APUSH REVIEW

Overview of the Exam and Review Process

Exam date: Friday morning, May 11, 2012

1. Buy/borrow or check out a review book. Start with the Colonial era and work your way forward using

the major periods.

a. Don’t just highlight—make notes or start a separate page of ‘things I don’t know’

b. Try to characterize or describe each period in your own words by summarizing it in a few phrases,

AND naming several main events and trends.

c. Pick up a few dates to "hang" the rest of the period on. Chronology is more important than dates, but

some are really required and more are nice to be able to use.

2. Commit to memory conflicting interpretations or views of major issues in each period.

3. Draft an essay outline for each period paying particular attention to developing a thesis statement and

outlining your support. Make use of all practice materials in your book. Since the exam is on paper, it is

better to practice that way rather than online. Before the AP test, practice writing a few essays out in full

without your notes. (Use the essay questions in your review books.)

4. Practice a couple of timed essays. Allow yourself 30 minutes only, outline and write out your response in

full. Practice some multiple choice questions too. Remember, however, that actual study is more important.

5. Get enough sleep before the exam. If you've been cramming for nights, you won't be able to analyze and

write clearly.

6. On the day of the exam: bring two #2 pencils, two dark blue or black ink pens, and a watch that doesn't

beep. Pace yourself.

Test format:

The exam is 3 hours and 5 minutes in length and consists of two sections: a 55-minute multiple choice

section and a 130-minute free-response section. The free-response section begins with a mandatory 15-

minute reading period. Students are advised to spend most of the 15 minutes analyzing the documents and

planning their answer to the document-based essay question (DBQ) in Part A. Suggested writing time for

the DBQ is 45 minutes.

Parts B and C each include two standard essay questions that, with the DBQ, cover the period from the first

European explorations of the Americas to the present. Students are required to answer one essay question in

each part in a total of 70 minutes. For each of the essay questions students choose to answer in Parts B and

C, it is suggested they spend 5 minutes planning and 30 minutes writing.

Both the multiple-choice and the free-response sections cover the period from the first European

explorations of the Americas to the present, although a majority of questions are on the nineteenth and

twentieth centuries.

Section I (50%): 80 multiple choice questions, 55 minutes

Multiple-choice scores are based on the number of questions answered correctly. Points are not deducted

for incorrect answers, and no points are awarded for unanswered questions. Because points are not

deducted for incorrect answers, you are encouraged to answer all multiple-choice questions. On any

questions you do not know the answer to, eliminate as many choices as they can, and then select the best

answer among the remaining choices.

Section II (50%): writing section

- One DBQ (no choice)

- Two (of four) free response essays (one from first half, one from second half of U.S. history.

- Total time: 130 minutes.

• Reading period, 15 minutes (No essay writing permitted. Use this to read and evaluate the DBQ question

& documents, and take brief notes).

Suggested use of remaining time:

• Writing period, 1 hour and 55 minutes.

45 minutes to write your DBQ response.

5 minutes to choose and analyze 1st essay

30 minutes to write 1st essay

5 minutes to choose and analyze 2nd essay

30 minutes to write 2nd essay

Note: These review materials have been compiled from many sources over the years.

Work hard, but don’t lose sleep. Good luck to all you!

Major Periods & Important Dates In American History

Colonial Period 1607-1763

Jamestown, 1607 (first African-Americans, 1619)

French and Indian war 1754-1763

Revolutionary Period, 1763-1789

End to salutary neglect with end to French & Indian War, 1763

Lexington and Concord, 1775

Declaration of Independence, 1776

Articles of Confederation ratified, 1781

Battle of Yorktown, 1781

Treaty of Paris, 1783

Critical Period, 1781- 1788

Early Republic, 1789-1824

Constitution Ratified, 1789

French Revolution, Napoleonic Wars

War of 1812, 1812-1815

“Era of Good Feelings,” 1816-1824

Market Revolution, 1816-1845

Clay’s American System, 1816

Erie Canal completed, 1825

Age of Jackson, 1824-1840

Property requirements for suffrage dropped

“Corrupt Bargain” of 1824

Andrew Jackson elected, 1828 (“the people’s president”)

Reform movements abound

Antebellum Period, 1840-1860

Manifest Destiny, 1840s

Mexican War, 1846-48

Sectional Crisis, 1850s

Election of Lincoln, 1860

Civil War, 1861-65

Confederate States of America founded, 1861

Fort Sumter attacked, 1861

Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

Confederate Surrender, 1865

Lincoln assassinated, 1865

Reconstruction, 1865-77

Slavery abolished, Civil War amendments

Weak presidents: Andrew Johnson, U.S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes

Nation reunifies, but South remains embittered, devastated

The European-American Settlement of the West, 1877-1900

Destruction of Native Americans’ Way of Life

Farming, Ranching, and Mining

Industrialism (The Gilded Age), 1865-1900 (a northern phenomenon)

U.S. Imperialism, 1890-1914

Panama Canal built

Spanish-American War, 1898

Virgin Islands purchased

Progressive Era 1900-1914

Government reform of industrial society

WWI, 1914-18

U.S. involved 1917-1918

Wilson’s 14 Points

Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations

The (Roaring) Twenties

Prohibition

Women gain right to vote

General prosperity

Stock speculation

The Great Depression, 1929-41

1929 Stock market crash

FDR elected, 1932

WWII erupts, 1939

World War II, 1939-45 (U.S. involvement, 1941-45)

Pearl Harbor, December 7, 1941

Germany surrenders, May 8, 1945

A-bombs dropped, August 6 & 9, 1945, Japan surrenders

Cold War, 1947-1989

NATO, 1st

peacetime alliance

Soviets test A-bomb, 1949

China goes communist, 1949

Korean War, 1950-53

McCarthyism, 1950-54

Vietnam War, 1965-73

Détente, 1972-1979

Fall of Berlin Wall, 1989

Collapse of Soviet Union, 1991

Civil Rights Movement, 1954-68

Brown v. Board of Ed. decision, 1954

24th Amendment, 1964

Martin Luther King, Jr. Assassinated, 1968

Globalization

President Nixon, 1969-1974, Watergate, Resigns, avoiding Impeachment, 1974, Arab Oil Embargo and

Energy Crisis, '73-74

President Gerald Ford, 1974-76

President Jimmy Carter, 1977-80, Iran Hostage Crisis

President Ronald Reagan, 1981-89, Supply-side economics, nuclear build-up, cold war ends, Iran-Contra

Affair

President George Bush, 1989-92, The Persian Gulf War, 1991

President Bill Clinton, 1993-2001, Impeachment, acquittal. Record-setting economic growth.

