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e:\module booklets\module booklets\2010\ar3001.docx 29 January 2010

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School of Archaeology & Ancient History

AR3001 The Origins of Modern Humans

Academic Year: 2009-2010

Semester: 1

Time and location: Wednesday 10.00am-12.00 noon, Attenborough SB2.07

First meeting: Wednesday October 7th

Module coordinator: Dr Terry Hopkinson

e-mail: [email protected]

Room: 123

Office hours: Thursday 13.30-15.00, 15.30-16.30

Your individual appointments

(e.g. tutorials, seminars): ……………………………………………………

……………………………………………………

……………………………………………………

……………………………………………………

Document prepared by: Dr Terry Hopkinson 21/09/2009


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AR3001 The Origins of Modern Humans

Weighting: 20 credits

Coordinator: Dr Terry Hopkinson

Other tutors: None

Module

outline: This module in Palaeolithic archaeology examines the evolutionary

origins and cultural construction of our own species Homo sapiens.

Contemporary archaeological, fossil and genetic knowledge, theory

and understanding of this question will be critically examined. This

will be global in scope, with particular emphasis on the European and

African archaeological and fossil records. There will be sessions

introducing the history of evolutionary thought and current

evolutionary theories, and their application to long-term developments

in human behaviour and culture. The concept of the ‘modern human

being’ will be critically assessed against the evidence, both in terms of

its archaeological value and visibility, and in terms of its relation with

contemporary western cultural and scientific values.

Aims: To develop students’ knowledge and understanding of the major

events in the evolutionary emergence of modern Homo sapiens as

currently understood.

To place these events in the context of biological and cultural

evolutionary theory.

To develop students’ ability to synthesise, analyse and criticise

multiple and often contradictory strands of evidence.

To consider the complex relationships between the evidence, theories

of human evolution and contemporary cultural beliefs and value

systems.

Intended

learning

outcomes:

On completion of the module students will be able to demonstrate:

A broad knowledge of the archaeology, palaeontology and genetics of

modern human origins.

A critical understanding of current issues and debates in the study of

this question, and a critical grasp of the methodological and theoretical

problems it raises.

An understanding of how, in this field, understanding of the past

might emerge from and impact upon world outlooks in the present.

Skills of written and oral communication and of independent learning.

Method(s) of

teaching:

12 hours of lectures, four one-hour seminars, one museum visit.

Method of

assessment:

One two-hour exam (50%); one assessed essay of 3000 words (50%).


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Teaching schedule

All sessions will be conducted by Dr Terry Hopkinson

Week 2 Wed 7 Oct 10.00 Lecture 1: Introduction to the module

11.00 Lecture 2: The rise of evolution

Week 3 Wed 14 Oct 10.00 Lecture 3: Evolutionary theory and taxonomy

11.00pm Lecture 4: Europe – the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic

transition.

Week 4 Wed 21 Oct 10.00 Lecture 5: Many origins or one? The genetic evidence.

11.00pm Seminar 1

Week 5 Wed 28 Oct 10.00 Lecture 6: Africa – the MSA and LSA

11.00pm Lecture 7: The demise of the Neanderthals

Week 6 Wed 4 Nov 10.00 Lecture 8: Modernity, meat and mobility

11.00pm Seminar 2

Week 7 9-13 Nov READING WEEK - NO TEACHING

Week 8 Wed 18 Nov 10.00 Lecture 9: Art, meaning and ‘modernity’

11.00pm Seminar 3

Week 9 Tue 24 Nov From

8.30

Visit to Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology,

Cambridge – TO BE CONFIRMED

Week 10 Wed 2 Dec 10.00 Lecture 10: Biological explanations for the emergence

of modern human origins

11.00pm Seminar 4

Week 11 Wed 9 Dec 12.00 Lecture 11: ‘Modernity’: condition or continuum?


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Seminars

The class will be organised into four seminar groups in the first lecture. There will be four one-

hour seminar sessions, in each of which one group will take the lead and give a short

presentation on the issue in hand, followed by open discussion. Each group will take the lead in

one seminar.

