The Research Journal of Sciences and Technology 2(1&2):1-16 © 2011, ISSN 2226-0110 The official publication of Faculty of Sciences

FEDERAL URDU UNIVERSITY OF ARTS, SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY

Corresponding Author: Prof. Dr. Farkhunda Burke (email: burkegeography@yahoo.com) 1

APPLICATION OF GIS ON URBAN LAND USE PLANNING AND

REVENUE GENERATION

Farkhunda Burke,1 Syed Nawaz ul Huda,

2 Muhammad Azam,

2 Muhammad Miandad

1

1. Department of Geography, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270

2. Department of Geography, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology Karachi,

Abstract The lacune of GIS technology in Pakistan’s planning is chiefly due to lack of proper maps and micro level

landuse information. In the case of Karachi, inaccurate targeting of planning and implementation has been

responsible for immense wastage of valuable funds. Development of urban landuse database at the grass roots

level is therefore, an urgent need. Targetting this need, present study aims at providing a database for the mega

polis of Karachi. GIS has been identified as an effective tool for preparing landuse data sets for regional

planning and micro level planning. In addition to this technology, the study is based on fieldwork, primary and

secondary data use, including RS methods for extraction, analysis and display of facilities at Union Council

level in Karachi, the future World City.

Article Received: 01-03-11, Accepted: 28-07-11

Key words: Applied GIS, Karachi, Malir, Urban landuse, Revenue generation

1. INTRODUCTION

The urbanization process in Pakistan and its pace of growth has accelerated over the past fifty

years. Karachi is now a mega polis with a population of 15.1 million along with other cities

like Bombay, Calcutta, Jakarta, Nairobi, Manila, Lagos and Cairo. Intervention by planners

and administrators requires spatial and socio-economic data collection and analysis at

different levels of utility services especially in view of the unplanned urban physical

environment. The process of urban development is guided and coordinated by the

development plan of the City. Karachi has witnessed several Master Plans, the last having

been formulated in 2008 (MPGO-CDGK, 2008), but most of these plans were vitiated at

various stages of their implementation, both in qualitative and quantitative terms. In most

sectors of development, the spirit of the proposal is not translated adequately into the

envisaged framework, resulting in differentiated, disjointed and undesirable urban growth.

Failure to meet the demands in a guided manner, illegal occupation of sites and services, land

use transformation, encroachment and unauthorized construction take place, thus culminating

in the degradation of the urban environment. It is here that the issue of urban assessment

assumes prime importance.

Urban activity is a function of land use and there is a close interaction of cause and effect

relationship between land use and services. Multidisciplinary and integrative tools are of

special importance when problems are multifaceted as is true for the management of third

world cities. RS and GIS are technologies that can handle information on both location and

its characteristics within a single system and is being increasingly recognized as a powerful

modeling tool in a variety of fields (Qiong, et al., 2006; Xia Li, and Yeh, 2004; Sui, 1998;

Yeh, 1999). GIS has great potential to easily and accurately map and model urban

components and help in systematization and streamlining of urban policies and subsequent

development. Lack of access to pertinent data along with a shortage of skilled personnel is a

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

2

great hurdle in the solution of urban problems in the developing world. Along with this, there

are impediments of preferred solution.

GIS technology is most commonly used for comprehensive planning, zoning, land use

inventories, site suitability assessments, and socio-demographic analysis, and is generally

used for mapping purposes (Thomas, 2002; Warnecke, et al. 1998). The value of maps in

understanding and communicating planning issues is well recognized and appreciated.

GIS database development must be based on a clear understanding of planning problems,

process, and context (Clercq, 1990). Furthermore, since planning databases are usually

derived by compiling data from multiple sources and of varying qualities and scales, it is

necessary to apply the rules of interoperability and integration (Devogele, et al., 1998). In the

positivistic vein, GIS databases are most frequently used for performing planning-related

analysis and scientific inquiries (Wellar, et al. 1994). Webster (1993; 1994) match the

scientific input required to the various stages of the planning process: problem identification

requires description and prediction; goal setting, plan generation, evaluation of alternatives,

and choice of solution requires prescription; implementation requires description, prediction,

and prescription; and monitoring requires description and prediction.

Due to lack of proper maps and information of land use at the micro level in Karachi,

planning and implementation by the local government is not accurately targeted, causing

wastage of valuable funds. Development of urban land use database at the grass roots level is

therefore, urgently needed. The study aims at providing a database for this purpose, for the

mega polis of Karachi, starting from the grass roots level, and GIS has been identified as an

effective tool in preparing land use data sets required for urban and regional planning and

micro level planning. GIS can also be used as a graphical display tool for demonstrating the

variations of existing conditions, for proper policy formulation, prior to planning allocations,

an essential prerequisite for planners and administrators.

