APSDMP1

Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Plan

(AP SDMP)

Revenue (Disaster Management II) Department Government of Andhra Pradesh

VOLUME 1

August 2010

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Table of Contents PageNo. Chapter 1.0 Introduction C1 1.1. Introduction to Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Plan (AP SDMP) C1-1

Chapter 2.0 Profile of the state C2 2.1. Location C 2-1

2.2. Socio-economic profile C 2-1 2.3. Demographic profile of the state C 2-1 2.4. Rainfall and water resources C 2-3 2.5. River system in Andhra Pradesh C2-3

2.5.1. Godavari river system C2-4 2.5.2. Krishna river system C2-4 2.5.3. The Pennar river system C2-4 2.5.4. The Vamsadhara system C2-5 2.5.5. Other coastal rivers C2-5

2.6. Economic growth C2-5 2.7. Administrative structure C2-5 2.8. Climate & Temperature C2-6 2.9. Land use C2-7 2.10. Agriculture and cropping pattern C2-7 2.11. Fisheries C2-8 2.12. Andhra Pradesh Education profile C2-8 2.13. Health C2-10 2.14. Forests C2-10

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2.15. Industry C2-11 2.15. Transportation and communication Infrastructure C2-11 2.17. Mining C2-14

Chapter 3.0 Vulnerability and Risk Assessment C3 3.1. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment C3-1

3.2. Vulnerability of Andhra Pradesh to Natural Hazards C3-2 3.3. Disaster Specific Vulnerability C3-2

3.3.1. Cyclones C3-2

3.3.2. Floods C3-6

3.3.2.1. Floods of October-November 2009 in Kurnool and Mahbubnagar C3-15

3.3.3. Earthquakes C3-17

3.3.3.1. Largest Instrumented Earthquake in Andhra Pradesh C3-19 3.3.3.2. Significant Earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh C3-19 3.3.3.3. Earthquakes recorded since 2000 in Andhra Pradesh C3-22

3.3.4. Fires C3-22 3.3.5. Industrial accidents C3-23 3.3.6. Tsunami C3-24 3.3.7. Droughts C3-25 3.3.8. Vulnerability of irrigation tanks and dams C3-25 3.3.9. Vulnerability of Urban areas of the State C3-26 3.3.9.1. Flash floods in Hyderabad C3-27 3.3.10. Vulnerability to road accidents C3-27 3.3.11. Mining and non-mining related vulnerability of the State C3-28

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3.3.12. Landslides C3-29

3.3.13. Heat Waves C3-30

3.3.13.1. Impacts of Heat Waves C3-30

3.3.14. Forest Fires C3-31 3.4. Vulnerability of critical infrastructure to natural hazards C3-32 3.5. Conclusion C3-34

Chapter 4.0 Preparedness Measures C4 4.1. Preparedness Measures C4-1 4.2. Disaster specific preparedness C4-1 4.2.1. Cyclones C4-1 4.2.1.1. Existing Cyclone shelters C4-1 4.2.1.2. Cyclone warning centers (CWC) C4-3 4.2.1.3. Preparation of Cyclone forecasts C4-4 4.2.1.4. Two-stage warning system C4-4 4.2.1.5. Dissemination of cyclone warnings C4-5 4.2.1.6. Disaster Warning Systems (DWS) C4-5 4.2.2. Flood preparedness C4-5 4.2.2.1. Flood Management C4-6 4.2.2.2. Flood Forecasting C4-8 4.2.3. Fire preparedness C4-9 4.2.4. Heat wave preparedness C4-10 4.2.4.1. Relief arrangements C4-10

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4.2.4.2. Forecasting and dissemination of heat-related parameters C4-10 4.2.5. Medical preparedness and mass casualty management C4-11 4.2.6. District disaster management plans (DDMP) C4-11 4.2.7. Preparedness to meet post disaster financial needs C4-12 4.2.7.1. Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) C4-12

4.2.7.2. Apthbandhu C4-12 4.2.7.3. Universal Health Insurance Scheme for Tsunami affected families C4-12

4.3. Community Based Disaster Management C4-13

4.3.1. Community Based Disaster Management (CBDM) C4-13

4.4. Needs and gap analysis of key government departments for disaster preparedness C4-14 4.5. Civil Defence (CD) C4-16 4.5.1. Synergizing efforts and resources of various agencies involved C4-17 4.5.2. Capacity building measures for developing trained HR for CD C4-17 4.6. Training, capacity building and other proactive measures C4-20

4.6.1. National Cadet Corps (NCC) C4-20 4.6.2. National Social Service (NSS) C4-21

4.6.3. Nehru Yuva Kendra (NYK) C4-21 4.6.4. Home Guards C4-21 4.6.5. Self Help Groups (SHGs) C4-22 4.6.6. Civil society and NGOs C4-24 4.6.7. Use of Amateur Ham Radio system in disaster management C4-24 4.7. Intuitional Mechanisms C4-25 4.7.1. Strengthening institutional frameworks for disaster preparedness C4-25 C4-26

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4.8. National Disaster Response Force 4.9. Media preparedness in disaster management C4-26 4.10. Techno-legal regime C4-27 4.10.1. State Level Legislation C4-27 4.10.2. Legislative support at the Local/ Municipal/ Panchayat Level C4-28 4.11. Application of geospatial information in disaster management C4-28 4.12. Mock exercises C4-29 4.13. Knowledge management C4-30

Chapter 5.0 Prevention and Mitigation Measures C5 5.1. Introduction C5-1 5.2. Mitigation strategy C5-2 5.3. NGOs, Private Sector, Government Training Intuitions C5-3 5.4. Community efforts and mitigation C5-4 5.5. Community level training and public awareness activities C5-4 5.6. Pilot projects C5-5 5.7. Disaster Management legislation, relief and rehabilitation policy C5-6 5.8. Incentives and resources C5-6 5.9. Insurance C5-7 5.10. Land-use planning and regulations for sustainable development C5-7 5.11. Mitigation measures C5-8 5.12. Structural alterations to buildings C5-9 5.13. Drought mitigation measures C5-11 5.13.1. Risk financing programmes C5-12

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Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) C5-13

5.13.2. Drought proofing programmes C5-15

Drought Prone Areas Program (DPAP) C5-13 Water harvesting Structures C5-13

5.14. Coastal Mitigation measures C5-14 Shelter belt plantations C5-14 5.14.1. Sea wall construction C5-15 5.14.2. Strengthening of bunds along the estuary and backwaters C5-15 5.15. Flood mitigation C5-16 5.15.1. Safe siting in flood hazard areas C5-16 5.15.2. Non-structural flood proofing measures C5-16 5.15.3. Flood proofing and elevation C5-17 5.15.4. Modifying flooding C5-17 5.15.5. Dams and reservoirs C5-17 5.15.6. Shoreline Alternation C5-17 5.16. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act C5-18 5.17. Cyclone mitigation C5-18 5.17.1. Training of Volunteers C5-19

5.17.2. Public Awareness C5-19 5.17.3. Social welfare/other activities C5-19 5.17.4. Regional awards C5-19

5.18. Critical Infrastructure Protection C5-20 5.18.1. Relief and rehabilitation C5-20

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5.18.2. Dam protection Sileru River C5-21 5.19. Emergency evacuation procedures C5-24

5.19.1. Emergency Supplies C5-24 5.19.2. Include following items as part of emergency supplies C5-24

5.20. Emergency for evacuation of marooned persons C5-25 5.21. Requirement of equipment and machinery in each district C5-25 5.21.1. Equipment carried by Rescue Party C5-25 5.21.2. Contents to be part of rescue team bag C5-27 5.21.3. Earthquake rescue equipment C5-27 5.21.4. Fire rescue equipments C5-28 5.21.5. Flood rescue equipments C5-28 5.22. Operational guidelines; dos and donts to be followed C5-30 5.22.1 Operational guidelines of what to do in the event of a cyclone C5-30 5.22.2. Operational guidelines of what to do in the event of floods C5-31 5.22.3. Operational guidelines of what to do in the event of heat waves C5-32 5.22.4. Operational guidelines for earthquake C5-33

Chapter 6.0 Disaster Response Plan C6 6.1. State Disaster Response Plan (SDRP) C6-1 6.2. Disaster Response Plan Nine Core Elements C6-1 6.3. Principle of the execution of the State Disaster Response Plan (SDRP) C6-2

6.4. Activation Mechanism of State Disaster Management Plan C6-2 6.5. Levels of Disasters C6-3 C6-4

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6.6. Response management arrangements 6.6.1. Command C6-4 6.6.2. Control C6-4 6.6.3. Coordination C6-4 6.7. System of Disaster Support Function (DSF) C6-5

6.7.1. Primary support department C6-5 6.7.2. Secondary support departments C6-5 6.7.3. Nodal Officer or Incident Commander C6-5 6.7.4. Emergency Response Management Team C6-5

