specimen.

Y coordinate on the edge of the specimen

10.4.2 Transformation Using the Edge of the Specimen and Circular Hole If, in addition to the edge of the specimen, a circular hole is available, the coordinate system may be aligned along the edge and at the same time with respect to the hole. This example shows how you can create other elements based on primitives.

Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode Eliminate Rigid Body Movement

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As shown in 10.4.1, define a plane and two points of the specimen's edge and project them onto this plane using Pixel-Plane Intersection. Now, use the same procedure to project more points lying on the bor-der line of the hole. You can select the points of the circular hole in the 3D window with Edit Select in 3D View Select Single Point. Quit the selection mode with the right mouse button or with the escape key. Now, you can create a circle through these points using Primitives Circle Best-Fit Circle. You may use this circle for 3-2-1- transformation.

10.5 Eliminate Rigid Body Movement For evaluating displacements it can be useful to eliminate rigid body movements. For this purpose start Stage Transform Stage Movement Correction. In the following example, you can see on the legend that the specimen, in addition to the actual deformation, moved in Y direction.

Specimen in 3D object window with rigid body movement in Y direction Specimen in 3D object window with rigid body movement eliminated

In the 2D camera image use Ctrl and left mouse button to select at least 3 points or facets that did not or just slightly moved with respect to each other. These are assumed to have not changed with respect to each other throughout all stages. The average deviation for the individual stages of this transformation is displayed here. This is the value (in pixels) by which the points moved with respect to each other on average. After eliminating the rigid body movement, only the actual displace-ments of the specimen's surface are visible (relative displacement). You may reset the rigid body movement with Stage Transform Stage Reset Movement Correction.

Result Representations Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode

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10.6 Result Representations

10.6.1 Statistical Data You can evaluate results statistically with Results Statistics. Maxi-mum, Minimum, Average and Sigma (standard deviation)are available. Selected areas in the 3D view are shown in the result window and are automatically updated if changes are made in the 3D view. For comparative evaluations, it is suitable to define a data set. For this purpose, click with the right mouse button on Data Sets and assign a name for this data set. For this data set, the data type is not changed, i.e. any changes made in display and selection of the 3D view have no effect on these results. Thus, the statistical information of e.g. main and secondary changes in the shape of selected areas can be looked at simultaneously.

Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode Stage Point, Info Point

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10.7 Stage Point, Info Point Stage points and info points are individually definable points in the 3D view. Stage points are points for which the coordinates are saved. Create the points by clicking with Ctrl and left mouse button in the 2D camera image or in the 3D view. A point thus created is only saved permanently if it is accepted with Results Stage Points Set as Stage Point. The overview window for Stage Points lists the saved points. By click-ing in the boxes in column "3D" you can set these points visible or in-visible for the 3D window.

Overview window for stage points IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! When clicking with the right mouse button on the stage points in the

overview window, additional submenus appear which can be used to define stage points with text labels, the color of stage points, the point symbols for the diagrams, etc. Stage points or info points which were selected in the overview (high-lighted in blue) may also be visualized as list using Results Stage Points Show Point Data. Stage points can also be represented as a multistage point diagram. For this purpose, there are example reports in the info window. For more information see 10.9.

Stage point, saved with Set as Stage Point

Info point

Set stage point visible or invisible

Stage point overview

Sections Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode

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10.8 Sections ARAMIS provides for cutting 3D objects. You can create several parallel sections in one process. Open the function with Results Sections Create Section. Enter the number of sections in Sections. Distance determines the dis-tance of the sections from each other. Create the section on the 3D object using the cutting tool.

NNOOTTIICCEE !! The section planes and the distance always result perpendicular to the screen view. Click on Create to create the sections.

Direct view of a specimen's section Perspective view of a section Below the explorer, the sections are displayed in the overview window under Sections.

NNOOTTIICCEE !! When clicking with the right mouse button on the sections in the over-view window, additional submenus appear which can be used to de-lete and edit sections, e.g. changing the color, displaying text labels, etc. The section results can be represented in a report. For this purpose, there are example reports in the info window. For more information see 10.9.

Set stage section visible or invisible

Section overview

Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode Reports

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10.9 Reports ARAMIS provides various possibilities to create reports (result dia-grams). This user manual describes reports that were created using the stan-dard templates. In addition, we explain, how to modify standard re-ports individually. The report overview provides the following templates: • FLD: Forming Limit Diagram • Multi Section: One or several sections displayed in the current load

stage. • Multistage Point: One or several stage points displayed through all

load stages. • Mutistage Section: For one or several sections through all load

stages. • Report Example: Report example as described in 7.11. • Statistics: Representation of statistical data through all load stages

or time. When clicking with the right mouse button on the elements of the dia-gram or on the report overview, submenus appear that allow for defin-ing the diagram reference data, editing texts, creating new text labels, changing the color, etc. With respect to the example given above, the following menus result:

Activate report overview

Report selection

Display report selection in the right camera window

Right mouse button click




Report visible

Reports Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode

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10.9.1 Right Mouse Button Click: Menu item Export Diagram Data is described in section 10.10.2. Use Edit Diagramm and Visualization to edit the representation of the diagram and the axis labeling. Use Sections to refer the diagram to the sections.

