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● w:..

LA=mm

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* MF’oit’rLIBRARY

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ABOUT THIS REPORT

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_—

Rat al],ELd.di.!liom

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cord%rdm

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Table ofcontents

1-4

.

X-.3,

__—.X-1ANoc1015(Cent’d

:● ✍ 008●*e mm.● *m**

● 90● ●’m●* ● O,*● ● O* ●

● ● me.● 9m **9

. — .=:,.—~-F~.=-. -.-.,: -.. . . . .. ------------ -

pips I f’~/:;,J~@~

a=-— --- .--- . . . .. .. . —..-... ------ . . ...-—.. ..-, ___ . .. . . .. _

I:1.

.

.



IV*

VI.

.—

XL

~-

89 ● -o ● ew ● e* ● 99 ● =● ● 99,- :W, mem

● w● :..i i uNCLASSIFIED

● ... ● ~:. :.. :.’

!A.wpard-q Lou !wfm3 :1’oup 3=:LS

Reportson

tl.mo.Theywill

sectionto which

al desigmrtione

tlw &Iow topics will b sutmittod from time to

ht3ar a Romm i%lIIlC2X’d wn?rosr;ondir~ to the

thqrbcil.cm[yand 3x2 Arabic nrneral for addition-

The Ulatorialprewmted in “Ukx.3erepox”wwillbe

.——_



of 2(3,CWtonsTNT W@vala+ j.~gj”venoTW c.xplosicmWw4 place200 yaxx%

atwvea ri~i.dmediumjthe ‘IWVG !w)’kbl of’ tho w.ter iS mfllectidfor the

pr)oaentc~.e effectCf wa,tmr vapor on -WC wipa,nsjon and riseof the “ball.of ,

fire”is ne~lectwlqAll mme ricalva.lwsgkwm are hi@Uy Wmta tivm

?Ylepurposaof this reportis to pm.mmt for orientationa ti.m

_—. schedule,a set of shockprwsurw and radiationWxmsit2es- kmago and

contaminationproblem are not diacummd.

2. Descriptionof nuclearexplcmim

‘rims thin% follow

i$edby havinctho

is set intomtion



,:-...

pas 3dL



—.-

● O ● 99 ●● 0

-me ..: .=O●

.. *O= ● ** .

.-mm : ● 00 ●..”8 ● 90 ● 9 ***

88 ● mm ● ● 9* ● ●

C?c1 psi. The clouclcontinuesrisi~~at an alway~des,rwasirr~rat= untilit

“hrara:.es the inversion

it start+”+x3?nusdUWorzl

the i.nvmwioriup to a

minuteswherethf3cloudfinallymushroomsout. The

25@O0feetwill driftto the southwestand the pm%

ea9WmL

Timeschedulefor Test .40

part of thr$cloudbmcm

dx?wl that W“m dru.”t!



● s ● mm98

800 ●.0: ●8* ●

.. 00=:: .:*O● we● ** ● 00 ● e**

99 ● 8W ● ● O****

In this tablewe assumethatthe energy equi,vdentjof ZO,WIGtons

TNT is liberatedand the bomb explodesat a hei~htof 200 yds. x

V5M the foUminC symboM3:

‘shock =

‘shock=

Tshock=

9=

Pshock=

‘shock=

radiusof shockfront.

horizontaldistanceof shockfrontfrom a ~ointdiroctl.ybeneaththe explosicm

temperatureof shockfront.

visibleilluminationintensityat a point10,000yds from the

shock

shock

overpressurein either

velocity

alo~ the ‘WaterSW’.!%%%

● a* 9 ● *. . . . ● 9

●099::: ● *we

● = ● *-99*=:* .,.●.. .:= :** ●*- :** ● 0

● 9 ● -o .-. :-* : : .’..-a

se *.O -

8F::*-● e-..,,

.a. -



● m :=0 we

. . ..* : ●’* ●.. 9-- ● *O

,9*W : ● ** ●

998 ● 9* ● ***

● m ● ** ● ● ****D

L t= -4L7 See,

Altitudeat a horizontal

theplaneis flyingat a

Bombdroppedfrom 30,000ft-

distanceof 16,9x)ft fromthe target(asmmin~ that

truespeedOf 300 mph]

29 t ~ -.U5miwa3c, Rombis deto.natid

s. t= 0$ Nuclearexplosiontakesplac9.

The hi:~hesttemperaturereachedis 60,000,000°1L

4. t= *.90~?niUisec$ Shockwave and visibleradiationreachesair.

The shockpressuxwis then 30,0CXI,CQ0at.mand 80Cl,000°K

f). t = .069Millisec, Radiation rushes out.

Temperatum dropsand MU of Fire fallsbehindthe shockfront (onlythe dmck

frontis visib2ein the next interval).

%hock= 14a5~’*

‘shock= 300,000W

~~hock~~ 20,CXXlatm = .?~~ Fin

&hocl/Pair = 9

vshock= 4t~,000yds/sec

u= 50 sunsat 10,000yds

Stillsee shockRronta

ub the re~ionof shockfrontwltichmakesthe front

‘blackbody.

No yds

76i%tm

woo y&s/sec

—



7.

● ☛ ● O9● a

9*O .OO: ●’* ●

..000 :: .:00● 99*● O=@os:o@ ::~oo● 0 ● . .

9* ● 9- ● *W8: :0::●*●**●*

● =-98:e** .*

““i’ll”siocl!%’rid ?komes transparent.

‘Ih3ractiatinCsurfacestartsreccxli.qtowardsthe ball of fire. 1[wee,

M-M low value of the LLluxminationat this time,

%.hoclc= 2.25yds

‘shock=40atm

Tshock= 2UXYM

‘shock= 2200yds/sec

‘z = 60Os90

Q= 0.10 sun at 1o,ooo yds

8* % = 70.’1milliseconds, Shockwave hits

The shockoverprcxwurejudt beforethe shock

,,.u



1.

!

9“

I

● 9 ● *9 ● 0

● ** ●60: ●*D ●

9emmm ● **

● *8* : ● ** 9

.* ***** ● **O

● m ..= ● *****

. . . . . . . . ● *9 ● 9e ● o● *

● 8●● :*

● ● *D

b = ().165 S% C%CX’N% * Mach stem s-h&xi to form

%hc$k.= xx-)yck)

27’0psi

3.UXYJK’

1480y&’/sw

.

I ,(--

8** 9 .** ● ** ● *●80.::: ::9*● 0:0:: ● ::

●● * ●:* ● .O ● ** ● ** ● *

● ☛ ● 9* . ..***--- “*9 ● .***----- ~. .

.0..*



● e 9*O ● 9 ● e

..8 ..:::O999mm:m* .=m● -80..wmmo ..**•memm=.=~ ● **

By Sgt. Im&m.ster Hun.

It has oftenbeen observedthat in lar~e explosiom at sea when the

humidityhas beenhi{:hthe whola area surrou.ndinflthe explosionis obscured

The air is fixwtheatedby the compxw3sion phase of’ tho shock wave and is.

thencooledduringthe expansionpha.scof the pressuw wave. If thiscooling

is sufficientto m.pcmeaturateWe air$ condensationand tog may bc oxpectd

In M-448 z F. Rcinesuada a detadledanalysisof the explosionof the U.S.S.

Burkewheremotionpicturerecordsof the phenomenonwere obtained. L’Iehavo

20$000ton explosion., Thus our results should apply directlyto the Groat%=

For e 20$000ton eqilosionwo concludo~

L No fog will be formedif the Mmlidi-$y3-s 10s9 thanm [amumi.~ an



evaporate.

4, The time

whichit ~Awws

● ☛ ● we

=-8*

●.:

● ●:0

and radiusat which

EIE&f b wed to make

the fog firstformsand

a c~rudeos”timateOf the

in the explosion. It is yrobablynot an accurateestimate

pretationsdependcriticallyon the exactshapeof the pressurepulses.

The occurrenceof a cloudchambereffectaf%erthe expl~ai.onwill depend

on the relativehumidityof the atmospherein the vic3.nityand on the

chan~eM temperatureresultin~from the successivecompressionand r.are-

factiondue to the pass,i~shockwave. If the peak overpresmroof tha shock

wave is greatenoughthe finaltemperatureat a pointwill be ~reaterthan.

the originaltxqxwatur~ and no cloudcm.nform A calculationwas made of

the ,naximumtamperafx.u+eChcangeat severaldistances.TM dalaWQro calcu-

latedi%om

9*- ●● *m :09 :**

.*9 ● : : . ● ●9* ● 9

c ● ● * “: , : :●

●m .:. :.’. ● *9 ● ** ● *

● 9 ● ==:.0 ● . ●

--- -**..**

~ . -- - .-



742.$7

955.51006

1368

1949

323S

5730

ps- po

--@---

TO——NR”

5

2

1

0.62

0.5

0034

0.2

001

0.05

● ✎ .0, ● D* ●:* :-. :**

SD: .,* **0

-* 89*; *9

.:.0 ● 9

● “*” ● /=2““’ “

$x) “ P.~i~.—

—L——------

t atP~j,n

-rz!y-&x-

1.26

1.73

2ciC)3

2.73.

