191P. K. Panday, Women’s Political Participation in Bangladesh, DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1272-0, © Springer India 2013

Appendix

192 Appendix

(English Version)1

Bangladesh GazetteAdditional Copy

Published by the AuthorityMonday, September 8, 1997

Bangladesh National ParliamentDhaka, September, 1997/ 24th of Bhadro, 1404

The following Act adopted by the Government has been endorsed by the President of the People's Republic of Bangladesh on 8 September, 1997 (24th of Bhadro, 1404) and is hereby published for general information.

The Act 20 of 1997An Act made further to amend the Local Government (Union

Parishads) Ordinance, 1983

1 The Act has been translated from Bengali to English by the author.

Appendix 193

Whereas it is expedient further to amend the Local Government (Union Parishads) Ordinance, 1983 (Ord. LI of 1983) for carrying out the purposes here-inafter appearing;

Thus, the following Act is formulated:

(1) Short Title: This Act will be called as the Local Government (Union Parishads) (Second Amendment) Act, 1997.

(2) Amendment of Section 5 of Ordinance LI of 1983: In the Section 5 of the Local Government (Union Parishads) Ordinance, 1983 (hereinafter Ordinance),

(a) sub-section (1) will be replaced by the following sub-section (1)(1) Union Parishad shall consist of a Chairman and twelve members including three

members exclusively reserved for women.(b) sub-section (3) will be replaced by the following sub-section (3)(3) There shall be reserved-three seats exclusively for women members in each

Union Parishad, hereinafter referred to as reserved seats, who shall be elected by direct election on the basis of adult franchise in accordance the provision of this ordinance and the rules;

Provided that nothing in this sub-section shall prevent a women from being elected to any of the nine general seats provided for in sub-section (1).

(3) Amendment of Section 6 of Ordinance LI of 1983: In the sub-section (1B) of Section 6 of the Ordinance, “other than members of reserved seats” comas and words will be deleted.

(4) Amendment of Section 7 of Ordinance LI of 1983: In the last part of clause (b) of sub-section (1) of Section 7 of the Ordinance, the word “and” will be deleted and clause (c) will be replaced by the following clause, such as:

(c) in the case of Chairman, his name appears on the electoral roll for any ward in the union;

(d) in the case of a member including a member of reserved seats, his name appears on the electoral roll of the concerned wards.

(5) Amendment of Section 18 of Ordinance LI of 1983: Section (18) of the Ordinance will be replaced by Section (18), such as:

18 Wards- (I) For the purpose of election members, other than in reserved seats, the union shall be divided into nine wards.

(I) For the purpose of election members in reserved seats, the union shall be divided into three wards.

(6) Inclusion of a new section in the Ordinance LI of 1983: The new Section 20A will be included after Section 20 of the Ordinance, such as:

20A Delimitation of wards of reserved seats:- For the purpose of election to the reserved seats, the Thana Nirbahi Officer shall cause the nine wards, delimitated under the section 20 to be regrouped into three wards and shall publish the list of such wards in the official Gazette.

(7) Amendment of Section 22 of Ordinance LI of 1983: In Section 22 of the Ordinance, “other than in reserved seats”, commas and words will be deleted.

194 Appendix

(8) Amendment of Section 23 of Ordinance LI of 1983: In Section 23 of the Ordinance, “other than in reserved seats”, commas and words will be deleted.

(9) Amendment of Section 24 of Ordinance LI of 1983: In Section 24 of the Ordinance, “other than in reserved seats”, commas and words will be deleted.

(10) Amendment of Section 25 of Ordinance LI of 1983: In Section 25 of the Ordinance, “other than in reserved seats”, commas and words will be deleted.