10.9.2 Right Mouse Button Click: Here, you may create totally new reports, copy them, delete them, etc. Use Reset Reports to reset the diagrams to the shipping configuration.


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10.9.3 Right Mouse Button Click and Edit Element (Labeling) You may change the position, size and the layout of text labels. You may change the text reference as well.



Reports Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode

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10.9.4 Right Mouse Button Click and Edit Element (Diagram) You may change the position, size, layout and the labeling of dia-grams. You may change the diagram reference as well.

10.9.5 Right Mouse Button Click Somewhere on the Report You may define new elements, delete them or group them.


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10.9.6 Right Mouse Button Click Somewhere on the Report and Create Element

This menu item is only used to create new elements like lines, circles, rectangles, polygons, label, images, diagrams and legends. Images: Diagrams: Legends:

Export Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode

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10.10 Export We distinguish between two export types: • Data export of points from the 3D representation and • export of diagrams and statistical data. Select the export functions in menu File Export.

10.10.1 Data Export of Points The 3D point data exports comprise Export All Points, Export Single Point and Export Section 3D. These exports require a configuration file for the data selection. Export All Points: All points visible in the 3D window will be exported. Export Single Point: The data of an individual point that needs to be selected will be exported. Export Section 3D: The data of one or several sections that need to be selected will be exported. Generally, it is distinguished whether the data export shall be based on the selected stages or on all stages. In order to export data of the selected stages only, you need to disable the option Use all stages. After entering a name for the export file (in case of exporting several stages, this name is used as file basis), you need to select an export configuration file from the list. The editor shows a preview of the export configuration file. Details about the file format are described in section 10.10.4 "Export Configu-ration Files". Pressing OK carries out the desired operation and saves the result files.

Further Operating Functions in the Evaluation Mode Export

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The functions Export All Points and Export Section 3D use identical configuration files. In addition, for Export Section 3D a section needs to be defined and selected in the section overview (tab). Single Point 3D requires a selected 3D point for the data export which needs to be selected with Ctrl and left mouse button in the 3D view.

10.10.2 Export of Diagram Data Open the export function with File Export Export Diagram Data. Select the desired diagram with the left mouse button. Diagram exports only export the data displayed in the diagram, i.e. the data of the X and Y axes. Generally, it is distinguished whether the data export shall be based on the selected stages or on all stages. In order to export data of the selected stages only, you need to disable the option Use all stages. Enter the name of the export file and optionally define delimiters ("De-limiter" = separation of columns, "Float delimiter" = decimal point). Pressing OK carries out the desired operation and saves the result files.

10.10.3 Export Statistics Open the export function with File Export Export Statistics. Enter the name of the export file and optionally define delimiters ("De-limiter" = separation of columns, "Float delimiter" = decimal point). After selecting the data to be exported (here "ad channel 1" and "time"), you start the export procedure with OK.

10.10.4 Export Configuration Files The available export configuration files are saved in directory /home/demo/.gom/v5.3.x/strain-export. We use the following example to describe the file structure and the dif-ferent possibilities. In this example, the numbers in front of each line are not part of the file but have been inserted to be able to address the lines when explaining the file:


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1 EXPORT_CONFIG_FILE 2 Version: 0.1 3 Name: Export Testfirma 4 Extension: .asc 5 Point mode: Node 6 Point invalid mode: Invisible 7 Point limiter: "\n" 8 Line limiter: "\n" 9 Floatpoint limiter: "." 10 HEADER_START 11 # This is a test export 12 # this is how it may look like for a company 13 HEADER_END 14 POINT_START 15 $(coord_x-deformed-mm) $(coord_y-deformed-mm) $(coord_z-

deformed-mm) 16 $(strain_p1-technical-%) $(strain_p2-technical-%) $(strain_p3-

technical-%) 17 $(strain_p1-logarithm) $(strain_p2-logarithm) $(strain_p3-

logarithm) 18 POINT_END The individual lines of the configuration file differ as follows: Lines consisting of words in capital letters only: These words must be taken over exactly as given in the example. They tag the beginning or the end of a section. No other characters are allowed in the same line. Lines containing words followed by a colon: These lines contain a characteristic word followed by a colon. You must take over these characteristic words for your own configuration file exactly as given in the example. After the colon, enter exactly one blank and your selection. Partly, the selection is given by clear desig-nators, partly you are free to enter something. The designators are explained later. Lines containing user definitions: In our example, lines 11 and 12 and 15, 16 and 17 are special user definitions defining how the export file is supposed to look like. The user needs to define them according to his needs. 1,2: Each new configuration file you create must contain the first two lines of the example so that the software is able to identify it as an ex-port configuration file. Set the version for Export All Points 3D and Ex-port Section 3D to 0.1 and for Export Single Point 3D to 0.2. 3: The third line always contains the name of the export configuration following the designator. This name is available in the list of the export configurations. 4: The designator in the fourth line is followed by the file extension which is automatically added to the chosen name of the export file if the user does not use the same extension.


