Our Origins - Welcome to Anthropology - Homecmilner-rose.com/files/milnerroseoopp6.pdfArboreal Adaptation – Primates have a versatile skeletal structure ... mammals. – Humans have

Our Origins Discovering Physical

Anthropology

Second Edition

W. W. Norton & Company

by Clark Spencer Larsen

Chapter 6

Biology in the Present: The Other

Living Primates

©2011 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Clark Spencer Larsen

Our Origins DISCOVERING PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Chapter 6

C. Milner-Rose

What is a Primate?

History of classification of the order

– Linnaeus first described the order

Primates for classification purposes.

What is a Primate?

History of classification of the order

– As identified by Le Gros Clark,

primates have the following traits:

• Primates are adapted to life in the

trees (arboreal adaptation).

• Primates eat a variety of foods (dietary

plasticity).

• Primates invest a lot in a few offspring

(parental investment).

Figure 6.1 Primate Distribution Our Origins, 2nd Edition

Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company

What is a Primate?

Arboreal Adaptation

– Primates have a versatile skeletal

structure

• Clavicle acts as a strut to keep upper limbs to

sides of body.

• Ulna and radius rotate forearm.

• Phalanges allow hand and foot dexterity.

• Opposable thumb (or big toe) allows digit to

touch other fingers.

• Primates have a powerful precision grip.

• Primates have a distinctive spinal column with

five vertebral types.

Figure 6.3 Grips and Opposable Thumbs Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.4a Opposable Big Toes-Its Curved Hallux Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.4b Opposable Big Toes-The Chimpanzee Foot Looks

more Like a Human Hand Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.4c Opposable Big Toes-A Human Foot Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.5 Primate Vertebrae Our Origins, 2nd Edition


What is a Primate?

Arboreal Adaptation

– Primates have an enhanced sense of

touch

• The ends of fingers and toes are

sensitive and allow for maximum

information from environment.

– Primates have an enhanced sense of

vision

• Eyes are rotated to the front of the

head with overlapping fields of vision.

• Most primates see in color.

Figure 6.7a Primate Vision Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.8b Reduced Snout-With the Loss of the Rhinarium,

the Snout of Primates such as this Langur monkey is Reduced in Size,

Enabling the Eyes to Rotate to the Front Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.9 Most primates have a flatter snout but the Baboon monkey’s Snout is

enlarged to accomodate its huge canine teeth. Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.7b Primate Vision Our Origins, 2nd Edition


What is a Primate?

Arboreal Adaptation

– Reduced reliance on senses of smell

and hearing

• Most higher primates have lost the

naked rhinarium (wet nose).

• Some prosimians retain the rhinarium.

• Smell is a secondary sense in most

primates.

Figure 6.8a Reduced Snout-Lemurs are among the Few

Primates that have Retained the Rhinarium Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.6 Fingernails Our Origins, 2nd Edition


What is a Primate?

Dietary Plasticity: Primates Eat a Highly

Varied Diet

– Primates have retained primitive

characteristics in their teeth

• Dental traits in four functionally

distinct tooth types

• Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars

• Generalized teeth are typical with few

specializations

Figure 6.12 Tooth Comb Our Origins, 2nd Edition


What is a Primate?

Dietary Plasticity

– Primates Have a Reduced Number of

Teeth

• Dental formula records number of teeth

in one jaw quadrant.

• 2/1/2/3 is the formula for Old World

monkeys and apes.

• 2/1/3/3 is the formula for New World

monkeys.

What is a Primate?

Dietary Plasticity

– Primates have evolved different dental

functional emphases

• Premolars and molars used for grinding

• Molars have different numbers of cusps.

– Bilophodont (two lobes).

– Y-5 (cusps in the shape of a “Y”).

– In some species the canine teeth are

quite long.

Figure 6.11 Primate Molars Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.14 Canine Size Our Origins, 2nd Edition


What is a Primate?

Dietary Plasticity

– Primates have evolved different dental

specializations and functional

emphases

• Canine-premolar honing complex slices

food.

• Enamel thickness varies across the

order depending on the amount of fruit

in the diet.

Figure 6.13 Honing Complex Our Origins, 2nd Edition


What is a Primate?

Parental Investment

– Female primates give birth to fewer

offspring than other mammals, mostly

single birth.

– Primate parental investment in their

single offspring is high.

– The development period is longer.

– Parental investment is greatest in apes

whose brains are larger, take longer to

mature and who adapt through social

learning.

Figure 6.15 Parental Investment Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.16 Growth Stages of Five Primates Our Origins, 2nd Edition


What is a Primate?

Parental Investment

– Longer development period is

related to larger brain size in

primates compared to other

mammals.

– Humans have the largest brain for

body size of all species.

Figure 6.17 Primate Brain Morphology-Graph Shows,

Primates with the Greatest Body Mass also have the Greatest

Brain Mass and thus the Greatest Intelligence Our Origins, 2nd Edition


What are the Kinds of Primates?

Over two hundred species with great

physical and behavioral diversity

– Differences have occurred through

evolution.

– Living primates provide models for

understanding evolutionary past.

– Primates are primarily tropical and

some have adapted to cold regions.

Chapter Opener Our Origins, 2nd Edition



Ad Hominin? Genetic vs. Anatomical

Classification

– DNA analysis demonstrates that

humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and

bonobos are more closely related than

each is to orangutans.

– Chimpanzees and humans are more

closely related than either is to

gorillas.

Figure 6.19 Chimpanzee-Human Relationship Our Origins, 2nd Edition



Ad Hominin? Genetic vs. Anatomical

Classification

– DNA analyses (genetic classification)

provide a window to the relationships

between primates different from

anatomical classification.