Khondokar Abdul HuqueSecretary (In-Charge)

195P. K. Panday, Women’s Political Participation in Bangladesh, DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1272-0, © Springer India 2013

195

Index

AAccountability, 5, 42, 81, 114Acid throwing, 2, 83, 84Act of 1997. See Local Government (Union

Parishads) (Second Amendment) Act, 1997

Advani, L. K., 91Africa

democratic transitions in, 35, 40African National Congress (ANC), 127, 186Agriculture

development, 40, 58, 70, 71Agro-processing, 12Ahmed, Dr. Fakruddin, 57AinoSalish Kendro (ASK), 40Anjuman-e-Khawateen-Islam, 122Arnstein

ladder of participation, 8Asian Development Bank (ADB), 5, 137Asia-Pacific region, 6, 144Association for Social Advancement (ASA),

41, 130, 132Association of Development Agencies in

Bangladesh (ADAB), 41, 129Democracy Awareness Education Program,

41, 129Authoritarianism, 54Autonomy, 6, 26, 30, 32, 133Awami League (AL), 13, 15, 25, 56, 79, 83,

84, 86, 112government, 112reluctance about women’s participation in

the National Parliament, 114Awareness, 7, 31, 41, 66, 78, 82, 125, 128,

129, 131, 132, 134, 139, 145, 161, 180, 182, 189

BBangladesh

Acts of the Parliament, 52administrative structure, 57army-backed caretaker government, 57autocratic rule, 37, 186British Period, 51–53budget, 24, 69–71, 133, 145, 169,

182, 189civil administration, 9civilian labour force, 6Civil Service, 6decision making in

political process , 1, 4, 7, 10, 15, 29, 30, 51, 59, 95, 109, 140, 187

defense services, 6, 183democracy of, 4, 30, 37, 39–41, 52, 54,

122, 129, 133, 174, 186development-related programs, 41districts

Barguna, 139Bogra, 8, 68Feni, 139Habigoanj, 139Narsingdi, 139Nilphamari, 41, 129Rajshahi, 12, 13, 149, 160Satkhira, 139Sirajganj, 139, 182

Ershad regime, 105gender related

issues in, 69, 124, 187policymaking in, 5, 104, 123, 134, 145,

182programs, 41projects, 42

Index196196

Barendra-Project, 12Bargaining power, 6Basic Democracy System, 54Beijing Conference, 97, 116, 127, 141, 143,

144, 180, 181, 183Beijing Declaration, 1995, 25, 98Beijing Platform for Action, 51, 140Beijing Plus Five Conference, 43, 112, 183Bengali Muslim Women’s Movement, 119Bengal Municipal Act of 1932, 53Beyadobi, 166BRAC, 41, 130, 132British colonial rule

Bengal Local Self-Government Act, 52Bengal Village Chawkidari Act of 1870, 52Bengal Village Self-Government Act of

1919, 53chowkidari panchayet, 52, 53imperial interests, 52Union Committees, 53

Brutalitypolice, 39

Buddhism, 156Bureaucracy

public, 4weak, 41

CCaritas, 130, 131Cases

Aparna Rani, 175Chaggibai, 168Hasnehena, 167Khadiza Khanom, 172

Caste, 6, 59, 60, 168Centralization, 37, 38Chittagong Hills Tracts (CHT), 93, 109, 110Chittagong Hills Tracts (CHT) Peace Accord,

109Chowkidari fund, 55Christianity

ChurchCitizenship

concept of, 28City Corporation, 12, 57, 58Class, 6, 15, 63, 150, 158, 168Commission on the Status of Women (CSW),

42Committee on the Status of Women in India,

39Communication, 54, 59, 70, 76, 110Communist Party of Sri Lanka (CP), 90Conciliation court, 54

Bangladesh (cont.)government

reforms for women’s participation in politics and local government bod-ies, 59, 181

independence of, 55, 61, 97, 120, 144law-making process in, 98liberation movement of, 40, 110, 120local government in

design of, 15, 51, 57, 75responsibilities of, 29, 38, 43, 54, 62,

67, 188micro-credit programs, 10, 41, 128, 129,

145, 182multi-party system NGO programs in, 38Pakistan period

neo-colonial, 52Parliament, 1, 23, 36, 52, 56, 75, 77, 82,

87, 88, 96, 99, 125, 174policymaking in, 28, 44political parties, 13, 15, 27, 37, 75–77, 81,