The present study highlights the potentials of spatial information technology beginning with

GIS for solving planning and administrative problems. A number of studies both in developed

and in developing countries has been made on the geo-information use in government

(Georgiadou and Stoter 2010). Application of GIS for urban analysis and planning to assess

the amenity patterns; parcel suitability for potential park locations; municipal waste

generation and collection; GIS and Geo-statistics for modeling; 3D city models for urban

GIS; the delivery of humanitarian shelter in urban areas, etc. Micro level studies have been

made in the USA for the analysis of urban schoolyard land cover (Schulman and Peters,

2007). GIS is an essential technology component for future management and decision-making

(Ahmed, 2008). In developing countries, lack of spatial database, not only effects balanced

planning but also conceals the revenue resources, while GIS can provide help in resolving

these issues both at macro as well as micro levels.

2. STUDY AREA

The study area (Fig.1) is UC-I Model Colony of Malir Town, located between 24.88 to 24.91

E-W latitudes and 67.17 to 67.20 N-S longitudes on the globe. Field studies have shown that

there are, 66 Housing Schemes in the area, among them being Amirabad, Huma Town,

Moinabad, Moinabad Extension I,II & III, Railway Housing Society, Kazimabad, Dabistan-e-

Raza, Siddiqabad, Sheets 1 to 28 of Model Colony, Alamgir Scoiety, Alamgir Extension etc.

The katchi abadies of Lasi Para and Rahim Khan Jokhio Goth have only been demarcated on

the map due to administrative and political impediments. The study covers an area of 3.607

km2 while the population is 63 803 (GoP, 2000). This area has been selected because it is a

Model Colony according to the Master Plan and a micro level study was feasible under a

sponsored project. This study is aimed as a model for conducting further studies of a similar

Burke, et al., 2011

3

nature, in the better interest of planning and management of the infrastructure and supra-

structure of Karachi, destined to become a World City.

Malir Town

Malir Town Union Councils

Karachi Towns

0 40

kilometres

N

S

EW

0 1 2

kilometer

Union Council

Model Colony

Fig.1: Study Area

3. MATERIAL AND METHOD

3.1 Data Source

Three major sources have been used for primary data collection i.e., remote sensing, layout

maps and ground truthing. Secondary data i.e. population and other data have been collected

form Census Department. High resolution satellite image (Google Earth 2010) has been used

to create base map of the study area which also provides the basis for digitization of land

marks, classification of existing data, etc. Collection of layout maps has been unsatisfactory

due to mismanagement of concerned authorities, although rough master maps of the area

were available but change of plot size and encroachments has hindered GIS database

development. Some of the layout maps available are of the newly created housing societies,

which are few in number. Questionnaire survey and ground truthing was conducted several

times during different parts of the year i.e. from June 2009 till April 2010, and on different

days of the week, at varying daytime and evening hours in order to get wider temporal

coverage.

3.2 Database Development

One of the most difficult challenges in regional planning is data management and map

product creation. Providing needed geospatial data (i.e., map products) to decision makers,

planners, engineers, and analysts is a difficult task that is further complicated by the use of

large geospatial image data sets that are needed for the products. Database development,

aided by GIS and RS facilitate in quantifying, monitoring, modeling and subsequently

predicting in the realm of regional planning (Sudhira, 2004; Civco et al., 2002; ICIMOD,

1999;). These data sets usually comprise large data files that are difficult to transfer, hence,

require significant storage resources, and is a time-consuming and complicated process. A

well-defined data model is one of the basic pillars on which a database depends. The lack of

sufficient thought in the planning of the model would have led to the incoming data being put

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

4

into the wrong containers, or worse, a faulty model may not have allowed the data to be

properly classified (Fig. 2).

GIS DATABASE

RS (SATELLITE IMAGE) LAYOUT MAPS

DIGITIZATION

BASE MAP

GROUND TRUTHING DATA COLLECTION

GC

EI

H

P/PG

P/CNG

BS

RI

GB

MH

CC

DHS

RN

UC DATABASE

Geo-Coding

Educational Institutions

Hospitals

Parks/Playgrounds

Petrol Pumps and CNG Stations

Bus Stops

Religious Institutions

Government Buildings

Marriage Halls

Commercial Centers

Demarcation of Housing Schemes

Road Network

Fig. 2: Methodology for the database development

4 SELECTED FIELDS FOR DATABASE

4.1 Geocoding

An address locator enables conversion of textual descriptions of locations into geographic

features. Address Locators are stored and managed in a workspace. The accuracy of

geocoding has become more and more important in industries such as insurance, catastrophe

risk and disaster managements, telecommunication, etc. (Mansouri et al. 2007 & Mansouri et

al. 2008). During the recent cyclone ‘Phet’ which ravaged Gwadar, the populace was

seriously inflicted by loss of lives and property and the government was at a loss of

mitigating the damages due to an utter lack of geocoding inaccurate address information.