Troops to Somalia (’93), Bosnia (’95)

President George W. Bush, 2001-2008, Contested Election; 9/11, War on Terror, Iraq War 2003-present.

Barack Obama, 2008 to present. First black president, national health care, took out BinLaden

AP US History Topic Outlines

1. Discovery and Settlement of the New World, 1492-1650

A. Europe in the sixteenth century

B. Spanish, English, and French exploration

C. First English settlements

1. Jamestown

2. Plymouth

D. Spanish and French settlements and long-term influence

E. American Indians

2. America and the British Empire, 1650-1754

A. Chesapeake country

B. Growth of New England

C. Restoration colonies

D. Mercantilism; the Dominion of New England

E. Origins of slavery

3. Colonial Society in the Mid-Eighteenth Century

A. Social structure

1. Family

2. Farm and town life; the economy

B. Culture

1. Great Awakening

2. The American mind

3. "Folkways"

C. New immigrants

4. Road to Revolution, 1754-1775

A. Anglo-French rivalries and Seven Years' War

B. Imperial reorganization of 1763

1. Stamp Act

2. Declaratory Act

3. Townshend Acts

4. Boston Tea Party

C. Philosophy of the American Revolution

5. The American Revolution, 1775-1783

A. Continental Congress

B. Declaration of Independence

C. The war

1. French alliance

2. War and society; Loyalists

3. War economy

D. Articles of Confederation

E. Peace of Paris

F. Creating state governments

1. Political organization

2. Social reform: women, slavery

6. Constitution and New Republic, 1776-1800

A. Philadelphia Convention: drafting the Constitution

B. Federalists versus Anti-Federalists

C. Bill of Rights

D. Washington's presidency

1. Hamilton's financial program

2. Foreign and domestic difficulties

3. Beginnings of political parties

E. John Adams' presidency

1. Alien and Sedition Acts

2. XYZ affair

3. Election of 1800

7. The Age of Jefferson, 1800-1816

A. Jefferson's presidency

1. Louisiana Purchase

2. Burr conspiracy

3. The Supreme Court under John Marshall

4. Neutral rights, impressment, embargo

B. Madison

C. War of 1812

1. Causes

2. Invasion of Canada

3. Hartford Convention

4. Conduct of the war

5. Treaty of Ghent

6. New Orleans

8. Nationalism and Economic Expansion

A. James Monroe; Era of Good Feelings

B. Panic of 1819

C. Settlement of the West

D. Missouri Compromise

E. Foreign affairs: Canada, Florida, the Monroe Doctrine

F. Election of 1824: end of Virginia dynasty

G. Economic revolution

1. Early railroads and canals

2. Expansion of business

A. Beginnings of factory system

B. Early labor movement; women

C. Social mobility; extremes of wealth

3. The cotton revolution in the South

4. Commercial agriculture

9. Sectionalism

A. The South

1. Cotton Kingdom

2. Southern trade and industry

3. Southern society and culture

4. Gradations of White society

5. Nature of slavery: "peculiar institution"

6. The mind of the South

B. The North

1. Northeast industry

2. Labor

3. Immigration

4. Urban slums

5. Northwest agriculture

C. Westward expansion

1. Advance of agricultural frontier

2. Significance of the frontier

3. Life on the frontier; squatters

4. Removal of American Indians

10. Age of Jackson, 1828-1848

A. Democracy and the "common man"

1. Expansion of suffrage

2. Rotation in office

B. Second party system

1. Democratic Party

2. Whig Party

C. Internal improvements and states' rights: the Maysville Road veto

D. The Nullification Crisis

1. Tariff issue

2. The Union: Calhoun and Jackson

E. The Bank War: Jackson and Biddle

F. Martin Van Buren

1. Independent treasury system

2. Panic of 1837

11. Territorial Expansion and Sectional Crisis

A. Manifest Destiny and mission

B. Texas annexation, the Oregon boundary, and California

C. James K. Polk and the Mexican War; slavery and the Wilmot Proviso

D. Later expansionist efforts

12. Creating an American Culture

A. Cultural nationalism

B. Education reform/professionalism

C. Religion; revivalism

D. Utopian experiments: Mormons, Oneida Community

E. Transcendentalists

F. National literature, art, architecture

G. Reform crusades

1. Feminism; roles of women in the nineteenth century

2. Abolitionism

3. Temperance

4. Criminals and the insane

13. The 1850's: Decade of Crisis

A. Compromise of 1850

B. Fugitive Slave Act and Uncle Tom's Cabin

C. Kansas-Nebraska Act and realignment of parties

a. Demise of the Whig Party

b. Emergence of the Republican Party

D. Dred Scott decision and Lecompton crisis

E. Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858

F. John Brown's raid

G. The election of 1860; Abraham Lincoln

H. The secession crisis

14. Civil War

A. The Union

1. Mobilization and finance

2. Civil liberties

3. Election of 1864

B. The South

1. Confederate constitution

2. Mobilization and finance

3. States' rights and the Confederacy

C. Foreign affairs and diplomacy

D. Military strategy, campaigns, and battles

E. The abolition of slavery

1. Confiscation Acts

2. Emancipation Proclamation

3. Freedmen's Bureau

4. Thirteenth Amendment

F. Effects of war on society

1. Inflation and public debt

2. Role of women

3. Devastation of the South

4. Changing labor patterns

15. Reconstruction to 1877

A. Presidential plans: Lincoln and Johnson

B. Radical (congressional) plans

1. Civil rights and the Fourteenth Amendment

2. Military reconstruction

3. Impeachment of Johnson

4. African American suffrage: the Fifteenth Amendment

C. Southern state governments: problems, achievements, weaknesses

D. Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction

16. New South and the Last West

A. Politics in the New South

1. The Redeemers

2. Whites and African Americans in the New South

3. Subordination of freed slaves: Jim Crow

B. Southern economy; colonial status of the South

1. Sharecropping

2. Industrial stirrings

C. Cattle kingdom

1. Open-range ranching

2. Day of the cowboy

D. Building the Western railroad

E. Subordination of American Indians: dispersal of tribes

F. Farming the plains; problems in agriculture

G. Mining bonanza

17. Industrialization and Corporate Consolidation

A. Industrial growth: railroads, iron, coal, electricity, steel, oil, banks

B. Laissez-faire conservatisme

1. Gospel of Wealth

2. Myth of the "self-made man"

3. Social Darwinism; survival of the fittest

4. Social critics and dissenters

C. Effects of technological development on worker/work-place

D. Union movement

1. Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor

2. Haymarket, Homestead, and Pullman

18. Urban Society

A. Lure of the city

B. Immigration