6.8. Disaster Support Function (DSF) C6-6 6.8.1. Transportation Disaster Support Function (TDSF) C6-8

Operating Procedure of TDSF C6-9

Organization and responsibilities under TDSF C6-9 6.9. State Emergency Operations Center (EOC) C6-11 6.9.1 Warning or occurrence of disaster C6-13 6.9.2. Location of EOC and alternate EOC C6-13 6.10. Coordination at the state, central government level C6-14 6.11. Constituting State Executive Committee (SEC) C6-15 6.11.1. Responsibilities of the SEC C6-15 6.12. Setting up of State Incident Command System (ICS) C6-16 Command C6-17 Planning C6-17 Operations C6-17

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Logistics C6-18 Finance/Administration C6-18 6.12.1. Key functions of the divisions, units and branches C6-19 Operations section C6-19 Services branch C6-20 Infrastructure branch C6-20 Logistics branch C6-20 Health branch C6-20 Communication and information management branch C6-21 6.13. Disaster Response Structure C6-22 6.13.1. Early warning dissemination C6-22 6.13.2. Evacuation C6-23 6.13.3. Medical Aid C6-24

6.13.4.Shelter Management C6-25 6.13.5. Infrastructure Restoration C6-26 6.13.6. Search and Rescue Operation C6-27 6.13.7. Emergency Relief/Free Kitchen Operation C6-27 6.13.8. Caracas Removal C6-28

6.14. Delegation of power C6-28 6.15. Personnel Safety C6-29

Chapter 7.0 - Mainstreaming DM concerns into Development projects C7 7.1. Relevance of mainstreaming to Disaster Management C7-1 7.2. Mainstreaming of DM concerns into development what and how? C7-1

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7.3. Mainstreaming disaster management at the level of the state C7-2 7.4. Identification of development induced disasters C7-2 7.5. Developing sector-specific guidelines on mainstreaming C7-3

Housing: Urban and Rural Housing Development C7-3 Infrastructure: Public works, Roads and Construction C7-4

Health C7-5 Agriculture C7-5 Education C7-6 Finance services C7-6 7.6. Cross-sector analysis C7-7 7.7. Developing area specific guidelines on mainstreaming C7-7 7.8. Creating techno-legal regime for mainstreaming C7-7 7.9. Conducting Disaster Impact Assessment C7-8 7.10. Public-Private Partnership (PPP) C7-8 7.11. Awareness generation, training and capacity building C7-9 7.12. Recognition of best efforts C7-9 7.13. Integrating disaster management into development planning C7-9 7.14. Optimize existing government infrastructure C7-10 7.15. Inter-department co-operation and co-ordination C7-10 7.16. Capacity building C7-10 7.17. Multi-hazard approach to disasters C7-11 7.18. Sustainable and continuous approach C7-11

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Chapter 8.0 - Training, capacity building and other proactive measures C8 8.1. Introduction C8-1 8.2. Training for Disaster Management C8-2 8.3. Development of Trainers C8-3 8.4. Identification of Training Needs C8-3 8.5. Training Action Plan C8-3 8.6. Training of Professionals C8-4 8.7. Strengthening training institutes C8-4 8.8. Preparation of District Drought Management Plans at the District Level C8-4 8.9. Education and school curricula C8-5 8.10. Community Education C8-8 8.11. Capacity Up-gradation C8-9 8.12. Knowledge resource centers C8-9 8.13. Specific areas for Training and Capacity Development C8-10 8.14. Networking with the Organizations/ Institutions C8-12 8.15. Target groups for capacity building and training C8-13 8.15.1. Line Departments of State Government C8-13 8.15.2. Capacity building and training of other stakeholders C8-13 8.16. Specific trainings identified C8-13 8.16.1. Principles of Soil Management C8-14 8.16.2. Principles of Crop Management C8-14 8.16.3. Principles of Water Management C8-14 8.17. Documentation and developing best management practices C8-17

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Chapter 9.0 - Role of key state government departments and frame work for SOPs C9 9.1. Background C9-1 9.2. Department of Agriculture C9-1 9.2. Department of Health C9-4

9.3. Department of Animal Husbandry C9-7 9.4. Irrigation and Command Area Development Department (I & CAD) C9-9 9.5. Police Department C9-11 9.6. Fire and Emergency Services Department C9-12 9.7. Department of Fisheries C9-14 9.8. Civil Supplies Department C9-15 9.9. Panchayati Raj Institutions C9-16 9.10. Forest Department C9-18 10.0. Illustrative framework of DM Plans for Government Departments:

Agriculture and Horticulture departments C9-19

Chapter 10.0 Financial arrangements C10 10.1. National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) C10-1 10.1.1. Last Mile Connectivity C10-1 10.1.2. Creation of physical infrastructure for mitigating impact of cyclones C10-2 10.1.3. Technical assistance for capacity building on hazard risk management C10-2 10.1.4. Project Management and Monitoring C10-3 10.2. Cyclone Hazard Mitigation Project C10-3 10.2.1. Decision support system and data base C10-4 10.2.2. Training of local staff C10-4 10.3. Incident Command System (ICS): USAID C10-4

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10.4. Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) C10-5 10.5. Apthbandhu C10-6 10.6. Universal Health Insurance Scheme for Tsunami affected families C10-7 10.7. GoI-UNDP Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) Programme in Andhra Pradesh C10-7 10.8. Budget allocation on five-year plan basis C10-8 10.9. Budget provisions of Revenue (Disaster Management) Department C10-8 10.10. Budget for line departments C10-11 10.11. State Disaster Response and Mitigation Funds (SDRMF) C10-12 10.11.1. Financial arrangements to SDRF: FC-XIII recommendations C10-14

Chapter 11.0 Review and updation of SDMP C11 11.1. Review and updation of SDMP and other plans C11-1

11.2. Action Taken Reports (ATRs) C11-1

11.3. Periodic update of the plans C11-2

Chapter 12.0 Coordination and Implementation C12 12.1. Coordination and Implementation C12-1 12.2. India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN) and SDRN C12-1 12.3. Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority (AP SDMA) C12-2 12.3.1. Composition of the State Authority C12-3

12.3.2. Annual report C12-4

12.4. Setting up of District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) C12-5

12.5. Cross-cutting government department and other stakeholder activities C12-5

12.6. Institutionalizing Disaster Management Plan C12-6

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12.6.1. Constituting District Disaster Management Committees and preparation of District Disaster Management Plans (DDMPs) C12-6

12.7. Management Information System (MIS) for Disaster Management C12-7

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List of Tables TableNo. Table Title PageNo. Table 1 Demographic Profile of Andhra Pradesh (2001 Census) C2-2 Table 2 Government Medical (Allopathic) Facilities in Andhra Pradesh C2-10 Table 3 Forest cover and growing stock in AP C2-11 Table 4 Industrial facts of Andhra Pradesh C2-11 Table 5 Infrastructure connectivity of Andhra Pradesh C2-12 Table 6 District-wise distribution of cyclones crossing AP Coast (1891 2009) C3-3 Table 7 Profile of coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh C3-4 Table 8 Season-wise rainfall data, 2008 -09 (in millimeters) C3-4 Table 9 Net Area Irrigated (in Hectares) in the coastal districts, 2007 -08 C3-5 Table 10 Maximum storm surge of sea waves C3-8 Table 11 Peak Discharge of Krishna River C3-9 Table 12 Peak Discharge of Godavari River C3-10 Table 13 Peak Discharge of Penna River C3-12 Table 14 Peak Discharge of Vamshadara River C3-12 Table 15 Peak Discharge of Nagavalli River C3-13 Table 16 Human, livestock and crop losses recorded between 2003 and 2008 C3-15 Table 17

Region falling in various zones of the country (Source: Earthquake manual, GoAP)

C3-18

Table 18 Historical record of earthquakes in Andhra Pradesh C3-20 Table 19 Classification of fires based on fuel and media C3-23 Table 20 Fire related accidents, property and human losses C3-23 Table 21 Number of Industrial accidents in AP (1994 2006) C3-24 Table 22 Property and other losses in Hyderabad due to floods C3-27 Table 23 Accidents and fatalities reported at SCCL C3-28

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Table 24 Loss of horticultural crops due to excessive heat of May 2003 C3-31 Table 25 Details of district-wide villages with cyclone shelters C4-2

Table 26 Embankment and drainage channel length in Andhra Pradesh and the Country C4-6

Table 27 River basin-wide surface and ground water details C4-9 Table 28 Number of flood forecasting stations and per cent of area liable to floods C4-9 Table 29 Flood warning levels and danger levels of Godavari C4-9 Table 30 Tools and methods in the process of identifying community risk assessment C4-14

Table 31

Sector-wide needs and gap analysis of key Andhra Pradesh government departments C4-15

Table 32 District-wise SHGs and women swarozgaries assisted under SGSY in AP (1999 06)

C4-23

Table 33 Calamity Relief Fund for Andhra Pradesh, 2000 2005 (in Rs. Lakhs) C5-13 Table 34 State-wide Disaster Support Functions and Responsibility Chart C6-7 Table 35 Department-wide specific areas for capacity building C8-15 Table 36 Financial Investment Proposal under NCRMP C10-3 Table 37 Year-wise releases and expenditure under CRF and NCCF (in Rs. Crores) C10-5 Table 38 Year-wise breakdown of funds spend under CRF and NCCF (in Rs. Crores) C10-6