85, 95, 110, 117, 188reform initiatives of 1997, 3reform of 1997, 3, 15, 21, 37, 77, 97, 109,

114, 117, 180, 181, 183religious fundamentalism in, 33, 60Union Parishad (UP)

structure, 58voter education programs, 41women of, 8, 63, 68, 135, 142, 183women’s empowerment in, 30–32, 128,

189women’s participation in

local government, 38politics, 29, 37–39, 112

Zia regime, 105Bangladesh Development Forum, 138Bangladesh Jammat-E-Islami (BJI)

politics, 15Bangladesh Legal Aid and Services Trust

(BLAST), 122Bangladesh Mahila Parishad (BMP), 40, 104,

122, 126Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)

National Standing Committee, 86reluctance to enact women-friendly reform,

96reluctance to reform to improve women’s

political participation, 108second term in power, 98

Bangladesh Public Administration Training Centre (BPATC), 136–137

Bangladesh Union Parishad Forum (BUPF), 138

Index 197197

Dhaka Municipality, 53–54Discrimination

gender, 126, 132, 143, 181positive, 5

Disparitymales and females, 2, 56

Diversity, 29, 37, 144, 186Donor agencies

1997 reform and, 133bilateral, 41International women’s political participa-

tion and, 134Dowry, 32, 83, 84, 121

EEast Pakistan. See BangladeshEconomic freedom, 15, 33, 176, 184Economic sovereignty, 33, 150, 184Economic transformation, 37, 186Economy

agricultural, 12aid-dependent, 133

Education, 6, 33, 38, 41, 54, 66, 78, 83, 84, 130, 142, 152, 161, 183

Efficiency, 29, 31, 57, 114, 144, 183Election manifestos

Women’s Political Participation in, 82Elections

1997, 7, 82003, 7, 8ballot structures, 22, 37direct, 5, 12, 84, 85electoral system

proportional representation, 5, 99rules, 22types of, 5women, representation for

female candidates, 37, 38, 87indirect, 64, 67, 68, 99local governmentparliamentary, 51proportional representation, 5reservation of seats by quotas, 36system of nomination, 53, 67, 68Union Parishad (UP), 56, 58, 63, 64voter education programs, 41

Electricity, 29, 30, 59Employment

opportunities, 101, 121Empowerment

collective, 31, 39definition, 30, 31dimensions of, 30–33

Conflict, 39, 76, 98, 110, 113, 172Constitution of People’s Republic of

Bangladesh Constitution

amendments, 101Article 5, 62, 63, 121Article 9, 60, 108, 181Article 19, 60Article 27, 60Article 28, 60, 108, 181Article 59, 52, 108Article 60, 52Constitution of 1972, 62, 98

Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 42, 43, 122, 140, 144

Optional Protocol on, 144signatories of, 43

Crime, 35, 58, 123Crop-diversification, 12Culture

Bangladeshi, 166democratic, 39Islamic, 156mastan, 35patriarchal, 75political

multi-party, 38

DDecentralization

democratic, 35principles of, 107program, 55

Decision makingadministrative, 28, 59local government, 3, 4, 10, 35, 64, 165,

179, 183participation in, 129, 134, 174public, 6, 101

Democracy, 4, 30, 37, 39–41, 52, 54, 122, 129, 133, 186

Democratic Local Government (DLG), 5, 138, 139

inclusion of women and minorities into local politics, 5

Democratic Local Government Program (DLGP), 138, 183

Democratic transition, 35, 40Democratization

process offunctions in, 39Development Extension Education Services

(DEES), 130

Index198198

gender-responsive, 30good

indicators of, 2local-level, 67process of, 2, 4, 10, 42, 174, 186

Government of India Act 1935, 61Governments

Awami League (AL), 15, 25, 37, 38, 56, 57, 71, 77, 82, 85, 92, 95–98, 101, 106–109, 113, 114, 116, 117, 125, 181, 183

Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), 15, 37, 56, 76, 77, 83, 98, 101, 104, 112, 181

caretaker, 57, 69, 101central, 15, 55, 67local

rural, 10, 39, 57, 58, 63, 65, 114, 173, 183

structure of, 36, 54, 55, 57, 58, 62, 66, 71, 179

urban, 53–55, 57, 58, 183village, 1, 56, 58

representative, 53, 54, 61, 95Grameen Bank, 41, 130, 132Gram Sarker (GS), 55, 56Gram (Village) Parishad, 56

HHasina, Sheikh, 85, 87, 91–93, 95, 107, 110,

113, 181Health services, 30, 32, 187Hinduism, 156Hiring, 5Housing, 30, 92, 93Hussain, Roquia Sakhaqat, 120

IIdeology

differences in, 125government, 25, 38, 106, 153, 180

Incomegeneration, 12

IndiaBritish, 52–54concessions for women, 39Constituent Assembly, 39Constitution

73rd and 74th Amendments, 3681st Amendment Bill, 90

nationalist struggle in, 60

Empowerment (cont.)potential, 31process of, 31, 33, 132

Equalitygender, 4, 5, 41, 68, 101, 123, 125, 126,

128, 144, 181, 188Equal opportunity principles, 5Ershad, Lt. General Hossain Muhammad, 105Ethnicity, 6European Network of Experts, 1Exploitation, 2, 127, 161

FFamily planning, 66, 83, 84, 93, 120Foreign influences, 27Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing,

ChinaPlatform For Action (PFA), 43, 140

Fundamentalismneo-liberal, 140religious, 33, 60, 140, 152

GGender

bias, 29Constitutional provisions, 59development index, 90discrimination, 42, 43, 71, 101, 132, 139,

143, 144, 181, 188equality of, 4imbalance, 5, 6integration, 6, 40relations

imbalance , 6representation in

political decision making process, 4sensitive budget, 69sensitive programmes, 70

Gender and Development Program (GDP), 130

Gender gap, 70Global Fund for Women, California, 39Globalization, 27Go-no Forum (People’s Forum), 88Gono Shahajjo Sangstha (GSS), 41, 129Governance

democratic, 4, 30determinants of, 22establishment of good, 1, 107gendered, 10, 42gender inequality in, 6

Index 199199

purdahuse of, 152, 156

women and, 82, 97Islami Oikkyo Jote, 104Isolation, 1

JJatiya Nari Unnayan Niti 2004 (National

Women Development Policy), 101Jatiya Party (JP), 15, 76–79, 83–86, 88, 89, 96Jatiya Samajtantrk Dal (JSD), 88Jatiya Sangsad (National Parliament), 82Judiciary, 5, 102Justice, 29, 121

KKhan, General Ayub

promulgation of Martial Law, 54Kingdon, John

agenda setting model, 21

LLabor

sexual division of, 154Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Lanka Equal

Society Party (LSSP), 90Law and order

maintenance of, 52responsibility of, 54

Leadershipqualities, 78, 81responses of, 34social norms and association of, 7top, 34, 86, 114

Legitimacy crisis, 1Lesson drawing, 3Liberty

social, 15, 33, 152, 176, 184, 185Literacy, 32, 90, 120, 134, 160Local consultative groups (LCG), 134Local Governance Development Fund Project,

Sirajganj, Bangladesh, 139, 182Local government, 1, 3, 7, 23, 35, 52, 55, 59,

62–64, 107, 114, 122, 130, 139, 153, 163, 165, 173, 181

Local Government CommissionReport on Strengthening Local

Government Institutions, 56Local Government Institutions (LGI), 12Local Government Ordinance 1976, 3, 55, 62

rural, 40self-government in

local, 52Supreme Court, 39women agencies in

role of, 40Indian Women’s Association, 60Industrialization, 12Industry, 70, 71Injustice, 32, 127, 172Institutional design, 3, 5, 14, 38, 75, 80, 135,