C. City problems

1. Slums

2. Machine politics

D. Awakening conscience; reforms

1. Social legislation

2. Settlement houses: Jane Addams and Lillian Wald

3. Structural reforms in government

19. Intellectual and Cultural Movements

A. Education

1. Colleges and universities

2. Scientific advances

B. Professionalism and the social sciences

C. Realism in literature and art

D. Mass culture

1. Use of leisure

2. Publishing and journalism

20. National Politics, 1877-1896: The Gilded Age

A. A conservative presidency

B. Issues

1. Tariff controversy

2. Railroad regulation

3. Trusts

C. Agrarian discontent

D. Crisis of 1890s

1. Populism

2. Silver question

3. Election of 1896: McKinley versus Bryan

21. Foreign Policy, 1865-1914

A. Seward and the purchase of Alaska

B. The new imperialism

1. Blaine and Latin America

2. International Darwinism: missionaries, politicians, and naval expansionists

3. Spanish-American War

a. Cuban independence

b.Debate on Philippines

C. The Far East: John Hay and the Open Door

D. Theodore Roosevelt

1. The Panama Canal

2. Roosevelt Corollary

3. Far East

E. Taft and dollar diplomacy

F. Wilson and moral diplomacy

22. Progressive Era

A. Origins of Progressivism

1. Progressive attitudes and motives

2. Muckrakers

3. Social Gospel

B. Municipal, state, and national reforms

1. Political: suffrage

2. Social and economic: regulation

C. Socialism: alternatives

D. Black America

1. Washington, Du Bois, and Garvey

2. Urban migration

3. Civil rights organizations

E. Women's role: family, work, education, unionization, and suffrage

F. Roosevelt's Square Deal

1. Managing the trusts

2. Conservation

G. Taft

1. Pinchot-Ballinger controversy

2. Payne-Aldrich Tariff

H. Wilson's New Freedom

1. Tariffs

2. Banking reform

3. Antitrust Act of 1914

23. The First World War

A. Problems of neutrality

a. Submarines

b. Economic ties

c. Psychological and ethnic ties

B. Preparedness and pacifism

C. Mobilization

a. Fighting the war

b. Financing the war

c. War boards

d. Propaganda, public opinion, civil liberties

D. Wilson's Fourteen Points

a. Treaty of Versailles

b. Ratification fight

E. Postwar demobilization

a. Red scare

b. Labor strife

24. New Era: The 1920s

A. Republican governments

a. Business creed

b. Harding scandals

B. Economic development

a. Prosperity and wealth

b. Farm and labor problems

C. New culture

a. Consumerism: automobile, radio, movies

b. Women, the family

c. Modern religion

d. Literature of alienation

e. Jazz age

f. Harlem Renaissance

D. Conflict of cultures

a. Prohibition, bootlegging

b. Nativism

c. Ku Klux Klan

d. Religious fundamentalism versus modernists

E. Myth of isolation

a. Replacing the League of Nations

b. Business and diplomacy

25. Depression, 1929-1933

A. Wall Street crash

B. Depression economy

C. Moods of despair

a. Agrarian unrest

b. Bonus march

D. Hoover-Stimson diplomacy; Japan

26. New Deal

A. Franklin D. Roosevelt

a. Background, ideas

b. Philosophy of New Deal

B. 100 Days; "alphabet agencies"

C. Second New Deal

D. Critics, left and right

E. Rise of CIO; labor strikes

F. Supreme Court fight

G. Recession of 1938

H. American people in the Depression

a. Social values, women, ethnic groups

b. Indian Reorganization Act

c. Mexican American deportation

d. The racial issues

27. Diplomacy in the 1930s

A. Good Neighbor Policy: Montevideo, Buenos Aires

B. London Economic Conference

C. Disarmament

D. Isolationism: neutrality legislation

E. Aggressors: Japan, Italy, and Germany

F. Appeasement

G. Rearmament; Blitzkrieg; Lend-Lease

H. Atlantic Charter

a. Pearl Harbor

28. The Second World War

A. Organizing for war

a. Mobilizing production

b. Propaganda

c. Internment of Japanese Americans

B. The war in Europe, Africa, and the Mediterranean; D Day

C. The war in the Pacific: Hiroshima, Nagasaki

D. Diplomacy

a. War aims

b. Wartime conferences: Teheran, Yalta, Potsdam

1. Postwar atmosphere; the United Nations

29.Truman and the Cold War

A. Postwar domestic adjustments

B. The Taft-Hartley Act

C. Civil Rights and the election of 1948

D. Containment in Europe and the Middle East

a. Truman Doctrine

b. Marshall Plan

c. Berlin crisis

d. NATO

E. Revolution in China

F. Limited war: Korea, MacArthur

30. Eisenhower and Modern Republicanism

A. Domestic frustrations; McCarthyism

B. Civil rights movement

a. The Warren Court and Brown v. Board of Education

b. Montgomery bus boycott

c. Greensboro sit-in

C. John Foster Dulles' foreign policy

a. Crisis in Southeast Asia

b. Massive retaliation

c. Nationalism in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Latin America

d. Khrushchev and Berlin

D. American people: homogenized society

a. Prosperity: economic consolidation

b. Consumer culture

c. Consensus of values

E. Space race

31. Kennedy's New Frontier; Johnson's Great Society

A. New domestic programs

a. Tax cut

b. War on poverty

c. Affirmative action

B. Civil rights and civil liberties

a. African Americans: political, cultural, and economic roles

b. The leadership of Martin Luther King, Jr.

c. Resurgence of feminism

d. The New Left and the Counterculture

e. Emergence of the Republican Party in the South

f. The Supreme Court and the Miranda decision

C. Foreign Policy

a. Bay of Pigs

b. Cuban missile crisis

c. Vietnam quagmire

32. Nixon

A. Election of 1968

B. Nixon-Kissinger foreign policy

a. Vietnam: escalation and pullout

b. China: restoring relations

c. Soviet Union: détente

C. New Federalism

D. Supreme Court and Roe v. Wade

E. Watergate crisis and resignation

33. The United States since 1974

A. The New Right and the conservative social agenda

B. Ford and Rockefeller

C. Carter

a. Deregulation

b. Energy and inflation

c. Camp David accords

d. Iranian hostage crisis

D. Reagan

a. Tax cuts and budget deficits

b. Defense buildup

c. New disarmament treaties

d. Foreign crises: the Persian Gulf and Central America

E. Society

a. Old and new urban problems

b. Asian and Hispanic immigrants

c. Resurgent fundamentalism

d. African Americans and local, state, and national politics

Exploration

I. Prehistory

A. Bering Land Bridge

B. Hundreds of independent tribes

C. Civilizations – Mayans – Central, Incas – South, Aztecs – Mexico

D. Mound Builders

II. Early Discoverers

A. Vikings – Leif Ericsson – Greenland – Northern Canada – 1000 AD

B. Italian Christopher Columbus – for Spain – ______________- Guanahani was the name the natives

gave to the island that Christopher Columbus called San Salvador when he arrived at the Americas