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5: The fifth line defines which points will be exported. Three types are available to follow the designator: • All: All points you can click on in the 3D window will be exported. • Square: Only the facet centers will be exported. • Node: Only the nodes in the grid will be exported. 6: The sixth line states how to handle not existing points and the point and line limiters related to them. Please note: The points of a meas-urement are saved in a matrix comparable to the existing grid consist-ing of lines and columns. You may define a point limiter between each point of a line. After the last point of a line, no point limiter is used but the defined line limiter. In case a point is missing, this parameter de-termines whether the point or line limiters are written nevertheless. Three types are available to follow the designator: • Invisible: In this mode, no point or line limiter will be placed after a

missing point. Exception: In case the last point of a line is missing but the line contains at least one point, the line limiter is written into the file.

• Visible: In this mode, an invalid point is substituted by a corre-sponding number of blanks. Point and line limiters are written in any case.

• Separator: In this mode, a point or line limiter is also written after an invalid point.

7: The seventh line defines the point limiter. The point limiter needs to be written in quotation marks using the C notation. Normal characters can be used directly. Important formatting aids in C notation are the following: • \n: Line feed • \t: Tabulator • \f: Form feed 8: The eighth line defines the line limiter. The line limiter needs to be written in quotation marks using the C notation. Normal characters can be used directly. 9: The ninth line defines the floating point limiter for a real number. The limiter can be set in accordance with the requirements of the software used to process the exported data. The floating point limiter needs to be written in quotation marks using the C notation. Normal characters can be used directly. 11,12: After these general definitions you may now define any text which is written into the output file. This text is also called the header. In our example, lines 11 and 12 will be included into each exported file. After the header definition follows the definition of a point. This defini-tion may be divided into several lines for reasons of clarity but is treated as one line. You need to define each value that can be output for a point in parenthesis, starting with a dollar sign. The content of these parenthesis normally consists of three parts which are sepa-rated from each other by a minus sign. The first part defines, which in-


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formation shall be output for a point. The second part supplies addi-tional information to part one and is also called "type" while part three specifies the unit of the output value. As a rule, you should always specify all three parts. In case part three is dropped, you do not need to insert a minus sign after part two. However, if part two is missing, you need to enter two consecutive minus signs after part one. The following list explains the designators for part one and their mean-ing: 1. strain_p1: Major strain 2. strain_p2: Minor strain 3. strain_p3: Thickness reduction 4. strain_x: Strain value epsilon_x 5. strain_y: Strain value epsilon_y 6. strain_mies: Strain value according to von Mises 7. strain_tresca: Strain value according to von Tresca 8. strain_flc: Distance to the forming limit diagram 9. disp_x: Displacement in x direction 10. disp_y: Displacement in y direction 11. disp_z: Displacement in z direction 12. disp_e: Displacement as Euclidean distance 13. disp_z_xyz: z coordinate of the point 14. radial: Coordinate in radial direction referred to the Z axis 15. disp_radial: Radial displacement 16. diff_radial_angle: Rotation around Z axis 17. ang_shear: 1/2 shear angle (gamma/2 = epsilon_xy) 18. ang_rot: Rotational angle 19. ang_dir: Major direction angle 20. coord_x: x coordinate of the point 21. coord_y: y coordinate of the point 22. coord_z: z coordinate of the point 23. major_dir_x: x coordinate of the first point of major strain 24. major_dir_y: y coordinate of the first point of major strain 25. major_dir_z: z coordinate of the first point of major strain 29. minor_dir_x: x coordinate of the first point of minor strain 30. minor_dir_y: y coordinate of the first point of minor strain 31. minor_dir_z: z coordinate of the first point of minor strain 35. tensor_0_0: Element (0/0) of deformation gradient tensor 36. tensor_0_1: Element (0/1) of deformation gradient tensor 37. tensor_1_0: Element (1/0) of deformation gradient tensor 38. tensor_1_1: Element (1/1) of deformation gradient tensor 39. analog_in_0: First analog value of a deformation state 40. analog_in_1: Second analog value of a deformation state 41. analog_unit_0: Unit of first analog value 42. analog_unit_1: Unit of second analog value 43. time_in: Moment of snapping the image in seconds since Jan. 1, 1970 44. point_stage: Number of the deformation state 45. index_x: Logical index of the point in x direction 46. index_y: Logical index of the point in y direction 47. yield_stress: Yield stress The second part, specifying a type, can only be defined for a certain set of the designators of part one. For the designators of part one numbered 1 to 8, the following types may be determined: • technical: Technical strain • logarithm: Logarithmic strain • green: Green's strain


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For the designators of part one numbered 20 to 34 and 39 to 44, the following types may be determined: • undeformed: Undeformed measurement • deformed: Deformed measurement The third part, specifying the unit, can only be defined for a certain set of the designators of part one. For the designators of part one numbered 1 to 8, the following units may be determined: • less%: The strain is displayed without unit. This option is required

for logarithmic strain. For technical or Green's strain the percentage of strain is converted into values between 0 and 1.

• %: The strain is given in percent. In case of logarithmic strain, this selection results in an error.

• %%: The strain is given in parts per thousand. In case of logarith-mic strain, this selection results in an error.

• %%%: The strain is given in parts per ten thousand. In case of loga-rithmic strain, this selection results in an error.