136, 141Institutionalism

historical, 23, 43, 179“new”, 22rule-based, 23sociological, 22

Institutionalizationwomen’s participation in local govern-

ment, 39Institutions

as history, 23concept of, 21, 22, 28definitions, 24international, 26, 27, 42, 75, 119, 133, 141local government, 14, 21, 55, 60, 107, 108,

165, 169national-level, 35origins of, 22path, 24responsibility, 24, 38role of, 3, 14, 21, 22rules, 22, 23, 43self-governing, 52, 55social legitimacy, 22

Integrated Community Development Programs (ICDPs), 130

International agreements, 27International Conventions

women’s political participation, 140International Expert Committee for Justice,

145International gender agenda documents, 42International Monetary Fund (IMF), 28, 42International organizations, 25, 27, 42, 137,

189International regimes, 27International System, 26, 27International Women’s Year, 42Islamic Law

Azan, 155fatwa

incidents of, 152, 160

Index200200

National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction, 143

National Women Development Policy, 101Netherlands, 41Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

1997 Reform and, 41, 43, 75, 76, 110, 119, 131, 132, 136, 145, 180–182

Bangladeshi, 15, 41, 75, 82contribution of, 117, 132initiatives of, 75, 129involvement in politics, 41role of, 128, 182women’s political participation and, 42,

43, 75, 82, 129, 130, 132, 137, 145, 180–182

OOikkyo Badha Nari Samaj (United Women’s

Forum), 121, 127Openness, 1Oppression, 83, 84, 160

PPacific Institute for Women’s Health (PIWH),

39Pakistan

religious fundamentalism in, 60Pakistan Movement, 61Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti

(PCJSS), 109Path dependency, 3, 24Patriarchy, 4, 5, 7, 9, 14, 23, 34, 85, 87, 141,

152, 153, 167, 168, 171, 175, 184, 185, 188

Policiesactors, 21, 25–28, 35, 36, 180changes, 21, 41, 102, 130, 133, 187, 188domestic, 27, 28economic

neo-liberal, 40formulation, 24, 28, 110fragmented subsystems, 28gender-related, 27, 44government, 24, 28, 182hierarchy, 38implementation, 28, 102, 123, 124, 138,

140, 142makers, 24, 36, 40, 62, 124, 108measures, 51, 128, 188objectives, 82, 187privatization, 41

Local Government Reform, 35, 51, 59, 78, 181Local Government (Union Parishads)

(Amendment) Act 1993, 63Local Government (Union Parishads)

Ordinance 1983, 63, 64Local Government (Union Parishads) (Second

Amendment) Act 1997, context of, 67enactment of, 65impact of, 71implications, 4significance of, 7

Lord RiponResolution on local self-government, 52

MMadrasas, 155Male

attitudes of, 169Martial Law Order, 55Mazumder, Vina, 39Micro credit

role of, 10, 41, 128, 129, 145Ministry of Local Government, Rural

Development, and Cooperatives (MLGRD&C), 122

Ministry of Women and Children Affairs (MoWCA), 69, 70, 101

Minoritiesinclusion in local politics, 5

Modernizationagricultural, 12

Money power, 6, 151, 158Moni, Dr. Dipu, 92, 94Mosque, 7, 155Municipal Association of Bangladesh (MAB),

138Murder, 126, 127Muscle power, 6Muslim Family and Marriage Ordinance of

1961, 54Muslim Family Law Act, 121

NNaripokkho, 40, 121–123Nari Progoti Sangtha (BNPS), 40, 122Narir Khomotayon, 82Nari Unnayan Samity (NUS), 40National Council for Women Development,

142Nationalism, 60, 105

Index 201201

democraticfemale representation in, 5

determinants of, 22government

growth and development of, 104–106local, 15, 36, 54, 62, 152, 153, 166, 170national, 27, 28