III. Spanish/Portuguese Exploration

A. Reasons for exploring

1. Wealthy nations – gold based

2. Renaissance – optimism/humanism – we can do anything

3. Trade routes

4. Printing press – ideas spread

5. Mariner’s compass – exploration possible

B. Spain – peace w/ Isabella and Ferdinand uniting plus no Moors/Muslims

1. Conquistadores – Spanish

2. gold/glory – fighting tradition

C. Portugal

1. Looking water route to Asia

2. brought slavery from Africa

D. Treaty of Tordesillas – 1494 – Pope divides New World

1. Brazil to Portugal

2. Rest to Spain

IV. Explorers – conquest – weapons + disease + use rival tribes

A. Ponce de Leon – fountain of youth

B. Pizarro – defeated Incas

C. Cortez – defeated Aztecs/Montezuma

V. Spanish

A. Encomienda System – Spaniard gets land and all inhabitants become laborers

B. Missions – Junipero Serra – San Diego + 21 missions

1. Spread religion – centers of trade/education

2. “Black Legend” – missionaries kill Indians – disease kind of true

VI. Exchange of goods

A. Improved diet of Europeans – corn, tobacco, tomato, avocado – balanced

B. Cattle, horses, germs to New World

Colonization

I. England

A. Buccaneers

1. _____________________________

2. Walter Raleigh

3. Protestantism and Plunder

B. Roanoke Island – 1585 –

1. “lost colony”

2. forgotten during war

3. CROATOAN

C. Reasons for Colonization

1. Enclosure – small farmers forced out

2. Unemployed farmers

3. Primogeniture – oldest son

4. Joint Stock Company – investment

5. Peace with Spain

6. Adventure

II. South – Rivers, plantations, seasons – suitable for farming – started by single males

A. Virginia

1. Jamestown

1. John Smith

a. Starving Time

b. “He who shall not work shall not eat” John Rolf

2. wrong type of explorers/colonists – age, gender, motivation – gold

3. John Rolfe –

a. Pocahontas

b. Tobacco – “bewitching weed”

B. Maryland – __________________ haven

C. West Indies – Sugar – absentee slave owners – mostly male slaves

D. Carolinas – linked to W. Indies – Charles

1. North . Carolina – less aristocratic, independent

2. some outcasts, religious

E. __________________ – buffer zone and philanthropic experiment – new start for criminals

III. Northern Colonies – Protestant, shipping, fishing, small farms, harsh winters, harbors

A. Protestant Reformation – Puritanism – Church of England not reformed/true

1. Puritans – __________________ – Holland – Mayflower – landed N. of Virginia

a. Brought “strangers” – useful labor

b. __________________ __________________ – gov’t by majority, first govt document in