Assignments, deadlines and submission

All students on this course must submit one essay of 3000 words, which counts for 50% of the

overall mark for the module. Essays should be word-processed and titles chosen from the list

below. Please note that sources marked * are obtainable from Dr Hopkinson. Two hard copies of

the essay, with a completed Third Year cover sheet, must be submitted by 4.30pm on Monday

December 7th 2009.

NB: You are also required to submit an electronic copy of your essay via the Turnitin facility of

the AR3001 Blackboard site. Full instructions as to how to do so are given there. Please make sure

that you also read the Turnitin Personal Data and Intellectual Property section of your

Undergraduate Handbook.

The electronic copy is to be submitted by the same deadline as the paper copy, i.e. 4.30pm on

Monday December 7th. Please note that both hard copy and electronic submissions are

compulsory. Late submission of either copy will result in the appropriate lateness penalties being

applied to the final mark. Students failing to submit either or both will be deemed to have failed

the assessment (i.e. a mark of zero will be recorded).

In addition, a two-hour examination in the summer examination period will count for the

remaining 50% of the module mark.


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Essay Titles

1. In Africa, did modern human behaviour emerge early in the Middle Stone Age, or only much

later at the onset of the Late Stone Age?

Barham, L. 2002. Backed tools in Middle Pleistocene central Africa and their evolutionary

significance. Journal of Human Evolution 43, 585-603.

Brooks, A.S. et al 1995. Dating and context of three Middle Stone Age sites with bone points in

the Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire. Science 268, 548–53.

d'Errico, F. et al 2001. An engraved bone fragment from ca. 75 kyr Middle Stone Age levels at

Blombos Cave, South Africa: implications for the origin of symbolism. Antiquity 75, 309-318.

d’Errico, F. et al 2005. Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic

behaviour in the Middle Stone Age. Journal of Human Evolution 48, 3-24.

Henshilwood, C.S. et al 2001. Blombos Cave, southern Cape, South Africa: Preliminary report on

the 1992–1999 excavations of the Middle Stone Age levels. Journal of Archaeological Science 28,

421-448.

Henshilwood, C.S. et al. 2002. Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: Middle Stone Age

engravings from South Africa. Science 295, 1278-1280.

*Hovers, E., Ilani, S., Bar-Yosef, O. and Vandermeersch, B. 2003. An Early Case of Color

Symbolism: Ochre Use by Modern Humans in Qafzeh Cave. Current Anthropology 44, 491-522.

Klein, R.G. 1998. Why anatomically modern people did not disperse from Africa 100,000 years

ago. In Akazawa, T., Aoki, K. and Bar-Yosef, O. (eds) Neandertals and Modern Humans in

Western Asia, pp. 509–22. New York: Plenum.

Klein, R. G. 1999. The Human Career (2nd Edition) chapter 6 pp367-493, Chapter 7 pp 494-517,

chapter 8 pp574-95. London, University of Chicago Press.

Klein, R.G. 2000. Archeology and the Evolution of Human Behavior. Evolutionary Anthropology 9,

17-36.

Marean, C.W., et al H.M. 2007. Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa

during the Middle Pleistocene. Nature 449, 905-8.

McBrearty, S. and Brooks, A. 2000. The revolution that wasn’t: a new interpretation of the origin

of modern human behaviour. Journal of Human Evolution 39, 453-563.

McCall, G.S. 2007. Behavioral ecological models of lithic technological change during the later

Middle Stone Age of South Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 34, 1738-51.

Soriano, S., Villa, P. and Wadley, L. 2007. Blade technology and tool forms in the Middle Stone

Age of South Africa: the Howiesons Poort and post-Howiesons Poort at Rose Cottage Cave.

Journal of Archaeological Science 34, 681-703.

Speth, J.D. 2004. News flash: negative evidence convicts Neanderthals of gross mental

incompetence. World Archaeology 36, 519-26.