2.95

3,66

so40

9.1515.6?-——..--.,..

ova’pressureof more than 708 psi

For shockoverpresmr%sbetwecm

!l!hedistenceat whichthe shock

f~m tho @cp303ion. Zero shock

to 0.36 IS. (corrw3pon&n~ to a

o

relative hwtdity and 30C@Xtempmature before shocks cloud formation

8*9 ●. . . :.9 :9*

.“. 9:: .**w- .***.0 :=: ● *

● ● *. :*O.8.*.:.●**

9. .--..0 ● ●

“,, ..’. ● ● . ●“*----

“~.-:. ma,.–= -. m

-— wan em----- ● -



. . %..*. .0.

8 I1 atrn... ...1

. . . —.

-md.r’q-jRatio

21

18

3.7.9

19+>520:,~23.6

Y&l%?FM. Mi’&

mm---’-

91”378.2

‘?7.8

84s8/39.1

94

velocityOf M(3 shockminimumthis

Thus the Wlm@-.’&WtanceZ’@latiorl%s

of TableL It -Vm9 f’cmndthat Ih3

regionisaboutconstant; 36So6@S/SE3C.

‘m.s ax?.omj a Um?ziz’ttm3ac.?atl$which i!3 E3hown

Slzl(w‘Ma p%xsmu”egot?srlw@xi’mbd?om it

as a EKYxmci

miaclks?si-ta

4

98 ● ** ● ** 9 ●● ce 8** ● ● ● t)’.● **m.. ..=

-A,.- .- -.. ~;.-- . .





9*9:9

● :

● eo9 ● a,

6*6O:::●** ,8 5

of Fi~O 2.

-b time “

with respect

To correctfor _thiaJthe

abscissa.

If a cloudformsas

to the ball of firewill

obscured. The X’WhlC’tiOn

dotted curve is drawnin to IXIwed with

the EWek wave movesOub, the visibility

I.)@

irk

and of the thicknessof the

point, and the relationis Hrwr. The diffewnco betweenthe saturation

mixingratioat %ha cmigind temperature(W)OOK)and thatat the

temperature.vaaclwlgivesW3 mount of water in fyu@cilosramof’

into clouddroplots. It shouldbo notedthat thesecalculations

minimum

air condensed

arc?not Veq

sensitive.tochangesin the ori@na3,temperdm.rejan errorof 2 to 3% be-

introducedif.the originaltemperatureliesbetwoen29(loKand 3%(YM.

Temperatures Mss than 2980Kare not anticipated,but an errorof not more

than~Y shouldoccurif these

2830Kbaf’orQths explosion,.

figure?are used for temperaturesas low as

condensedis known~the clowldensityis [~ivenonce the amount d’

by

JfI-i.*@ratios$~ W-d p L9

water

of p at several ciensi.ths for

W relation betwecmrehtfLvQ

a relativehumidityOf 100%

humidity and chwi. density at

TM3LE 111

Figure4 gives

those di.akncese

i



● 9 ● a* ● *9 ● 00 400 .098 **S . .

The reduction

Of cloud thickness

Visibilitywithout

clonddensity$and

8*W9 ●*ii● 9 : ● *● : : ● *G ●:0 : ●:0 ●**●*

)5’

invisibility was assumed b be an exponentialfunct,icm

datum: Shaw$!Janualof lteteorol.og~,Vol. 111,p 342. ThisYW%ronce :ives——. --—..-..

the observationthatvisibilitywas reduoedto 40 meterswhen the c20ud

Ciensity -was00&griy’mde??%thatvtsibid.itywas red~~ced

densityOm879/meter3~k may

If we assume“reducedto 40 meters!}to moan

to 0.M In a 40 meterthicknessof cloudof

be evaluated.Calctiattongives—

TABLEIV

v..—

0.15

4— —.

6



Vfj “--. —..-.. -.,.— ....---”...- ‘— —.”.”...- e- . . . . . - s

.R&’ + W.J--+ El?-rJ&z0.61.— .-..T

...-..—

nk’?i.tq~ratio and tl-m other

-& ,..

5-hcc?the CblxiVww fcm?w$d

factorsare constant. Ii@ ia ima.1.lcwq.p=’edto L

w~ ma,yw.titoapprmximatoly

. . . ● ● m. ● .* . ..99 ●.: ::. ::● .em. e . . .

8 .9. ●:. 9** 90●:* :*O● O. . .9. ● O9 ● ●WV* ●*9● ●**.* ...: .:.● --- ●. . . -- ::9.m -- em



● 9 98-● bw● **W● *89**● * .em

● ✌●“a: ●’m●89899● 90s● C:s. o:

● ● m*9*m● 90 980 999 ● O9*W.OOs 0::wm m..

torise from Mw3ocwam

The -wind to-wad tha

them M ?m@lt back -h

centerd the explfmbn wkich occursas the prossum

J3urkeCwlsesfy-o%’mg

● ☛☛ ✎☛☛ ✎ ✎

9** * ● ● 0. ● :● : .* ●, :0 ::

8m. m. .*

99 ● mm .9. ● m. . . . 9.. . . . . ● *mm.*

● ●00. . . . .:: . . . ..*.---- -me

. . . “e● * “-- ● *



● m ● .e ● ● *●*m O’9: ● wewwm 999 ● *,

899* ● OO● COW*:* Go:● m ● ** ● ● m* O**

W* 8*O ● ** ● ** ● m* ● *m- m.. ● *

● om

● :009

“:” : iii’ ::” :.;“o ‘

as it was formed,and so bqyanto clearth~ ocaanwhen it had reachedmaximm

Urwth$commpondin,;tmatimed about9swmds for th UXXXIton shot.

need not bQ ma%mi M ~i~ ammme the cloud compositions to be aboutthe sank%

We may cmelude~ then, that a ehmd if formedby the nuclearexplosion

till be@n ‘m rimwhenitmgrowbh iscortpbteci, and will fine at a rate of

about 6 ElzLt?&3per hour. Growthti”t~ecan be roadoff FiLw 2 for @ven

humidity.

● oe ● ● ** 8** .*9-0 ● ● .. : : :9.*. :0::. : ● *so .:a:**● O* :00 ● 0

4

9* ● . . ● ** ● ●●*..’*.* .***. . . a . . . .. . .=. *a*m.. . - OCJ*-7 --- :e. -





—.. ..-—-—- --- —.. - ... .. .,.-

(

/

85

80

APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE




..-1

I

6

5’

4

3

2

I

G

QELATIVE }4u MI DIT’.’ !’4 O/.= :

i’



—

● ☛ ● ☛☛ ● ☛☛ 9,* ● ** ● *● ● ● 8

● : ● *● *; X::*::●:* e-----

● .m9*9 ● m● ** :*O ● * w

(Mmexw.1 Description of the Rwli.atd.on I%odwed by the Atom Bomb

L Radiation3urixw~FirstMnute.——-- ..--1-...... — —.......—

Thereare severaltypesof racitati.oncivenoff by the ~tOtiC bombs

is WI(2 Roent?:enduri~n$’jthe firstminute. At 3$00 $0 KIOO yal-xlsthis

radiation is not da~erow. Neutron radiation is Mmktcd to a distance of

about 6(’)oyards and certainly less than3i100yards,

As soon as tha chainreactionstartsszuroti.mo~a few hardiiirays

and fastncmtronsshootout. About fiw’~ m’L&roseconds~.atervisibleradiation

mm ● 9e ● 00 *m*.0= .* *99*9*=-”- ..n - a

“ ● la-.e. - -

.-. --



● ☛ ● *O 90● *9 ●** : ●** ●● 98*** ● **890 9 ● me● 98 ● +: ●00:98 ● ** ● ● *****

.-—-.

v

-—--

A 3.arccrnumber

are Unblpor’b’t because

shortthe. TM r.wdlatlon dosa;:o

unit d? tf.mo and the to tall ckma~o

multiplied by % expowm tiYrm

001 Roentcen per day can be taken

i.n’bmw

before it



/==

2, The cimmnaxwii.atic.m -t3wmthe fWSiCXIproductswhichare

scatterod over thewaterand takenup in the cloud. The rate of the fission

The initialbwrst

in theball of fire durirxj

the ball of fire has risen

in th air beforereachi.ncthe ~rowido

Or energ equivalent to 20#00 tOnii Of

whichappearsat a distanceof R yards

If the mplosion rebtses the anount

TNT, ths totaldosageof ganmaradiation...?..-:

from the explosion is :::.i~ $~ca”$.= ~&\ ‘–,:-----,.—-.- , r;

,‘,

or .5.3inchesof watw arc?in linebetwem th(?ball of firo and thepointor

“j@~ lQ”’-__...._. ,,-

‘%

of time.h a:reement with We Wmoretzbsal predictions of WA.sdmpf$ otii 205

were prcmptnatro.ns; the otlwr JOS appmrod as 3-(JW+ass 10 seconds later. The

results it follows thats

that they sufficed to make.