For the designators of part one numbered 16 to 19, the following units may be determined: • deg: Degree • rad: Radian measure For the designators of part one numbered 9 to 15 and 20 to 34, the following units may be determined: • m: Meters • cm: Centimeters • mm: Millimeters • um: Micrometers • nm: Nanometers • in: Inch

Export Other Operating Functions

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11. Other Operating Functions 11.1.1 Overview on the General Functions of the Macro Recorder

11.1.2 Record New Macro In the first step, create a new macro without content. A name is sug-gested or enter a new macro name. Then, start recording the macro and carry out the operating steps that are to be recorded. Finally, stop the macro recording. Now, save the macro. Use Close to close the dialog window.

11.1.3 Useful Notes Regarding the Macro Recorder Commands, containing more information, are identified with a plus in front of their name. Click on the plus sign to get additional information. By clicking with the right mouse button on a command and selecting Edit Command, you open the Edit command dialog. Some functions return a result value. This result value may get a name. This allows for using this result value as a variable for other functions.

Export macros.

Import macros.

Rename macro.

Copies a macro shown above. Es wird in der Liste mit „copy of“ angezeigt.

Deletes a macro shown above.

A. Creates a new macro without content.

Starts a recorded macro. D. Closes the macro dialog.

B. Starts and stops macro recording.

List of all available macros. C. Save macro.

If this function is active, the macro falls back on the element names in the explorer when recording something. If this function is dis-abled, the macro falls back on the element positions in the explorer when recording something.

Instruction how recorded macros are played.

Moves selected commands (highlighted in blue) in the list up or down.

Other Operating Functions CD/DVD Recorder

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If you click with the right mouse button on a recorded action, you can edit this action. With Insert you may insert individual commands like Break, Delay, Shell Command, etc. before the selected action. Some functions require a user entry during macro editing. With the right mouse button function Insert Break, you can stop the execu-tion of the macro and define a dialog with instructions for the user. If an action is set interactive (only if interactions are possible!), the macro does not use the recorded parameters but the corresponding action waits for a data entry during the macro execution. You can test the macro step by step in order to verify the desired func-tion. For this purpose, you may choose either a slowed version with a break of e.g. 5 seconds between the individual steps or the interactive version in which each step is carried out with the start button.

11.2 CD/DVD Recorder The CD/DVD drive allows for reading and recording CDs or DVDs. The system also supports re-writable CDs or DVDs. The ARAMIS in-ternal recording program automatically finalizes all CDs and DVDs, i.e. additional recording of data at a later time is not possible. DVDs are recorded according to the DVD-R(W) standard. Each re-cording process generates at least a data block of approx. 1 GB on the DVD. The ARAMIS menu items only speak of CDs. However, the menu items are valid for both media, DVDs and CDs. With Record CD you can record any directories and files. The CD/DVD recorder allows to record data on CD/DVD even if the data volume is larger than the CD/DVD volume. In this case, all data are automatically divided to several CDs and with Restore Data from CD combined again to a measuring project. Start the function with File CD Backup.

Preferences Other Operating Functions

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If the data amount to be recorded is larger than on CD/DVD, it will be displayed how many CDs/DVDs are needed. For calculation, first de-termine the CD/DVD size using Check Size.

The above parameters and file options show the default settings when recording. If Format Data CD is not enabled, it may happen that the CD/DVD cannot be read by other LINUX or UNIX users because of missing rights! With Record CD you can record any directories. Specify the directory and the data amount is displayed. If the directory specified under "Source" contains subdirectories or files that should not be recorded, they need to be specified here.

The data amount to be recorded and the amount of the CDs/DVDs re-quired are displayed.

NNOOTTIICCEE !! In case of 19" computers, make sure the door of the CD/DVD recorder is always open when recording data because the CD/DVD slide comes out for a short moment when checking the CD/DVD. If the CD/DVD slide is hindered when coming out this might probably cause a system crash!

11.3 Preferences Preferences are called up with Edit Preferences.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! Depending on the changed parameters, these changes may affect the current measuring project, in any case they will take effect on all new measuring projects! Only experienced ARAMIS users may perform changes as they contain many expert parameters! Also parameter changes made during normal ARAMIS operation may cause changed preferences. The preferences contain extensive parameter settings which will not be all explained here.

Opening and closing the CD drive

Hardware settings CD drive. Do not change the factory settings.

Check size of the inserted CD.

Other Operating Functions Preferences

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We will just deal with the most important preferences in order to en-able the experienced ARAMIS user to adjust new measuring projects. The Editing level provides for hiding complex and less used prefer-ences. 0 is the factory-preadjusted setting and 10 is the highest com-plexity. To restore the factory-preadjusted setting, see section 6.7.

11.3.1 Save User-Defined Preference Configurations ARAMIS offers the possibility to save user-defined preference configu-rations in a file.

IIMMPPOORRTTAANNTT !! We recommend to save the default configuration of the preferences prior to change any parameters, so that you can load it easily and do not need to restore the individual changes made. Now you may change the preferences as you like and save them with Edit Preferences Save Configuration. Current preferences take effect on the current and on new projects.

11.3.2 Load User-Defined Preference Configurations Use Edit Preferences Load Configuration to load the saved pref-erences.

Troubleshooting

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12. Troubleshooting

Problem: Remedy: The Linux PC is "frozen" but the mouse pointer can still be moved.