Therefore, in the study area all information regarding home addresses have been collected

through field surveys. Except some names of roads, not all existing roads, streets and lanes in

the UC have titles. Therefore, all roads, streets and lanes have been given names in

consultation with the Administrator of the Union Council. Fig.3 shows the geocode database.

4.2 Demarcation of Housing Schemes and their size

Demarcation of societies is an integral part of renovation of un-planned areas. Limitation of

areas as units where people live as groups, races and ethnic characters is essential for

planning. Demarcation of societies provides a convenient approach for planners to justify

development programs in any area. Tax culture is promoted where the return of utility

facilities are justified. Unit based control and command system has helped establish powerful

administrative authority in the area. Fig.4 shows the number of housing societies in the study

area. Most of the blocks of Model Colony are called Sheets. Other housing societies have

Burke, et al., 2011

5

been developed by different ethnic groups. The people residing in Surti housing society have

named it in accordance to their parent area i.e. Surat (Gujrat, India) while in Kazimabad and

Jaffarbagh, residence is sectarian based. This database will prove helpful to the administrators

of the area for making foolproof security plans related to religious events, customs and rituals

of various sectarian groups.

National Highway

Rai

lwa

y Lin

e

Jinnah

Aven

ue

Jinnah Avenue

Moinabad

3

Sidq

abad

Moinabad Ext.

Moinabad

1

Bostan-e-Raza

Gulistan-e-

Kaleem

Huma Town

Moinabad 2

Rai

lway

Soci

ety

Ala

mgir

Soci

ety

Am

irabad

Haji R

ahim K

han

Jokheo Village

Model C

olony

Sheet 1

Shee

t 2

Sheet 6

Sheet 7

Gulshan-e-Qamar

Sheet 8

Liaquat

Avenue

Sheet 10

Block A

Society 2Sheet

12

Sheet 13

Sheet 14

Sheet 9

Sheet

5

Sheet 4

Sheet 25

Sweet Homeland

Shee

t 26

Sheet

15

Sheet

21

Sheet

16

Crystal Bungalows

Kazimabad

2

Jinnah

GardenSheet

18

Shee

t 19

Shee

t 24

Shee

t 28

Surti

Society

Gulshan-e-

Jami

Humera

Town

Jawan C

omplex

Faiz-e-Aam

Com

plex

Ashabi T

ownA

li Tow

n

Nishtar Ground

BungalowsModern

Poultry Farm

Jann

at-

ul-B

arka

t

She

et 1

1Sheet 22

Sheet 23

Sheet 20

Sheet 17

Sheet 27Sheet 27 Extension

DC QuartersForest Officers Colony

Deptt. Garden

Jaffar Bagh

Extension

Faizabad

Al-Mujeeb

Gol Ground

Sheet

3

Mehran Depot

Pri

vat

e L

and

Model Colony

Graveyard

Security Printing Press of Pakistan

G r

e e

n B

e l t

Sheet 4

Fatima tu-Zehra Park

Nazir Hussain ParkMoinabad

Park

Sindhi School

Ground

Eidgah Ground Ameerabad

Quaid-e-Azam Ground

Sheet 9 Park

Sheet 12 Park

Nishtar

Ground

Goal Ground

Sheet 25 Park

Umer ParkPark (Kazimabad II)

Hira Park

Fig.3, Geocoding Fig.4, Demarcation of Housing Schemes

Fig.6, Parks and Playgrounds

Siddiqui

Masjid

Madni

Masjid

Noori Masjid

Chistia Masjid

Eidgah Masjid

Mustafa Masjid

Qutub Masjid

Rabbani Masjid

Almgir Masjid

Bohri Masjid

Ebrahim Masjid

Ahle

Hadith

Masjid

Faryal Masjid

Ali Masjid

Graveyard

Masjid

HRKV Masjid

Amin Masjid

Ashraf Masjid

Madina Masjid

Khatimun Nabieen

Masjid

Umer Masjid

Abu Bakkar Masjid

Bilal Masjid

Bagh-e-Habib Masjid

Imam Bargh

Hira Masjid Bilal

Masjid

Jama Moeenia Masjid Faize Muhammadi Hafza Masjid

Fig.5, Masjid (Mosque)

0 0.5 1

kilometres

4.3 Religious Institutions

In Muslim society, Masjid (mosque) plays multidimensional roles. They are places of

prayer, educational institutions, courts regarding negotiation of social and political disputes

and a place of balanced development of spirituality. In the study area, 32 949 (0.925%)

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

6

square yards has been reserved for religious institutions. Fig. 5 shows presence of Masjid in

the study area.