Ixmh From theseexperimenkil.



● m ● *= 80

99* .OO: ●mm●

● 9w8u ● **

● mm= : ● 00 ●

● 9=*9= ● ***

● .mmvm *m** ● *

● m ● . . 900 ● 9* 808 ● 8

so =.: .::● 0:0-

.:0

● .:. Q*1,.L :0. :.:

Or:

R(.rletcms) U)O 600 NOo 15002 &~12 3011 I.(Y 1($~JQoI$cutrgnsPer m

bincethe lethal,dose of nsutronsis approximatelyIN per cmtpim~~t~>rbquare~

it followsthat the lcth.alradius is around 600

MOO DW3tar%

The intxmsityof the thermalradiation

an c)bserv9r at 10s000 yardss th int+msity will?

for about 4 semnds.* It is~ h.owwer$ the first-—.

i.il duration)which M rich in shortwave le@h

is raised, Carl be ~i-imn by the formula (taken from VI-1)S



~~”—”’——-—-——Time I‘radiation

~—”-—’—”——-–--””O--chain Vieak i.ntermity of promptreaction ‘HS [email protected] ~ buKLdi~ Up

b@Ping$ &ponentiaUy wiih timefor about 2 microsocon$~The totalradiationf’ordistance=We orderof’100 yds is [email protected]

t

lrEERF ‘“ ‘—’—seconds

___

lo=dmir=iT--”-”-. . —

seconds

it

—.—.- “.—-,—

Neutrons—- .—

IWY&k i.ntsnsll.tyof promptWNltrorlsbuildsup t?xpo”nentia.1.lywith timofor2 H1.icmseconds.onlythOS@which 2Qt throughth~ bombmaterialVJith-01.ztibeingScatt.ared&Ytvery fare Theseneu-tronsfurnish20% oftho to”i.%11flux at 600

metersdistance.

.— ———- .. ..—

-mi7t5Rii5-mrm Ri%T--”--sloweddown by scatter-ing insi~ the bombMnia to emerpyas epi-thm’mlilnm tronswithabout200 ev cmer~.Tht3w3neutrons onlYpfmetra.te about U)b me”tws in air beforeab-Sorptionin nitrogen.

—-.——. .-.. ..—Delayedneu=w=omthe fisGionproductsWlorgpwith WMW of’about6Q0 kev. ‘rneeencwtron.s cmntinue toti @tit&d fOr about

ten seconds. They

f’urnic% most of the in-

tensity obswvc?d at

distances as f’a.ras

600 meters.

one niim).@U W**● ●** ●**●*●9* ● ● ● .● : :9 : ●0 :0

●::: ● ,

●= ●:8:09●**:80●*

II—.—. ........ .. .. — .—-—

● w ● m* ● ** ● ●98****, ● ● ●**“m. .a ~~,..~---- ---0c3 --,- -C3s.– . .

-e



/- —-

- —.

The conbinatim of skin temperatureincreaseplus

flux insideof 4000yardstill be damagincin aIL casesto

large ultra-violet

exposedpersonnel.

%yond thispoint thaw may be casesof injLqy$dependingupon individual

La?

This cainalso

is probablyof ~.esshnpor-tahcebecauseof’its

fhZX ~CeiVed OWra @n-secOnd Ileriodof th@

bo Wri.ttxm W38

L.-’

?nmc = 24A#@ W.rl+mcorlds.

● em ● ● .b ● e. ● e●°* ● ●. : : ::

● :000:00 ●● *.* ● 0

99 ● mm 9.9 . . . :.. .0

98 ● e. ● m* ● ●● mm W**● ● ● ●O*. . . a .?e* ●--. :

!3**“a :------ e



.—.—

i%xxmdto

at a rate

is 20,00CJ

—— —— —— -—”———= -- — —-,- ---— ------ ,—--—.-— —.—— —— .

ri?gysam EiLc&*

● De ● ● =9 ● 90 ● *9** ● ● 8. : : : W*9*.**: ● **● ● *

9= ●:D :*O ●:* :00● 0

99 ● ** ● .9 ● 9.*. ●’e● ● b ●**. . . e a.. o---- :

:.- “3°’9 ..



_—..

oi’ fp.ma rays is

tho center of the clou&

Wym ~,w 7:;OOQ)605810J8 .one hour the cloudoccupies

/-$i%

(2)

in the center of Me cloud muld ‘M 720 Rwmtgens pm hour. Fifteen rr~inutes

diN3C’t~~thmcgh

of tim whichho

an Unpredicblble

and thereforono

day.

the cloud wcnd.d n~t be prohibitivebecauseof the shortM@ih

WMIM rmaairiin th cloud. Howwer5 the @ne wouldpick up

amunt of contwi.nation which mi@R. be exbwwcly An:prow

● ☛☛☛ ✚✎✎ ✎● ✚ ● ☛

● 0 ●:0:0*●**● *Q ● *

9* ● -* ● ** ● ●● m.*’**. ..*..90 . ● *9 .“.. - :.

..-

-- /.- .-



——

‘will be depositedim.Wc sea waterand cm UM

● 9

.9

me● w● *

● ☛

● m ● ** 9** ● ,.8 ***... ..*...-. -.. *O

.“---- . .● e.---.- .09* --- .- .e



.———

air at a hci@lt of h feet di~~tly over WM

of fission products of radiusR feetin the

Roent@ns pm’ hour at a neighth = (Vz]sa,,...



—,.

Here&h is the)factor which ew~Ss8s thev&.ati.onof the dosage with hei~ht

above the surfaceof thewater. If R = 1500 feet, ~ has the valws t

h(feet) 1 3 10 20 m !@ 100 200 300 500 10M2

‘“h 2.:+ 2.40 1.7$ L 458 10262 1.022 0.711 & 433 0.294 Oa154 0o040

Helowthe surfaceof thewater% has approximatelythevalue1.00. If in Me

firstshots0.25 of the fissionproductsare depositedin the sea water k a

radius of R = ISOOfeet$thenbeforethe verticaldiffusioncarriesan appreciable

fractim ~f the fission pzwductsbelow 22.8 cm beneath the water swface$

4.I!wl”wa = lldt

ii e 0. l%nn~ (see !+15Wport X-1)has co~iti~d the ~duction irkthe

dosageabovethe surfaceduo to the downwarddiffusiond Me fissionp.mh~vts,

He assumesthatat zero time the fissionproductsare spreadon the surfaceof

the sea-waterand that theydiffusedownwardswith an eMy dlffwiv~ty$ x? [EWe

“The GcJeans”by Sverdrup, Johneon, and Fleminv~j.If Sa is tne surfaraactivtty

as a functionof tdmoif all of the fissionproductsremai]]edon tinesur~ace,

$he densityof the radioactive~moductsat a depthx(cms)at a timet(hourc)