New World

c. Plymouth Colony – not large or important economically

2. Non-Separatists – change English religion from within – interact

a. Massachusetts Bay Colony – City on a Hill – 11 ships, 1000

b. Church and state – theocracy

c. __________________ work ethic – follow your calling – God likes effort

3. Anti-Puritan – Anne Hutchinson – meetings, questioned teaching/banish

4. Rhode Island – Roger Williams “new and dangerous opinions”

a. pay Indians for land

b. separate church/state, outcasts

5. Connecticut – Thomas Hooker – women’s rights – Fundamental Orders

6. New Hampshire – fishing

IV. Middle Colonies – fertile soil, industry, shipbuilding, some aristocrats, plantations/small – farms

1. New York – Old Netherlands – Dutch company – aristocratic

2. Delaware – New Sweden

3. Pennysylvania – __________________ __________________ – pacifist, bought Indian

land

IV. New England Confederation – 1643 –unite against Indians/runaways/internal problems

Colonial Society in the Mid-Eighteenth Century

I. Social Structure/Family Life

A. __________________ – gap wide between rich and poor – hierarchy of wealth and status

1. Planter aristocracy w/ __________________ mimicking feudalism of Europe

2. However, these planters were hardworking, involved in day-to-day affairs

3. Few cities – poor transportation

4. Women more powerful – men die leaving property to widows

a. Weaker gender – see Eve’s failure

b. Divorce rare – courts could order you to reunite

B. __________________ – not as much disease due to weather, reproduction high

1. Early marriage = high birth rates, several mothers – death during childbirth

a. Habits of obedience, strong links to grandparents

b. Women’s role not as powerful – no property rights

II. Farm and Town Life

A. Towns in New England united – geography/fear of Indians force close relations

1. Puritanism makes unity important

2. More than 50 families in town requires __________________

3. Puritans ran churches democratically – led to democratic government

4. New England way of life – climate, bad soil, Puritanism made people touch, self-reliant

a. Seasons led to diversified agriculture and industry to survive

b. Dense forests led to shipbuilding

c. Not diverse at first – immigrants not attracted

B. Southern settlement random by independent individual

III. Immigration – melting pot from the beginning

A. Germans – left for war, religion, bad economy – settle in __________________ – not pro-British

B. Scotts-Irish – Scottish kicked out of Ireland because not Catholic – settled in mountains

1. Lawless, individualistic – lived in Appalachian hills – whiskey making

2. Not wanted by Germans or New Englanders – forced to hills

C. Other groups embraced – French, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Irish, Swiss

D. Largest immigrant group – __________________

IV. Economy

A. South-- triangle trade

1. natural resources to England

2. weapons/textiles to Africa

3. slaves to Indies/South

4. sugar to America > England

B. staple crops

1. indigo

2. rice

3. tobacco

V. Great Awakening – people straying from the lord – God all powerful – must return to church

A. Started by Jonathan Edwards – “____________________________________________________ ”

B. Powerful, angry, animated speaking spread across colonies – United colonies ***

VI. Education – New England – colleges for lawyers, priests – __________________ and dead languages

A. Independent thinking not encouraged – discipline severe – stuck in the classics

VII. Colonial Folkways – life not romantic, pretty boring

A. Food pretty high protein, homes poorly made

B. pleasure came from working together – quilting, raising barn, painting, funerals, weddings

C. Lotteries, horse racing, holidays celebrated, but not Christmas in New England

Causes of the American Revolution

I. Revolution Questions

A. Necessary – Coming of Age/Time Had Come or America would have remained obedient had

England not made mistakes

B. A true revolution or merely transfer of power from one wealthy group to another

C. Capitalist motivation to keep money in America instead of taxes going overseas

II. Previously proud to be Englishmen

A. Colonists annoyed at __________________ Acts, Brits annoyed with chaotic legislatures

B. Grown apart - could govern selves better than overseas

III. Causes

A. Sprit of self-reliance – decades of colonial legislatures, economically indep.

B. Religious annoyance – haven’t forgotten being kicked out

C. England trying to improve trade/industry at America’s expense

D. Colonists should pay for expense –no “taxation without representation”

E. __________________ – well-read Jefferson, Adams

F. Mercantilism 1. clashes with capitalism

2. trade w/ everyone

IV. Irritants

A. America forced to take in British __________________

B. Northern colonies that wanted to stop slave trade could not

C. __________________ governors looked down noses at colonists

V. British Debt – Americans seen as Englishmen, must bear cost/taxes

A. Centuries of fighting -- French and Indian War costly

B. Troops needed to remain in America to protect against Indians

C. Quartering Act

VI. Types of Protests

A. Speeches – James Otis / Patrick Henry

B. Harassment – burning governors homes/tar and feathering tax collectors

C. __________________ – refuse to buy British goods

D. Committees of ___________________________ – method of colonies talking

E. Propaganda/Pamphlets – __________________ __________________ by Thomas Paine

VII. Catalysts

A. 1763 – Proclamation of 1763 – Colonists can’t move west of Appalachian

B. 1764 – Sugar Act – duties on sugar, textiles, coffee, wine

C. 1764 – Currency Act – colonists can’t make paper money – how to trade?

D. 176 5 – __________________ Act – all legal documents and many goods- $ goes back to England

E. 1765 – Quartering Act – colonists house and feed British troops

F. 1765 – Virginia Resolutions – Patrick Henry – only Virginia can tax

G. 1767 – Townshend Acts – more taxes

H. 1770 – Boston Massacre – 5 killed after harassment – propaganda wins

I. 1772 – Gaspee ship attacked and burned – culprits threatened back to England

J. 1773 – Boston Tea Party – Sons of __________________

K. 1774 – Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts – punish Boston

L. 1774 – First Continental Congress – colonial militia

M. 1775 – Concord and Lexington – fight starts after Brits try to get weapons

N. 1776 – Declaration of Independence – 12 of 13 colonies endorse, 55 sign, “hang apart”

Critical Period – 1776-1787

I. State Constitutions

A. Kept some of old – provincial assemblies

1. Colonial self-government for 150 years

2. “their just powers from the consent of the governed”

B. Methods – written constitutions

1. written by provincial assemblies

2. Mass. – town meetings, state conventions

C. Form – Declaration of Independence= citizen rights + executive/legislative

1. weaken powers of governor

2. ____________________________________ with property eligible to vote

D. Anti-slavery

1. Declaration of Independence --no mention of slavery to appease southern states South

2. Mass. 1783 – slave sued “all men are created equal” – freed

II. Continental Congress--1777 –

A. Articles of ____________________________________ – ratified in 1781

B. Until ratified – Continental Congress governed

1. Lost power as war progressed

2. most talented returned to state

C. Successes

1. army, navy, marines,

2. appointed George Washington, supplied army

D. Failure

1. financing war – taxes optional

2. money worthless “not worth a Continental”

III. Articles of Confederation

A. Failures

1. States jealous of others/competitive – 9 of 13 states to pass anything

2. ____________________________________ voluntary

3. Fear of strong ____________________________________ – no one to enforce laws

4. Individual ____________________________________ agreements w/ foreign nations & states –

nobody wants to trade with U.S. – fearful of stability

5. Still left England in possession of frontier

B. successes

1. Precedent – something to work with

2. ____________________________________ Ordinance--1787

a. land-locked states feared other states would get too big

1. Easily pay war debts – too much representation

2. Maryland refuses – leads protest

3. Virginia finally gives land claims to federal gov’t – others follow

4. Land could be sold to make money for fed gov’t

5. Add-A-State Plan –

6. Peace treaty with England

IV. ____________________________________ Rebellion – 1787 – debtors can’t pay and rebel – proved to

wealthy that something must be done – catalyst for Constitutional Convention

A. Post-war depression made life worse

B. ____________________________________ – “a little rebellion every now and then is a good thing”

Making a Nation – 1788-1810

I. Causes Foreign– France and England attacking American merchant ships/impressments

A. French Revolution turns violent – Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans favor

B. Washington stays out – Neutrality Proclamation 1793 – U.S. just beginning

C. Jay’s Treaty – Britain won’t attack in future, but won’t pay for past attacks

D. Washington’s Farewell Address – stay out of ____________________________________ – policy

for next 100 years

E. Adams next president – XYZ Affair – American ambassadors not bribed

F. Jefferson deals with France

a. Embargo Act – don’t trade with anyone – totally fails/destroys econ.

b. Nonintercourse Act – Trade w/ everyone but Britain/France

c. Macon’s Bill No. 2 – Madison – trade again w/Britain and France if…

II. Causes Domestic

A. British forts along frontier

B. Helping Native Americans fight colonists moving west

a. Wipe out Canada – Indians will have no home base/British support

b. Tecumseh tries to unite Indians – big battle lost at Tippecanoe

III. Federalists opposed to war

A. Hurting trade

B. Supported Britain

C. Later have ____________________________________ Convention and threaten to have New

England break away

a. Signals end of Federalist Party

b. bad idea to talk of new country during ____________________________________

IV. Importance

A. Peace Treaty changes nothing – status quo ante bellum – same as before

B. Gives war hero – ____________________________________

C. Gives national song – Star Spangled Banner

D. Unites Americans against common enemy

E. American beginnings of strong navy – USS Constitution – Old Ironsides

Jacksonian Democracy

I. Andrew Jackson and Democratic Party

A. Series of reforms – altering federal government and bringing vote to people

B. Contradiction – period of slavery and horrible treatment of Native Americans – Jackson also

develops ____________________________________ attributes

C. Andrew Jackson is war hero, man’s man, self-made wealth, westerner – “old hickory” “man of the

people”