Press Ctrl and Alt and Backspace and log in again.

The Linux PC is "frozen" and the mouse pointer cannot be moved, or the mouse pointer can be moved but the key-board does not respond.

Switch the PC off and on again.

The ARAMIS software is "frozen" and other applications work.

Click with the mouse pointer on the open windows and press Escape. If necessary, repeat several times. If you do not succeed, press Ctrl and Alt and and log in again or use Ctrl, Alt, Esc and left mouse button to quit the application.

How can I change the language of the ARAMIS applica-tion software?

As of version 5.1.1, the language is selected according to the Linux language setting. Presently, the ARAMIS application software is available in English only. In case of the Linux-KDE version 2.1.1 select the Linux menu item with Preferences Personalization Country & Language. In case of the Linux-KDE version 3.1.1 select the Linux menu item with Control Center Regional & Accessibility Country/Region & Language.

I cannot work with the ARAMIS project. The stages in the explorer are highlighted in gray.

This effect may occur after the computer crashed and thus, temporary lock files were not correctly deleted. Remedy: Just delete the two lock files from the project folder and from the strain directory.

The best-fit function does not work correctly in connection with primitives.

The reason could be a wrong selection in the 3D window. Deselect all, then select again and repeat the best-fit func-tion.

The color 3D representation is poor or not visible in the window.

Probably the specimen is shown from the rear side. Remedy: In the toolbar, click on "view front".

How can I cancel the "Auto Start Point" process? Press Escape.

The Basics of Strain

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13. The Basics of Strain In this section, we explain the basics of strain and strain calculation. This description follows closely the following books: [Hib], [BB75], [Mal69] and [Hah84].

13.1 The Term "Strain" Strain is the measure for the deformation of a line element and can be defined as follows:

The stretch ratio λ is the relative elongation of an infinitesimal line ele-ment. A strain value ε can be defined as the function of the stretch ra-tio λ: The following known functions are frequently used strain measures:

• Technical strain:

• Logarithmic or natural strain:

• Green's strain:

13.2 The Deformation Gradient Tensor The previous section defined the stretch ratio in the one-dimensional case and the general description of a strain measure. This will now be extended to the two-dimensional case.

13.2.1 Deformation Gradient Tensor Definition In order to quantitatively display the deformation of a surface element, we introduce the deformation gradient tensor F. The deformation gra-dient tensor transforms a line element dX into the line element dx. In both cases, the line element connects the same material coordinates. Theoretically, it must be an infinitesimal line element. The following figure illustrates this case. Figure a: Translation and strain of a line element Thus, the deformation gradient tensor is defined as:


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13.2.2 Decomposing the Deformation Gradient Tensor into Polar Coordi-nates

A disadvantage of the deformation gradient tensor is that rotation and stretch are modeled using only one matrix. This can be compensated by splitting the deformation gradient into two tensors: a purely rota-tional matrix and a pure stretch tensor. The matrix can be decom-posed in two different ways:

• Decomposition into rotation and right stretch tensor Mathematically, the deformation gradient tensor is decomposed as follows:

Figure b illustrates this modeling.

Figure b: Geometrical model of central projection

• Decomposition into left stretch tensor and rotation. Mathemati-cally, the deformation gradient tensor is decomposed as follows:

13.2.3 Major and Minor Strain Derived from the Deformation Gradient Tensor

Values and can directly be read from the stretch ten-sor U. It has the following form:

Image level


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The strain measures εx and εy have the disadvantage of being defined as dependent on the coordinate system. This disadvantage can be eliminated by calculating major and minor strain. The symmetrical ma-trix U can be transformed to the main diagonal form. The two eigen-values λ1 and λ2 can be calculated as follows:

Depending on the choice of the strain measure, the stretch ratios λ1 and λ2 can be transformed into corresponding strain values. The lar-ger eigenvalue is called major strain 1 ε1 and the smaller eigenvalue is the minor strain 2 ε2 . The corresponding eigenvectors determine the two directions of major and minor strain. The strain values thus de-termined are independent of the coordinate system and are univer-sally applicable. If the material thickness with respect to the entire surface is small, it is frequently necessary to deduce the remaining material thickness from the deformation of the surface. As the optical measuring techniques used cannot obtain any data in this dimension, the third principle strain ε3 can be calculated from major and minor strain ε1 and ε2 , assum-ing a constant volume. Without determining a strain value, the rela-tionship between the stretch ratios can be expressed more generally. The volume constancy can be defined as follows:

Frequently, the effective strains are needed. The effective strains ac-cording to von Mises and von Tresca are available. The effective strain according to von Mises results from the following formula:

The effective strain according to von Tresca results from the following formula:

13.3 Calculation of the Deformation Gradient Tensor from a 2D Displacement Field

This section deals with the calculation of the deformation gradient ten-sor F from a given 2D displacement field of points. For this purpose, the 2D coordinates of each point must be known both, in its unde-formed and in its deformed state. The definition of the deformation gradient tensor F explains how an undeformed line element is trans-formed into a deformed line element. In order to calculate the defor-mation gradient tensor for a point, a number of points in the neighbor-hood of the observed point is needed. For this model of calculation, a homogeneous state of strain has to be assumed for this set of adja-cent points. The deformation gradient tensor creates a functional connection of the coordinates of the deformed points Pv,i with the coordinates of the undeformed points Pu,i ( i being the index for the different points). The functional connection is as follows:


