Applications and Marketability Benjamin Babineau Matthew Best
Sean Farrell
Slide 2
Outline Why This Project? Background Types of Biosensors
Applications Commercially Available Biosensors Marketability Work
Breakdown Schedule Resources
Slide 3
Why This Project? There is a great need to create biosensors
that are mass-producible In the health field, it is imperative that
the maximum amount of people have access to early warning diagnoses
This project will attempt to bring understanding as to why
companies struggle with manufacturing biosensors on a large,
inexpensive scale By examining and employing effective methods that
have been used to date, commercial biosensors can become more
prolific
Slide 4
Background What is a biosensor? Analytical device for the
detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a
physicochemical detector component Components Sensitive biological
element Transducer or detector element Electronics and signal
processors
Slide 5
Background Detection Methods Photometric Optical biosensors use
the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) Surface plasmons
are surface electromagnetic waves that propagate in direction
parallel to metal/dielectric interface. Excitation by light
Electrochemical Electrochemical biosensors use a reaction that
produces or consumes electrons
Slide 6
Background Ion Channel Switch Ion channel used to offer highly
sensitive detection of target biological molecules Piezoelectric
Uses crystals which undergo an elastic deformation when an
electrical potential is applied Detects changes in the resonance
frequency Other Methods Thermometric Magnetic
Slide 7
Types of Biosensors (Analytes) Enzyme Electrode Enzymes Enzymes
are immobilised on the surface of an electrode Current is generated
when enzyme catalyses Immunosensor Antibodies Detects change in
mass when antibody binds to antigen DNA Sensor DNA Microbial Sensor
Microbial Cells
Types of Biosensors (Detection Mode) Mass sensitive Resonant
frequency of piezocrystals Thermal Heat of reaction Heat of
adsorption
Slide 10
Applications Medical Glucose monitoring in diabetes patients
Detection of pathogens In-home medical analysis and diagnosis
Environmental Detection of pesticides and water contaminates
Determining levels of toxic substances before and after
bioremediation Detection of metabolites such as molds Remote
sensing of airborne bacteria Food Industry Detection of drug
residues, such as antibiotics and growth promoters, in food
Slide 11
Commercially Available Biosensors
Slide 12
Medical Industry Home Blood Glucose Monitors Precision Xtra
ReliOn FreeStyle Lite OneTouch Ultra
Slide 13
Medical Industry Home Blood Glucose Monitors (Continued)
Determines approximate concentration of glucose in the blood Used
mainly with people who have diabetes or hypoglycemia How They Work
Today, most glucose monitors use an electrochemical method Glucose
in blood reacts with an enzyme electrode containing glucose oxidize
The enzyme is reoxidized with an excess of mediator reagent The
mediator is reoxidized by a reaction at the electrode and a current
is created The charge passing the electrode is proportional to
glucose level
Slide 14
Medical Industry i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyzer Handheld
blood analyzer system
Slide 15
Medical Industry i-STAT (Continued) Provides fast, accurate,
and lab-quality results within minutes to accelerate decision
making process How It Works Uses Si in the sensor cartridge as a
substrate and a conducting base; electronics are housed in the
handheld device Sensors are micro-fabricated thin film electrodes
Depending on particular assay the electrical signals produced are
measured by the i-STATs amperometric, potentiometric, or
conductometric circuits.