is givenbys

. S& ~-x2/4Kt ]~ CpmlasG

&m =7

~~~ng ,.ss L2.8 w be the mean free path of the ~amas in sea watm’, due cnl.y

to the downward diffusion of the fission products, the radioactivimat the

surfacedecreaseswith timeti~the factorW?

Here

Both

fP(z) 2 z=—tfi“-

0

Comdr. ReveUe

conservative.

3‘l@(1-%+=2kti~~21- P (~) ‘,fi~>I=e -.. . )

e“z2dz is the usual probability integral.

and l=enn~~~i~e tjIB$*%pJ od/sec = 3600cm2/houris9 ● *

● : ●* :* ::9** : ● *●* ●=9● 9*●*9:**●e

●e ●** ●**D**●.@*=e** ● **. . ...* ●. .-...~ --A. ● ☛✠✍✍✍..3. ● e 00

10*

1500

0.012



● m ● Q9 ● ●e..m .’.● ●ma●.* *em ● 00.*9* : ● ** ●.Owmme .***be ..0 ● ● wmm. e

● m . . . ●ow● 9. ● ma ● 9● -mm: ●

● m-...-—- c:

● .:. : 2$.*~*i ~ “

-first

given

(M as

Roentomn9 per hour

h(feet) 3 10 30 50 100 200 ?L’O500 woo XxJot(minutes )

-–--3i2rxl---u?Hr~T3T2m”momo 72(JTw’”’----!%--- —.. -..m,.....,.-

3 3024 2255 15901285 096 S46 370 ly4 50 15

5 1596 1190 839 680 473 288 196 102 27 8

10 646 402 339

20 252 188 133

30 3.43 107 75

60 53 2$ m120 3,9 14 10

61 42 26 N 9.? 2.4 *?2

8.2 5.7 3.5 2.4 1s2 *32 .10



● 9 .98..0 .’. : ●**.C$o o.=: .:8*88=.*m*. m

● 8 ● *D ● ● sc : :

● ☛

●●

✘✚9

we ● ** 9*9 ● =9 :..999● O,*

● o.:0 &iy● ● ,0 : ● ** ● **

● W

::

99.9● 9

. ● ✎ ✎ ✎ ● a. ● .9 ● m

9--00 ● 90909 :

9 ..9 :- ::

● : ● 0

● W ●:O:-0 ● OO :00 90

● a* ● *9 ● ●:99● .’*● m’m● . . 9 :0: .● eem : .

ew, e--00 ● ow o

.



-.—..

“%x? tofcmn(iwtmmw ?&w ticWK:.wm.mofMW & cnww3act$0n Of ● MXlo

= M&M@ko-~:~”’42CT?of surfacahour

W the concentratiorlof raroearthsyplankton$etc.,but the aboveaalmilation●oo ● ●9* ●*m●m9’9 ● .

sufficeato show it~ ordero<d!a;~tudaj ~. . .::8*●8 .*8:..●:0:009*

●e ●.0 ●*m ● ●● 9* .m9● 8’9e9. e-~ -~.--.3. m-

.--. ..- -.



● ✘ ● em ● *.Wm .OO: ●’* ●

smmmm ● **

amwe : ● ** ●

8** Q-9 9*9*● 0 ● 99 ,8 ● ****O

Theoretical work is beiqq carried out on this problem at tho prew :ut tima

and wkll be reported later. Howevcr, some

given hqre. ‘Theships are composed mmtly

absorlM mm t of the mu trons to Hive off a

rwmfprwim, rni.kierst-eelshww a snsJIm

Number!&Y gcamasper hourper

The imiuoeda6tivit~?in copper

Nmher WY ~aimnaspm hour par

\.—

.m ● m* ● *. . ●

..memwm .Dm“.”. . :0: ,-.. ---

. .Oa. e .-



w-ill be applwximately 5% Cxrau d’

by tho absorption of approxima%ly

cylindercontainsI*6 x 3.013cubiu

sincethe totalamountof

WV gmmae per hour>it followsthatdue to the fissionproducte,we have

‘fission= 2.4x.10Yt(imw3) MM/ fymnas per cma per hour

The total mmber of neutronswhichare formedis of the orderof

3.GxM124. If s@of theseare almorbodinla6xM33 CX#gwo have 102x1011

neiltronsabscuibodper c.m3of water. lki~ the sam typeof analysisfor the

inducedactivityin the sea-wateras in t.M firstsl~ot,we fi.nd~

‘cl = Numberof 183v

?AJa= Numberof’Nliv

To allowthe

. . . ● ● ☛☛ ● ✝☛ ● 0.9* ● ● *. : : :9 **9 :9 ::

● . : ● m

● m .:0●.. ● 9e :0..*● 0 9** . . . ● .

099 rlD9*w. 9°9..” .. ?”.

----.

.-e.

-., 0-.



Thw the ikxay over the sea-wateris given

Roentfpnsper hour abcrmthe water

by

= &#t(hours ]

Fioimtflcnsper hour 3 feet

‘l!hisis wmwn

t{minutes)

Iloentgens per

hour 3 feetabcmo water

in +ha foxlowin~chart:

5 2“0 30 60

&w %?(2140 70

the first shot. In the first thix%y minutes~ the second shot zj.VGS 1esn

activity and Merwafter sli.~~tl.ymom.

● 9O . ● -9 ● W* ● .

●=* ● 9 W*

. . : :.00

L5.

9. ● Oe ● 00 9 9

. . . . ..009 .9.

..”6. e“. .--- . -.”

..u .

3WW m ..; ~



● ☛ ● e* ● Wm

sew .m.● .’W●

..wmm w

● mm* : :0:● Ww= a== ● 8:

● 0 .*** 89wm9 990 989 ● 9. 89. ● ea ● =

● 0===89=*=: ● ::

● :9 .:. :%?. :0.:.:

The attachedcurve~ivesthe

distance alo~ the water surface for a bomb where the eneqy equivalent

of 20,000tonsof TNT of nuclearenergyi3 releasedand the bomb is

droppodas in TestA from 600 feet hei~fit.The calcubtio~ WtXW Mde

by K. Fuchs using I,B~M~computing machines on the basisof starting

conditionsand equation of stateof’air furni~hed him by Hlrschfelder

and Ma~ee. The energyin the blastis considerablysmaller(i.e.around

50%) of the ener~ which would be expected from a normal bolnb.

At largedistancesthe overpressurois (rivenby the equatim$

Here R is tbe distance from the explosion in feet.

U is twice the effectivechargewei~htin pounds. The factorcd’two

arisesbecauseof the reflectionof the shockon the watersurface.

For distancesgreaterthan2000yardsthe tine of arrivalof the Shock$

t (see)is ~ivenby R (yds)= 300 t .;~~~.

------ - ._. .





—

.

—

pressure nay bo consideredto tiehydrostatic.

If the pipe has the len@h L a~d a radiusR, the exposedarwa cIfthe

pipe is 2L% The dra~pressureon the pipe is ~~ivenby S = l/2 Ctip. uSz

whereg~ is the shockdensityof the air, us is the natm%al vt?hciti:of

the air rightbehindthe shockfront,and co is the u3ual -{; ~o~ff~~.hxkt

for a smoothcylinder. TM valuaot $1 is almostI/l but it has a mall

variationwithHewol.drsnumberoThe valueofJ$~v&2can be tabulated as a

functionof the shockpressure.,(E@ for exampleOSRll3~&l)~ Actwally,

P~u*2 is a very sensitivefunctioriof the shockpre3sureand thereforethe

and the bondingmoment

in



.-1

..——————

__-

Penney llwm ag ~

B-15 lWWRT IX-5

with a smallopeningat Qnc mi. me can is collapseduntj.1the volume

iS reducedso thatthe hsid@ prOSWJ%!is equ&.to the OUtSidOp=SSUI’O

(exceptfor a smalitermdue to the strengthof the can). ‘llwdimensions

Of the Can SXW WMd.1C&~@Wd to ths ~e~th Of the shockW13VC!SO th8t th

pressureon the outside may be considered to be hydrostatic. The hole h

the can is so cwnallthatin the timwrsquiredto oo.llapsethe cansvery

littleair can pass thi*oU~hi.tjbut the hole is largeenou~hthatthe air

can flow out duringthe suotionphasoso that‘theori@al di.monsimsof

thg can are :1o$rcmtmred. Penneyis goingto improvethesecansby placing

a disc over the hole in such a my that in the pressure pha.m N air can

come in but the air can rush out freely in the suction phase.

Under%hesgconditionsit is clearthatthe shockoverprosw.re,P (atms.),

is ~ivenby the equationz

l-km i’gtmctm~ 5.sduo %0 the strtxtw,al stmrigth of the can and is almost

Comtant with pmssum, It is dotirmineclby calibratirk~ the cans.

Penney

can fulllOf

the mu-ihy fiui~ the

.- -

● me 9 ● .* ● O* 99

WW* 9 ~ . wm. . : ● *:099;“1 Private CClmnnmica’ticmfrom ..”:”.?OJ7Ly.L :*O :.”



● ✘ 9** 99**.*W .-9mmw*.eo B9::o :*-● -9*.*99m0 W*OO● 99*m9. =.m ● .

-.——.

_—_

SHUCK-RADIUSTI!W CURVESOBTAllWLJBY FAsTAXCAH!RA

It sefme

efficiency of

obtained frvm

altogether possiblo that a satisfactory estimate of the