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With: Coordinates of the undeformed point Coordinates of the deformed point Rigid body translation This formula describes a linear system of equations whose unknowns are the four parameters of the deformation gradient tensor F. The de-formation gradient tensor F can be interpreted as an affine transforma-tion which transforms a unit square into a parallelogram. This system of equations can be analytically calculated for three points. If more than three points are chosen, the result is an overdetermined system of equations which generally is contradictory. In this case, methods must be used which permit a calculation with more than three points. Here, the Gaussian least squares adjustment is used. The user can adjust the number of neighboring points to calculate the deformation gradient tensor for one point. He can thus set the length over which the differentiation is made. The neighborhood for a point is arranged quadratically. The smallest neighborhood is a 3 x 3 environ-ment which can be increased by an increment of two. Figure d shows a 3 x 3 neighborhood. Figure c: Analytical calculation of the deformation gradient tensor For an even higher resolution, the deformation gradient tensor can be calculated for a four-sided facet. A facet consists of four points. The calculated deformation gradient tensor is calculated for the virtual cen-ter of gravity S. Figure e schematically illustrates a four-sided facet. This model of calculation assumes that the pure rigid body displace-ment which the individual line elements received in addition to their deformation, cannot be modeled by the deformation gradient tensor F as well. This means that for the calculation of the deformation gradient tensor F all points of a neighborhood may undergo a translation. This translation may be different for the undeformed and the deformed state. The translation is chosen such that the point for which the de-formation gradient tensor is being calculated, is shifted into the origin.

Undeformed state

Deformed state


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13.4 Calculation of the Deformation Gradient Tensor from a 3D Displacement Field

The description so far dealt in detail with the calculation of strain in 2D. However, the measuring data consist of three-dimensional Carte-sian coordinates of the specimen's surface. In order to be able to use the above models of calculation, the 3D data has to be transformed into the 2D space. Figure d: 3 x 3 neighborhood for strain calculation

13.4.1 The Tangential Model The first model assumes that the local neighborhood of a point can be well approximated by a tangential plane. Due to the arbitrary deforma-tion of the surface, the tangential plane needs to be calculated sepa-rately for the deformed and undeformed state. The points in the local neighborhood are then projected perpendicularly onto the tangential plane. The result is two sets of points, for the deformed and unde-formed state, in the two-dimensional space in which the strain now can be calculated. Summarized, this process consists of the following tasks:

• Calculation of the tangential plane • Transformation of the 3D neighborhoods into the tangential

planes • Coordinate transformation of the tangential plane into the 2D

space • Calculation of the deformation gradient tensor from the 2D sets

of points

Undeformed state

Deformed state


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13.4.2 The Spline Model The tangential model described above provides good results as long as the assumption of the linearization of a local neighborhood of points is valid. In deep drawing, the deformed materials are mostly continuously curved planes. The problem now is to apply the charac-teristics to be measured to the respective object in such a frequency that the assumption of local linearity is still given. However, this char-acteristic can hardly be provided in reality. Therefore, it is better to use other models which are more accurate in modelling the true shape of the surface. Splines are a good model for continuously curved lines. Figure e: Neighborhood for a four-sided facet In order to calculate the side length not only according to a linear model, it is necessary to have more information than two points on a side. This means that the adjacent points of a four-sided facet have to be included in the calculations. Figure f shows the adjacent points of the hatched four-sided facet. In the facet, the side lengths are calculated using the formed splines. The resulting lengths can be used to construct a quadrangle in the two-dimensional space. Now, the strain calculations described above can be used.

Undeformed state

Deformed state


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Figure f: Four-sided facet with adjacent points

13.5 Bibliography for Strain Theory [Hib] Hibbitt, Karlsson and Lorensen, Inc. ABAQUS -Theory Manual, 5.7 edition. [BB75] Becker und Bürger. Kontinuumsmechanik. Teubner-Verlag, 1975 [Mal69] Malvern. Introduction to the Mechanics of a Continuous Medium. Prentice-Hall, 1969 [Hah84] Hahn. Elastizitätstheorie. Teubner-Verlag, 1984 [Kop98] Kopp und Wiegels. Einführung in die Umformtechnik. Verlag der Augustinus Buchhandlung, 1998

Structure in Evaluation Mode ARAMIS Menu Structure

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14. ARAMIS Menu Structure

14.1 Structure in Evaluation Mode

File -------------------------------------- New Project Open Close Close All Save Save As Import-------------------------------------- Recover Project

Import ARAMIS 4.7 Project

Export ------------------------------------- Export 3D Data Export All Points Export Single Point Export Section 3D Export Diagram Data Export Statistics

Reports ------------------------------------ Snapshot Export Report Images

Export Strain Export Stage Images

CD Backup------------------------------- Record CD Restore Data from CD

Recent Files ----------------------------- (List of files) Exit

Edit --------------------------------------

Clipboard ---------------------------------

Cut to Clipboard Copy to Clipboard Paste from Clipboard

Set as Reference Unset Reference Select in 3D View----------------------- Select Area