NGO involvement in, 41participation in

women’s, 1–4, 6, 39, 51, 60, 104, 127, 134, 135, 141, 187

party, 15, 77, 78, 80–82, 87, 88, 91, 95, 97, 99, 106, 115, 116, 139

Sri Lankan, 90student, 40women in, 2, 4, 22, 115, 117, 123, 125,

184, 186, 187, 188representation in, 2, 7, 183

Pourashava, 12, 57, 58, 138, 143Poverty

alleviation, 41, 133rural, 41

Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP), 138, 143, 144

Powerabsolute, 36balance of, 56generative, 31inequality of, 22political, 36, 87productive, 31sharing of, 141State, 38, 57, 77, 87, 98, 105, 106structure, 36, 39, 41, 54voting, 8, 68

Propertypossession of, 53taxes on, 54

PROSHIKA, 128, 130–132Public-private divide, 6Public safety, 30

RRace, 8, 59, 60Rahman, Ivy, 114–117Rahman, Sheikh Mujibur, 81, 86, 95, 109, 123Reforms

1997, 3, 15, 37, 42, 43, 77, 97, 109, 112, 114, 117, 119, 125, 131, 134, 136, 141, 142, 145, 149, 151, 181, 183

and Women’s Political Participation, 3, 10, 106, 108, 145, 149, 179, 180, 182, 183

process, 1, 21, 25–28, 36, 43, 119, 127, 180public, 3, 26, 27, 33State, 26, 32, 36, 59, 120

Policymakingdomestic, 27gender-related, 27, 144male biases in, 67public, 27

Policy process, 1, 14, 21, 25–28, 36, 43, 119, 128, 180

Policy window, 24, 25, 180Political agenda, 24, 25, 42, 187Political authority, 6Political decision, 1, 4, 7, 10, 15, 29, 30, 51,

59, 109, 149, 187Political forces, 24, 25Political integration, 5, 22, 38Political leaders

awareness of, 78Political leadership, 38Political life

domestic, 27Political organizations, 30, 34, 61Political participation, 2–5, 7, 9–16, 21–23,

25, 28–30, 33, 34, 36–40, 42, 43, 51, 60, 64, 65, 68, 71, 75, 77, 78, 80–82, 85, 91, 96, 97, 100, 101, 106, 108, 109, 112, 113, 125, 128, 129, 134, 140, 149, 179–183

Political partiesadvocacy programs of, 81, 122, 123and Reform of 1997, 77attitudes of, 78Constitutional obligations, 108ideologies of, 25, 76influence of, 95Islamic, 104progressive, 106, 181role of, 15, 76, 81will of, 37Women’s leadership in, 85

Political process, 4, 5, 12, 30, 33, 39, 43, 61, 67, 71, 75, 78, 81, 85, 115, 130, 135, 137, 145, 154, 156, 161, 166, 170, 171, 174, 186–189

Political system, 22, 24, 29, 30, 32, 187Political transformation, 36, 40Political turmoil, 36, 57, 61Politics

Awami League (AL), 13, 15, 25, 56, 83, 84, 86, 112

Bangladesh Jammat-E-Islami (BJI), 15, 79, 83

Index202202

Sarker, Lotika, 39Secularism, 105, 153Security

external, 2Sexual amusement, 157, 158Sexual harassment, 2, 83Shariah, 82, 84, 85, 116, 121, 144Sirajganj Local Governance Development

Fund Project (SLGDP), 139, 182Smuggling, 58Social justice, 29, 140Social norms, 7, 121, 134Social safety, 70Society

agrarian Bangladeshi, 12diminutive power, 6discrimination in, 126, 143, 144, 181male-dominated, 67organization of, 26patriarchal, 2, 169patriarchal structures, 6, 152political process, 9Western political theory, 6women’s participation in the development

of , 152South Africa, 37, 127, 128, 186Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP), 90Steps Towards Development, 128, 130Suicide, 123Swanirvar Gram Sarker (self-reliant village

government) , 55

TTamil United Liberation front (TULF), 55Taxes

additional, 54property, 54union, 53

Thana Council, 54, 55Thana Development Committee, 55Thana Parishad, 55, 59, 62Third World countries, 2Training, 5, 84, 102, 124, 128, 131, 137, 142Transport, 70Turkey , 37, 186