Slide 16
Environmental Industry In agricultural industry, enzyme
biosensors are used to detect traces of organophosphates and
carbamates from pesticides One of the most successful commercial
biosensors in industry is used in wastewater quality control
Biological oxygen demand analyzers Though less lucrative than
medical diagnostics, public concern and government funding is a
large driving force for environmental biosensors Measurement of
pollutants and environmental hazards Surface plasmon resonance
(SPR) biosensors are most successful
Slide 17
Environmental Industry inoLab BSB/BOD 740 Wastewater
control
Slide 18
Environmental Industry inoLab BSB/BOD 740 Laboratory dissolved
oxygen meter for wastewater control BOD is a parameter used to
measure the quality of water and treatment results in wastewater
Developed for BODn measurements Described in Standard Methods for
Examination of Water and Wastewater Management of up to 540 diluted
samples Up to 7 daily routines for dilution ratios
Slide 19
Food Industry Quality is extremely important thus sound and
accurate biosensors are necessary Enzyme-based biosensors are
common in this industry Measure amino acids, carbohydrates, gases,
alcohols, and much more Other commercially available biosensors
include antibody-based and nucleic acid based biosensors Mainly in
trial and research laboratories Expected to yield substantial
returns in the future
Slide 20
Food Industry Specific food markets that use biosensors include
alcohol (wine and beer), yogurt, and soft drinks Immunosensors are
used to ensure food safety by detecting pathogens in fresh meat,
poultry, and fish In this particular market problems arise that
limit use or effectiveness of biosensors Need for sterility,
frequent calibration, and analyte dilution
Slide 21
Niche Market Zeo Designed to analyze and improve sleep
Slide 22
Niche Market Zeo (Continued) Composed of a wireless headband,
bedside display, online analytical tools, and email- based
personalized coaching program Zeo will calculate your ZQ, a number
that summarizes your sleep quality and quantity Headband uses
patent-pending SoftWave sensor to measure sleep patterns using the
electrical signals naturally produced by the brain
Slide 23
Niche Market bodybugg Personal calorie management system
Slide 24
Niche Market bodybugg (Continued) Uses multiple physiological
sensors for sensor fusion Accelerometer Tri-axis micro-electro
mechanical sensor that measures motion Heat Flux Sensor that
measures heat being dissipated by the body via a thermally
resistant material Galvanic Skin Response Measures skin
conductivity Skin Temperature Skin temperature measured using a
thermistor-based sensor
Slide 25
Marketability
Slide 26
The Biosensor Market The biosensor market is dominated by only
a few products For medical diagnostics, approximately 90% of
biosensors are glucose monitors, blood gas monitors, and
electrolyte or metabolite analyzers Half of all biosensors produced
worldwide are glucose monitors Sales are projected at $1.28 billion
in the US in 2012 The majority of the remaining market includes
biosensors directed at environmental control, fermentation
monitoring, alcohol testing, and food control
Slide 27
The Biosensor Market The United States and Europe captured
68.73% of the biosensor market in 2008 Due to large development and
manufacturing costs, devices tend to be specialized into areas the
will receive the most response from the market Miniaturization has
reduced the price of the fabrication of the sensors Makes products
more marketable
Slide 28
The Biosensor Market Home blood glucose monitors The maturing
of this particular biosensor have shown great insight into how the
biosensor market works Showed some hurdles/issues that must be
examined for success Robust interface Direct 30/30 by Eli Lilly
Specificity separate signal from analyte of interest from other
signals Stability biological molecules can be housed long enough to
gain valuable information
Slide 29
The Biosensor Market Home blood glucose monitors (Cont.) This
product, though extremely successful now, was not readily accepted
initially The market at the time, diabetic patients and physicians,
was not the same as it is today The devices were very primitive
compared to what we see today The manufacturing of the
electromechanical strips were more difficult and expensive than
expected The market was dominated by larger companies which made it
difficult for small players to get involved
Slide 30
Use in the Food Industry There is an increasing demand for
biosensors in the food industry In the past little attention was
given to using biosensors to examine food for pathogens However,
with a rise of incidents involving contaminated food there is now a
need for a sensor that can accurately and quickly determine if food
is contaminated There are few sensors designed to do this now but
this is a major field of new research
Slide 31
GTRI Food Safety Biosensor Due to recent incidents with
contaminated food validating food safety is becoming a major
concern The Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) is currently
testing a new food safety biosensor This sensor uses integrated
optics, immunoassay techniques, and surface chemistry to determine
if there are pathogens present It is capable of quickly identifying
the species and concentration of various pathogens including E.