II. Causes – economic shift + no longer belief that aristocracy of old should rule all

III. Causes by economic and social changes - shift in power

A. Transportation + immigration takes power from plantation aristocracy and New England elite

B. ____________________________________ increase power of Southern economy

C. Westward movement – taking of Native American/Hispanic land

IV. Non large property holding whites get worried

A. Immigrants, nonslaveholding Southerners, westerners nervous that they will be abused by growing

capitalists

V. Who should rule? Old aristocracy/new wealthy/majority of other whites

During Era of ____________________________________ – Supreme Court and Federal government

choices looked like power was moving toward an elite few in fed. gov’t

VI. Reforms – radical shift to create equality for all white men - take power from moneyed elite and ignore

class -meritocracy

VII. Political – voters, campaigns, election process

VIII. End state property requirements for voting

IX. Electors chosen by people not state legislatures

X. Changed elections – buttons, kissing babies, parades, bbqs, free drinks, smear campaigns – Jackson

marriage illegal – wife died soon after

XI. Spoils system – _______________________________________________________________________

A. “Kitchen cabinet”

B. old friends

XII. Increased power of executive – ignored Supreme Court, vetoed laws

XIII. Economic changes – men should be economically independent

A. Southerners want low tariffs and more states rights

a. Jackson makes high tariffs first to increase national economy

b. lowers during second term

B. Westerners want cheaper land + relief from debt collectors and banks

a. Vetoed Second National Bank

b. supported “pet banks” in states

XIV. Interstate roads good – roads within states not good

XV. Opposition – for nonwhites a total disaster

XVI. Wealthy planters feared him

A. federal government getting too much power

B. Threaten nullification of tariffs – secession

XVII. Whigs – named for anti-king movement of Revolutionary War – King Andrew

XVIII. Racial treatment -

A. Western movement assumed Hispanics and Native Americans inferior races

B. “____________________________________ ” policy pushed

C. ____________________________________ – even anglicized Cherokees kicked out

XIX. Allowed slavery to continue

A. White supremacy

B. Fought abolitionists – allowed gag rule on slavery in Congress

a. Propagandists – supported wealthy but said they acted for commoners

Creating an American Culture – 1790-1860

I. Religion – by 1850 ¾ claim to be religious

A. ____________________________________ – God is great clockmaker – founding fathers

B. Unitarianism – God is loving creator, father figure, people control destiny

C. Second Great Awakening – attempt to return to conservative religious practice

1. Effects – more converted, some churches destroyed, others created

a. Methodists/Baptists – poor attracted/non-traditional

b. Traditional, bible based

2. Camp Meetings – traveling preachers, thousands gather, get “saved”

D. ____________________________________ – Joseph Smith – organized, group dynamic – new

message from God

1. Feared by neighbors – voted as unit, polygamy, n ot individualistic

2. Brigham Young moved to Utah – MO and Ohio kicked out

II. Education Reform – creation of public schools/state sponsored universities

A. Before – public schools seen as for poor only – convinced that education benefits society

B. Little Red Schoolhouse – not effective, multiple grades one room, poorly trained teachers

C. ____________________________________ – longer school term, better teacher training/pay

D. Universities start for women + state supported universities

E. Create common school texts to be shared across nation – Webster’s Speller

III. Reform Movements – inspired by Great Awakening – on earth you should try to combat evil

A. Women – considered keeper’s of nation’s morals – led movement

1. Gained more power

2. especially on frontier – supply and demand

B. Some say those involved for self-centered reasons – they get to create society to benefit self

C. Temperance – excess drinking affecting labor, family, crime, and rowdy social occasions

1. Choices – temperance (moderate use) or legislation

2. Women’s usage actually decreases

D. Jails – not just punishment but help “penitentiaries” (penance) or “correctional facilities”

E. Mentally ill – ____________________________________ – better treatment living conditions at

mental hospitals

IV. Transcendentalists – avoid conformity, get to know nature, think about world, Civil Disobedience

V. Literature – Begins to be dark – looks at faults of human soul – Edgar Allen Poe

VI. ____________________________________ Movements – design perfect societies where everyone works

together

A. Over 40 attempted – failed –

1. uncommon sexual practices + lazy people

2. People end up desiring independence and market economy/free enterprise

B. Oneida – free love, male birth control

C. Shakers – religious group, eugenic selection of parents

VII. Alexis de Tocqueville – What then is this American?

A. America successful because based on meritocracy not birth

B. American optimism, democracy

Native American Treatment

I. 17th

and 18th

Century - disease

A. New England – lived separate – _____________________________interpret saved > Thanksgiving

1. King Phillip > relative Squanto’s tribe > unites New England

2. Pennsylvania/William Penn & Rhode Island/Roger Williams buy land

3. 1704 Deerfield Massacre – raid/tomahawk/kidnap

4. Albany Plan of Union – Franklin – union 1754 w/ ______________________ against other tribes

B. Virginia – “starving time” > stealing > Indian Raids

C. Spanish – encomienda – slavery, missions - California

D. French – worked with – fur trappers

E. French and Indian War – 1757-1763 – Proclamation Line of 1763 – no west of __________________

II. 19th

Century

A. War of 1812 – 1795-1809 48 million acres sold to gov’t

1. Battle of Tippecanoe – Tecumseh – united – treaties others Indians – defeated

a. British helped > Native Americans warpath > kill settlers

b.war begins

B. Andrew Jackson – move > west Mississippi

1. 94 Treaties – some peaceably, some fought

2. Seminoles – Florida swamps – Chief Osceola – 1830s

3. Cherokees – Americanized – Georgia

a. Clothes, farms, factories, schools – Sequoya – alphabet

b. Worcester v. Georgia – Marshall saved lands, Cherokee win in court

c. Jackson -- “Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it.”

d. Trail of Tears – 1838 – 15,000 – 1500 died

C. 1850-1900 – 420,000 > 250,000 left

D. Indian Wars – 1850 > 1890 – buffalo basis of life, slaughtered by whites

1. White settlers move onto lands, forts to protect travel

2. 1868-1869 – gather onto big reservations – forced out of wilderness

a. Many resisted – “Wild West”

b. Custer’s Last Stand – Sioux – Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse

c. ____________________________________ “From where the sun now stands I will fight

no more, forever.”

3. Wounded Knee – kids, women slaughtered – signaled the end

III. 20th

Century – by 1990 – 2 mill. #s up – but worst health, income, unemployment, suicide

A. Snyder Act – 1924 – citizenship

B. FDR – Indian New Deal – no sell lands, rebuild culture

C. WWII – 25,000 soldiers – Windtalkers – code

D. Eisenhower – termination – no fed. Involvement > but states don’t help

1. “relocation” – urbanization > 45% urban by 1970 > but displaced, Indian ghettos

E. Lyndon Johnson – “The Forgotten American” - $510 mil. – Indian aid programs

F. Richard Nixon – Indians run reservations, positions in Bureau of Indian Affairs

G. Indian Power –AIM – American Indian Movement

1. violence – occupy buildings – want $/recognition for treaties– 1969>1971 – Alcatraz