Yellen, J.E. et al 1995. A Middle Stone Age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki

Valley, Zaire. Science 268, 553–6.


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2. What is the character of the ‘transitional’ industries in the passage from the Middle to the Upper

Palaeolithic in Europe, and what are their implications for our understanding of the replacement of the

Neanderthals by Homo sapiens?

Recommended Reading

Adams, B. 1998. The Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition in Central Europe: The Record from the

Bükk Mountain Region. BAR International Series 693. Oxford, Archaeopress.

Ahern, J.C.M. et al 2004. New discoveries and interpretations of hominid fossils and artifacts

from Vindija Cave, Croatia. Journal of Human Evolution 46(1), 27-67.

d’Errico, F. 2003. The Invisible Frontier. A Multiple Species Model for the Origin of Behavioral

Modernity. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 188–202.

d’Errico, F. et al 1998. Neanderthal acculturation in western Europe? A critical review of the

evidence and its interpretation. Current Anthropology 39, S1-S44.

Grayson, D.K. and Delpech, F. 2008. The large mammals of Roc de Combe (Lot, France): The

Châtelperronian and Aurignacian assemblages. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27, 338–

62

Karavanić, I. and Smith, F.H. 1998. The Middle/Upper Paleolithic interface and the relationship

of Neanderthals and early modern humans in the Hrvatsko Zagorje, Croatia. Journal of

Human Evolution 34, 223-248.

Klein, R. 1999. The Human Career, 2nd Edition. Chap 6 pp477-493, Chap 7 pp494-529.

Mellars, P.A. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy Chapter 13 ‘The Big Transition’, pp405-419. Princeton

NJ, PUP.

Mellars, P.A. et al 1999. The Neanderthal Problem Continued. Current Anthropology 40, 341-364.

Mellars, P. 2004. Neanderthals and the modern human colonization of Europe. Nature 432, 461-

65.

Mellars, P. 2006a. Archeology and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in Europe: Deconstructing

the ‚Aurignacian‛. Evolutionary Anthropology 15,167–82.

Mellars, P. 2006b. A new radiocarbon revolution and the dispersal of modern humans in Eurasia.

Nature 439, 931-35.

*White, R. 2001. Personal Ornaments from the Grotte du Renne at Arcy-sur-Cure. Athena Review

2, 41-46.

Zilhão, J. 2006a. Neandertals and Moderns Mixed, and It Matters. Evolutionary Anthropology 15,

183–95.

Zilhão, J. 2006b. Genes, Fossils, and Culture. An Overview of the Evidence for Neandertal–

Modern Human Interaction and Admixture. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 72, 1–20.

Zilhão, J. 2007. The Emergence of Ornaments and Art: An Archaeological Perspective on the

Origins of ‚Behavioral Modernity‛. Journal of Archaeological Research 15, 1–54.

Zilhão, J. and d'Errico, F. (Eds.) 2003. The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional

Technocomplexes: Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications. Proceedings of Symposium 6.1 of

the XIVth Congress of the UISPP.


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3. How different or similar were the subsistence practices of Middle and Upper Palaeolithic peoples?

Binford, L.R. 1985. Human ancestors: changing views of their behavior. Journal of Anthropological

Archaeology 4, 292–327.

Bocherens, H. et al 2001. New isotopic evidence for dietary habits of Neandertals in Belgium.

Journal of Human Evolution 40: 497-505.

Cachel, S. 1997. Dietary shifts and the European Upper Palaeolithic Transition. Current

Anthropology 38, 579-603.



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Hockett, B. and Haws, J. 2003. Nutritional Ecology and Diachronic Trends in Paleolithic Diet and

Health. Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 211-216.

Lupo, K. 1994. Butchering marks and carcass acquisition strategies: distinguishing hunting from

scavenging in archaeological contexts, Journal of Archaeological Science 21, 827–37.