4.4 Parks and Playgrounds

Landscape beauty has been an attraction for human beings since he was in paradise.

Subsequent to industrialization, residents were clustered around industrial estates, thus,

crteating an excessive population pressence in these income-generating regions. This undue

agglomeration of urban population led to the development of model settlements where the

residental areas were planned with allocation of areas for community and recreational

facilities etc (Floyd, et al., 2009). In the present era, industrialization has been identified as

one of the major causes of environmental pollution. Therefore, open green spaces must be

maintained in order to mitigate environmental pollution as people of all ages visit parks at

different hours of the day and evenings with different objectives, primarily health objective

(Burke, et al. 2007). The greenery of parks and playgrounds not only reduce environmental

pollution but are also soothing to the human eyes and are meant for refreshment must be

maintained in the open green spaces. Greenery in the form of grasses, shrubs, bushes,

creepers, hedges, flower beds, trees etc (Burke, et al., 2009). Both quality and quantity of

parks and playgrounds have great significance in determining the spatial variation of amenity

values in the housing market (Cho, et al., 2008). In the present study, area of parks and

playgrounds has been measured 72 043 square yards (2.02%) out of 3,563,000 square yards

of study area. Fig. 6 shows the location of Parks and Playgrounds.

4.5 Educational Institutions

It is generally accepted that improving the performance of education systems is

necessary for socio-economic development (Grignon, 2008; Ayan and Taşpinar, 2009)

economic competitiveness, and equality among different groups in societies, better

functioning of the governmental institutions, democracy and human rights. Schools are the

base of educational development. Improper planning of settlements focusing only on housing

needs regardless of basic rights such as school, force people to travel long distances in order

to avail proper education facilities for their children. Ideally, there should be a Pre-

primary/Nursery school for every 200, a Primary school for every 5 000 and a Secondary

school for a local population of about 7 500 (EBGGH, 2010).

Estimated school going age population (age 4 to 16) of the UC are 32 560 while, 42 schools

facilitate their education. Development of database will facilitate the UC administration to

tackle the problems of the education system and to plan beneficial system of educational

structure for their population. Most of the schools are run by private administration while

government schools are few in number.

4.6 Road Network

The success and progress of any area is dependent on the availability of physical

infrastructure for distributing resources and essential services to the public. The quality and

efficiency of this infrastructure affects quality of life, the health of the social system, and the

continuity of economic and business activities (Zigelbauer, et al., 2005; Santosa and

Joewono, 2005; Langdon, 2003; Wong, 2001). The economic strength of local government is

reflected in its infrastructural asset (Bennett, et al., 2004; Rodríguez-Pose, et al., 2001). The

history of economic and social system walks parallel with infrastructure development; good

infrastructure facilitates a higher quality of life (Hudson, et.al., 1997) and demands on

infrastructure and related services increase as people expect a higher quality of life and public

services. In the study area, total road network consists of 93km in length with 3.26km width.

Fig. 7 depicts the road network in the study area.

Burke, et al., 2011

7

4.7 Government Buildings Based on both governmental policies and actions at all levels, there appears renewed

recognition about the importance that public buildings and their activities contribute to the

vitality of urban areas and the overall quality of their communities. Government property

plays a vital role in the development of any area, because it ensures future development of

utilities and security. This factor attracts people to reside around government buildings, thus

exacerbating demand of homes and high land values.

4.8 Hospitals

Health facility is one of the basic needs for human wellbeing and hospitals are an integral part

of healthcare system. WHO (2007) has defined public health security as the activities

required, both proactive and reactive, to minimize vulnerability to acute public health events

that endanger the collective health of national populations and global public health security

concerns of populations living across geographical regions and international boundaries. In

an effective planning of health care system, specially, hospital coverage should be

manageable with reference to population pressure. In the study area, there are three major

public and private sector hospitals (Fig. 8), which facilitate the population in terms of some

basic health services.

4.9 Police Stations

Data relating to the distribution of Police Stations has been used because its presence in any

area does not, under Pakistani conditions, imply the availability of adequate security. Police

post is another essential facility besides healthcare that needs to be provided in a

neighborhood. Security of a given area depends on its police vigilance and no neighborhood

development can become successful without the provision of police stations. There has to be

a provision for a police station for every 90 000 population (EBGGH, 2010). There is only

one police station to facilitate the entire population of the study area (Fig. 8).

4.10 Petrol Pumps and Compressed Natural Gas Stations

Fuel stations have became an essential need for transportation and are considered as an

infrastructural necessity. According to EBGGH (2010), there must be at least one petrol

pump for 150 hectares of gross residential area. In the study area, two fuel stations are

facilitating 297.9 hectares of gross residential area and the neighborhood of the whole study

area (Fig. 9).