• Provides insight into adaptations

• Provides insight into evolutionary

descent from common ancestors


Prosimians: The Lesser & Earlier Types

– Among oldest living primates

– Developed sense of smell

– Combination of nails and claws with

less dexterity than other primates

– Geographic range: Madagascar and

Southeast Asia & Africa

– Tarsiers share some traits with

prosimians and anthropoids providing a

clue to evolutionary links.

Figure 6.21a Tarsier’s Eyes and Feet Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.21b Tarsier’s Eyes and Feet-The Talus and

Calcaneus Bones, Tarsiers are Superb Leapers Our Origins, 2nd Edition



Anthropoids: The Higher Primates

– Old World monkeys (catarrhines)

• Nostrils separated by a septum that

points downward.

• Most diverse and most successful

nonhuman primates

• Tough sitting pads on the rear (ischial

callosities)

Figure 6.22 Platyrrhines vs. Catarrhines Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.24h Old World Monkeys-Vervet Monkeys

Our Origins, 2nd Edition




– Old World monkeys (catarrhines)

• Inhabit terrestrial and arboreal habitats

in Africa and Asia

• Two subfamilies: cercophithecoids and

colobines

• Baboons, macaques, mandrills, colobus

Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.24g Old World Monkeys-Olive Baboons Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.24e Old World Monkeys-Mandrills Our Origins, 2nd Edition




– New World monkeys (platyrrhines)

• Rounded nostrils separated by a septum

• Among ~70 species of monkeys there

are a few species with a prehensile, or

grasping, tail

• Inhabit arboreal habitats in Latin and

South America including the Costa Rican

and Amazon jungles, etc.

• There are neither apes nor prosimians

in the New World, ONLY MONKEYS!

Figure 6.23 Prehensile Tails Our Origins, 2nd Edition




– New World Monkeys (platyrrhines)

• One subfamily: ceboids

• Spider, squirrel, howler monkeys are

the only S. Am. primates with

prehensile (grasping) tails.

Figure 6.18a Order Primates Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.18b Order Primates Our Origins, 2nd Edition


What are the Kinds of Primates? Anthropoids: The Higher Primates

– Hominoids are Apes including

• Great Apes: orangutan, chimpanzee,

bonobo, gorilla – these are large &

heavy bodied with larger brains

– Sagittal crest in gorilla, orangutan

– Knucklewalk on the ground & climb

rapidly using grasping hands & feet

• Lesser Apes: gibbons, siamang – these

are smaller, the size of larger monkeys

and have small monkey-sized brains

– Skilled brachiators, they rapidly swing

underneath branches and hang

suspended by their long arms

Figure 6.27 Knuckle-Walking Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.28 Sagittal Crest Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.29 Quadrupedalism vs. Bipedalism Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.25b Great Apes and Lesser Apes-Bonobos Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.25c Great Apes and Lesser Apes-Orangutans



Figure 6.25d Great Apes and Lesser Apes-Gorillas



Figure 6.26 Suspensory Apes Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.25e Great Apes and Lesser Apes-Gibbons



This Map Indicates the Tropical Forests that Remain and the Ones

that have been lost to Deforestation, One of the Most Prominent

Threats to many Primate Species Our Origins, 2nd Edition


A Double Threat for Miss Waldron’s Red Colobus Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Deforestation is the Loss of a Forest’s Canopy Cover

through Logging and Burning, as in this Brazilian Rainforest Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Chapter 6: Clicker Questions

Which of the following is not true of primates?

a) Primates are adapted to live in diverse

climates.

b) Primates inhabit every continent.

c) Primates eat many different foods.

d) Primates spend time with their offspring.


Primates’ enhanced ___________ led to a reduced

sense of ___________.

a) hearing / smell

b) vision / touch

c) hearing / vision

d) vision / smell


Anthropoids differ from prosimians in all the

following ways except that they:

a) have larger brains than prosimians.

b) have more teeth than prosimians.

c) are more sexually dimorphic than prosimians.

d) see in color, and prosimians do not.


Primates that are adapted for eating large

amounts of plants and leaves can be

distinguished by their:

a) sagittal crests.

b) incisor-like canines.

c) lack of a diastema.

d) tooth combs.


It is possible to tell an ape skeleton from a human

skeleton based on:

a) the position of the foramen magnum.

b) the shape of the pelvis.

c) the length of the limbs.

d) All of the above


Hominoids do not have tails.

a) True

b) False


All primates have opposable toes.

a) True

b) False

Art Presentation Slides

Chapter 6

Figure 6.2a Primate Adaptation in Microcosm

The Taï Forest, Ivory Coast, West Africa Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.2b Primate Adaptation in Microcosm

The Taï Forest, Ivory Coast, West Africa Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.10 Primate Dentitions Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.20 Megaladapis Our Origins, 2nd Edition


The Lemurs Shown here Live on St. Catherines Island, Georgia Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.24a Old World Monkeys

Black and White Colobus Monkeys Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.24b Old World Monkeys-Gray Langurs Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.24c Old World Monkeys-Proboscis Monkeys Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.24d Old World Monkeys-Douc Langurs.

Cercopithecines Include Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.24f Old World Monkeys-De Brazza’s monkeys Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.24g Old World Monkeys-Olive Baboons Our Origins, 2nd Edition


Figure 6.25a Great Apes - Chimpanzees



Our Origins

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This concludes the slide set for Chapter 6

Our Origins Discovering Physical Anthropology

Second Edition

by

Clark Spencer Larsen

Documents

Our Origins - Welcome to Anthropology - Homecmilner-rose.com/files/milnerroseoopp6.pdfArboreal Adaptation – Primates have a versatile skeletal structure ... mammals. – Humans have