Marean, C.W. 1998. A critique of the evidence for scavenging by Neandertals and early modern

humans: new data from Kobeh Cave (Zagros Mountains, Iran) and Die Kelders Cave 1 layer

10 (South Africa). Journal of Human Evolution 35, 111–136.

Marean, C.W. and Assefa, Z. 1999. Zooarcheological evidence for the faunal exploitation

behavior of Neanderthals and early modern humans. Evolutionary Anthropology 8, 22–37.

Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy, chapter 7 ‘Subsistence’. Princeton, Princeton University

Press.

Mellars, P. 2004. Reindeer specialization in the early Upper Palaeolithic: the evidence from south

west France. Journal of Archaeological Science 31, 613–1.

Richards, M.P et al 2000. Neanderthal diet at Vindija and Neanderthal predation: The evidence

from stable isotopes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

America 97(13), 7663-7666.

Richards, M.P. et al 2001. Stable isotope evidence for increasing dietary breadth in the European

mid-Upper Palaeolithic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of

America 98(11), 6528-6532.

Shea, J. 1998. Neandertal and early modern behavioral variability: a regional-scale approach to

lithic evidence for hunting in the Levantine Mousterian. Current Anthropology 39, S45-78.

Speth, J.D. and Tchernov, E. 1998. The role of Hunting and Scavenging in Neandertal

Procurement Strategies. In Akazawa, T. et al (Eds) Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western

Asia, pp223-240. New York, Plenum.

Stiner, M.C. 1991. Food procurement and transport by human and non-human predators. Journal

of Archaeological Science 18, 455-82.

Stringer, C.B., et al 2008. Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar. Proceedings of

the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 105,14319–24.


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4. In what ways have archaeological conceptions of the emergence of humanity been influenced

by changing fashions in taxonomy and evolutionary theory?

Cartmill, M. 2001. Taxonomic revolutions and the animal-human boundary. In Corbey, R. and

Roebroeks, W. (Eds) Studying Human Origins: Disciplinary History and Epistemology pp97-106.

Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press.

Dawkins, R. 1986. The Blind Watchmaker, esp. chapter 9. Harlow, Longman.

Delisle, R.G. 2001. Adaptationism versus cladism in human evolution studies. In Corbey, R. and

Roebroeks, W. (Eds) Studying Human Origins: Disciplinary History and Epistemology pp107-122.

Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press.

Dennell, R.W. 2001. From Sangiran to Olduvai, 1937-1960: The quest for ‘centres’ of hominid

origins in Asia and Africa. In Corbey, R. and Roebroeks, W. (Eds) Studying Human Origins:

Disciplinary History and Epistemology pp45-66. Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press.

Dobzhansky, T. et al 1975. Evolution chapter 1 pp9-19, and chapters 8 and 14. San Francisco,

Freeman.

Gould, S.J. 1980. Is a new and general theory of evolution emerging? Paleobiology 6, 119-130.

Isaac, G. Ll. 1978: The food sharing behavior of proto-human hominids. Scientific American 238

(4), 90-108.

*Klein, R.G. 1995. Anatomy, behavior and modern human origins. Journal of World Prehistory 9,

167-198.

*Proctor, R.N. 2003. Three roots of human recency: Molecular anthropology, the refigured

Acheulean and the UNESCO response to Auschwitz. Current Anthropology 44, 213-39.

Wolpoff, M. 1989. Multiregional Evolution: The Fossil Alternative to Eden. In Mellars, P. and

Stringer, C (Eds) The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives in the Origins of

Modern Humans pp62-108. Edinburgh, EUP.


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5. Is ’symbolism’ the primary distinguishing feature of modern humanity?

Recommended Reading

Botha, R. 2008. Prehistoric shell beads as a window on language evolution. Language &

Communication 28, 197-212.

Bouzouggar, A. et al. 2007. 82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the

origins of modern human behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA

104, 9964-69.

Carbonell, E. and Mosquera, M. 2006. The emergence of a symbolic behaviour: the sepulchral pit

of Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain. Compte Rendus Palévol 5, 155-60.