4.11 Commercial Centre Every development area must have a commercial centre for availability of services to make

living convenient. These services include banks, cloth markets, dry cleaners, telephone

recharge facility, photocopier, etc. The main commercial center in the study area has been

shown in Fig. 9.

4.12 Marriage Halls

People need places to gather for social purposes or just need halls for organizing certain

functions. There should be a community hall for a population of about 5 000. For a

population of about 15 000, there should be a community hall and a library (EBGGH, 2010),

Fig. 10 shows severals community or marrage halls in the UC, but no library.

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

8

Security Printing

Press

Government of

Pakistan

PTCL

Telephone

ExchangeGovernment

Sindhi School

Mehran

Depot

Police

Station

Union

Council

Office

F. G.

School

CDGK Maternity Home

Water

Pumping

Station

Government

Forest Nursery

Government Degree

Girls College

GBSS

District

Council

School

Faryal Girls

School

Faryal Boys

School

Faryal

Primary

SchoolGovernment

Quarters

Faryal School

Sky Lawn

Mehran Marriage Lawn

Khan Marriage Hall

Bag-o-Bahar

Lawn

Town Hall

Lavish Lawn

Daffodils Hall A

Daffodils Hall B

Hina Garden

Qamar Garden

Fig.7, Labeling of Road Network Fig.8, Government Buildings

0 0.5 1

kilometres

Al-Mezan Bank

Standard Chartered Bank

National Bank

Bank Al-Habib

United Bank Limited

Alpine

CNG

Station

Main Commercial

Street

Fig.9, Commercial Center Fig.10, Marriage Halls

PSO Petrol Pumps

Security Printing

Press

Government of

Pakistan

Security Printing

Press

Government of

Pakistan

Liaquat Ali Khan Road

Cantt. Road (One Way)

Perposed Parking

Malir Halt Bypass

Perposed Hospital Road, Rahim Khan Village

Main

St.

Goal

Gro

un

d

Lan

e 4

Sh

eet

22

Lan

e 1 S

hee

t 22

Lan

e 4

Sh

eet

21

Lan

e 12 S

hee

t 23

Faryal School Road

Moinabad Avenue

Chistia Masjid Street

Lane 1 Moinabad ILane 2 Moinabad I

Lane 3 Moinabad ILane 4 M

oinabad I

Lane 10 Moinabad III

Lan

e 1 S

hee

t 27th

Lan

e 2 S

hee

t 27th

Lan

e 3 S

hee

t 27th

Lan

e 4 S

hee

t 27th

Lan

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hee

t 27th

Lan

e 6 S

hee

t 27th

Lan

e 7 S

hee

t 27th

Lan

e 8 S

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t 27th

Lan

e 9 S

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t 27th

Lan

e 10 S

hee

t 27th

Lan

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hee

t 27th

Lan

e 12 S

hee

t 27th

Coll

ege

Str

eet

DC Quarters St.

Lan

e 1 S

hee

t 27th

Ext.

Lan

e 3 S

hee

t 27th

Ext.

Lan

e 4 S

hee

t 27th

Ext.

Lane 1 Sheet 25Lane 2 Sheet 25Lane 3 Sheet 25

Str

eet

2 S

hee

t 25

Str

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3 S

hee

t 25

Str

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4 S

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Str

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Lan

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Kaz

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mab

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Lan

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mab

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Lan

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mab

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Kaz

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Kaz

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Lan

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Lan

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Kaz

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Lan

e 17

Kaz

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Lan

e 18

Kaz

imab

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Lane 19 K

azim

abad

Lan

e 1

Jaffar

bagh

Link Street Jaffarbagh &

Sheet 17

Lane 1 C

rystal Bunglow

s

Lane 2 C

rystal Bunglow

s

Lane 6 C

rystal Bunglow

s

Lane 8 C

rystal Bunglow

s

Lan

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Jaffar

bagh

Lan

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Jaffar

bagh

Lan

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Jaffar

bagh

Bila

l Mas

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tree

t Jaf

farb

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ink Street Jaffarbagh

Lan

e 1 S

hee

t 17

Lan

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t 17

Lane 8 Sheet 25

Lane 9 Sheet 25

Lane 10 Sheet 25

Lan

e 1 S

hee

t 18

Lan

e 2 S

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t 18

Lan

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hee

t 18

Lan

e 4 S

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t 18

Lan

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t 18

Lan

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t 18

Lan

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t 19

Cantt. Wall Street

Lan

e 1 S

hee

t 24

Lan

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t 24

Lan

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t 24

Lin

k L

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28

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i

Lane 3 G

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Lan

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Guls

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i

Lan

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Guls

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i

Street 2

Moin

ab

ad

Ext.