UUK, 163UN Committee on Elimination of all forms

of Discrimination against Women (UNCEDAW), 101

UNDP, 2, 67, 135–137, 139, 182

Reforms (cont.)bottom-up approach, 34, 183cultural approach, 34enactment of, 24, 35, 75, 182, 186impact of, 3, 149in Bangladesh Period, 60, 61initiatives, 3, 7, 15, 44, 51, 59, 60, 75in Pre-Bangladesh Period, 60institutional approach, 21institutional structure, 35legal, 122local government, 35, 51, 59, 78, 125, 181on women’s political participation in the

UP, 149operationalization of, 35process of

political parties and, 77social, 60top-down approach, 34UN definition ofwomen-friendly, 96

ReligionState, 105, 121, 154

Religious fundamentalistsfatwa, 8

Religious neutrality, 105Reo Earth Summit, 104Reservations

communal, 61non-communal, 61quota , 2, 3, 7seats for women, 7, 39, 58, 63, 64, 82,

98–102, 113, 116, 167, 194Responsibility

institution’s, 24Rights

civil, 4, 40cultural, 43economic, 120fundamental, 59, 121human, 29, 42, 102, 104, 140, 144legal, 7, 32, 121political, 4, 39, 81, 129, 130socialvoting, 53, 68, 98women’s, 2, 32, 37, 39, 40, 42, 101, 104,

144, 145, 186, 189Rule of law, 1Rural development, 12, 65, 70, 71, 93, 114,

122, 139, 173, 182

SSanitation, 30, 65

Index 203203

autonomy of, 6, 30, 32Bangladeshi, 2, 3, 23, 26, 36, 40, 62, 77,

78, 81, 92, 109, 134, 161, 168political participation, 2, 3, 9, 10, 14, 15,

37, 39, 40, 51, 75, 78, 101, 110, 116, 129, 130, 182, 183, 188, 189

reforms for, 3capacity building of, 31, 136, 139, 183,

187, 189contributions, 30development of the society and nation-

building, 4family, 150, 152in decision making, 1, 30, 134, 140credibility and acceptability of, 67development of, 70, 114, 181direct elections for, 3, 7, 12, 36, 71, 104,

107, 113, 114, 135discrimination against, 2, 40, 42, 43, 101,

108, 125, 126, 140, 144, 173, 181, 188divorced, 150, 152, 155, 166economic and social empowerment, 4, 7education, 40, 66effectiveness of, 7, 30, 67, 187, 189effects on, 6elected, 4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 23, 66, 68, 127,

128, 130, 137, 149, 150, 153, 155, 162, 183, 187–189

empowerment of, 10, 33, 71economic and social, 4, 7, 43political, 2–5, 9–11, 14, 21, 28, 51, 75, 78,

82, 128, 129, 133, 134, 149freedom in spending money, 150freedom of movement, 32, 152, 157harassment and violence at work place,

2, 157Hindu, 61impact of reform on, 3, 10, 145, 149, 180improvement of lives, 4, 9, 149in Bangladesh Cabinet, 91, 92importance of, 135, 151, 152, 187inclusion in decision making process, 1,

10, 133in local politics, 3, 4, 14, 21, 64, 170income of, 150, 151Indian, 60in family decision making process, 33,

150, 151–152, 184in leadership positions, 1, 85in political leadership, 7, 38, 85in Sri Lankan politics, 90integration of, 5, 62political decision making, 1, 4, 7, 10, 26,