Table 39 Budget provisions of Revenue (DM) Dept for preparatory, mitigation and relief measures C10-8

Table 40 Budget allocation for relief on account of Natural Calamities C10-10 Table 41 Template for district-wise training and capacity building plans C10-12 Table 42 Template to identify requirements of district specific DM trainings C10-12 Table 43 Scheduling of Action Taken Reports (ATRs) C11-2 Table 44 Time-frame for reviews and updates of SDMP and DDMPs C11-3

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List of Figures FigureNo. Figure Title PageNo. Fig 1 Andhra Pradesh Physical Map C2-3 Fig 2 Cyclone affected areas in Andhra Pradesh C2-4 Fig 3 Map showing Administrative Divisions of Andhra Pradesh C2-6 Fig 4 Road Map of Andhra Pradesh C2-12 Fig 5 Andhra Pradesh Hydel Plant network C2-13 Fig 6 Approach of typical cyclone covering coastal AP districts C3-3 Fig 7 Net Area Irrigated (in Hectares) in the coastal districts, 07 08 C3-6 Fig 8 Map showing flood hazard map of the state (storm surge risk) C3-8 Fig 9a 1 in 100 year Flood Event of Krishna and Inundation areas C3-9 Fig 9b 1 in 100 year Flood Event of Krishna and Inundation areas C3-10 Fig 10a 1 in 100 year Flood Event of Godavari and Inundation areas C3-11 Fig 10b 1 in 100 year Flood Event of Godavari and Inundation areas C3-11 Fig 11 1 in 100 year Flood Event of Penna River and Inundation areas C3-12 Fig 12 August '06 Flood Event of Nagavalli River and Inundation areas C3-13 Fig 13 Map showing September 2005 Floods in Khammam C3-14 Fig 14 October 2009 Floods of Kurnool and Inundation areas C3-16 Fig 15 Seismic zones of India (Source: Earthquake manual, GoAP) C3-17 Fig 16 Map showing seismic zones of Andhra Pradesh C3-19 Fig 17 Details of district-wide villages with cyclone shelters C4-2 Fig 18 Average distance of cyclone shelters from the Sea coast (in km.) C4-3 Fig 19 A typical cyclone shelter with access road C4-4 Fig 20 Reservoir/dam, embankment and areas liable to floods in AP C4-8

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Fig 21 Locations of NDRF in the country C4-26 Fig 22 Different parameters as GIS-enabled layers for spatial analysis C4-29

Fig 23 Existing coordination mechanism central to state; state to district in AP C6-14

Fig 24 Typical organizational chart to set up Incident Command System (ICS) C6-19

Fig 25 Year-wise releases and expenditure of CRF & NCCF (in Rs. Cr) C10-6 Fig 26 Framework of IDRN data storage C12-2

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List of Annexures

Annexure Title I A P Disaster Management Rules 2007 II Inventory of Fire stations, contact information II a Andhra Pradesh Fire Services Act II b Guidelines to conduct mock drills III Self appraisals/checklist for fire safety measures IV List of NGOs in Andhra Pradesh Va Vulnerability assessment templates - Floods Vb Vulnerability assessment templates - Earthquakes Vc Vulnerability assessment templates - Cyclones

VI

Delegating of power - mechanism developed for Zonal Disaster Management Eastern Railway Board

VII Templates for Incident strategic analysis as part of Incident Command System (ICS) VIII Training schedule of Dr. MCR HRD Institute of Andhra Pradesh IX Training schedule of APARD X List of Andhra Pradesh based research and academic institutions XI List and inventory of rescue equipment and templates of IDRN XII List of AP Government Departments that nominated Nodal Officers XIII List of Hazardous Industries with/without Fire Safety measures XIV List of Cyclone Shelters in the Andhra Pradesh XV Government Order No. 150 constituting SEC in AP XVI Government Order Ms.No.9 School Curriculum on DM XVII 13th Finance Commission Recommendations

XVIII Fire Maps

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ABBREVIATIONS AP Andhra Pradesh APARD Andhra Pradesh Academy of Rural Development APGENCO Andhra Pradesh Power Generation Company APSDMP Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Plan APSRAC Andhra Pradesh State Remote sensing Applications Center ARMVs Accident Relief Medical Vans ATIs Administrative Training Institutes ATRs Action Taken Reports BMTPC Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council CBDM Community Based Disaster Management CBOs Community Based Organizations CD Civil Defense CDP Center for Disaster Preparedness CRF Calamity Relief Fund CSCs Community Service Centers DDMPs District Disaster Management Plans DDMA District Disaster Management Authority DM Disaster Management DM ACT, 2005 Disaster Management Act, 2005 DPAP Drought Prone Areas Programme Dr MCR HRD IAP Dr. Marri Chenna Reddy Human Resource Development Institute of AP DRR Disaster Risk Reduction DSF Disaster Support Function EOC Emergency Operations Centre I&CAD Irrigation and Catchment Area Development IDRN India Disaster Resource Network IMD India Meteorological Department GIS Geographic Information System GoAP Government of Andhra Pradesh GoI Government of India HFL High Flood Level HPC High Powered Committee HRD Human Resource Development HR Human Resources HRVA Hazard Risk & Vulnerability Analysis ICS Incident Command System IT Information Technology MIS Management Information System MHA Ministry of Home Affairs

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NCC National Cadet Corps NCDM National Committee on Disaster Management NCCF National Calamity Contingency Fund NCRMP National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project NCTI National Chemical Technology Institute NDMA National Disaster Management Authority NDMRCs National Disaster Mitigation Resource Centers NDRF National Disaster Response Force NGRI National Geological Research Institute NIRD National Institute of Rural Development NRSA National Remote Sensing Agency NSS National Service Scheme NYK Nehru Yuva Kendra NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations PPP Public-Private Partnership PRIs Panchayati Raj Institutions SDMA State Disaster Management Authority SDRF State Disaster Relief Fund SDRP State Disaster Response Plan SEC State Executive Committee SHGs Self-Help Groups SOPs Standard Operating Procedures XIII-FC Thirteenth Finance Commission ULBs Urban Local Bodies

Introduction Chapter 1.0

State of Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Plan | C1 - 1

Chapter 1.0 1.1. Introduction to Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Plan (AP SDMP) Andhra Pradesh is one of the major states in India and ranks fifth in terms of population. The population of the state was about 75.7 million in 2001 (Census 2001). Its geographical spread of 274.4 lakh hectares accounting for 8.37 per cent of countrys geographical area pegs it at fourth largest state in the country. The state capital Hyderabad was classified as an A1 city in 2007 with 5. 4 million in 2001 (Census 2001). There are twenty-three districts and 1,128 Mandals in the state. Andhra Pradesh has three regions which are distinct in terms of socioeconomic characteristics and have region specific resource base. Of the twenty-three districts, nine are in Coastal Andhra region; ten in Telangana region and four in Rayalaseema region.

Andhra Pradesh (A.P.) is highly prone to natural disasters. Floods and cyclones are a recurrent phenomenon in Andhra Pradesh. Susceptibility to disasters is compounded by frequent occurrences of manmade disasters such as fire, industrial accidents etc. While accurate data is in the process of being collated and analyzed; recent floods in Kurnool and other coastal districts in October-November 2009 have reversed the development growth experienced by Andhra Pradesh in the last decade. Frequent disasters lead to erosion of development gains and restricted options for the disaster victims. Physical safety, especially of the vulnerable groups, is routinely threatened by natural hazards. Recent floods in A.P. have very clearly illustrated the need for multi-hazard prevention, response and recovery plans for natural hazards so that threat to human life and property is minimized.

Disaster management is a development problem; preparedness and mitigation planning will have to be taken up in perpetuity and in tandem with environmental and developmental concerns in the state. Following the enactment of The Disaster Management Act, 2005, the Government of Andhra Pradesh formulated a set of Disaster Management Rules 2007 under the provisions of Disaster Management Act 2005 (Annexure I).

The State Disaster Management Plan establishes the policies and structure for state government management of disasters; Prevention, Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, Relief and Recovery. The State Disaster Management Plan (SDMP) is for Floods, Cyclones, Earthquakes, Industrial accidents (chemical spills), Oil spills, Dam breaches and Mine disasters. This plan assigns responsibilities for actions and tasks that the state will take to provide for the safety and welfare of its citizens against the threat of natural, technological and human-caused disasters.

The State is primarily responsible for the management of natural and human-caused disasters identified above at the state level and has a shared responsibility with the Government of India for preparedness and for identified catastrophic disasters. The States responsibility necessitates the preparation of a Disaster Management Plan, with detailed operational procedures that the state departments will assume and a framework to set up Emergency Operation Center (EOC).


Plan preparation efforts are made as general as possible to insure flexibility to combat the impact of all types of disasters at the state level. The approved State Disaster Management Plan (SDMP) will be a sub-plan of the states annual and five-year plans.

The state plan is prepared with an emphasis on close coordination with the National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) of the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA). It establishes a base on which further plans, procedures, guidelines, logistical arrangement plans, district-level DM plans, mandal-level DM plans can be prepared.

The State Disaster Management Plan has been prepared on the following principles:

Assimilating the lessons learnt from past disasters, especially floods and cyclones in the State.