the nuclear explosion in tladCross-Roads TestA may be

curvesof the shockradiusas a functionof t.hw in the

early stages (shock radius 40 to 125 meters; time up to 25 mil..l-i.tiecw~ds),

Thesecurvesmay be obtainedfrom the Fastaxcamerarecords.

B&he attemptedto make a similaranalysisof the resulbsof the

Trinitiyshotwith verypoor results. The reasonfor this (asconcluded

by Seth@,Fuchs,et al) was thatin the Trinityshot the refleet.dshock

wave passedup throu@ the incidentshocksoon afterthe ~roundwas ldt

when the radiusof the shockwas onQr 30 metsrs. Mter this t,i..mit is

difficultto interpretthe results,becauseof the unknowneffectof the

~fl.ectedshock” And before this the it is not justifiable to assume

that the similarity solution is valid because of the large amount of

material in the @get itself and also because of the effect of the radia-

tion kinematics. However, ‘suchobjections would not hold for the Oross.

Roads Test A where the height of the explosion will be of the order of

150 meters. In this case the radiw-tims curve should be interpretable ‘~

of the basis of a stiilarity solutionfrom the timethe rackiwis 40 Q

metersUntilit is 125 meters.

(Artllcleto be publtsh~din the Xos AlamosMcyckpod3.a). The formr,.—.

stsrtsout with an explosionfroma pointsourceand has the diaadvanta~o... ● ●.. ●**●*998 9 . 9*. :: Wm9 : ●. :.. .9 :8*..* 8:9 :*9 .“. . . . .0

● m ● me ● 99 ● ●.9* ●mm. w. ●ew---- .= ..0

S*9. . .

. e.



..——

thatthe temperaturedisM.bution irwideis unreasonable.%the ts theory

startswith an isothermalsphereand lets the explosiondevelopfrom1%

The two theoriesagree (exceptfor unimportantlymill numerical diemepa.ncies )

in the intennedia-kephaseof the mplosion when the shockPXWOSW ti g-ter

than25 atmospheres and afterthe shockhas expandedto thepow tira W

wei&htof air whichhas been shocked.

Usingthe constants whichwo obtainedfrom the SmallGLU~ WlU8 W@

theo~ to@hfw with WZma equalto 1.25,Ue have the followingrelatiom

betweenshockpressure$p~(bars)~the shockradius$!l(yarde)jand Wa -$

t(mc) whereE 5.sthe energyd the explosionexpressedin equl.vabnt tons

If we talm the Taylorsolutionsas @ven in LA-23.3and interpolate for pmma

ta other errors whicharise.

From a sat of the Fastsxpicturesit will be possibleto plot tha radius,.

Let T.~and T2 b~ timesumasurodwithrespectto ana~itraqzero and R~,and R2

.mm . ,9* 99* W*●00 -.:: ::*9-99-- ● W9O● . : 9*

● m ●:. ● om 9.* ;*9.9

2

● ☛ ● 00 9** ● 9● 99 .’*.*. .’9..,---- es-e ,

---- -.”

-.. -=.



_—

.—.

● ✚● J.: 3$6.0i:

B-15 REPORTII+

The airborne pressureGaugesshouldgive accurate pressure-time

curveswhichcan be used to interpretthe energyreleasedby the nuclear

explosion. There are four features of the records which are significant x

(1)peak overpressure,p (psi)3 (2) durationof positivepulse,S (see);

(3)positiveimpulse,I (psi-sec)j(4) energyin the positivepulse,

Eblast(tom TNT). perhapsthe energy in the positive pulse is the Mst

criterion for the gadgetefficiwoy siflce it is not sensitive to the

shape of the shockpulse (althoughof courseit is sensitiveto instru-

mental errors whichdo not averageout on the integration).

In the Nagasakiand Hiroshimaexplosionsthe bombsexplodedat suoh

a high elevationthat the shockhit the ground. On this account the

reflectedshocktraveledslowerthanthe intialshockand the two shocks

arrivedat the airborme Caugesseparatelywith a tine intervalof about

1.5 secondsbetween. Thismade it necessaryto base the interpretations

of energyreleasedjuston the peak pressureof the M$tial shock. In

the Cross-RoadsTestA, the suctionphasewill not be formed by the time

thatthe shockhits the groundand no such complicationsare anticipated.

The analysiswillproceed in the followingmanner~

(1) I%AK(NMUW!SSURE.

From the calculationsof Fuohs,llirschfelder~and Lla;3ee(seeB-15

wport 11-1)it appearsthat the shockoverpmssme on t~wEroundat a

lon~distancefrom the explosionM ~ivenby the equation?

● m ● .m 9m. ● .. . . ●W.● .’9--- 0 :.: .. . : e--90 :.. --. . ..- --

—



—

_-

HeroR ii the totaldistancefrom tho explosionin

equivalentweightof I’WTin pounds. The factor of

shockon

me

wouldbe

but with

Eivenby

r(3t3tand 4, is tmici?the.

two arisesbecau~eof the

thewatersurface.

shook pressure at a hei@t of h(ft)is smallerby a factorsf$ Mm

expectedof the sameshockat the same distancefmm the explosion

the gaugeplacedat sea level. Accordiw to Be&e the f’actorf W

the relation:

f = (?#Pg)‘2” 8 (~TC)0.25

Here Pg and ‘rCare th? noxmalatmosphericpressun and temperatureat .srcMuxl

or sea hVd and ph @ ~ are ti kN31WM3tI’iCpressureand tfmpwatureof

the air at the altitudeh. Ueln~tha UnitedStatesStandardAtmosphere

(M-.345)we find~

h P T ffeet mm H: dec.lblvin L 00s}0

(l 760 280.1 L UOUU

15,000 428.8 250.4 .79;51

20,000 349.1 248.$ .72g9

25,000 281.9 238.6 .6695

30,000 225.6 22&? .6137

35,000 178.7 218,9 *5567

From the meteorologicaldata takenjustbeforeand juet after the shot we

am get a slightly better value of f.

Thus at the hei@rt h we expect the shock overpressure to have the

value I

● O* ● ● m= 8.* ● .9=*.-** ::

● 9-8=.m. m99 99-

● . . 8*● . 9:*● e. ● G.. :*9 9-

98 9** ● *9 9 9● mm .0999. .**.--e ,! C.” -

--”. ---

----- -

-3. -.-



from timexplosiongives!1and the shockoverprwssnu+eis Civenby the ,lau~e

signaL The value OX ii is detetined fmm the aboveequationby

a seriesof possiblevaluesof M into the equationand computing

pendingvaluefor p~(psi). The COITf3C”bVtdU63 Of \’o’~iVW3 a VdUe

which~xwes with the gauge signal. Th@ $w@rgyof the explosion

lent tons of TNT is then

E = ~il~

aubstitutinc

the corres-

Of p~(psi)

in equiva-

The MXM t(sec)roqutredfor tho shock to reach%ho Gaugeaftertha explosion

may be used as a moasuroof R sinco

-gi

overpressurcto detemine the

J&only as b

TIW disadvan~e of usi~ the shock

efficiencyis thatessentiallyp~ varies

(2) MJRATIONOF THE l?OSYTIV13PULSE

The durationof the positkvepulseis a tiction c@y CMStEO’MXI frm .

the explosionand

we obtainat very

(seconcb)

H&e R iS the diS@C~ %0

wei~htof TNT in pound%

not a functionof altitude. From the 1.?%% calculations

larCedistancesthe limiti~ law:

the explosionin feet and h is twicethe equivalent

TM durationof’the positivepulsevariesas the

one-thirdpowerof the char~ewei~htand thereforeis not a very flood

criterion of the energyrelessed

(3) POSITN’JI;%WLSE

pr(xwl.uwwith altitmk Xt is definedby the relation

f

as tho shockover-

I- p(psi)dta

. . . ● ● =w ● -s ● m●** w 9 9*. . : :.

● ma.** . ::. 9 . .

● 0 ●:9:09●:W9** ● *



_—