Street 3

Moin

ab

ad

III

Street 4

Moin

ab

ad

III

Central Street Bostan-e-Raza

Central Street Gulshan-e-KaleemRashid Latif St

Lan

e 10 Bostan

-e-Raza

Huma Town St.

Lan

e 1R

ail

way S

oci

ety

Model Graveyard St.

Lan

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ail

way S

oci

ety

Lan

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ail

way F

lats

Lan

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ail

way S

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Lan

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lam

gir

Soce

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Lan

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lam

gir

Soce

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Lan

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Gra

vey

ard

Wall

Lan

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au

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rou

nd

Lan

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t 7

Lan

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t 7

Lan

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t 7

Lan

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t 7

Lan

e 6 S

hee

t 7

Lan

e 7 S

hee

t 7

Lan

e 8 S

hee

t 7

Lan

e 9 S

hee

t 7

Central St. Sheet 6

Lan

e 8 S

hee

t 6

Lan

e 9 S

hee

t 6

Lan

e 11 S

hee

t 6

Lan

e 12 S

hee

t 6

Lan

e 15 S

hee

t 6

Lasi P

ara

St.

Mai

n St

.1 R

ahim

Kha

n V

illag

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Sindhi S

choo

l St.

Rah

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illag

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illag

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tral

St.

Sw

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elan

d

Sheet 26 Street

Central Street Sheet 26

Lan

e 9 S

hee

t 26

Lan

e 10 S

hee

t 26

Lan

e 12 S

hee

t 26

Lane 3 Sheet 15Lane 4 Sheet 15Lane 5 Sheet 15

Cen

tral S

t. S

hee

t 15

Hosp

ital S

t.

Sheet 8 Street

Lane 3 S

heet 8

Lane 4 S

heet 8

Lane 2 S

heet 8

Lane 1 Sheet 8

Lane

6 Shee

t 8

Lane 8 S

heet 8

Comm. St. Sheet 9

Com

m. L

an

e 7 S

hee

t 9

Liaquat A

venue St.

Lan

e 6 S

hee

t 9

Lan

e 7 S

hee

t 9

Lan

e 10 S

hee

t 9

Comm. St. Sheet 4

Com

m. L

an

e 1 S

hee

t 4

Com

m. L

an

e 2 S

hee

t 4

Com

m. L

an

e 3 S

hee

t 4

Com

m. L

an

e 4 S

hee

t 4

Lan

e 6 S

hee

t 4

Lan

e 7 S

hee

t 4

Lan

e 8 S

hee

t 4

Lan

e 9 S

hee

t 4

Lan

e 1S

hee

t 20

Lan

e 2 S

hee

t 20

Lan

e 3 S

hee

t 20

Lan

e 4 S

hee

t 20

Link Lane Sheet 15 & 16

Lan

e 14

Jaf

farb

agh

Lan

e 2

Sh

eet

22

Lan

e 3

Shee

t 12

Lan

e 7

Sh

eet

22

Lan

e 5 S

hee

t 12

Lan

e 8

Sh

eet

22

Link Street Cantt. Road

Lan

e 1 S

hee

t 23

Lan

e 3 S

hee

t 23

Lan

e 11 S

hee

t 23

Faryal School Street

Lan

e 7 S

hee

t 23

Lan

e 10 S

hee

t 23 Lin

k Str

eet A

shabi T

own &

Shee

t 23

Lan

e 1 S

hee

t 12

Boh

ri M

asj

id S

t.