Bringing together information and knowledge available globally, nationally and at state level in preparing a comprehensive plan of risk assessment, preparedness, recovery and response systems.

Strengthening vertical linkages and effective coordination of stakeholders from central government, state government, districts and mandals. Horizontal linkages and coordination between state-wide departments is reinforced and considered an important element of state machinery.

Holistic management of the disasters both natural and manmade is another premise. While management of events to minimize the damage during a disaster is paramount, preparedness and mitigation to reduce the risk and losses is a critical aspect highlighted in the plan.

Adaptability of the plan to different hazards and incremental evolution of the plan to be dynamic and flexible.

Other sectors such as Agriculture, Industrial, Environmental and Social get severely impacted when disasters strike. It is the collective responsibility of all stakeholders, organizations and governmental and non-governmental agencies that are charged with the responsibility.

The stated goal and vision of the State of Andhra Pradesh to ensure economic and social development will be the overarching policy. Policies cutting across all sectors, including disaster management will sub-serve this broad goal. Disaster prevention and preparedness therefore will be integral to every development policy within the state, to ensure sustainable development. Development planning and strategies at the state level shall therefore address disaster management as a core part of short and long-term planning.

Traditionally, hazards and incidents that lead to disastrous repercussions have been handled by instituting mechanisms that addressed recovery and relief measures, which are typically,


activated post disasters. There is a need to reorient and internalize paradigm shift in the approach of managing disasters and hazards. Integrating preparedness into the development plans of all government departments; identifying preventive measures; optimal utilization of government infrastructure in mitigating hazards; integrating disaster preparedness and knowledge management into capacity building policies of the departments, civil society, corporate sector and educational institutions; and finally integrating disaster management as part of sustainable development model of the state are critical in achieving states goal of ensuring economic and social development. In view of this, the revised vision and goal of the state is to prepare and strengthen the society, government and private enterprises to meet challenges posed by recurrent hazards and in the process achieve economic prosperity and social development.

There are varying levels of vulnerability to different disasters. While cyclones and floods are perennial occurrences, the severity of these incidences determine the level of disasters. Similarly, droughts, heat waves and monsoon storms are regular incidents in the state; these incidents are seasonal and region specific. Based on severity of the disaster, extent of material and physical losses and assistance requirements different levels of disasters are being identified. The activation of state disaster management plan will be dependent on the declared level of disaster. Financial preparedness and identifying resources that come into play when disasters are declared at one of the identified levels is critical to successful implementation of the SDMP.

The State Disaster Management Plan is a strategic planning document for State-wide Disaster Management; with broad responsibilities as outlined below

1. The state is primarily responsible for natural and technological emergency preparedness, but has a shared responsibility with the central government for national security preparedness and for catastrophic natural and technological hazards.

2. The states responsibility necessitates the development of the state disaster management plan with functional annexes and detailed procedures, prepared by concerned departments and districts. Planning efforts are made as general as possible to insure flexibility in combating the impact of all types of hazards.

3. Emergencies or disasters could, individually or in combination, cause a grave emergency condition in any area of the state. Emergencies vary in scope and intensity, from a small local incident with minimal damage to a multi-district (and at times multi-state) disaster with extensive devastation and loss of life.

4. The initial actions of prevention, mitigation, preparedness, and response and recovery operations are conducted by mandal and district-level administration with close coordination by state-level departments. District and mandal officials will exhaust their resources first, and then tap into state and central government resources depending on the severity and levels of disaster.


5. State assistance will supplement local efforts and central government assistance will supplement state and local efforts when it is clearly demonstrated that it is beyond local and state capability to cope with the emergency/disaster.

Finally, following objectives are identified in implementing AP SDMP for better organization and promoting a paradigm shift in the approach to facilitate planning, preparedness, operational coordination and community participation.

Prevention and preparedness to be promoted as highest priority at all levels. Mitigation measures to be encouraged based on state-of-the-art technology and

environmental sustainability.

Efficient response and relief operations with a caring approach towards the needs of the vulnerable sections of the society are ensured.

Undertaking reconstruction as an opportunity to build disaster resilient structures and habitat. Undertaking recovery to bring back the community to a better and safer level than the pre-

disaster stage.

Community to be considered as the most important stakeholder in the DM process. Disaster Management concerns to be integrated into the developmental planning process. Legal and technical framework to be put in place to enable regulatory environment and

promote compliance regimen.

Contemporary forecasting and early warning systems backed by responsive fool-proof communications and Information Technology (IT) support to be developed.

Promoting a productive partnership with the media to create awareness and contributing towards capacity development.

Profile of the state Chapter 2.0


Chapter 2.0

Profile of Andhra Pradesh

2.1. Location

The state of Andhra Pradesh is situated on the globe in the tropical region between 12014' and 19054' North latitudes and 76046' and 84050' East longitudes. It is bounded on the North by Maharashtra, on the North-East by Orissa, Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, on the East by Bay of Bengal, on the South by Tamilnadu and on the West by Karnataka States. The state has a long coastal line extending over 960 km from Ichapuram sands in Srikakulam district to Pulicat lake in Nellore district. Andhra Pradesh is ranked fifth in terms of population.

2.2. Socio-economic profile

Andhra Pradesh had a population of about 76.2 million in 2001 (Census 2001). It was projected that the state would grow at around 7.2 per cent by March 2009. Geographically, the state is spread around 274.4 lakh hectares accounting for 8.37 per cent of the total area of the country, making it the fourth largest. Majority of the state population, 73 per cent, resides in rural areas, making it one of the major agrarian states of the country. However, the process of urbanization until the nineties has been one of the fastest. The urban growth is stagnated in the last decade. The state consists of three major urban agglomeration areas Hyderabad, Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam accounting for about 35 per cent of total urban population of the state.

Andhra Pradesh is blessed with wide-range of natural resources; coastline being one important resource. The state has three distinct physical or topographical zones; 1) Coastal Plains, 2) Eastern Ghats and 3) Western Peneplains. While the coastal plains covering all of Coastal Andhra region are rich in water resources, the western peneplains covering the entire Telangana region and a part of Rayalaseema region are rich in mineral resources.

2.3. Demographic profile of the state

The total population of Andhra Pradesh in 2001 was 762.1 lakhs, which grew by 14.59 per cent from previous decade. A total of 385.27 lakh male and 376.83 lakh female population was recorded with 978 females per 1,000 males. Similarly, the literacy rate among males was recorded to be 70.32 per cent whereas it was 50.43 per cent among females. State-wide literacy rate was 60.47 per cent. Census 2001 also enumerated 170.04 lakh households which include 126.07 lakh rural households and 43.97 urban households. While the proportion of total workers was 348.94 lakhs, the state-wide agricultural workers were 216.92 lakhs and non-agricultural workers were 132. 02 lakhs.


Table 1. Demographic Profile of Andhra Pradesh (2001 Census) Sl. No. Item 2001 Census Unit

1 Total Population 762.1 Lakhs 2 Growth rate over the previous Census 14.59 Percentage 3 Birth rate (during the decade) 19.0* Births per 1,000 people

4 Death rate (during the decade) 7.0* Deaths per 1,000 people

5 Density of Population 277 Persons per sq. km

6 No. of Households 170.04 Lakhs Rural 126.07 Lakhs Urban 43.97 Lakhs

7 Household size 4 Persons per HH Rural 4 Urban 5

8 Male Population 385.27 Lakhs 9 Female Population 376.83 Lakhs 10 Sex Ratio 978 Females per 1, 000

males 11 Rural Population 554.01 Lakhs 12 Urban Population 208.09 Lakhs 13 Urban Population as a percentage of Total Population 27.3 Percent

14 (a) Scheduled Caste Population 123.39 Lakhs (b) Scheduled Caste Population as a percentage of Total Population

16.2 Percent

15 (a) Scheduled Tribes Population 50.24 Lakhs (b) Scheduled Tribes Population as a percentage of Total Population

6.6 Percent

16 (a) Literates - Males 234.45 Lakhs (b) Literates - Female 164.89 Lakhs (c ) Literates - Total Population 399.34 Lakhs

17 (a) Literacy rate - Male 70.32 Percent (b) Literacy rate - Female 50.43 Percent (c ) Literacy rate - Total Population 60.47 Percent

18 (a) Workers - Total 348.94 Lakhs (b) Workers - Agriculture 216.92 Lakhs (c ) Workers - Non - Agriculture 132.02 Lakhs

Sources: (1) Directorate of Census Operations, AP (2) Registrar General of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Grihmantralaya, Delhi


Fig 1: Andhra Pradesh Physical Map

2.4. Rainfall and water resources

The state receives rainfall from South-West and North-East monsoons; however there is large variation in the distribution of rains. While Rayalaseema region is a zone of precarious rainfall, Telangana receives modest rainfall and the Coastal area generally receives highest average rainfall in the state.