Chase, P.G. 1994. On symbols and the Palaeolithic. Current Anthropology 35, 617-629.

Chase, P. and Dibble, H. 1987. Middle Paleolithic symbolism: A review of current evidence and

interpretations. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6, 263-96.

Conard, N. 2003. Palaeolithic ivory sculptures from southwestern Germany and the origins of

figurative art. Nature 426, 830-32.

Conard, N. 2009. A female figurine from the basal Aurignacian of Hohle Fels Cave in

southwestern Germany. Nature 459, 248-252.

Davidson, I. and Noble, W. 1989: The archaeology of perception: traces of depiction and

language. Current Anthropology 30, 125-156.

Dibble, H.L. 1989. The Implications of Stone Tool Types for the Presence of Language during the

Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. In P. Mellars and C. Stringer (Eds) The Human Revolution.

Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, pp415-32.





d’Errico, F. et al 2003. Archaeological Evidence for the Emergence of Language, Symbolism, and

Music – An Alternative Multidisciplinary Perspective Journal of World Prehistory 17, 1-70.

d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Vanhaerend, M. and van Niekerke K. 2005. Nassarius kraussianus

shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age.

Journal of Human Evolution 48, 3-24.



*Hovers, E., Ilani, S., Bar-Yosef, O. and Vandermeersch, B. 2003. An Early Case of Color


Mellars, P. 1989. Technological Changes at the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic Transition: Economic,

Social and Cognitive Perspectives. In P. Mellars and C. B. Stringer (Eds) The Human

Revolution pp338-365. Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press.

Noble, W. and Davidson, I. 1996. Human Evolution, Language and Mind, Chapters 6, 7 and 8.

Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.


Origins of ‚Behavioral Modernity‛. Journal of Archaeological Research 15, 1–54.


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Reading list

NOTE: References marked * are available from Dr Hopkinson, in either hard or electronic copy.

General Textbooks and Overviews

Finlayson, C. 2004. Neanderthals and Modern Humans: An Ecological and Evolutionary Perspective.


Gamble, C. 1986. The Palaeolithic Settlement of Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Gamble, C. 1999. The Palaeolithic Societies of Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Klein, R. 1999. The Human Career, chapters 2, 5, 6, 7and 8. London, University of Chicago Press.

Lewin, R. and Foley, R. 2003. Principles of Human Evolution. Blackwell.

Mellars, P. 1996. The Neanderthal Legacy. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press.

Mellars, P, Boyle, K, Bar-Yosef, O. and Stringer, C. (eds) 2007. Rethinking the Human Revolution:

New Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans.

Cambridge: McDonald Institute.

Milisauskas, S. (Ed). 2002. European Prehistory: A Survey, chapter 2 and chapter 3 pp55-82. New

York, Plenum.

Scarre, C. (Ed) 2005. The Human Past, Part 1 ‘The Evolution of Humanity’. London, Thames and

Hudson.

Trinkaus, E. and Shipman, P. 1993. The Neandertals: Changing the Image of Mankind. Jonathan

Cape.

van Andel, T. and Davies, W. (Eds) 2004. Neanderthals and modern humans in the European landscape

during the last glaciation: archaeological results of the Stage 3 Project. Cambridge, McDonald

Institute.

Quaternary Climate, Environment, Chronology; Dating Methods

Aitken, M.J. 1990. Science-based Dating in Archaeology. London, Longman.

Klein, R.G. 1999. The Human Career (2nd Edition), chapter 2, ‘The Geologic Time Frame’. London,

University of Chicago Press.

Lowe, J.J. and Walker, M.J.C. 1997. Reconstructing Quaternary Environments, 2nd Edition.

Harlow, Longman.

Mellars, P. 1996: The Neanderthal Legacy, chapter 2, ‘The Environmental Background to Middle

Palaeolithic Occupation’. Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press.

van Andel, T.1998. Middle and Upper Palaeolithic environments and the calibration of 14C dates

beyond 10,000 BP. Antiquity 72, 26-33


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Evolution

Darwin, C.R. 1951. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or, The Preservation of

Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 6th Edn. London, OUP.