H. State courts – return land – 1970s-1980s

I. 1850-1900 – 420,000 > 250,000

J. Multibillion $ gambling industry – 1990s

Stages: 1) Part of wilderness to be cleared, 2) “wards” of the state, taken care of – reservations, 3) relocated to

cities, 4) given autonomy over reservations

Sectionalism 1820-1860

I. The South – low immigration, huge income disparity, replicated Medieval Europe

A. Cotton Kingdom – 1788 – South dying, overworked land, unmarketable products

a. Slavery increased – Eli Whitney – ____________________________________

i. Increased labor also improved Northern shipping industry

b. ½ cotton in world from the South, England 75% from South

i. England economy depended on Southern cotton

B. Planter Aristocracy – “cottonocracy” – oligarchy – few control many

1. Biggest planters controlled social, political, economic life

2. Received finest education – statesmen who served public

3. Public education suffers

4. Women bought into system – controlled households

C. Poor whites – accepted system, dream of moving up, needed racial superiority

D. Scotch Irish – Appalachian Mountains – “white trash” – civilization ignored

E. Nature of Slavery

1. economically still expanding, not dying

2. Paternalistic –

3. Slaves fake “Sambo” laziness as method of coping/rebellion

4. Black women must balance as white caregiver, laborer, family anchor

II. The North – industry, manufacturing, heavy immigration – urbanized

A. Immigration – 95% came to the North

a. Irish – NY/Boston – low skilled labor – left due to potato famine

b. German – left due to crop failures, settled in midwest – contributed - gave US literature,

kindergarten, Christmas tree

III. The West – young attracted, adventurous opportunities – life actually nasty, brutish and short

A. Gradually destroyed land – overworked, just moved on – pushed out Indians, animals

B. Frontier – belief that you can always start out fresh out West

C. More equality for women, supply and demand, they can leave if not treated properly

D. Squatters – simply move to land, build house, claim property – hard to kick off

Westward Expansion

I. Gradual Expansion of Frontier – Each addition adds to slavery issue, moves frontier, Indian

problems

A. Proclamation of 1763 – Colonists not west of Appalachians – annoys colonists

B. Treaty of 1783 – Britain gives US land to Mississippi

C. 1803 - _________________Purchase – Napoleon realizes he can’t keep French empire - $15 mil

1. Brings up issue of constitutionality of president ____________________ ___________

2. Lewis and Clarke – ecology, Native Americans, surveying,

a. claiming ________________________

b. Open up westward movement

D. Texas – 1820s-1830s –

1. Mexico encourages settlement

a. $.12 per acre

b. become Catholic

2. country Republic of Texas (1836)

a. After Santa Anna – Alamo –

b. Not annexed right away – fear it would be broken into many slave states

E. 1847 – Utah –

1. Mormons

2. organized voting block/feared for organization

F. 1846 – Polk – 54. 40 or Fight!

1. extend America into Canada

2. America can’t fight Mexico and ________________________

3. agree to make boundary above Washington

G. 1846-1848 – Mexican War – looks like land grabbing – Zachary Taylor creates catalyst

1. Defeats Mexico City – Guadalupe Hidalgo gives Southwest

2. 1848 Gold discovered

3. those who fought against each other in Civil War, fought side by side in Mexican War

II. Transportation

A. Turnpikes – toll roads – 1812-1825

B. __________________________Road – federal road – 1806-1850 connects Midwest to Virginia

C. Canal Building – 1825-1840 – ____________________________________ Canal starts

1. 1 ton of goods now for 1 cent per mile not 20 cents per mile

2. Takes away farming from Northeast – moves to Midwest

3. People can now move to Midwest and get supplies still to Atlantic Ocean

D. Steamboat – 1810-1840 – up and down rivers – not mercy of wind

E. Railroads – bought by federal government, made privately

i. Faulty creation, corruption, accidents of both railroads and steamship building

F. Mail – 1896 –mailbox delivery – before if rural must go to post office

G. Telegraph – 1844 – “What hath God wrought?” DC > Baltimore – Samuel F.B.Morse

III. Towns – build city infrastructure first, people come later

A. Balloon frame + nails – quick building

B. Wagons – families come out – ________________________ – leave Independence, MO – near

St. Louis

C. Passing of frontier after Civil War

D. Buffalo slaughter – 15 million down to 1 thousand – sport – destroys Native American lives

E. Mining towns – boom bust – Northwest territories – become ghost towns – no other source of

income – minerals gone, town gone

1. Women gain equality here first – state voting first --________________________

2. have power supply/demand

F. Cattle drives big until fenced in – ________________________ changes American landscape

Causes of the Civil War

I. Slavery – not on the minds of ________________________ soldiers when war started, but clearly an

issue that pervaded all of the social, political and economic causes

A. Would there have been a split without slavery – no – root if not reason of most conflicts

B. Conflicts existed from birth of nation

II. Economic – two competing industries – ______________________ north vs ____________________

south –

A. free labor vs. slave labor

1. Tariff battle for almost a century – south wants low, north high--South needed low tariffs

because they existed on King Cotton

2. Right of nullification of Congressional laws? Goes back to Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

regarding Alien and Sedition Acts

B. Recession of 1857 causes bigger divide

III. Political

A. Representation in Senate/Congress

1. Every new state could ruin balance

2. both sides feared other side would try to mandate their society on the other federally