.- ..mm*e e** ● *.*9 D*9D 9*.* 99* ● e*● o* : ● *O● m- :*O ●00:98 ● *.a ****b ●

laws

I(psi-seconds) = .035fLv3/R

Here a:ainf.is the factorreducingthe shockovmpwmme txwausaW

ahd 1{is the distanceto thoexplosionin feet. ‘Thepx?itiveimpulst:3s a

or the duration

(4) THMMWRGY

The energy

written

~bl( tons

Here R is again

From the LB. !&

~@xls

of ttle

IN TWi

In the

TNT)=

positivepulse.

the distanoe from the explosion in fee~

calculationswe obtainthe limitiq fozm

@o,~o(q/r*J/~) - .662

This is a sensitive criterion of eno~ released because ~b~ is proportional

b Vi.

If in @in: our interpretationsw-ohad used thesquationswldch apply

to no- type of explosions (LA-+16), the cons tan’ts which appearfn our

equationswouldhavebeen quitedifferant. The sliwkoverprexurewouldho

given by the relationg

4



● ☛ 9** 6*O: ● *● *O ●** ●9 ...9.. ● *.00 * ● *9.**m.:. ..:● m ● mm ● ● 9* ● ● ●

I

. .

● ee ● ● ** ● ** ● *woo e ● ● .. :8:● in e** :0 ::

● *e. aa● e 809 ● ** ● ** :.. ● *

● ☛☛ ● ✌☛ ☛☛☛:eeee am*. ● .*----- -----. ..”

-.,, --- -a

--- --- -**



● m ● ***** :

● 0● 08● *889 :.: .

●mwme : ● *O● 0=000.3 .0:● m ● *9 @ b**bm*

-—.

9

l-n thl.?)form of’a 13k.s-h

● ☛☛ ● ●✛☛ ● 9, ● *9’* e eQ :eos ::9*** e3*.

● *O : ● O● 0 899 ● . . ● m* :*. . .

● ✎ e... . ● **9**. ●***98**““-”- ------ .-,. --c--- --a-- -.-

eb





_—_

.-

10 Interisi”kks of’ Inu?ldmtion

minute. At a Ckkt3JMX3 or 10%000 yards the radbtim is attenuatedby

?l~(j! should be very” nea,rly that of black boc& radiation of’ some charac-

in thc3 curves axw completely do tcm:.in.ed b~ the cquati.oncf s!ateof air

(pas cod down to ahmt 2CJOOQIL ... . ●** ● *O ● O9** ●98 : :9 ::

● e.*m* ● *e. . .*

● * 9:9 .m. 9:9 :*. ● *● e ● ** ● 99 9 ●994 J*-*.D ● 99*---- -----

-----—- -=

● *



.-—

The total

is found to be

a..ount of radiation @ven off (by %nte:rating tho curve)

the cqui.vdmt of 4400 tons of TNT, or 227 of the yield.

The Trini%yvaluewas foundto be about28$.

2. Heatinfieffect

For objectswhichdo not come intodirectcontactwith the ball of

fire,heatingand char:ringeffectsare due prhmQxW1.y to the initial

burstof radiationof high intensity. Duringthis the the radiationis

richerin shortwave len@hs which are more stron@y absorbedin common

objects[wood,cardboard,metal-s,clothsotc) thanthe low temperature

radiation of tinelatersta~ws, The temperature of tie shock is above

10,OOO°Kuntilthe shockradius.is 60 yards,at 3.7 millisecond80

A simple viay to calculate maximum surfacetemperaturesis obtained

by approximatingthe firstradiationburstas a squarepilUC!; let us 9ay

that the valueof D%Jlis constantat 4.@l& for 0.020seconds. The

maxi.munsurfacetemporaturcreachedfor an objecta distanceJ yards

away is given by

or

L

2.

whr3m! ‘J. is the fraction of the li@lt/ ilbsormcl by the fw.’f’acey K is the

● 0 ● a. ● *****. ●*******

:: --- --a.



.● ☛ ● *D ●

9*= .*9 ●

.e9 mm:::; g:

e==● e. :00 , ● ●,*4* ● ** ● ● ** ● ●

_—_

_—.

wx3wary~ ‘t.& max”h?m value of 0 for which tn,ifitEqxx?ature rise 3.?.3po9sib2 o

,



● 0 ● ** ● e●OeO a*: ●** ●8*99* ● **.09. : ● **● e* ● ** ● O*:so ● *O ● ● *****

----

● 0 ● ** ● 9* ● e* ● ** ●*.9-***

● -99** ● ::.6. .

● :0 O*

9 ● 00 :es●:0 :00 ● 0

-..—.-—.. — .s.-$... —-.

I

substance /@7fJ”-

r...m— -------

a. kktds $—.— ... . . .

m.

m

W

Fe(steel).-—.. —..

I‘IA stm.lctwd

materials

IPlaster

Board-,—-,. .“—

c. Va,rious‘materials

..1—.-.

Otton

W’k

Ifhbbw’hardI soft.,”,--- .-w,... . -------- .—

- .-—...-.-..r.

. . ——-

67.4~~o~

a“ 7

42.Q..--..-—

m----------

5*o

309

3.4

0.4

L 5’-— . .

.—

0.2

0.3

$ ~

L 6.—. —.

5&

,,m.....—.—. —m

.% 350a)i3 j

—.- ,.-w---,..

{.5)

0.75

(.5)

CL.%- --—,,.S. —,

.-.. — -...-.—

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

(.51,—..—.-.. -—

—— —

(.5)

(1)

(1)(1)

m— —- ... . .

Al’s-..— . ... .. —

-. &-

0001,

0.031

0.032

C?*0].2-.—-..—.-. —

.. ——...—.

CL24

0“ 3’7———... .--.,.

4*6

.-—-.

● e. . ● ** 9** ● *●“e ● ● .. :: : ● *● 0.. :000● 00: ● .● m ● 00 ● ** . . . :00 . .

● 0 ● a. . .** . .● De. ..*. .O.. . . . . . . . .mm --- --,e-- **● * s . .



;,.,, .so ● . . .9* ● rw ● 9. . .

. .-,J e/a* ● *F ,.. ,-. .,==* -., . —. , . -_ f,,~e= ●**. *v=:;= ,:,;

~lG, , :,::;”:,: :

ILLUMINATION ‘ ‘ ‘ ,:,

,,4. .. —-

I l..~,,,

l.!L~ft scale: IS (~ard~s)~ x ‘s~ns~~ ;

~ ThQ’wf is glv&’by the ,wlar cmgtard L94kA/cIn” rnintk ‘ ;~:,,

I

,1

::.,,,

,,

.., ;il :’

~’t

..i

.,.,.,;.

~.

.,,,

I;;.;,,,, ..,.. !

,. .!,

.

.,...- /,41’1,,,

.:.

I

,.,.

. .

.,.

.,. ...—.

,. I., .,,

“!1:, -ii,

‘1

JI02., .,. J

,,,,I,. .,.1

.,, .!;.,., .,.

~50,000” K

I1.

.— ., \ ZO,OOO”K

‘(.,, ,

,,,::“(

10,000”K

\ ‘“-—\ .,\

●

D=O

.,,,,,, ; .$ ,..

[3,500.4,00VK-, .,,

,,.:.:,

,, n“’’”,,, ,.,.,, ,,,

,:.!:,

108, :ii” ,.,

.

—.—

., /

I1,

,., .

‘1,,,

b Z,ooo’n.,

... ,. I

‘,lo-

:.+,,,5

.!. ,

!!, .,,

,.,

.,,,. . .1. .

,..,.

●

,, ,11,

,,:j

,!!

,!

,,

,,,

IuTime, seconds

-- --



Thcm hiM bwn ~

whichmay’be ~rOdllCd.

dictions are based on

made the oKQ predictdmm on the wave s~stemresultingfrom

I. Cross-RoadsAir Burst Shot.

?enney has

the first Moss-Roads explosion. Assumin: that the shot is Ix.uwt 600 feet

above the water surface and releases the eneqy eqxlvalent of’ 20$000 tons

of TN-r, Penneypredic’tithat, at the end of the first sta{;e (6 or 7 saconds

after the wplosim) the water surface will have the fcdlowini~ contour;

.Jxm3 - -~-———-----;--”--”-”- =-=-=-’>..

Gate r .—.—...--——-———”—-————1 I

I I

IiI

r I-2< i t

I I

I)

i

4’00 .._._J!?Q9_____).-.——.—. — . . . . . —

florizontalDistance from Xq310sion in I@m

Afterroughly2CISeconds$tine water has rushed back to fill the central

cavityand the contour has the followingappearance:

!i!!ip+,_._.UI*~._.

.———.

-,?,

?*9● ● *

— —



.-

‘i.&isoonas MC 11.achY trom the main oxplosion devekqps~ a Ve~~iCal

Wu3t-. wave wtll m aCI,WKI the mtex’. The air motion, fo.llowin~the shock

will developins‘Wiliti.esin thewatersurface,and considerablespray

will lx+thrownoff. The air-watermixtureis a turbulentre@on, and the

a.q:leof nixin~$ accordimfi to modelmw,m.remmts in a blast tube, is

about 1500 If x is the

then the heightH which

the positiveblastwill

Hencethe spraywill be

(fora 20$WJ0ton M.as$

hi@er9 and as the cen”r of explosion is approached,the spraayheight

ixxnnwasesinverselyas the distance. At @O yards$the sprayshould

d the complicatedshuckwave Conf’igurationsybut it seemsunlike~ that



__—

Much of this spray will be swept into the Cloud$ become