2.5. River system in Andhra Pradesh

Andhra Pradesh is one of the states in India blessed with rivers that supplement water needed for non-rainfed agriculture. There are thirty-four rivers in the state, both major and minor rivers. The rivers are rain-fed including the five major rivers: Godavari, Krishna, Pennar, Vamsadhara and Nagavali. The total surface water of the entire river system in the state is estimated at 2,764 TMC. This river system besides being useful for agriculture and power generation is also prone to flooding and inundation. Figure 2 below depicts perpetual cyclone affected areas of Andhra Pradesh. The state has the advantage of most east flowing rivers in the heart of the state bringing in copious water flow from the Western and Eastern Ghats and Deccan plateau up to the Bay of Bengal.


Fig 2: Cyclone affected areas in Andhra Pradesh

2.5.1. Godavari river system: Godavari originates at Triambakam near Nasik in Maharashtra and flows 692 kms before entering Andhra Pradesh in Adilabad district. At Dowlaiswaram in East Godavari where a barrage has been constructed it gets divided into two branches - the Gautami and Vasishta. The Godavari delta is formed in between these two branches of the river. Godavari flows through the districts of Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam, East Godavari and West Godavari in Andhra Pradesh. It is fed by number of tributaries; important among them are Pranahita, the Penganga, Wardha, Waiganga, Kinnerasani, Manjira, Sabari and Indravati. Most of the water in Godavari is contributed by Pranahita (40%), followed by Indravati (20%), Sabari (10%) and Manjira (6%). Almost two-thirds of the catchment of the Godavari flows into Bay of Bengal after traversing a total length of 1,446 kms. It has a catchment area of 3,10,692 sq.kms of which 23.62% lies in Andhra Pradesh.

2.5.2. Krishna river system: Krishna, the second largest river in the state, flows 780 kms from Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra before entering Andhra Pradesh. The main tributaries are Koyna, Bhima, Ghataprabha, Mallaprabha, Tungabhadra, Yerla, Warna and Dudhganga. The river gets most of its water from Western Ghats. The catchment area of the river is 2,58,818 sq.kms., of which 29.45% is in Andhra Pradesh.

2.5.3. The Pennar river system: River Pennar, also known as Uttara Pinakini, enters Anantapur district of Andhra Pradesh after traversing 40 kms from


Nandidurg hills of Mysore. Important tributaries of Pennar are Jayamangali, Chitravati, Kunderu, Papagni, Sagileru, Cheyyuru, Boggeru and Biraperu. It falls into Bay of Bengal 29 km. North of Nellore.

2.5.4. The Vamsadhara system: Vamsadhara river is the biggest of the river systems flowing from Eastern Ghats into Bay of Bengal mostly through Srikakulam district. It runs for 250 kms with a catchment area of 41,400 sq.kms.

2.5.5. Other coastal rivers: There are seventeen minor rivers flowing from Eastern Ghats to the Bay of Bengal. Rivers Bahuda, Gosthani, Sarada, Varaha, Thandava, Pumpa and Swarnamukhi are the most important among them.

2.6. Economic growth

Water resources and river system of the state have aided A.Ps agriculture. The contribution of agriculture to states GSDP, although declining over the years, is one of the major sources of livelihoods in the state for about 60 percent of the population. While the share of agriculture in the state GSDP declined, the contribution of non-agricultural sector during this corresponding period had steadily increased, from a little below 50 percent in the 1960s to around 80 percent. Industrial growth, service sector growth has been phenomenal in the last decade in AP, although there are certain constraints in realizing full potential. Information Technology, which is a component of service sector, has emerged as the fastest growing sector in India as well as in Andhra Pradesh (APHDR, 2009). Software products (IT and ITES) contribute about half the value of total exports from the state and the state is the fourth largest contributor in terms of IT exports in India. While the state is among the top performing states in India in terms of growth in per capita income, the relative performance of Andhra Pradesh among Indian states in terms of growth of GSDP is modest.

2.7. Administrative structure

Andhra Pradesh has twenty-three districts and 1,127 mandals. The erstwhile taluka system (sub-division within the district) was changed to mandal system in the 1980s; this is specific to the state. Andhra Pradesh has three regions which are distinct in terms of socio-economic characteristics owing to historical reasons and region specific resource base. Of the twenty-three districts, nine are in Coastal Andhra region; ten in Telangana region and four in Rayalaseema region.


Name of the region Districts

Geographical area; total population in relation to

State

Telangana

Mahbubnagar; Ranga Reddy; Hyderabad; Medak; Nizamabad; Adilabad; Karimnaga; Warangal; Khammam and Nalgonda

41.8% and 41.8%

Coastal Andhra

Srikakulam; Vizianagram; Viskhapatnam; East Godavari; West Goadavari; Krishna; Guntur: Prakasam and Nellore

33.8% and 41.6%

Rayalaseema Chittoor; Kadapa; Anantapur and Kurnool

24.5% and 17.7%

Fig 3: Map showing Administrative Divisions of Andhra Pradesh

2.8. Climate & Temperature

The state has a tropical climate with moderate diffusion to subtropical weather. Humid to semi-humid conditions prevail in the coastal areas while arid to semi-arid situations are prevalent in


the interior parts of the state, particularly Rayalaseema and some districts of Telangana. The areas covered by Deccan Plateau are characterized by hot summers with relatively mild winters. Summer temperatures range from a mean maximum of 40 degrees centigrade to a mean minimum of 30 degrees centigrade, while winter temperatures range from 22 degrees centigrade to 14 degrees centigrade. The monsoon season from June to December registers rainfall of about 89 cms.

2.9. Land use

Land is predominantly used in agricultural terms in Andhra Pradesh, especially with reference to cultivated; and the rest as other land uses such as Forests, Barren & uncultivated lands. Net sown area in the state in 2008 2009 was 39.4 per cent of the total geographic area of the state. Similarly, forests occupy 22.6 per cent, where as barren and uncultivable land is around 7.5 per cent. Overall, the state has around 19.5 per cent of wasteland land to the total geographical area and around 14.3 per cent as fallow lands.

(Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics: A.P., Hyderabad)

2.10. Agriculture and cropping pattern

The performance of Andhra Pradesh agriculture sector was poor in Ninth and Tenth Plan periods which are similar to agriculture performance in the country. The state has experienced decelerated growth in agriculture after 1990 (AP HDI, 2009). Trend analysis to determine agriculture growth of aggregate crop output indicated severe decline in land under cultivation and increase in fallow land during 1991 92 to 2004 05. This period also witnessed decline in irrigated area. The net area sown declined by 9.5 lakh hectares (8.6 per cent) and net irrigated

Sl No. Land use State-wide (in Lakh

ha.)

% to State Geographic

al area 1. Total Geographical area 275.04 100 2. Forests 62.10 22.6 3. Barren & Uncultivable

land 20.59 7.5

4. Land put to non Agricultural use

26.37 9.6

5. Cultivable Waste 6.59 2.4 6. Permanent Pastures and

other grazing lands 5.71 2.1

7. Misc. land (tree crops) 3.06 1.1 8. Other fallow Lands 15.00 5.5 9. Current fallow 27.19 9.8

10. Net area sown 108.43 39.4


area by 6.4 lakh hectares (14.7 per cent). Significant changes have also taken place in cropping pattern in Andhra Pradesh. The share of rice, millets and groundnut decreased while the share of maize, pulses and cotton crops has increased in the nineties. Although share of rice in terms of net sown area has decreased, the overall production of rice was compensated by increase in the yield.

2.11. Fisheries

Andhra Pradesh is one of the biggest maritime States of India with 508 maritime villages and 280 fish landing centers along nine coastal districts. There are three major functional fishing harbours at Visakhapatnam, Kakinada and Nizampatnam. The coastal zone, an interface between land and water is transversal by important rivers such as Krishna, Godavari and other minor rivers such as Penna, all of which drain into Bay of Bengal. Despite a long coastline the share of marine fish in total fish production of the State is lower than that of inland fish. Inland fishery production is well developed. The State has 723 sq km of area under aquaculture, including an area of 400 sq km under fresh water fish culture. Shrimp farming has come up on a large-scale in some of the coastal districts, though its economic and ecological sustainability is of serious concern. Aquaculture has spread fast in Coastal region of Andhra Pradesh during the last two decades.

2.12. Andhra Pradesh Education profile

The state has 65, 609 government primary schools with close to 5.6 million enrolment; there are 14,942 Upper primary schools and 17,376 High Schools with enrolments of 2.49 million and 5.36 million students enrolment respectively. Number of schools and enrolment statistics as reported in 2009 A P Statistical Abstract is presented below. Similarly, enrolment numbers and number of colleges are also furnished below.


Table: Andhra Pradesh Education Profile (Source: www.andhraeducation.net)

Primary Schools

Number of schools 65,609

Enrolment Nos.

Boys 28,75,478 Girls 28,10,567 Total 56,86,045

No. of Teachers

Men 95,486 Women 87,711 Total 1,83,197

Upper Primary Schools


Enrolment Boys 13,02,469 Girls 11,89,729 Total 24,92,198

No. of Teachers

Men 53,351 Women 41,311 Total 94,662

High Schools


Enrolment Boys 27,47,809 Girls 26,22,153 Total 53,69,962

No. of Teachers

Men 99,013 Women 68,146 Total 1,67,159

Higher Education Enrolment in AP

Category Total Number Total Enrolment

Degree College (B.A., B.Sc., B.Com)

923 461,896

Engg. College 38 44,234 Medical College M.B., B.S. 31 10,384

All University (M.A., M.Sc., M.Com)

20 37,911

Teacher Training College (B.Ed., B.T.)