Link Lane Sheet 10 & Liaquat Avenue

Lan

e 7 S

hee

t 11

Lane 4 Liaquat Avenue

Lane

5 Shee

t 3

Lane 4 S

heet 3

Street 4 Liaquat A

venue

Street 1 AmirabadStreet 2 Amirabad

Street 3 Amirabad

Lanet 5 L

asi Para

Lane 3 Lasi Para

Lane

3 Shee

t 1

Lan

e 1

Sheet 1

Sheet 1

Str

eet R

ahim

Khan

Vill

age

Street 2 Sheet 1

Lane

5 Shee

t 1

Lan

e 7 S

hee

t 2

Lan

e 6 S

hee

t 2

Lane

3 Shee

t 2

Str

eet

1 L

asi

Para

Natho K

han Street Rahim

Khan V

illage

Cen

tral S

tree

t Al M

ujeeb

Exte

nsion

Centr

al Str

eet A

shabi T

own

Nish

tar G

rou

nd

Street J

affa

r Bagh

Exten

tion

Nishtar G

round Street Ali T

own

Lane 5 A

li Tow

n

Lane 4 Ali Town

Lane 3 Ali Town

Lane 2 Ali Tow

n

Lane 1 Ali Tow

n

Link Street H

umera T

own

Lan

e 1 H

um

era T

ow

n

Lan

e 2 H

um

era T

ow

n

Lane 1 Sheet 28

Stre

et 3

Jan

at u

l Bar

kat So

ceity

Stre

et 4

Jana

t ul

Bar

kat So

ceity

Lane 1Janat ul Barkat Soceity

Faizabad S

tree

t

Stree

t 2 A

li Tow

n

Stree

t 1 S

urti S

ociety

Str

eet 3

Ali T

own

Lan

e 10 S

hee

t 7

Raza R

oad S

treet 1

Lan

e 1 S

hee

t 21

Lan

e 2 S

hee

t 21

Lan

e 3 S

hee

t 21

Lan

e 4 S

hee

t 23

Lin

k S

tree

t R

aza

Road

&

Lia

qu

at

Aven

ue

Lan

e 18 S

hee

t 4

Lane 21 Sheet 4

4.13 Bus Stops

Bus shelters are important components of service quality, which should be provided

by local governments. Bus stops are also an indicator of discipline of any nation, because

stops facilitate commuters for break of journey at specific points. This action mentally

motivates drivers that uncertain break is not possible in traffic flow. All should drive their

vehicles in their respective lanes and stop at relevant terminals. Shelter at bus stops is also

very important to protect from the vagaries of weather. Only one bus stop has been observed

in the entire study area.

Burke, et al., 2011

9

Fig.11: Detailed GIS map of Model Colony

5 IMPACT OF GIS ON LOCAL REVENUE COLLECTION AND

CONSUMPTION

Municipal authorities all over Pakistan understand the importance of bringing IT into

their infrastructure and setup. This requirement should lead to opening and consolidation of

IT departments in the municipal corporations of the city. Property and other tax assessment is

one of the areas where this technology can be used to meet the challenges of storing huge

amount of data, and updating it on a continuous basis in an effective manner.

Development of household population database would prove highly beneficial in not

only urban and regional planning but political, ecological and environmental planning as

well. In the case of Karachi, a database of the sewerage system would also go a long way in

preparedness and mitigation of natural hazards and disasters. Planning at the UC level can

prove highly beneficial as it is grassroots level planning and use of RS and GIS can prove to

be highly effective. Future applications of GIS are beyond imagination and almost all

development projects will use this technology, which will also significant aid in revenue

generation and most accurate UC budget planning. This system will also contribute to

efficiency of the tax system and functioning of the tax net. In Pakistan, electricity and gas

fuel theft, ignorance of vehicle tax and driving license, etc. are rampant. Collection of taxes

and other utility bills should be administered at UC level, especially for Karachimega polis,

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

10

for more efficient management. Fig.12 shows the significance and associated terms regarding

GIS database, while Table 1 has depicted estimated revenue collections in some fields.

UC

GIS

Estimate Revenue

Collection

Estimate Revenue

Consumption

Comprehensive planning

for area development

Check and Control on

Revenue by local people

Least Corruption Rate

Rule of Law Peaceful Environment

Significance

Advantages EffectsRole

Fig. 12 Impact of GIS in Local Revenue Collections and Consumptions

Table 1

Estimated Revenue Collections based on developed database of UC

(Sugested rate evaluated on the bases of negotiation with local people)

Water & Sewerage Charges on Monthly Basis Yearly

Single floor PKR@300 Double floor PKR@600 Triple floor PKR@900 Total (million)

No. of Houses 4320 1296000 3350 2010000 1505 1354500 4660500 55.926

Shopfront Charges on Monthly Basis

4 to 8 feet PKR@200 8 to 16 feet PKR@400 Triple floor PKR@600

No of Shops 543 108600 33 13200 24 14400 136200 1.6344

Vehicle Tax on yearly basis

Motorbike PKR@1000 Car PKR@2000 Truks & Buses PKR@5000

Vehcile Tax 8625 8625000 1240 2480000 22 110000 1.1E+07 11.215

Driving License on years basis

Motorbike PKR@600 Car PKR@1000 Truks & Buses PKR@2000

License 18345 11007000 4983 4983000 1133 2266000 1.8E+07 18.256

Per student charge on private school on the basis of students range in monthly sysytem

