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Cont. From 13th Dec.� Systematicity of language: Language

is systematic. It means that “Languagehas a set of definite rules that governits use.” All languages have grammarand this grammar lends a structure orsystem to that language.

� Arbitrariness of Language: Thisfeature is opposite to the secondfeature .

� Arbitrary means “not based on anyprinciple or plan or system” Thus,language is systematic as well asarbitrary.

� Language is arbitrary because ofTwo reasons:

i) Each language chooses its own systemof speech sounds and has words fordifferent objects. We use differentwords for the same object in differentlanguagesEx: Book – in English

Pustakam – in TeluguKitab – in Hindi

ii) There is no connection betweenwritten word or spoken sound and theobject they refer to.

� Duality of Structure: There are twolevels (systems) governing anylanguage – it is called Duality ofStructure.

� First Level: Putting up of Speechsounds together into words.Ex: W+e = we.P+l+a+y = play

� Second Level: Words are combinedinto meaningful SentencesEx: We + play = We play.

� Language is a system of systems:Language is a system of Phonetics,grammar and vocabulary which inthemselves are systems.

These systems are:� Phonology: The study of speech

sounds. ( called Phonemics inAmerica)

� Morphology: The study of Words,their information and various changesin their form.

� Semantics: The study of Words andtheir meanings in a systematic way.

� Syntax: The study of word order i.e.,phrases, formulas and sentences.

� Language is Learnt: The child knowsno language and he learns it over along period of time. He begins learningof language by making various isolatedsounds. Finally he acquires the speechsounds by imitation. He also learnsgrammatical constructions of thelanguage by imitation.

� Displacement: It means that we areable to speak of Past, present, futureand about the places that are awayfrom us.

� Our speech beyond the limit of time

and space� Displacement is the rare quality of

human beings because animals can’timagine, and their communicationcontext bound.

� Language is creative andPrevaricative: It means that eachsentence we use in our daily life is anew sentence. We may repeat asentence but may not do so exactly thesame way we uttered it the first time.

� Prevarication means “the ability to telllies”.

� Language exhibits redundancy: Itmeans that language repeats itself.

� It facilitates the listener to understandthe total meaning, even if a part of theutterance is not carefully heard.

� Language is extendible:• It means to extend any sentence that is

given to us.• It means we can’t set a standard length

to a sentence. We can continue asentence by adding a new element eachtime, making the previous sentencelonger.

� Language Transmits Culture:• Language is the most dynamic form of

culture-preserving and culture-transmitting.

• Language is transmitted from oneindividual to another not by physicalinheritance, but by learning.

� Language is Dynamic:• Language changes.• Every language constantly changes and

develops according to the needs of thepeople.

• The change occurs at all levels –sounds, words, word meanings andsentences.

� Interchangeability: It means that itcan both send and receive messages.

� Reflexiveness: This refers to the

ability to use a language system toexplain its own system. That is alanguage is used to explain its owngrammar or use.

� Languages are primarily vocal, butmay also be visual.

� Languages is essentially humanalthough it is not limited to human.

� Specialization:• It signifies that human language is a

special system and has its ownframework of structure and meaningand that the system is suitable forconveying messages within theframework.

• It also means that there need not becomplete physical involvement.Human beings may involve themselvesin other activities while doingsomething else.Ex. They can talk about a recent filmwhile eating.

Language Transmits Culture

TR

T- E

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h

Ch. Srinivas

S.A (English)

ZPHS, Elabaka

Veenavanka

Karimnagar

Language Acquisition• Language acquisition refers to the process of natural

assimilation, involving intuition and subconsciouslearning.

• It is the product of real interactions between people inenvironments of the target language and culture, where thelearner is an active player.

• It is similar to the way children learn their native tongue, aprocess that produces functional skill in the spokenlanguage without theoretical knowledge.

• A classic example of second language acquisition are theadolescents and young adults that live abroad for a year inan exchange program, often attaining near native fluency,while knowing little about the language.

Language Learning• The concept of language learning is linked to the

traditional approach to the study of languages and today is

still generally practiced in high schools worldwide. • Attention is focused on the language in its written form

and the objective is for the student to understand thestructure and rules of the language, whose parts aredissected and analyzed.

• The task requires intellectual effort and deductivereasoning.

• The form is of greater importance than communication. • Teaching and learning are technical and based on a

syllabus. • One studies the theory in the absence of the practice. One

values the correct and represses the incorrect.• Error correction is constant leaving little room for

spontaneity. • The student will be taught how to form interrogative and

negative sentences, will memorize irregular verbs, studymodal verbs, learn how to form the perfect tense, etc., buthardly ever masters the use of these structures inconversation.

LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Vs LEARNING

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