74 9,492

Teacher Training School 25 3,845 Polytechnic Institutes 101 36,487 Tech/Industrial/Arts & Craft School

459 36,364


2.13. Health

Andhra Pradesh has 481 hospitals that include 269 general hospitals, 41 hospitals with special treatment facilities and 171 allied hospitals spread across the state. The number of primary health centers (PHCs) in the state are 1, 581. While the total number of beds available in the state are 39,059, Andhra Pradesh Statistical Abstract (2009) divides these beds into 6,785; 6,299; 1,903 and 20,072 for men, women, children and common respectively. Number of doctors in the state including contract doctors are 10,117 (2009 Statistical Abstract A.P.)

Table 2: Government Medical (Allopathic) Facilities in Andhra Pradesh (Source: Statistical Abstract of AP, 2009)

Details Medical

Edn. Dept.

A. P. Vaidhya Vidhana Parishad

Directorate. of Health

Insurance Medical Services

Dept.

Total

Type of Hospitals

Hospitals General 14 197 50 8 269 Special Treatment 25 10 6 0 41 Allied 1 0 106 64 171

Primary Health Centers 10 0 1,571 0 1,581

Beds available

Men 6,562 0 0 223 6,785 Women 5,581 450 0 268 6,299 Children 1,782 50 0 71 1,903 Common 2,367 15,674 6,111 330 24,072

Dispensaries 0 25 123 141 289 Doctors 4,158 1,272 3,409 482 9,321 Contract Doctors 59 413 256 68 796

2.14. Forests

The recorded forest area of Andhra Pradesh is 63,814 sq.km, which is 23.2% of the geographic area of the State (2009 AP Statistical Abstract). By legal status, Reserved Forests constitute 79.1%, Protected Forests 19.4% and un-classed forests 1.5%. Andhra Pradesh has got a strong network of Protected Areas (PA) consisting of six National Parks spread over an area of 1,388.391 sq.km and twenty-one Wildlife Sanctuaries covering an area of 11,617.35 sq.km.


Table 3: Forest cover and growing stock in AP (Source: AP Forest Inventory Report, 2010)

2.15. Industry

Number of registered factories in Andhra Pradesh are 36,747 and there are 3,601 major and minor industries in the state. The state promotes establishment of new industries through its 272 Industrial Estates spread over 14, 170 hectares. Agro-industries and mineral processing industries dominate industrial establishments. Andhra Pradesh is the second largest producer of horticulture products in the county. The State's 1,000 kilometer coastline, 8,577 kilometer river length and 102 reservoirs spread over an area of 2.34 lakh hectare have been the principal sources of its marine foods, fresh water foods, including fish and prawn.

Table 4: Industrial facts of Andhra Pradesh (Source: http://industriesportal.apcgg.gov.in/StateProfile/Pages/Demographic.aspx)

2.16. Transportation and communication infrastructure

Infrastructure, communication and water networks fuel growth and development. Andhra Pradesh has good road and communication network. The state has 1.78 million kilometers of road network which includes both national and state highways. Twelve national highways cross the state facilitating faster import and export of freight and other resources. South Central Railways which is strategically positioned in the southern peninsula has its headquarters at Secunderabad and serves economically vibrant states of Andhra Pradesh, parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. There are 620 railway stations with 5,107 kilometers of rail length.

Canopy cover class Forest area in sq. km Growing stock in million M3

% to State Geographical

area Dense Forest (> 0.4 cm) 28,309 168.66 10.29 Open Forest (0.1 - 0.4 cm) 19,498 56.89 7.09 Scrub Forest (< 0.1) 4,898 6.53 1.78

Number of registered factories in the state 36,747 Industries 3,601 Units 1,46,142 Industrial Estates 272 (14,170 ha.)


Details on the extent of road network, rail connectivity and other communication means are furnished in the table below.

Fig 4: Road Map of Andhra Pradesh

Table 5: Infrastructure connectivity of Andhra Pradesh (Source: http://industriesportal.apcgg.gov.in/StateProfile/Pages/Demographic.aspx)

Railway Length of rail tracks 5,107 km. Rail stations 620

Road Total Road Network (all) 1,78,747kms.

Number of National Highways(12) 4,014 kms. State Highways 8,763 kms.

Airways International Airport 1 Domestic Airports 4

Sea Ports Major Sea Ports 2 Minor Sea Ports 3

Communication Offices 16,190 Number of Telephone Exchanges 3,341

Power

Length of transmission lines 6,70,800 No. of substations 2,874

Average plant load power factor 85.20% Consumption 575 KWh

Capacity addition 2,207 MW


International connectivity by air has significantly grown with large number of air carriers using the recently built Shamshabad International Airport. There are five other domestic airports which are in different stages of upgradation and support domestic air traffic.

To support freight movement, export and import of heavy industrial goods, Andhra Pradesh is bestowed with two world class ports Visakhapatnam and Gagavaram Deep water port (under completion). There are three small ports in Kakinada, Krishnapanam and Machilipatnam.

While mobile telecommunication has revolutionized conventional communication systems in the country, the state commands decent traditional communication network. There are 3,341 telephone exchanges and 16,190 telephone communication offices supporting this massive infrastructure. Growth in mobile connectivity is only adding strength to the overall communication network of the state.

The length of power transmission lines in the state is estimated to be around 6,70,800 kms. There are 2,874 substations in the state supporting power consumption of around 575 KWh. An additional 2,207 MW of power is estimated to support the demand.

Fig 5: Andhra Pradesh Hydel Plant network


2.17. Mining

Andhra Pradesh is a mineral rich State, ranking 2nd in the Country, containing a variety of Mineral Wealth, particularly Industrial Minerals. Andhra Pradesh is engaged in mining of 42 Industrial Minerals; to name a few Limestone, Mica, Barytes, Bauxite, Beach Sands, Steatite, Quartz, Feldspar, Manganese, Dolomite etc.

The State accounts for considerable reserves of important minerals, such as Barytes (97%), Calcite (75%), Vermiculite (27%), Limestone (44%), Garnet (23%), Feldspar (5%) Fuller's Earth (6%), Dolomite, Asbestos (96%), Fire clay, Ball clay (55%) and other minerals such as Quartz, Silica sand, Graphite, Quartzite, Diamond, Corundum, Mica etc.

Chapter 3.0 Vulnerability and Risk Assessment


Chapter 3.0

3.1. Vulnerability and Risk Assessment In peninsular India, cyclones occur frequently on both the coasts i.e. The West Coast (Arabian Sea) and East Coast (Bay of Bengal). But the East Coast is considered to be one of the most cyclone prone areas of the world. An analysis of the frequencies of cyclones on the East and West coasts of India during 1891- 1990 shows that nearly 262 cyclones occurred (92 severe) in a50 km wide strip on the East Coast, Less severe cyclonic activity on West Coast amounting to 33 cyclones in the same period.

About eighty tropical cyclones (with wind speeds equal to or greater than 35 knots) form in the worlds waters every year. Of these about 6.5% develop in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Since the frequency of cyclones in the Bay of Bengal is about 5 to 6 times the frequency of those in the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengals share comes out to be about 5.5%. The Bay of Bengal is one of the major centers of the world for breeding of tropical storms. Cyclones over the Bay of Bengal usually move westward, northwestward, or northward and cross the east coast of India or Bangladesh. When this happens, it brings strong winds and high rainfall to the coastal region, causing damage to property and loss of life.

A comparative study showed that both the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea are located in the same latitude band and receive same amount of solar radiation from the Sun. The Bay of Bengal is much warmer than the Arabian Sea and many more storms brew over the bay. Rainfall is much less on an average over the Arabian Sea. Winds over the Arabian Sea are stronger because of the presence of the mountains of East Africa; these strong winds force a much more vigorous oceanic circulation and the heat received at the surface is transported southward and into the deeper ocean. In contrast, the winds over the Bay of Bengal are more sluggish and the bay is unable to remove the heat received at the surface resulting in higher probability of storms and cyclones brewing out of the Bay of Bengal.

The criteria followed by the Indian Meteorological Department to classify the low pressure systems in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea as adopted from the World Meteorological Organization (W.M.O.) classifications are as given in the following table.

Category Wind speed (km per hour) Super Cyclonic Storm 222 Very Severe Cyclonic Storm 119 to 221 Severe Cyclonic Storm 89 to 118 Cyclonic Storm 62 to 88 Deep Depression 50 to 61 Depression 31 to 49 Low Pressure Area < 31


3.2. Vulnerability of Andhra Pradesh to Natural Hazards

Andhra Pradesh is exposed to cyclones, storm surges, floods and droughts. Every two to three years, Andhra Pradesh experiences a moderate to severe intensity cyclone or landfall. According to an estimate by the Department of Disaster Management, Government of Andhra Pradesh, about 44 percent of the state is vulnerable to tropical storms and related hazards. Similarly, drought is recognized as one of the most crippling hazards that impact the state. The Departments of Agriculture and Disaster Management of Government of Andhra Pradesh have detailed procedures of declaring droughts based on several factors.

