Applying Human Factors

8/10/2019 Applying Human Factors

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Chapter 10Section B

Aeronautical DecisionMaking

Applying Human FactorsPrinciples


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Risk Elements

Pilotfitness, competency, currency, experience

Aircraftperformance, limits, equipment,

airworthiness

Environmentwx., airport conditions, ATC svcs.

Operationpurpose of flight

Situationsituational awareness of all above


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Decision-making Process

Ddetect

Eestimate Cchoose

Iidentify

Ddo Eevaluate


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Accidents

Incidents

Accident

An occurrence in which any person on board theaircraft suffers death or serious injury, or in which

the aircraft receives substantial damage

Incident An occurrence other than an accident which

affects the safety of operations


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NTSB

National Transportation Safety Board

Investigates every U. S. civil aviation accident Issues safety recommendations

Maintains database

Conducts research on safety issues

www.ntsb.gov


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Poor Judgment Chain

aka error chain

Accidents and incidents rarely, if ever, are the

result of a single cause

Usually a series of errors occurs which lead

to the accident or incident

Break one link in the chain and sequence of

events would be stopped


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Risk

Flight activities where accidents are most

likely to occur


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When do aviation accidents happen?

57.2% of GA accidents occur during 6% of flight time

Takeoff/initial climb, Approach, Landing


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PIC Responsibility

Read top half of page 10-28

Judgment

Learned

From your mistakes

From other experiences From the experiences of others

Ability to exercise good judgment affected by

Stressors


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Stressors

Three categories

Physical stress

Physiological stress

Psychological stress

Personal checklist


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Stress


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Improving Judgment

Anticipate decisions

Train and practice in critical areas Match individual skills with the job

Standardize whenever possible

Maintain positive attitudes Practice effective communications

Be deliberate in decision making


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Hazardous Attitudes


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Communication

Sending

Listening

Feedback

Good ATC radio procedures help


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Communication

When the rear-seat pilot of a dual-piloted T-33

aircraft attempted to adjust his position, heinadvertently deployed the life raft in the seat

bucket survival kit. As the raft inflated, it

pushed the stick forward, which caused the

aircraft to pitch nose down. The front seat pilotattempted to correct the dive, but met

resistance when he pulled the stick back.


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Communication, continued

Meanwhile, the back seater found and

deployed the raft deflation tool. The frontseater, trying to solve the control problem,

heard an explosion as the cockpit filled with

talcum powder from inside the raft, which

looked very much like smoke. He identified theproblem as an engine failure, closed the throttle

and secured the engine.


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Communication, continued

As the haze cleared in the back, the back

seater noticed the apparent engine flameoutand ejected. The front seater then dead-

sticked the aircraft into a field. Throughout this

entire sequence, not a word was spoken.


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Barriers to Listening

Boredom

Complacency

Distractions

Impatience

Anger


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Feedback

Ask for clarification until you understand

Acknowledge Restate

Confirm

Observe Question

Disagree

Answer


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Double Check When You Hear . . .

Probably

Possibly

I think so

I hope so

Maybe

Should


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Internal Barriers to Communication

Rank

Attitude Choice of words

Misinterpretation

Hearback Hear what you want to hear or are expecting

Mixing/switching numbers 200-220, 120,210


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External Barriers to Communications

High noise

Uncomfortable temperatures

High workload

Uncertain of policies/procedures

Unable to see the other person


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Resources

Internalin the cockpit during flight

Externaloutside of the cockpit during flight


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Workload Management

Plan

Prepare Prioritize


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Overload


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Compare


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Situational Awareness

An accurate perception of the operational

and environmental factors which affect theaircraft, pilot, and passengers during a

specific period of time.

Fixating on one thing

Complacency


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ADM Works!

United Flight 232

Captain Al Haynes We had 103 Years of flying experience in that

cockpit . . . but not one minute of that 103 years

had been spent operating an airplane the way we

were trying to fly it. If we had not workedtogether, with everybody coming up with ideas

and discussing what we should do next and how

we were going to do it, I do not think we would

have made it to Sioux City.

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Applying Human Factors