30, 51, 59, 149

UNIFEM, 2Union Council, 54, 55Union Panchayat, 55Union Parishad

structure and functions of, 58United Nations (UN) Educational Scientific and

Cultural Organization (UNESCO) , 110United Nations (UN) Educational Scientific

and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Peace Prize, 110

United Nations (UN)conventions, 2Fourth Conference for Women, Beijing,

China, 4initiatives to remove barriers for women, 2Resolution of 197698, 121

United Nations (UN) Women’s Conference, Beijing, 30

United Nations (UN) Universal Human Rights Declaration, 140

Upazila Parishad, 12, 55–59, 107Upazila Parishad Ordinance, 1982, 55Upazilla Parishad (UZP) Act (UZP Act) of

1998, 57Urbanization, 12USA

Congress, 24USAID, Bangladesh, 138, 139

VVienna Human Rights Conference

and Plan of Action, 104Violence

domestic, 2, 32, 128gender-based, 2rape

gang, 2police, 39

torturemental and physical torture, 158, 168,

176Vulnerable Group Development (VGD)

programs, 66

WWater supply, 12, 53, 54Women

access to , 29, 32, 141, 162information, 151, 152, 184, 188, 586power, 87, 104, 141, 189agencies, 39, 133

Index204204

repression against, 2reservation of quotas for

in local government bodies, 3responsibility of, 62, 67rights, 37, 39, 40, 42, 82–85, 101, 104,

144, 168, 186, 189roles

family decisions, 4, 33, 150, 151, 176, 184

institutional reforms, ix, 5village life, community organizations,

towns and cities, 1rural, 67, 120, 128share in the development components, 68,

69societal acceptance of, 33, 152societal freedom of , 33, 149, 150, 152status of

substandard, 35under-representation

political, 90unmarried, 150, 152violence against, 40, 66, 84, 123, 141, 160widowed, 150, 152

Women advocacy programs, 81, 82Women in Development (WID), 9, 187Women Organization (WO), 13, 113, 122,

126, 182influence of

on government, 14, 95, 96, 123–125, 131, 132, 136–138, 141, 144, 180, 182, 183

interactions of, 40role of , 13

Women’s National Coalition (WNC), 127World Bank

Report, 104, 139, 144

YYunus, Dr. Muhammad, winner of Nobel

Peace Prize, 41

ZZia, Khaleda, 85, 87, 91, 100, 101, 111Zia ur Rahman, Major General, 105Zila Board, 55

Zila (District) Parishad, 55, 56, 62

involvements , 1, 33, 41, 64, 105, 149, 164, 165, 183, 185

politics, 1, 2, 4, 7, 22, 75, 78, 123, 125, 134, 135, 145, 183, 186–188

process of, 132, 174, 176public life, 2, 60, 61, 108Islamic law and, 8, 82, 166lack of awareness, 7leadership in political parties, 85local government reforms and, 35, 59, 78mobilization of, 30, 32, 36, 60, 120movements, 37, 40, 104, 121, 152, 153,

155Muslim, 61, 119, 121, 155, 156needs of, 71, 82, 121nomination of candidates, 15, 86, 87opportunities for, 36, 38, 64, 112, 181, 187Pakistani, 61, 121, 169parliamentarians, 150participation in, 1, 2–7, 14, 21, 30, 33,

37–39, 41, 51, 60, 76–78, 81, 98, 104, 107, 125, 134, 180, 187, 188

decision making process, 1, 7, 9, 30, 92, 149, 151, 175, 185–188

economic sectors, 9in decision making, 86local government, 4, 14, 21, 36, 60, 108,

149, 168, 169outside family activities , 2, 184political process, 30, 33, 37, 39, 61, 62,

129, 166, 174, 182, 187, 189politics, 1, 6, 22, 60, 75, 183, 188society, 43, 71, 85, 152, 153, 157, 181, 182perception of, 33, 165, 171, 174poor, 66, 83, 120, 128quota reservation, 2, 7religious duties, 155representations

balanced, 1electoral system, 5, 37, 127in national Parliament, 82, 98, 113in politics, 1, 2–4, 22, 104, 105, 123,

125local politics, 7, 36national politics, 7, 129policy institutions, 1policy processes, 1, 27political process, 4, 115public bureaucracy, 4public service, 2public life, 2

Water supply (cont.)