Andhra Pradesh has 3,601 major and minor industries mostly spread in and around urban conglomerations such as Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Vijayawada and Tirupati. The vulnerability due to industrial hazards, fires and accidents is high due to higher density of population in urban areas.

3.3. Disaster Specific Vulnerability

3.3.1. Cyclones

Cyclones on the east coast originate in the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman Sea or the South China Sea, and usually reach the coastline of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and West Bengal, which are most vulnerable to this type of hazards. Two of the deadliest cyclones of this century, with fatalities of about 10,000 people in each case, took place in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh during October 1971 and November 1977 respectively. The super cyclone of Orissa in 1999 caused large scale damage to life and property. Along Andhra Pradesh coast, the section between Nizampatnam and Machilipatnam is most prone to storm surges. Vulnerability to storm surges is not uniform along Indian coasts. Andhra Pradesh coast between Ongole and Machilipatnam is recognized as vulnerable to high surges among the segments of the east coast.

The Bay of Bengal accounts for seven percent of the annual tropical cyclone activity worldwide; the recorded frequency of cyclones per year along the Bay of Bengal is four and inevitably one of the four transforms into a severe cyclone causing human and property losses. Although the percentage of cyclonic activity along the coast is relatively low, the level of human and property loss that cyclones cause around the Bay is very high. Cyclonic landfall usually lead to heavy rains accompanied with high speed winds and eventually translate into floods, as was the case with the damaging cyclone-induced floods in the Godavari delta in August 1986. While the entire coast of Andhra Pradesh is vulnerable to Cyclones, nine districts identified in the map below are most vulnerable and have recorded some levels of landfall in the last century as shown in the table in the following page.

State of AndState Disaste

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Table 6: (Source: Re

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Management) Department, GoAP]. Approximately 3.3 million people are within five km of the coastline. Except for some districts of Telangana; almost all coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh receive an average rainfall of 675.95 millimeters. Table 8 gives season-wise rainfall distribution of nine coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. Similarly, Table 7 presents population distribution in various Mandals of the coastal districts. The number of deaths and loss of lives in the last twenty years signifies the vulnerability of these districts to the cyclones. Approximately 10,000 people were killed in November 1977 cyclone of Guntur and surrounding districts. Similarly, 1990 cyclone the death toll was close to 1,000 causing approximately USD 1.25 billion damages in ten districts. Between 1977 and 1992, about 13,000 lives and 338,000 cattle were lost due to cyclones and floods, and nearly 3.3 million houses damaged [Source: Revenue (Disaster Management) Department, GoAP]

Table 7: Profile of coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh (Source: Statistical Abstract, AP 2009)

District No. of Mandals Coastal Mandals

Area (Sq.Km.)

Population (lakhs)

Population Density

Length (kms.)

Srikakulam 38 11 5,837 25.28 433 182 Vizianagaram 34 12 6,539 22.45 343 25 Vishakapatnam 43 9 11,161 37.9 340 155 East Godavari 60 13 10,807 48.73 451 177 West Godavari 46 9 7,742 37.96 490 17 Krishna 50 5 8,727 42.18 483 122 Guntur 57 4 11,391 44.05 387 62 Prakasam 56 10 17,626 30.55 173 116 Nellore 46 12 13,076 26.6 203 174 Total 430 85 92,906 315.7 3,303 1,030

Table 8: Season-wise rainfall data, 2008 -09 (in millimeters) (Source: Statistical Abstract, AP 2009)

District South West Monsoon (June Sept) North-East Monsoon (Oct Dec) Actual Normal Actual Normal Srikakulam 763.5 705.7 29.8 276.0 Vizianagaram 812.1 692.7 37.7 245.8 Vishakapatnam 672.4 712.6 81.8 297.2 East Godavari 807.2 751.7 171.6 319.6 West Godavari 948.6 785.0 151.4 245.4 Krishna 905.9 685.1 185.9 249.4 Guntur 633.9 525.8 194.5 228.9 Prakasam 288.7 388.3 418.4 393.7 Nellore 251.3 331.3 675.8 661.4


Loss of lives and livestock is compounded by the loss of agricultural crops. While the nine coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh are severely vulnerable to cyclonic storms and damages resulting due to cyclones, agricultural crop losses could be devastating. The delta region of the coast is recognized as the rice bowl of Andhra Pradesh. Trend analysis to determine agriculture growth of aggregate crop output indicated severe decline in land under cultivation and increase in fallow land during 1991 92 to 2004 05. This period also witnessed decline in irrigated area. The net area sown declined by 9.5 lakh hectares (8.6 per cent) and net irrigated area by 6.4 lakh hectares (14.7 per cent). Significant changes have also taken place in cropping pattern in Andhra Pradesh. Besides Warangal (52,207), Khammam (42,199) districts in Telangana, the net area irrigated by tanks and canals in the nine coastal districts is the highest in the state. Table 9 and Fig 7 shows district-wise canal and tank irrigated net sown area. When cyclones and resulting floods occur, the loss of crops, irrigation infrastructure due to severe inundation and cyclonic damages is significant in the coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh.

Table 9: Net Area Irrigated (in Hectares) in the coastal districts, 2007 -08 (Source: Statistical Abstract, AP 2009)

District Net Area Irrigated by Tanks Canals Wells Other sources Srikakulam 70,609 1.05,843 20,970 2,206 Vizianagaram 80,809 46,572 19,130 4,898 Vishakapatnam 28,578 43,106 13,600 19,713 East Godavari 36,113 1,80,880 64,459 12,029 West Godavari 22,744 1,88,497 1,55895 8,399 Krishna 22,299 2,28,562 54,146 13,749 Guntur 4,119 3,05,702 62,210 14,184 Prakasam 27,814 66,690 84,400 15,706 Nellore 73,840 87,727 73,828 9,191


Fig 7: Ne(Source: Sta

Cyclonescyclones attractingTheir laccyclones fresh watof the stayear in mnot reachhigh elevvulnerab

3.3.2. Flo

Floods arriver or aSometimdevastatito containhaving poFloodingcapacity obstructidue to tid


et Area Irrigatistical Abstract

s in the monthave been r

g good numbck of local kn

make land fter and seawate. They engmakeshift sheh this transievated areas ale group.

oods

re characteria stream and

mes copious ming floods. Fn the high floor drainage

g is accentuatof river chanons to flow, dal effects.

50,0

100,0

150,0

200,0

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Plan

ated (in Hect, AP 2009)

th of May arrecorded in Aber of itineranowledge anfall during th

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AreaIrrigatedAreaIrrigated

ctares) in the

re relatively AP in this mant laborers fnd permanenhis season. Sd to families collection of the marshes.

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| C3 -

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Floods by nature depend on several factors; one being incessant rains, cyclonic rains in a short period of time crippling natural drainage. However, other factors such as nature of the collecting basin, nature of the streams, type of soil, natural and man-made vegetation, amount of rainfall etc. determine type and extent of floods. The inundation patterns and potential areas that would be inundated due to river outflow and heavy rain is fairly certain; and the concerned departments usually have the information. However, inundation due to storm surges and cyclonic landfall is unpredictable and depends on the wind direction.

Floods in Andhra Pradesh have caused widespread loss to human lives, livestock, damaged homes and caused crop destruction over the decades. Infrastructure damage due floods is well recorded.

The Godavari and the Krishna rivers have well-defined stable courses; their natural and man-made banks are capable of carrying flood discharges with the exception of their delta areas. Because of lackluster attitude of the community, unplanned growth, lack of maintenance of natural tanks and improper upkeep of drainage systems, floods have been construed as natural although in reality they are human-caused. Traditionally, flood problem in AP had been confined to the spilling of smaller rivers and the submersion of marginal areas surrounding Kolleru Lake. However, the drainage problem in the delta zones of coastal districts has deteriorated in the last couple of decades, thereby multiplying the destructive potential of cyclones and increasing flood hazards. Finally, a critical additional factor affecting the flood management and the irrigation systems is the lack of maintenance. On several occasions, such as the May 1979 cyclone, most of the deaths were occasioned by breaches to the chains of tanks and canals, and over-flooding due in part to the choking of drains by silting and growth of weeds.

It is estimated that 44% of APs total territory is vulnerable to tropical storms and related hazards, while its coastal belt is most vulnerable region; Khammam district in Telangana region is most prone to monsoon floods along with five districts in coastal region. Along the coastline, the section between Nizampatnam and Machilipatnam is the most prone to storm surges. The fertile Delta areas of the Godavari and the Krishna rivers, which contribute substantially to the States agriculture economy, experience recurrent flood and drainage problems. Table 10 below depicts approximate storm surges along the coastal areas. Fig 8 below depicts state-wide flood hazard map which also shows storm surge risk.


