APPENDIX I

Abstract of a lecture not submitted in chapter torm:

ADVANCES IN BIOREMEDIATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS

K. W. Brown and K. C. Donnelly

Soil and Crop Sciences Department and Department of Vet. Public Health College Station, Texas 77843

ABSTRACT

Many organic chemicals readily undergo biodegradation in the environment.

While higher organisms can degrade some organic chemicals, microorganisms play

the major role in degrading naturally occurring and contaminant organics in surface

waters, soils, and groundwaters. The necessity of developing economical,

environmentally safe methods of decontaminating sites of spills associated with

industrial activities and post waste disposal activities, as well as the need to develop

better methods for the disposal of wastes we are presently producing has resulted in a

great increase in the interest and in the use of biodegradation.

Many of the efforts have involved the use of procedures to alter the

environment to enhance the rate of biodegradation. The date, less success has been

achieved by the introduction of selected microorganisms, although some organisms

have been developed which are capable of degrading xenobiotic chemicals. The

enzymatic mediated pathways of biodegradation of many environmental

contaminants are now understood. The environment contains large number of diverse microbial species, many of which may be involved simultaneously or

sequentially in the degradation of a given compound. The biodegradation rate

constants are now known for an increasing number of organic chemicals in a variety

of media including surface waters, soils, anaerobic sediments and groundwater.

Information is being developed on the influence of environmental parameters

including temperature, nutrient supply, substrata concentration, the presence of

associated substrates, redox potential, salinity, etc. which can be used to predict rates of

biodegradation in the field and the response of the rates to environmental

manipulation.

Readers wanting more information on the subjects described in this abstract are

invited to communicate directly with Dr. Brown.

301

APPENDIX II

POSTERS

S. N. Ahmadi, Y. C. Huang, S. S. Koseoglu and B. Batchelor, Food Protein Research, Texas A&M Univeristy

Micellar Enhanced Ultrafiltration of Heavy Metals Using Lecithin

Dr. Ramesh C. Bhardwaj, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University

Electrochemical Oxidation of Waste

Dian Chen, Ramunas J. Motekaitis, Derek McManus and Arthur E. Martell, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, ARI Technologies, Palatine, Illinois

LoCAT Process for the Removal of H2S from Natural Gas with Fe(llI)-NT A as Catalyst

Tanya Lewis and David H. Russell, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University

Characterization of Water Soluble Organics: High Resolution, Mass Spectrometry

J. B. Shapiro and Emile A. Schweikert, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University

Methodoly for Direct Field Analysis of Organic Contaminants

Wilfredo Delgado-Morales, Mysore S. Mohan, J. Drew Ilger and Ralph A. Zingaro

Identification of AnalYSis of Arsenic Compounds in Natural Gas

Eric J. Munson, Ali A. Kheir, Greg Oliver and James F. Haw, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University

High-Temperatures In Situ Solid-State NMR Studies of Catalytic Systems

Sharon Taylor-Myers, David B. Ferguson and James F. Haw, Deparment of Chemistry, Texas A&M University

Motion of Small Molecules in Polymers by 15N NMR

Jerry L. White, Larry W. Beck and James F. Haw, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University

Hydrogen-Bonding and Exchange in Zeolites by Mas IH NMR

303

INDEX

Acclimation, 280 Accumulated acidity, 282 Acetate, 140 Acetic Acid, 236 Acetone removal, 129 Acetonitrile, 27, 31 Acrolein, 28 Acrylonitrile process, 27, 31 Acrylonitrile, 140 Activated sludge, 249 Acyl chlorides, 57 Adsorption equilibrium

constant, 160 isotherm, 160 heavy metals, 269 process, 160

Adsorption-based separation, 137

Advanced oxidation processes, 171

Aerobic biodegradation, 273 Air pollution, 273

toxics, 273 Alginate bead bioreactors, 267,

268,271 Alkali metals, 208 Alkaline, 219 Alkoxide nucleophiles, 184 Allyl chloride process, 35

chloride, 35 toluidine, 108

Amberlite, 150 Amino acids, 236 Analysis of Arsenic

Compounds, 303 Aqueous waste, 154 Aroclor 1242, 199, 201, 1268, 190,

191, 194 Aromatic chemistry, 109 Assessment Phase, 76 Asymmetric carbonylation, 118

membranes, 131 Atom utilization concept, 99 Atomic metals, 208 Axial dispersion, 165 Backmix reactor, 6