coli and Salmonella
Slide 32
GTRI Food Safety Biosensor This system is currently being
testing in a metropolitan Atlanta food processing plant This sensor
allows early detection of pathogens which helps to keep
contaminated food from reaching the market These researchers hope
that similar sensors might be used to identify other hazards within
the food industry If this sensor is proven successful it will be
used as a model for the future development of sensors for the food
industry
Slide 33
Techniques for Commercialization Home blood glucose monitors
Have shown several keys to making competitive biosensors in the
market Limiting cost both to the manufacturer and consumer Need for
very high quality and accurate sensors Especially in the medical
industry where potentially life threatening illnesses are diagnosed
Understanding the end users needs Sight impaired Transparency in
users life Interface with a physicians work regime
Slide 34
Techniques for Commercialization R&D of Commercial Sensors
R&D of commercial biosensors tends to focus on the creation of
new sensors and the miniaturization of new sensors Research takes
place at both universities and private business Because of the high
cost to manufacture biosensors, miniaturization allows more sensors
to be made with less material, energy, and effort New research
keeps companies and universities at the head of this quickly
changing field
Slide 35
Techniques for Commercialization Miniaturization Need for
analysis of a large number of assays Cost efficient if small
amounts of reagents are used Allows for multi-analyte assays
Academic research Duke University Developed arrays of tiny
electrodes that monitor heart electrical activity Developed a
single cm 2 chip with 400 individually- addressable microelectrodes
used for special resolution of analyte distribution in small
areas
Slide 36
Commercialization Issues The commercialization of biosensors
has lagged behind their research and development There are
significant costs and technical barriers that can slow down or
block the commercialization of new systems The amount of initial
capital and technical knowledge that is required to start
developing biosensors is so great that many new companies simply
can not handle them
Slide 37
Commercialization Issues Changes in manufacturing processes,
automation, and miniaturization techniques mean that many
biosensors are already obsolete when they are released Customers
are not willing to pay high prices of a product that is not the
most advanced of its kind As a result companies need to sink a
large percentage of their budget into developing new technologies
to stay competitive If a company does not have enough capital to
develop these technologies quickly enough, even if their product
would normally be in high demand, they will not be successful
Slide 38
Market Development The biosensor market is driven by market
demand and by the companies that produce sensors This demand can
come from the consumer (market pull) or it can come from the
developer (technology push) Push and pull have very different
market strategies and they must be treated differently Biosensors
that are pulled directly by the consumer are generally more
profitable and successful
Slide 39
Technology Push of Biosensors Technology push deals with the
development of biosensors that may not address a true user need
These products are developed by a company with the desire to create
a market demand Many commercial biosensors are designed with the
idea that if they are available people will develop a need for them
Generally less successful and profitable until the product develops
a need for its own distinct market
Slide 40
Market Pull of Biosensors Market pull is generated by a true
need for a product Products that are necessary for the health and
well- being of groups and individuals These sensors tend to be
related to medicine, safety, and biological sensing Glucose
sensors, pathogen detection, EKG sensors This is currently the
largest and most profitable area for the development and
commercialization of biosensors
Slide 41
Trends in the Medical Industry The medical industry demands
biosensors that are fast, accurate, and noninvasive Sensing time
needs to be reduced while maintaining accuracy of the measurements
There is a growing demand for sensors that are internal instead of
external to the body Glucose sensors that are implantable so users
are not required to pick their fingers several times every day
Slide 42
Work Breakdown Ben Research available commercial biosensors
Obtain technical information of these biosensors Matt Marketability
of biosensors Techniques used in industry Sean Miniaturization of
biosensors Techniques and benefits
Slide 43
Schedule Gantt Chart Commercially Available BiosensorsWeek
of1-Mar8-Mar15-Mar22-Mar29-Mar5-Apr12-Apr19-Apr26-Apr3-May10-May
Activity Presentation 1 Report 1 Due Report 1 Review Due Report 2
Due Presentation 2 Report 2 Review Due Final Presentation Final
Report Due Find Additional Commercial Biosensors Technical
Information on Biosensors Marketability of Biosensors Availability
of Biosensors
Slide 44
Resources Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft. Plastic chips monitor body
functions, research suggests. ScienceDaily 20 April 2010. 1 March
Jeffrey D. Newman, Anthony P.F. Turner. Home Blood Glucose
Biosensors: A Commercial Perspective Biosensors and Bioelectronics,
Volume 20, Issue 12, 20th Anniversary of Biosensors and
Bioelectronics, 15 June 2005, Pages 2435-2453 Reyes De Corcuera,
Jose I., and Cavalieri, Ralph P. "Biosensors." Encyclopedia of
Agricultural, Food, and Biological Engineering (2003): 119-23.
Print.
Slide 45
Resources Kress-Rogers, Erika. Instrumentation and Sensors for
the Food Industry. Ed. Christopher Brimelow. Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001. Print. Englehardt, Kirk J. "Food
Safety Biosensor That Detects Pathogens Is Tested in Metro Atlanta
Processing Plant." Georgia Tech Research Institute: Industry
Solutions 2010. Web. Kuhn, Lance S. "Biosensors: Blockbuster or
Bomb?" The Electrochemical Society (1998): 26-31. Print.
Slide 46
Resources Rodriguez-Mozaz, Sara, Maria-Pilar Marco, Maria J.
Lopez De Alda, and Damia Barcelo. "Biosensors for Environmental
Applications: Future Development Trends." Pure and Applied
Chemistry 76.4 (2004): 723- 52. Print. Various Internet
Sources