Fig 8

Table 10 (Source: Re

Besides npeak discRecoveryStatisticsriver systby the Re


8: Map show

: Maximum evenue (Disaster

KaViKaMOnNe

natural surgecharges. As py Project, Ans and Plannintems of the sevenue (Disa

Plan

wing flood h(Source: B

storm surger Management) D

Placealingapatnamisakhapatnamakinada

Machilipatnamngole ellore

es and outflopart of Andhndhra Pradesng, GoI havestate. These aster Manag

azard map oBMTPC, MoHU

e of sea waveDepartment, Go

e m m

m

ow of watershra Pradesh Hsh State Reme prepared semaps are pre

gement II) De

of the state inUPA, Vulnerab

es oAP)

Probable

s from streamHazard Miti

mote Sensingeveral 100-yesented alonepartment of

ncluding storbility Atlas of I

e maximum s2.8 mts. 2.6 mts. 3.0 mts. 5.5 mts. 4.5 mts. 2.8 mts.

ms and riversigation and Eg Applicationyear return png with peakf GoAP. Riv

rm surge heiIndia)

surge

s, floods areEmergency Cn Center, Deeriod maps f

k discharge dver-wide pea

| C3 -

ight (in mts.)

also causedCyclone epartment offor all major

details providak discharge

8

)

d by

f r ded


details ar13) for ea

Table 11(Source: Re

Eve

July 198

Septemb1989 August

Septemb1991 Septemb1998 October

Fig 9a


re presented ach river.

: Peak Dischevenue (Disaster

ent Peat89 18,

ber 12,

1990 12,

ber 12,

ber 12,

r 2009 34,

a: 1 in 100 y

9a

Plan

in tables 10

harge of KrisManagement) D

eak dischargt Vijayawad,800 m3s-1

,200 m3s-1

,200 m3s-1

,200 m3s-1

,200 m3s-1

,000 m^3s-1

year Flood E

- 14 followe

shna River Department, GoA

ge da

Flow gdownstFlow gdischarFlow gdischarFlow gdischarFlow gdischar

Flow gdischar

Event of Kris(Sour

ed by 100-ye

AP)

Nature of ev

generated in ttream of NS

generated by rges from NS





shna and Inurce: APSRAC)

ear flood eve

vent

tributaries Dam

S Dam

S Dam

S Dam

S Dam

S Dam

undation area)

ent maps (Fi

District

Guntur, KrNalgonda Guntur, KrNalgonda Guntur, KrNalgonda Guntur, KrNalgonda Guntur, KrNalgonda Nalgonda, MahaboobnKrishna an

as (indicated

| C3 -

igures 9 thro

ts affected

rishna,

rishna,

rishna,

rishna,

rishna,

Kurnool, nagar,

nd Guntur

d in light blue

9

ough

e)


Fig 9b

Table 12(Source: Re

Eve

August

August

August

July 199

August-1994 August July 200Sept 200Aug 200Sept 200


b: 1 in 100 y

: Peak Dischevenue (Disaster

ent Pe

1986 6

1990 6

1992 3

94 4

-Sept 3

2004; 05; 05; 06; 06

N

9b

Plan

year Flood E

harge of GodManagement) D

eak dischargat Perur

67,746 m3s-1

66,918 m3s-1

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41,064 m3s-1

39,559 m3s-1

Not Availabl

Event of Kris(Sour

davari RiverDepartment, GoA

ge

1 Flow gdue to r

1 Flow gdue to r

1 Flow gdue to r

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e Flow gdue to r

shna and Inurce: APSRAC)

r AP)

Nature of ev

generated in trainfall






undation area)

vent

tributaries

tributaries

tributaries

tributaries

tributaries

tributaries

as (indicated

District

KhammaWest

KhammaWest

KhammaWest

KhammaWest

KhammaWest

KhammaWest

| C3 -

d in light blu

ts affected

am, East andGodavari






10

e)

d

d

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d

d

d



Fig 10

Fig 10a and

10a

10b

Plan

a: 1 in 100 y(indi

d 10b: 1 in 1(indi

year Flood Eicated in ligh

100 year Floicated in ligh

Event of Godht blue) (Sou

od Event of ht blue) (Sou

davari and Inurce: APSRAC)

Godavari anurce: APSRAC)

nundation are)

nd Inundatio)

| C3 -

eas

on areas

11


Fig 11:


1 in 100 yea

AugNovOcto

AugOctoNovJulySept

Plan

ar Flood Eve

Tabl(Source: R

Event

gust 1988 vember 1991ober 2001

Table 14(Source: R

Event

gust 1990 ober 1990 vember 1990y 1992 tember

ent of Penna (Sour

e 13: Peak DRevenue (Disaste

Peak dNello

1 1

4: Peak DiscRevenue (Disaste

Peak dGotta B

CAD

0

River and Inrce: APSRAC)

Discharge ofer Management)

discharge at ore m3s-1 2,956 6,549

10,368

charge of Vaer Management)

discharge at Barrage (I &D), m3s-1 2,749 1,588 2,347 3,695 2,886

nundation ar)

f Penna Rive) Department, G

District

NeNeNe

amshadara R) Department, G

& District

SrikaSrikaSrikaSrikaSrika

reas (indicat

er oAP)

ts affected

ellore ellore ellore

River oAP)

ts affected

akulam akulam akulam akulam akulam

| C3 -

ted in light b

12

blue)


Table 15: Peak Discharge of Nagavalli River (Source: Revenue (Disaster Management) Department, GoAP)

Event Peak discharge at

CWC gauge at Srikakulam, m3s-1

Districts affected

September 1990 1,009 Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram

July 1991 1,671 Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram

September 1991 845 Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram

July 1992 1,835 Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram

September 1994 1,616 Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram

July 1996 992 Srikakulam, Vijayanagaram

Fig 12: August 2006 Flood Event of Nagavalli River and Inundation areas (indicated in light blue) (Source: APSRAC)


While cois the moCyclone

Fig

With a coand resulbetween


oastal districtost vulnerablrecovery pro

g 13: Map sh

oastline of 1lting floods i2003 and 20

Plan

ts are prone le to floods. oject, APSR

howing Sept

050 kilometin the last ce008 are prese

to cyclones As part of A

RAC prepared

tember 2005(Sour

ters, Andhra entury. Detaiented in Tab

and resultanAndhra Praded Khammam

5 Floods in Krce: APSRAC)

Pradesh hasils of human

ble 16 below

nt floods, Khesh Hazard M

m flood map

Khammam (i)

s experiencen lives lost, l.

hammam in TMitigation anbased on 20

indicated in

d more thanivestock los

| C3 -

Telangana rend Emergen

005 floods.

light blue)

n 103 cycloneses, crop los

14

egion ncy

es sses


Table 16: Human, livestock and crop losses recorded between 2003 and 2008 (Source: Revenue (Disaster Management) Department, GoAP).

Year Type of calamity Date - Month

No. of Districts affected

Population affected (in Lakhs)

Human Deaths

Livestock losses

Houses damaged

Cropped area

damaged (in Ha.)

Estimated value of loss

(in Crore Rs.)

2003-04 Cyclone 15-16

Dec, 2003

6 42.68 44 1,02,324 17,147 2,65,741 765.92

2005-06 Heavy Rains

18-19 Sept, 2005

10 350.00 107 14,416 1,18,618 5,51,966 2,697.9

2006-07

Floods 2-5 Aug, 2006

10 13.84 165 20,530 2,76,567 2,19,897 3,455.23

Floods due to Heavy Rains

14-22 Sept, 2006 8 0.23 52 4,849 29,837 2,19,950 188.44

Ogni Cyclone

28 oct 4

Nov, 2006

5 13.85 41 3,50,000 95,218 3,84,550 7,135.2

Drought 2006 9 NA NA NA NA 6,63,671 NA

2007-08

Flash Floods

21-26 June, 2007

11 9.19 52 9,316 1,75,640 17,426 1,539.1

Floods due to heavy rains

Sept, Oct and

Nov, 2007

15 30.66 122 3,871 6,54,394 87,127 1,308.4

Un-seasonal heavy rains

9-13 Feb 2008 6 NA 4 3,000 122 2,92,854 141.76

Un-seasonal heavy rains

22-29 March 2008 17 NA 36 1,643 3,556 1,33,556 102.95

3.3.2.1. Floods of October-November 2009 in Kurnool and Mahbubnagar

Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh is located towards the west-central part of the state. It is situated in the southern banks of Tungabhadra and Handri rivers. Kurnool district has 54 Mandals under 3 revenue divisions; Adoni, Nandyal and Kurnool. Hundri is a small river that pass through the heart of Kurnool. Normally, the river course receives small discharge up to


50,000 cuflood waareas. SimOctober 0inundatio

While Ma combinMahbubndue to Ocdue to th

Fig

IncessantTungbhaMahbubnKurnool Between received incessantaverage odams waGoAP).


usecs. Howeter entering milarly, the c02, 2009, apon of Kurnoo

Mantralayam ned total of 8nagar and othctober 2009 e floods.

g 14: October

t rains and inadra dams wenagar districis around 14September an average o

t and unprecof 750 TMCs around 150

Plan

ever, by Octothe flanks ocapacity of T

pproximatelyol and neigh

in Kurnool a87 Mandals; her surroundfloods in An

r 2009 Flood

nevitable disere one of thts between S

49.6 mm and30 and Octoof 205 mm a

cedent

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