Select All Select Single Point Select by Value Select inside Sphere Select inside Cube Deselect Area Deselect All Deselect Single Point Deselect by Value Deselect inside Sphere Deselect inside Cube Invert Selection

Selection Mode ------------------------- Select on Surface Select through Object

Legend ------------------------------------ Color Map--------------------------------- Color (full) Color (5 steps) FEM (full) FEM (8 steps) FEM Gray (full) FEM Gray (8 steps)

Full Range Fixed Center

ARAMIS Menu Structure Structure in Evaluation Mode

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Symmetric Inverse Automatic Scaling Preferences

Snapshot Edit Toolbar Edit Shortkeys Preferences ------------------------------ Preferences

Load Configuration Save Configuration Reset all Preferences

View -------------------------------------

Project Mode

Evaluation Mode Viewing Direction ----------------------- Front

Back Left Right Top Bottom

User-Defined Views -------------------- View 0 View 1 . . . View 11 Set View Save Views Load Views

Display------------------------------------- Two-Sided Mesh Shaded Points Sections as Points Sections as Balls Major Strain Direction Minor Strain Direction

3D View ----------------------------------- Show Heading Edit Heading Do Not Show Coordinate System Coordinate System in Left Corner Coordinate System in Origin Show Grid Show Viewing Direction Show Legend Automatic Label Positioning Scale Axis

Results------------------------------------- Result Selection Set Line for Radial Show z = f(x, y)

Semantic ---------------------------------- Technical Logarithm Green

Reports ------------------------------------ Horizontal Ruler Vertical Ruler

Arrange Windows


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Video Player

Project ---------------------------------

Transform Project ----------------------

3-2-1 Transformation Best-Fit by Ref. Points Rotate Translate Translate along Line Scale Set Transformation Matrix Save Transformation Transform from File Transform to Element Transform from Clipboard

2D Scaling Reset Global Transformation Select Reference Points Select Material Project Parameter Stage Defaults Reset to Defaults Store as Defaults

Stage -----------------------------------

Transform Stage------------------------

Movement Correction Reset Movement Correction Save Stage Transformation Load Stage Transformation

Define Strain Mask Reset Stage

Results---------------------------------

Filter

Delete 3D Points Interpolate 3D Points Delete Interpolated 3D Points Sections----------------------------------- Create Section

Edit Section Delete Section

Stage Points ----------------------------- Edit Stage Point Set as Stage Point Set as Info Point Show Point Data Delete Stage Point

Statistics Edit Result Images

Report ----------------------------------

Report -------------------------------------

Create Report Copy Report Rename Report Save as Template Delete Report Reset Reports

Edit ----------------------------------------- Resize Background Color

Print

Diagram Create Diagram

ARAMIS Menu Structure Structure in Evaluation Mode

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Edit Diagram Delete Diagram Clean Diagram

Create Element Line Circle Rectangle Polygon Label Image Create Diagram Legend Edit Element Clone Element Delete Element Group Select Deselect Create Group Split Group

Primitives------------------------------

Point----------------------------------------

Point Division Point Intersection Point Projection Point Points from Line Pixel-Plane Intersection

Line ----------------------------------------- Point-Point Line Point-Direction Line Perpendicular Line Intersection Line Best-Fit Line

Plane --------------------------------------- Point-Point-Point Plane Point-Normal Plane Axis Parallel Plane Parallel Plane Plane in Viewing Direction Best-Fit Plane

Circle --------------------------------------- Point-Point-Point Circle Point-Normal-Radius Circle Best-Fit Circle

Sphere ------------------------------------- Point-Radius Sphere Best-Fit Sphere

Cylinder------------------------------------ Point-Point-Radius Cylinder Point-Direction-Radius Cylinder Best-Fit Cylinder

Cone --------------------------------------- Best-Fit Cone

More---------------------------------------- Best-Fit NURBS Surface Best-Fit Paraboloid

Distances --------------------------------- Projected Point Distance Point-Point Distance

Invert Direction


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Macro-----------------------------------

Edit Macro

Execute Macro My Macros ------------------------------- (List of created macros) Remote Control Start Remote Control

Help -------------------------------------

About

Graphic Board Manual Show Info Generate Points Generate Calibration Panel

ARAMIS Menu Structure Structure in Project Mode

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14.2 Structure in Project Mode

File --------------------------------- New Project Open Close Close All Save Save As Import -------------------------------------------- Recover Project

Import ARAMIS 4.7 Project

Export -------------------------------------------- Export 3D Data Export All Points Export Single Point Export Section 3D Export Diagram Data Export Statistics

Reports ----------------------------------- Snapshot Export Report Images

Export Strain Export Stage Images

CD Backup ------------------------------------- Record CD Restore Data from CD

Recent Files------------------------------------ (List of files) Exit

Edit --------------------------------

Edit Toolbar

Edit Shortkeys Preferences ------------------------------------ Preferences

Load Configuration Save Configuration Reset all Preferences

View -------------------------------

Project Mode

Evaluation Mode Arrange Windows Video Player

Project ----------------------------

Mask ---------------------------------------------

Mask Area Mask Circle Mask Rectangle Mask All Unmask Area Unmask Circle Unmask Rectangle Unmask All Invert Mask Load Mask Save Mask