with fissionproducts,and.raindown on the shipsdownwind.

leave a radioactive tmail of some threeor four miles long.

$9C ~

~contwdkted

This will

An attempt

will bs macb h make a semi-quantitativeestimatiof the amountof fission

productsdepositedin thismanner.

11. Cross-Roads Surface or Sub-SurfaceGhot.

Dean O‘IWien has mati a oareful survey of

and theoretical information which bears on the

*

all of Iix3 experimental

wave systemformedin the

second Cross-%ads shot. He does not reallyhave eno~;h information to

distinguish between the mwil.tls of a surface shot and a shot at the bottom

of the MO foot deep laEoon. He concltidesthatif the explosion releases

the energy oquivahmt of 203000 tons of TN’Is

Horizontal Distance in Feet MX10 $~~~ 10000 l@ooMaximum Wave Height. from 30 ?.2 6 4

West to Troughin Feet

The wave lengthwi3J.be 720 feet and Me wave=period14 seconds. The

aboveestimatesare liberaland the chames are :ood that the .maxinmm

wave heights will bo two-thirds of the listed values. The estimates

based.on sca.lin~fmns

are

fired

● ☛ ● n*. :*. . ●aoe::. .

0-**

..9 *::’● ..”.-



f) The MacNiMan-%api,m f’iriqy5 of

ficialwave systemsby raising a

● ☛ ✎☛

w .*.*. :ao ● e

.

small. charges

plunfym.,

and productionof arti-

:oe; into wat43r and 30$ of this Hoes into maki~ a cavity. Then W H

cavity has a radiws of MWCIfeet which is made comp~etsly dry. From

the MacH53k3n-%@N results with this size cavity one concludes that

the waves should be only a few percent larger than our tabulated wd ues,

‘lMreis rioserious disa~rewnent~n thewave heiqhtsexpectedon the.

bW.s of any of the abovaexperimmts.

[email protected] sequenceof eventsis as follows. IV.P3t.%a cC~lin-

dri.mlmater will bO

exterdi.tig to M-m full

for this to reach its

formedWsWl a radiusof from Nx) to woo fm?t and

dq’th d the la~wm., It WJII take i%m 6 tw v swords

?nalchv! size. ‘me water H?mowd .fJTm the crater tin



.-—=

● O ● *W . ●S8 -

● .9=8= ●** ●

.0e99.~ ● *•.ce-:~ :.:.e. mmm● .80 me**. ..*

572 ,9* 909 ● 8* 999 :8. ● *9-=8 .0 5● .=0.:= ::

em. *~,a:o. .* ..

,:. :00 *O

TheIXJ wili be the same i~~e”% “spraysystemwhichPenney,discussed

in connecti~nwith thefirstshotbut it will not bo as spectacu@r as

the toweringplumee Thewaterfrom theplumewill wash down fission

productsand leavea radioactivetrailof a faw milesdovmwin& The water

from the plumewill.not have a profoundeffed on the nomsl cloudforma-

tionbecausethe plume&es not startupwarb.for ~ secondsat which time

the top of the cloud is d)OUt o12e knib high. The cloud may bs sufficiently

cooled~however~so thatit may not rise over2S,QO0 feet.

# Som of the principleswifich. C)1Mien uuod in his analysis should be

stressed~

L Tt appears that L ~% C@the .chargo ener~ goes into the production

of’ waves.

~ i?~ 2 (~km Ho iS2* For chaxges firedin very deepwater: HORO=

~a maxinumwave hsichtfromcrestto troughin feet~~ is the horizonta3

distancein feet;and,R is the chirfjewei@ltin pounds)~ thewave-len~th,

is co = 930 WUGfeet-secondand the

i.%appews that, when shots we fired

ha wasffhkmgth that the wave would

se --- .,s -=. .-- A--- -.

-.



● ☛ ● ee V** ●:* :** :*@● -*

●● F:**:*: :*b:e ● *● ● 00 : ●:O :** ● *

:—: ,’

Rwdl.le there are two Vmya that this I-nightOccurs

1) Underwaterlandslide. ‘lb Undex’lfftlterrock structure of the ato$l

to the deep water. Them has never bon an earthquakein thisre@on and

thereis probablya lot of coralshalewhichmi@t w.silybe shalcen loose

to form a ~arids~ida.,lf thisShOldd C)CCUl”5 a t~da~ WWW3 Y70112dbe fomed.

Apparmtly the tide would Mse so slowly even in the vicinity of the

would not rcxywwnt lHUCh of a hazard fOX’the wrsonnel

ovcmrun thq shoreinstallations.

Th@ atomicbomb explosiontight’set up characteristic

tk phmomcm depends on resmmnce~

exact position of the explosion.

OE the tidnl ~;aveis unpredictable.Ib3cauw cd”thb sensitivity the height

If a seiche of large a@itude were formed, i% wuuld increase the HJwMhood

\



.8 ● 9= 8 W*eeo .“0 ● :.: ●8 “*m@- ●

● r* m** ● S*. ..m99 09**● 9 •OeOe@oQ~Q

The exact pattern of turbulent convection above a stead linesowco

Ccmpucaxxl to apply to other

hc~to For thhi mamm$ “. L

a:rces with whr2idtJ~s rems.”h

CMa.J@es such

Taylor dwelopd

in tno cam of

2’, ‘Me rate d takin;~ ,lirinto the tml.mlsnt ceil..ucmis pmportimal

d.= 0..2.● ✎☛ ✎WY* . ●:Q :*9 ● *

. :- ● m. .

. .9 :-

: -- ::v.● m ● 9. m.. .:. :.* .*

. . . . . .. :*. ● ✌

✚✚✍✚✝ ‘a e 4*e,. ..* .--. : - wm.--- =**

-..



,

90 8m* Ww- ●:0 :=- ●.*=-=● -w

.0 :5$:8: ● m9 .*

a ●:4 ● wee 988 ● m

equatione oi’conservation of enorfl,’ a.ncl the cqua t-i.mof motion, m(-)

most of the encm~ sees into kJJY~rade heatin~: of i’rom 10%; to 10CP J.

MMr tjhoshock waves have Msappwmed ~ t.)hcprcwure reixrns to one

,ahosphtme a,nclw are left with the s tartinj con.d.itiori01’ a sphere of

rdcascd is equivalent to 20$900tom of ‘HI’!i+~ have

= 4*2 x 2020 ergs ,3fJ !% =-300 ywde

In ‘theCross-FloadfsTest whore the explosion takes place over water9 we

further assume that the initial sphere is saturateci wi W water vqmr.

4. Ins-teald’ tk smoke risiru: in a column “w.?Meal.im? tliu8itWt:~on

● ☛✎ ●● ☛☛ ☛☛✌ ✎☛9**.... .

. : ::8.;- : :9. ..* ● D* a.. .:* :.m :@* ,

● n. ~:O.- --~**..*--- ------—- --3.

-a-—-Q-



—

● ☛✎ ✎●☛✎ ✎ ✎Q:* ,** .*

. .r 9*

. :● .

..; ” -::: ● .●= ● -e .*O ● .* :.. ● *

3,

● ✌✎:O. . ●**m. e.*=..e. - e.a. ,. . ..* .



—

6]

● ☛✎● ☛☛ ● ☛✎ ✎☛●a* m!*.● ::.: : ::

.*P ●e.m● ● .● 9 99* . . . ..* :.. ● *

● 9 ● **9*. 8 **..*

. ‘e. ...: ----. . . :---- - .---- -W* - .

e-. .



— .,:

s .:. :4 i. :.. i:

The T@hvlent !,3Ltfusioo. of the Radioactive Productsin the Sea-—.— ——- .— -......;—-”—.. -------- --.--.— ——

K* G. %?nney

Evidencefrom the Trinity expcrimmt$ and from measurements i-n

Hiroshima and Naeasaki, make it practically certain that (2) will be belowthe significantIewl for botlnshots.

With regard to (3.) in %ot A$ two possibilities must be considered.The firstis tinatthe flame region containingfis~l.cmproductswill extendover at leastone tihipand contamfin.ateit _byactualdeposition.Hereit may be statedthatshipswhich are thisclosewWL in all probability

“ sink. Thereforait is unlikelythatany shipwhich still.rloatsd.11.be [email protected] primary~rOdUCtie TkLe second represonk tlw onlyserious possibility and is that Wj [email protected] products will. condenseon the surfaceof ‘We sea directly$or be cmd.anwi m d.roplds whichretmn *XJWe surfaceof ths sea.