Darwin, C.R. 1974. The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Detroit, Gale Research

Company.

Dawkins, R. 1976. The Selfish Gene. Oxford, OUP.

Dawkins, R. 1982. The Extended Phenotype. Oxford, Freeman.

Dawkins, R. 1986. The Blind Watchmaker. Harlow, Longman.

Gould, S.J. 1989. Wonderful Life. London, Hutchinson Radius.

Gould, S.J. 1998. On Transmuting Boyle’s Law to Darwin’s Revolution. In Fabian, A.C. (Ed)

Evolution: Society, Science and the Universe, Cambridge, CUP, pp 4-27.

Klein, R.G. 1999. The Human Career Chapter 1. Chicago, Chicago University Press.

Theoretical Problems in Human Evolution and Palaeolithic Archaeology

Bower, J.R.F. 2005. On ‚Modern Behavior‛ and the Evolution of Human Intelligence. Current


Cartmill, M. 2002. Historical Explanation and the Concept of Progress in Primatology.

Evolutionary Anthropology Suppl 1, 12-15.

Corbey, R. and Roebroeks, W. (Eds) 2001. Studying Human Origins: Disciplinary History and

Epistemology. Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press.

Gamble, C. 2005. Social Archaeology and the Unfinished Business of the Palaeolithic. In Cherry,

J., Scarre, C. and Shennan, S. (Eds) Explaining Social Change: Studies in Honour of Colin Renfrew.

Cambridge, McDonald Institute.

Gibson, K.R. and Ingold, T. (Eds) 1993. Tools, Language and Cognition in Human Evolution.


Hager, L. (Ed) 1997. Women in Human Evolution. London, Routledge.

*Hopkinson, T. and White, M.J. 2005. The Acheulean and the Handaxe: Structure and Agency in

the Palaeolithic. In Gamble, C. and Porr, M. (Eds) The Individual Hominid in Context pp13-28.

London, Routledge.

Laland, K. and Hoppitt, W. 2003. Do animals have culture? Evolutionary Anthropology 12, 150-159.

Proctor, R.N. 2003. Three roots of human recency: Molecular anthropology, the refigured



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The Eurasian Middle Palaeolithic and the African Middle Stone Age

Barham, L. 2000. The Middle Stone Age of Zambia, South Central Africa. Bristol, Western Academic

and Specialist Press.

Barham, L. 2002. Backed tools in Middle Pleistocene central Africa and their evolutionary

significance. Journal of Human Evolution 43, 585-603.

Brooks, A.S., Helgren, D.M., Cramer, J.S., Franklin, A., Hornyak, W., Keating, J.M., Klein, R.G.,

Rink, W.J., Schwarcz, H.P., Leith Smith, J.N., Stewart, K., Todd, N.E., Verniers, J. and Yellen,

J.E. 1995. Dating and context of three Middle Stone Age sites with bone points in the Upper

Semliki Valley, Zaire. Science 268, :548–53.

Binford, L.R. 1979. Organization and formation processes: looking at curated technologies.

Journal of Anthropological Research 35: 255-273.

Carbonell, E. and Mosquera, M. 2006. The emergence of a symbolic behaviour: the sepulchral pit

of Sima de los Huesos, Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain. Compte Rendus Palévol 5, 155-60.


Chase, P. and Dibble, H. 1987. Middle Paleolithic symbolism: A review of current evidence and

interpretations. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 6, 263-96.

Chazan, M. 1997. Redefining Levallois. Journal of Human Evolution 33, 719-735.

Conard, N.J. 1990. Laminar Lithic Assemblages from the Last Interglacial Complex in

Northwestern Europe. Journal of Anthropological Research 46, 243-262.

Conard, N. (Ed) 2001. Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age Volume I.

Tübingen, Kerns Verlag.

Conard, N. (Ed) 2004. Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle Stone Age Volume II.