Student range 100-200 PKR@50 200-300 PKR@40 300-400 PKR@30

No. of student 1435 71750 1720 68800 735 22050 162600 1.9512

Land sale purchase and rent fees

Sale & purchase PKR@ 500/yard 2500000 2.5

Rent PKR@ 300/yard 117500 0.1175

Certificates Charges

Birth Certificate PKR@ 500 77500 0.0775

Death Certificate PKR@ 100

5500 0.0055

Marriage

Certificate PKR@ 800 320000 0.32

Private Clinics Charges on monthly basis

Per Clinic

PKR@

1200 96000 0.096

Per Hospital PKR@ 2500 7500 0.0075

Total 92.1066

Burke, et al., 2011

11

6 DISCUSSION AND PROPOSALS

Planning is a process of human thought to be translated into action based on that

thought. Planning is forethought and its aim is to provide a resource for democratic and

informed decision-making (Hall and Page, 1999). Union Councils are administrative units

created for grass-root level planning, implementation and solution of problems which may be

highly diversified in nature covering a wide canvas of social, economic, historical,

development and recreational aspirations. Planning, however, is not a simple process and

entails the interest of a number of powerful interest groups, causing serious modifications in

the façade of democratic process. Implementation of planning decisions leaves a long-term

imprint on the structure, functionality and quality of life, especially in urban environment.

Although, most planning occurs at the local level i.e. the UC level; national and state policies

and legislation often influence the planning process and implementation. Micro-level

planning has proved to be beneficial worldwide as well as in the case of Karachi.

The use of RS and for creating GIS database is a lacune which needs to be filled in

order to provide accurate and up to-date information for handling not only planning

procedures but also emergency mitigation. After the development of GIS, some proposals are

given in Fig.13, because it is highly concerned with the present requirements of any well-

planned area.

Various research have found that green spaces and belts are essential components of

the urban environment as they provide a wide range of environmental and social functions to

cities and urban dwellers (Stanners and Bourdeau, 1995; Harrison et al., 1995 & Nowak et al.

2006). Increasing levels of urban densification are calling attention to those measures that can

mitigate urban island effects (Mazza and Rydin 1997) or compensate for the overload of

pollutants in (urban) air and soil (McPherson et al. 1994). A healthy urban environment is

often associated with the availability of large forest areas within cities and the accessibility of

such areas by urban residents (Hartig 2004; Hartig and Cooper- Marcus 2006; Maas, et al.

2006 & Mitchell and Popham, 2007).

Energy crisis is a critical problem in the study area. Climatic conditions force people to run

their air conditioners but shortage of electricity prevents this. Tree planting around the whole

UC green belts, roads, and big plots would help make a cool shield (Fig.13). Effective

placement of trees can benefit air quality and the health of residents while reducing energy

consumption. Trees can remove both gaseous air pollutants and particulate matter. Trees

surrounding buildings should be placed in areas that provide protection from solar radiation

in summer and block winter wind.

Fire disasters cause heavy causalities and great loss of social and economic wealth in

congested urban areas, so the plan of fire station location has an essential significance for

urban security (Chi, 2003). In the city of Karachi due to heavy traffic congestion, location of

rescue centers for provision of quick response is essential. Time-lapse in fire protection is the

most severe problem in unplanned and highly populated areas. Therefore, it is necessary to

introduce multi objective models for location of fire station and emergency centers (Badri, et

al., 1998; Araz, et al., 2007).

Based on geographical network models and GIS spatial analysis, an optimized arithmetic of

the fire station locations as well as the coverage area boundaries are designed (Malczewski,

2004). Unfortunately, in the study area, none of the fire stations are located at vantage points

for UC administration to make proper spatial allocation of this facility. Fig.13 shows the

proposal for location of this facility. Due to centralized location of commercial centers, it is

very essential to design a bypass for reducing traffic congestion towards residential areas. In

the study area, it is easy to make a bypass entitled Jinnah bypass for decreasing of overburden

of Jinnah Avenue because subsequent to the link with the super highway, the volume of

heavily traffic has increased tremendously.

Application of GIS on urban land use planning and revenue generation

12

Jin

nah

Aven

ue

to S

up

er H

igh

way

Proposed Site for

Fire Station

Railway Track

Proposed

Green Belt

Forest

Proposed Jinnah Avenue

Bypass for Model Colony

Security

Printing

Press

Hospital &

Maternity

Home

Airport

Malir Cantt.

Proposed Dedicated Road

for Hospital

National Highway

Airport Road

Rahim

Bukash

Village

Lasi

Village

Fig. 13, Proposals

7 CONCLUSION

The effective planning, monitoring and decision making of any developmental

activity depends highly on reliable, updated and relevant information system. GIS has

overcome the drawback of time consuming and tedious traditional methods of planning.

Incorporation of Geo-informatics into planning, implementation and monitoring has changed

the whole concept of execution of urban and regional planning. An authentic database for

using GIS will immensely help in the planning and monitoring process by maintaining

information in an effective and easily updatable manner. Database prepared this way will also

allow data sharing among different government departments, which will reduce the cost of

duplication, hence, minimize the communication gap, a great hurdle in implementation of

visions of urban and regional planning.

Burke, et al., 2011

13

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