l’k my’ supposethatin this simt the productsare initiallyspreaduniformlyovera cer$ainaroa~estimated rou@ly at MX30 feetradius . If the products did. not, mn7a9 tk radiationdeneityabovethewater surface? b %Lis area vio~~d; km @ven by tiLle acdeptmdfcnmila,

. . ● ☛☛✍✍✍ ● O* ● ●e-. :0* *.- .*-. . . . . .. . . . . .

99 .- -- :.=



*

,I

JuGt what Wc true value of P wLU be is to some extent amatter of speculation. %wcvcr~ the writer believes wi.th s cm?ccmfidmce that P will not exceed O~OG1O This value is alwut one-tonth that found at Trini.tig. Havin[: rc+~ard to tho verUr tiff erenthei~hts of burst (6CW f e.et or more as against 100 feat) the valuo 0,001is considered a very saf:e maximum value to assume,, men

409(3n(per mu’) = y7-’-J.

Clearly$ ii’ %M productsrem.tinecifixedon tha surfacesitwouM not be safe to ventureinto the centralarea even for a fewminutesuntiltwo or threedays ai’terMe explosionhava passecL

There arc, howmrer$ at least two further factors that will

considerably reduce t,ha r.aciiation hazardsr The ~i.rst is tho turbulentdiffusion of the fission In?oducts down into the waters whwe theireffect is ~uch reduced, Or CVen COnpbtO1~ PWBOVedU The second isIM3 carryinfl away of the productn bj’ the tide. The second factor W notalto~ether material, because the radiation !lazard will n~ill remainin the Water,. al.thou@I its center’ will have moved.

and is -we pgobi+y:ycy illtqy’al.● s. ● 90 ,*. * ● *

. ●

9● :

● *:.. :o*. ::

● * ●:. :.. .:* ● *:*S ● .

99- n.@ ------ .

-n



● ✚✚✚ ✛✍ ✌☛

9 ● . . s 9** :*W ● m

_m-.. — _T . . . . . . ..- ,:-. -..=.,.. ~-.. _ ,= _.__,-,.., _ ,

r.=1 ,+ :: “q--. -,-.—”. .. —,”.,.

: : t“=Tr”’”----..—.-.—-.....— ...-.,,..+- --- -==....,” -. —.-. -— . -—..- .-. - “s.=. - .—., - .-e ,- . . .. . ~-.- -

T Y’- R ‘ T ‘h : “: ‘ ~~——- .... ..—-. -—.- ....e.--..-~.... .- -,,.. “.-. .- . .—.—-”-..-s. ..-. -,—. . . .m.. -.c

● ☛✎ ✎✎✘☛ ● ☛☛ or!. .*

9... : ● *

. .●

:- :. e:::.O● *8= 990 9** .** :.. ● .

● me ●:*O . ● e*.**e-:** *eee

“ma ●

:: -. -e.80 -0*-

● *



.—.

●

● D* ●.“* ● ** . . . . .● .a

. : ● *.

. :9:* ::.::● .● = ● =9 ● ** .:. :.. #m

● ✎ ● ☛☛W*. ● *. ● ●-.. ●** .

- - ●’*---- .6

,@-- .0

● . ,- .- -“

. .



● ✎ ● ✘✘ 9*Waa*”*:e ‘9*● wmm. ● ,a● e9 : ● 0.e-o :Q. O*C:● 8 ● om ● ● **eee

_—

“WI I’adifxic-uwi.qj

1’= .001,



98 ● ,m ● e● *8 ●°9 : 9*- ●● .m9m9m 9.9*8 ● 9**● O9 :00000:● eea*m*w*a 98

.* 9.9 ● we ● mn .99 ● m● wmm9 ● e

“:: .:. i;-? .: .::. v

● 9* ● .** ● 8* ● O●0-0::: ::

99● *caOQ:: ● *.

● . . ●:. :08 .** ● *U ● *

.* ● == ● *9 ● ●

,--- .m. ● ● ● 9’*. . .-”.

..-

● R– .-● -- .-.e– -



● m ● .e ● ,9009’ 9:9 99*● *-*89* ● ,m*me ● m. ,8*8 9 *:.*..99.*.***** 99

98 .** 8*8 ● ee .m. . .

,—

● 90 9 .** ● ** ● m.’* ● : ● ● *

.9 :*=C● s00:: ● ::

9. . .:. :.. .e* 8** ● *



.

● 0●’. ●wee800 ●● mm9● *O

__—

—.—..–

~r’eater Mm -Ma”%z’clport@ d

TM period

‘WI@o ThJ2

and in the● *9 Q . . . . . . ● 9

● *.’W .9:$ .*.8* ● *S-.-:: ● .,● .

. . *:. ● om ● *9 ● ** ● *

99 ● == ● *- ● 9..s .’. ● . ● ●**● .- .9 *-- . ...c- --9* n--



99 ● om ● m●*so O=:: ●:0● 999*8 ●

9*8*8* ● *99-W*8 8:● DOe Oo @DO ::0

C& ti

ChMng

Vifmli.kity

miles. The percentagefreqwmy d visi,?xllity limits is shown in Table 3.

.90 8 .00 ● ** ● =

.O. .O: :::● =9● w:..: ● ::

●● * .:0 .*W 9:* .** ● *

we wag ● . . ● ●

● .” .* 9*9* 9**● e

..” --.. .

.*--.*- -*O

. . --– .= .e



.-.

● ✎ ● om ● .- ●ea .9* ● .● maww

Ww=mmw 9 ::● mmm. .c: ● 8

● ●:9 $ ●:0 :00 ● *

TWX%! rqcordWL

Thunders txu”m Y4%n’avery’

th.rou@lOctober1945at

there W2:ce 2.8days on

U!flwqu’ontj CMiLy

Kwzz@iMn. Mm

four

Woro

were mcorck:d during February

recCMkM during Ilqy*

Teqxmatum

During MaY winds at KwajaM.n mm

909 9 ,.. ● 99 :.O

.8. ● .s

.99 :*::

w= :=.: ● *.. . . .:99.W “:0 ● ** ● *

● 9 ● 00 . .. *W*a.. .’0 9 .***

..8-----..-

● m ---



● ☛ ● ☛☛ ● ☛● *wa’. :8 ‘9*WOO=*W ●● 99 :0: ●● O. :0:0000● mmm we em** ● 9

.-

__—_.

~== .... .... . -.——. . . . . .. .. . — r.7-—-. — . . . .~=- ~~:.%.-. ~i::T2 l&-T4-—”2~L~~-”’’$aq—q—m p. h. n.sJ-yi-h .n*&h* 128p h. m.&hh-.m’lhA%ho_-—-, -------..... . ..——.-—...--— —. -—......,.-. ...—. —. .-.. --— ..-—..... .

NNWNNmii~j;,EmSNWEs!5SwcJy~

WwwTiNU’WN-NWcah’1

0.1

$ryphxlrfs

bmlt?u!mof NW40 Typhom ckxki ibr this arm$

may km 12m’wSxM”elmStxx”ms M tlw YE@xl thm

of infomm.tion. c

nltertmopical

hCIWf3Ver9arc scarms and thy

are evicknk from availdik scn.xrces

I?WX-M

AwWW.G 333CCKIS of mdioscmck3 mscmimin tl-w Dik5.n.tii arm do not reaoh

sn,l$?fmimrt# w.@t&? -b @i.v’Qkm [email protected] Via’w d jiikp height of the ‘impopawh An● mm ● *

.9 :** ::

89**:: ● **.

,. .:. :*. ● *9 .** ● *



.—. =

● m ● *. 9,●*.c”*:w ‘mm● mm*em ●● *me :0:9*9 so:-,=:99 990 ● ● e* **e

● m. . .0. ● om 999*- ●

● : : :9 ::● .0..: ● ::

s. . .:w:8. ●:. ● .* ● *

. . ● 90 ● ** 9 ●—-- “O---- !19*--- ---

“-.

-0 :---. .







I

I

I

am ● *e ● ● ** ● ●..0 ..O . . ●*O-.. . . . . .-. -.: .--=-m _ -.

---. so

/“



● m ● am ● 9*● *W ●SC:::*..e*m8e ●

:Cc ● 9** ●

● ew :mOm *9999 ● *8=me 089*

—_

.—.

b“rm’rlmt Wwilqm!s mu ‘.’(: Cn!!wi

● m ● m. ● ** ● ●-.. .*. e ●*8---- -:m:----- ___

--”- -

- - .*.

------ --- -

--

—



—

_—_

were yxii”la.tz.y Ca-wxxi -by hwvy mm SMW$31’WQ‘me iw.ir’-ij’ di.s-!uri’buki-c).nd’

99 ..* ● *O ● ●-.* 9’ .*.. 9**-.. . .m. -.“ –-.---- - ------- . . .*



—..

were M) CkaycloilVhl”ch -pW2ipitatior-i mlmn-b’ d

The Vo.riation in tempt! Z%ttmr%from month

Winds

continued from an easterly

CHJwctian. M W percent of tho observations they were mdcmate to fresh

(less thnl Sm.p.h.)o l%inds flreater than 32 m.p.h. occurred only twfic~ durin~~

Shm”m ill Ta.lm3 m.

~.

.—.

● 9* . ● ** ● ** ● *99. . ● ● *.= ::9 . . . . :*::

W*. . ● *w. 999 ● ** . . . :.. . .

VW ● . . *** ● ●.m. 9** e .**. . . . :.:.-- ..: ----- -- -------- . .*



I$Nw — - — —-..’— -- —.-—, ,-- .—. ..---, --. —-.. —---------- .--, -—,-, —- ------ .—~y=lyJ-----.

0...1— .,— .-...-—,——-—. .—..—. .. ..— ———..-.,—..-.— ..-..-----=---corm.

viol-wno 3EIWIY5 stoJmW si,nm “tlm stmmgyw L winds recorded Wm%d km tWX?n :52

-- --.4

,--



—9. ● me ● . . 908 :Qo ● -

908 ..,- .9we

0 :.:2: := ::9:= mm

● 9.0 : .:. :00 ● -

pq$?J~\f\ul.W --- ,

$?i

Skieti. High ‘bred’wl claw-b or ovL?rcat3t alricw were W? most frequwltl.y observed

during the day.

three -td,ms dur%ng July X94’* and

tkm dwww.ti.cms. me

ahwn in I’ahl.c u.

Tam? u?’ -m?xa”y



.—

.—.

—.-....——.

● 9● e. ..r9e● 0

● *Ow ●me● 0 ●

● O* ● .00,● Wo*9● *

● O* 9 [v

Muz’ly

mridmrt

was not

Mx?c%q-)iR3tii.on

. .—...— ——— —



.—

.—.

—

● w: 9 :.. =.: ● W

● s:. : .:. ● *O co

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