Tübingen, Kerns Verlag.



d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Vanhaerend, M. and van Niekerke K. 2005. Nassarius kraussianus

shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age.


Dibble, H.L. 1987. The interpretation of Middle Paleolithic scraper morphology. American

Antiquity 52: 109-117.

Dibble, H.L. 1989. The Implications of Stone Tool Types for the Presence of Language during the

Lower and Middle Palaeolithic. In P. Mellars and C. Stringer (Eds) The Human Revolution.

Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, pp415-32.

Dibble, H. et al 1995. The Use of Raw Materials at Combe-Capelle Bas. In H. Dibble and M. Lenoir

(Eds) The Middle Paleolithic Site of Combe-Capelle Bas (France) pp 259-287. Philadelphia,

University of Pennsylvania Museum Press. (It is only necessary to read pp259-267).

Féblot-Augustins, J. 1993. Mobility strategies in the late Middle Palaeolithic of central Europe and

western Europe: elements of stability and variability. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 12:

211-265.


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Féblot-Augustins, J. 1999. Raw material transport patterns and settlement systems in the

European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic: continuity, change and variability. In W.

Roebroeks and C. Gamble (Eds) The Middle Palaeolithic Occupation of Europe pp193-214.

Leiden, Leiden University Press.

Gamble, C. and Roebroeks, W. 1999. The Middle Palaeolithic: A point of inflection. In W.

Roebroeks and C. Gamble (Eds) The Middle Palaeolithic Occupation of Europe pp3-21. Leiden,

Leiden University Press.

Gao, X. and Norton, C.J. 2002. A critique of the Chinese ‘Middle Palaeolithic’. Antiquity 76, 397-

412.

Gamble, C., Davies, W., Pettitt, P. and Richards, M. 2004. Climate change and evolving human

diversity during the last glacial. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 359,

243-254.

Gargett, R.H. 1989. Grave shortcomings: The evidence for Neanderthal burial. Current

Anthropology 30: 157-90.

Gargett, R.H. 1999. Middle Palaeolithic burial is not a dead issue: the view from Qafzeh, Saint-

Césaire, Kebara, Amud, and Dediriyeh. Journal of Human Evolution 37, 27-90.

Henshilwood, C.S. and Sealy, J.C. 1997. Bone artefacts from the Middle Stone Age at Blombos

Cave, Southern Cape, South Africa. Current Anthropology 38, 890-895.





Hopkinson, T. 2004. Leaf points, landscapes and environment change in the European Late

Middle Palaeolithic. In N. Conard (Ed) Settlement Dynamics of the Middle Paleolithic and Middle

Stone Age Vol. II, pp227-258. Kerns Verlag: Tübingen.

Hopkinson, T. 2007. The Middle Palaeolithic Leaf Points of Europe: Ecology, Knowledge and Scale. BAR

International Series 1663. Oxford, John and Erica Hedges.

Hovers, E. et al 2000. The Amud 7 skeleton – still a burial. Response to Gargett. Journal of Human

Evolution 39(2), 253-260.

Hovers, E., Ilani, S., Bar-Yosef, O. and Vandermeersch, B. 2003. An Early Case of Color


Hublin, J.-J. and Richards, M.P. (eds.) 2009. The Evolution of Hominin Diets: Integrating Approaches

to the Study of Palaeolithic Subsistence. Dordrecht: Springer.

Klein, R. G. 1999. The Human Career (2nd Edition) Chapter 6, ‘The Neanderthals and their

Contemporaries’. London, University of Chicago Press.

Kohn, M. and Mithen, S. 1999. Handaxes: products of sexual selection? Antiquity 73, 518-26.

Kolen, J. 1999. Hominids without homes: on the nature of Middle Palaeolithic settlement in

Europe. In W. Roebroeks and C. Gamble (Eds) The Middle Palaeolithic Occupation of Europe

pp139-175. Leiden, Leiden University Press.


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Kuhn, S.L. 1991. "Unpacking" reduction: lithic raw material economy in the Mousterian of west-

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