7.1 Introduction The energy supply sector is the largest contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In 2010, approximately 35% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions were attributed to this sector. Despite the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, annual GHG‐emissions growth from the global energy supply sector accelerated from 1.7% per year in 1991–2000 to 3.1% in 2001–2010. Rapid economic growth and an increase of the share of coal in the global fuel mix were the main contributors to this trend. 7.2 Energy production, conversion, transmission and distribution The energy supply sector converts over 75% of total primary energy supply (TPES) into other forms, namely, electricity, heat, refined oil products, coke, enriched coal, and natural gas. Industry (including non‐energy use) consumes 84% of final use of coal and peat, 26% of petroleum products, 47% of natural gas, 40% of electricity, and 43% of heat. Transportation consumes 62% of liquid fuels final use. The building sector is responsible for 46% of final natural gas consumption, 76% of combustible renewables and waste, 52% of electricity use, and 51% of heat. Forces driving final energy‐consumption evolution in all these sectors have a significant impact on the evolution of energy supply systems, both in scale and structure. The energy supply sector is itself the largest energy user. Energy losses assessed as the difference between the energy inputs to and outputs from this sector account for 29.3% of TPES. The TPES is not only a function of end users’ demand for higher‐ quality energy carriers, but also the relatively low average global efficiency of energy conversion, transmission, and distribution processes (only 37% efficiency for fossil fuel power and just 83% for fossil fuel district heat generation). However, low efficiencies and large own energy use of the energy sector result in high indirect multiplication effects of energy savings from end users. One argument (Bashmakov (2009)) is that in estimating indirect energy efficiency effects, transformation should be done not only for electricity, for which it is regularly performed, but also for district heating as well as for any activity in the energy supply sector, and even for fuels transportation. Based on this argument, global energy savings multiplication factors are much higher if
7.1 IntroductionThe energy supply sector is the largest
contributor to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In 2010,
approximately 35% of total anthropogenic GHG emissions were
attributed to this sector. Despite the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol,
annual GHGemissions growth from the global energy supply sector
accelerated from 1.7% per year in 19912000 to 3.1% in 20012010.
Rapid economic growth and an increase of the share of coal in the
global fuel mix were the main contributors to this trend.7.2 Energy
production, conversion, transmission and distributionThe energy
supply sector converts over 75% of total primary energy supply
(TPES) into other forms, namely, electricity, heat, refined oil
products, coke, enriched coal, and natural gas. Industry (including
nonenergy use) consumes 84% of final use of coal and peat, 26% of
petroleum products, 47% of natural gas, 40% of electricity, and 43%
of heat. Transportation consumes 62% of liquid fuels final use. The
building sector is responsible for 46% of final natural gas
consumption, 76% of combustible renewables and waste, 52% of
electricity use, and 51% of heat. Forces driving final
energyconsumption evolution in all these sectors have a significant
impact on the evolution of energy supply systems, both in scale and
structure. The energy supply sector is itself the largest energy
user. Energy losses assessed as the difference between the energy
inputs to and outputs from this sector account for 29.3% of TPES.
The TPES is not only a function of end users demand for
higherquality energy carriers, but also the relatively low average
global efficiency of energy conversion, transmission, and
distribution processes (only 37% efficiency for fossil fuel power
and just 83% for fossil fuel district heat generation). However,
low efficiencies and large own energy use of the energy sector
result in high indirect multiplication effects of energy savings
from end users.One argument (Bashmakov (2009)) is that in
estimating indirect energy efficiency effects, transformation
should be done not only for electricity, for which it is regularly
performed, but also for district heating as well as for any
activity in the energy supply sector, and even for fuels
transportation. Based on this argument, global energy savings
multiplication factors are much higher if assessed comprehensively
and are equal to 1.07 for coal and petroleum products, 4.7 for
electricity, and 2.7 for heat.