Auto Start Point Add Start Point Compute Project

Structure in Project Mode ARAMIS Menu Structure

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Delete Start Point Reverse Stage Order 2D Scaling Reset Global Transformation Select Reference Points Project Parameter Stage Defaults

Stage ------------------------------

Start/Stop Measurement

Add Stage -------------------------------------- Add from Image Series Add Stage Files

Delete Stage Set Active Set as Reference Reset Stage Stage Parameter

Sensor ----------------------------

Calibration--------------------------------------

Calibration Quick Calibration Exit Calibration Calibration Info Export Slave Mode

Configure Hardware ------------------------- Configure Hardware Update Frame Grabber Driver Update Trigger Box

Initialize Sensor Change Image Size Close Sensor

Macro------------------------------

Edit Macro

Execute Macro My Macros ------------------------------------- (List of created macros) Remote Control Start Remote Control

Help --------------------------------

About

Graphic Board Manual Show Info Generate Points Generate Calibration Panel

Index

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15. Index

2 2D measurement · 35

3 3-2-1 · 10, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 91 3D measurement · 8, 35 3D setup · 10, 12, 47

A Accuracy · 39, 40, 46 Ambient temperature · 2 Aperture · 12, 15, 16, 17, 32, 34

B Base · 12, 13

C Calibration · 6, 12, 13, 16, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 57 Calibration object · 12, 13 Camera angle · 12, 13, 16, 32, 34 Camera resolution · 11 CAUTION · 7, 21 CCD · 11 CD · 6, 78, 79, 89, 93 Circles · 55 CMOS · 11 Computation mask · 8, 24 Cones · 56 Coordinate system · 24, 41, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 84 Cylinders · 56

D Deformation of the object · 7 Demo user · 23 Diff · 19 Distance ring · 12, 13 DVD · 78, 79

E Editing level · 80 Ellipse quality · 12, 13 Escape key · 44, 62 Evaluation mode · 6, 24, 26, 44, 51

Expert parameters · 6, 79 Explorer information · 44

F Facet · 8, 10, 21, 22, 38, 40, 44, 45, 46, 48, 62 Filter · 49 Focal length · 12, 13, 31 Focus · 12, 15, 16 Function · 19

G Gray values · 8, 21, 46

H Height variance · 32, 34

I IMPORTANT · 6, 7, 12, 19, 31, 38, 43, 46, 59, 64, 79, 80 Info points · 64 Interpolation · 49, 50 Intersection · 39, 46, 51, 52, 53, 61, 62, 92 Invert · 19, 37, 38, 51, 89, 92, 94 IP address · 18

L Language · 81 Lenses · 12, 15, 31 Level · 19 Lines · 51, 53, 73 Linux · 10, 18, 23, 81 Lock files · 81 Logic pattern · 22

M Macro · 10, 77, 78 Manual · 1, 6, 19, 38, 88, 93, 95 Manual structure · 6 Max. frame rate · 11 Measuring distance · 12, 13 Measuring modes · 36, 47 Measuring project · 6, 7, 8, 12, 24, 27, 38, 47, 78, 79 Measuring results · 11 Measuring volume · 12, 13, 15, 21, 31, 32, 34, 35 Mouse function · 28 Mouse wheel · 23, 28, 44

Index

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N NOTICE · 7, 15, 16, 18, 21, 65, 79 NURBS Surface · 56, 92

O Opto · 19

P Paraboloid · 57, 92 Password · 23 Planes · 54 Points · 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 59, 64, 71, 72, 73, 89, 90, 91,

92, 93, 94, 95 Preferences · 8, 28, 45, 46, 79, 80, 81, 89, 90, 93 Preparation of specimen · 8, 10, 12, 17, 21, 22, 35, 37, 38,

40, 41, 45, 50, 57, 60, 61, 62, 65, 81, 86 Primitives · 27, 50, 51, 52, 53, 60, 61, 81 Project mode · 6, 17, 24, 25, 45, 46

R Reference points · 57 Regular structures · 22 Report generation · 10, 24 Reports · 9, 41, 43, 64, 65, 66, 67 Residual · 39, 40, 46 Result · 6, 7, 10, 16, 24, 27, 32, 34, 35, 40, 48, 49, 50, 59,

63, 65, 76, 84, 87 Result window · 42, 63 Rights · 2, 23, 79 Rigid body movements · 62

S Sections · 6, 9, 15, 42, 45, 54, 65, 66, 67, 71 Sensor · 6, 10, 12, 14, 15, 17, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34, 47 Shutter · 32, 33 Shutter time · 11, 16, 17, 36 Specimen lighting · 17 Spheres · 55 Stage points · 64 Start point · 8, 24, 38, 39, 44, 46, 48, 53 Status indicator · 40, 44 Stochastic patterns · 21 Strain accuracy · 11 Strain measuring range · 11 Surface · 7, 21, 46, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56

T TIFF · 43, 48 Trigger box · 10 Trigger in · 19 Trigger input · 18, 19 Trigger mode · 47 Trigger out · 19 TRITOP · 57 TTL · 19, 47

V Video player · 25 Visualization methods · 41

W Windows · 23, 44, 90, 94

Documents

ARAMIS v 5.3 - Materials Science Group University of Groningen