B. Ostend Manifesto – slavery in Cuba as well as slavery in West? – bad news

C. ____________________ Proviso --1846 --would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired

from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future

D. State power vs. Federal power

1. Southern states still felt states were sovereign

2. goes back to Federalist/Anti-Federalist battle

E. Free Soil Party – 1847 – no slavery in territories

IV. Social – North sees south as aristocratic medieval country, South sees North as corrupt immigrant urban

A. Abolitionisism – slavery moral wrong – Second Great Awakening

B. Anti-aristocratic ethos – common man better than gentry south

V. Catalysts – events that made both sides look evil, and created larger tension

A. Compromise of 1850 – CA admitted, popular sovereignty, DC no slaves, tougher/enforced fugitive

slave act

B. Uncle Tom’s Cabin – ____________________ – first glimpse by Europe and North of life in South

– kept England out of war – Queen allegedly cried

C. Fugitive Slave Act – force Northerners to return blacks to South

D. Kansas-Nebraska Act – 1854 split territories– dissenters create Republican Party

1. Popular Sovereignty – let states decide for themselves – ignore 1820 compromise

2. Bleeding Kansas – Jayhawkers vs. Bushwackers fight for control

a. Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

b. Brown hacks bodies - radical

3. Caning of Sumner – Senate violence after anti-South speech

E. Realignment of Parties

1. Whigs die

2. Republicans – Northern party to outlaw slavery Free Soil + anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats

F. Dred Scott – Justice Taney – slaves aren’t human/can’t sue – Missouri Compormise?

G. Lecompton Compromise – bad Constitution proposal where your only choices were limited slavery

or full slavery – anti-slavery people don’t even vote

H. Lincoln/Douglas Debates – run for Senator – Lincoln loses Senate, but gains prominence

I. John Brown – Harper’s Ferry – tries to take over South – idiot or martyr?

J. Election of 1860 –_____________ ____________________ threatens to, then does secede after

Lincoln elected

The Civil War I. The Union Homefront

A. Mobilization and Finance

1. First conscription – can buy way out, Lincoln asks for more troops before Congress meets

2. Increased tariffs, income tax, sold bonds, printed currency “greenbacks”

3. War profiteers – industry/manufacturing make a lot of money – some corrupt

B. Suspension of Civil Liberties/Ignoring the Constitution

1. Lincoln thought better to save United States than follow Constitution

A. Blockade, increased army, $2 million to 3 men for army purchases – none of this in

Constitution

B. suspended ____________________ ____________________

2. Needs to keep border states

A. Suspends habeas corpus – don’t tell why arrested

B. “supervised” voting – colored ballots – march past armed guards

C. Newspapers/editors influenced/pressured

C. Election of 1864 – Republican Party becomes Union Party for a bit

1. “bayonet vote” – some soldiers return to vote - 49 times/others vote on front

2. ____________________ captures Atlanta – gives boost to cause

II. Southern Homefront – President ____________________ ____________________ declared martial law –

suspended habeas corpus

A. Confederate Constitution – can’t have strong fed. gov’t when some states still want to threaten

secession

B. Mobilization and Finance – must have conscription – leads to class conflict – poor serve

1. Tariffs hard to collect due to blockade – money made through bonds

2. Prints a lot of money with no value – extreme inflation

III. Foreign Affairs/Diplomacy – must gain European support (South) keep Europe out (USA)

A. Trent Affair – Union takes two diplomats off ship for Britain – looks bad

B. Some Canadians working with South to bomb Northern cities

C. Napoleon III takes opportunity to ignore Monroe Doctrine and take over Mexico

IV. Military strategy – Mississippi River, Capitals, Blockade “Anaconda”, Attrition, Wait

V. Ending Slavery – Confiscation Act – army seizes property of South – slaves

A. Emancipation Proclamation – after Antietam – frees none – only in seceding states

B. ____________________ Bureau – gov’t sponsored agency – goes South to educate blacks

C. Thirteenth Amendment – frees slaves

VI. Major effects – slavery banned, secession issue finally ended, industry can now expand

A. Industry/North decides future path of nation – no longer aristocracy/agrarian

B. Role of Central Government expanded

1. 13th

, 14th

, 15th

Amendments – first amendments that don’t take power away

2. Taxation – printing currency – National Banking System

3. ____________________ army

4. Freedmen’s Bureau – American sponsored welfare program – precedent

C. Labor Saving Devices – change occupations – move to petroleum/coal jobs

1. Labor moves West looking for jobs

D. Women – took jobs of men – gov’t workers

1. Fighting – spies, impersonating men

2. Nurses – Clara Barton – starts ____________________ ____________________ later

3. Raised money for cause – soldiers – organized bazaars/fairs/made goods to sell

Reconstruction – 1865-1877

I. Presidential Plans – tough to be successful with Radical Republicans demanding revenge

A. Lincoln – if lived – impeached like Johnson or more sensitive to the South?

1. Believed South never legally withdrawn – 10% plan + create new state gov’t

2. Congressional fear that South would return to aristocracy and re-enslave blacks

a. Wade-Davis Plan – 50% sign oath + emancipation guarantees

B. Lincoln ____________________ vetoes and allows states to choose either plan

C. Congress is a majority moderate Republicans with some ____________________ Republicans

D. Johnson – surprised Congress – followed 10% plan and some states reentered

1. State constitutions only have to 1) repeal secession, 2) repudiate debts, 3) ratify 13th

2. Johnson pardoned many aristocrats

II. Congressional Reconstruction

A. December 1865 – Southern delegates arrive in D.C. – many of same Confederate leaders

1. Republicans outraged at seeing these elected Confederate aristocrats return

a. December 4, 1865 – Congress closes doors – fears too much Democrat power

III. Can’t be enemies one minute – peers the next

IV. South actually has more power – more electors/Reps due to cancelled 3/5

V. If Southern Dems. Join with Northern Dems. – they control gov’t and can repeal laws passed during Civil

War and re-enslave blacks

A. Pass through ____________________ – gives freedmen (former slaves) citizenship +

1. Any state that refuses black voting rights – loses reps

2. Former Confederate leaders can’t run for U.S. Congress

3. Repudiates Southern debts

B. Andrew Johnson “Sir Veto” starts vetoing Radical Republican Congress laws

1. 1866 election vetoproofs Congress – they now have 2/3 to overrule

C. Military Reconstruction – Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumner – lead Radicals

1. 5 Military Districts run by Union General + 20,000 soldiers – Supreme Court allows

2. Blacks must be allowed to vote – ____________________ makes voting permanent

3. Because only forced on them, as soon as soldiers leave “white redeemers” return South

VI. Realities of Radical Reconstruction

A. Benefits – Blacks in South AND North can now vote – Union League organized blacks

1. New Southern constitutions written

2. Black participation in Congress – 14 black Congressmen, 2 black senators

3. Improved Southern infrastructure – schools, public works, property rights for women

VII. Impeachment of Johnson – Congress passes laws they know he will have to disobey

A. ____________________ ____________________ – Senate must approve Presidential firings

B. Johnson impeached after firing Secretary of War Stanton

1. he was spying for Radical Republicans

2. Almost impeached, but luckily Senate didn’t because

A. replacement bad

B. would hurt country,

C. Johnson said he’d stop vetoing

VIII. Overall Assessment of Reconstruction

A. Fails because North cared about helping Republican Party and free slaves quickly

B. Fails because most Northerners stop caring

C. Fails -US beliefs in personal property, self-govt, state control conflict with Reconstruction

D. Opinions –

1. North wronged South through Reconstruction – just as bad as Civil War

2. or…Noble attempt to give equal rights to slaves – blacks received unprecedented freedoms

initially

E. Reconstruction ends - Hayes-Tilden corrupt election 1876 –

1. Samuel Tilden (a southerner) will ‘allow’ Hayes to win if a. Rutherford B. Hayes and other Republicans agreed that U. S. Troops would be withdrawn from the

South

b. to appoint a _________________ to the Cabinet

c. pledged federal projects to the South in return for an end to Democratic opposition to official

counting of the _________________ votes for the disputed election of 1876. 2. Compromise of 1877