Baffles,S Basic flux equation, 129 Batch resin tests, 149 Benzoic acid, 234, 241, 242 Bilfiltration, 273

rates, 268 Bio-oxidation rates, 264, 266, 268,

269,271 Biodegradation rate constants,

301 Biodegradation, 301 Biofilm, 248, 250 Biofilter capacity, 281

materials, 277 Biological degradation, 22

oxygen demand, 249 treatment, 247

Biomass availability, 265 Biomass,253,256,258 Bioreactor, 262, 269 Bioremediation, 2, 219 Bleed stream, 11 Borosilicate glass, 290 Broad spectrum sequestrants,

297 Bulk chemicals, 107

density, 277 t-BuOO-/02-·, 197 Butyric acid, 236, 239 By-products, 5 C/N ratio, 280 C6Cl& 203, 204, 206, 207, 208 Cadmium plating, 81

uptake, 269 Calcium alginate gel beads, 267 Calcium alginate, 271 Caproic acid, 236, 239 Carbon dioxide removal of, 127 Carbon tetrachloride, 57 Carbonylation, 115 Carboxylic acid waste, 239 Carboxylic acids waste stream,

240,241 Case study at Pratt and

Whitney, 80

305

Catalase, 266 Catalysis, 89, 99 Catalyst, 5 Catalytic hydroprocessing,

retrosynthesis, 114 Cavitating, 13 Celgard membrane, 237, 241 Chabazite, 293 Chemical absorption step, 127

industry, 100 Chemical Kinetic Mechanism

for C2HCl3' <,9 kinetic mecltanisms, 46

Chemistry, 23 Chemoselectivity, 100 Chlorinated aromatic

molecules, 202 benzenes, 94 hydrocarbons, 48, 213 organics, 94

Chlorine, 36 Chlorine-catalyzed, 48 Chloroalkenes, 188 Chlorobenzene (C6HSCl), 183,

198,208 Chlorobenzenes, 222 Chlorobiphenyl, 205 Chloroform, 198 Chlorohydrin technology, 100 2-Chlorophenol, 140 ChI oro phenols, 97 Chromium plating, 81

removal, 143 Chromium, 136 Co-solvents, 157 Coefficient, 165 Collection, 283 Column control, 12

experiments, 150 pressure, 11

Column, 10 Combustion of C2HCl3, 56 Component mass balance, 30 Composite Celgard

membrane, 235 Composite celgard 24(, 234

hollow fiber membranes, 238 membranes, 131, 229, 232, polysulfone hollow fiber membrane, 238

Composts, 277 Compounds, 285 Computer control, 7 Conditioning period, 280 Contaminated soils, 154

306

Continuous stirred tank reactor, 66

Control technologies, 273 Control,7 Controlled-potential

electrolysis, 204, 208 Copper removal, 143 Copper, 136 Cost of waste treatment, 41 Cost, 20 Cross-exchange, 11 Cross-linked zirconium

arylphosphonate phosphates, 294

Cryogenic absorption, 128 137CS+, 293 137Cs,290 Cs-137,293 Cyclic voltammograms for

dissolved O2, 193 voltammograms, 202

DDE,l88 DDT,187 Dechlorination, 97, 213 Degradation of Phenol, 268 Dehydrohalogenation, 185 Denitrification, 249 Design of more efficient

processes, 65 Design, 274 Destruction of C2Cl4, 56

C3Cl6,59 Desuperheat, 7 Detailed Chemical Kinetic

Mechanism, 45 Dibromoalkanes, 187 1,l-Dichloroethene, 188 Dichloroacetyl chloride, 57 l,2-Dichloropropane, 36, 38 1,3-Dichloropropane, 36, 38 Diffusion of H2S, 285 Dilute industrial waste gas, 285 Dioxins, 181, 182, 217 Disinfection, 171 Dissociative Bond Energies, 210 Distillation flowchart, 39 Distillation, 10 Distribution coefficient, 155 Distribution coefficients for

alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, 296

Dow Chemical Company, 3 Downtime, 14 Dowtherm,9 Drinking water, 171

Dry-out compost, 284 Drying, 12 Economic considerations in

Dechlorination, 222 Economics of Remediation,

223 Economics, 213 Effective diffusion coefficient,

234 Effective diffusivity, 165 Electric tracing, 13 Electrochemical oxidadon, 303 Electrodialysis, 79 Electrogenerated atomic

sodium, 209 Electrolysis, 79 Electrolytic reduction, 194,201,

203 Electron, 201 Elementary reactions of

C2HCl3 and °2, 52 Employee awareness, 16 Energy conservation, 3

diagrams, 47 Entrainer effect, 157 Entrainers, 157 Environmental contaminants,

301 Law and Regulations, 75 remediation, 153

EPA Priorities, 73 Epichlorohydrin, 35 Equilibrium constant, 155 Equilibrium-based process,

135 Equipment fouling, 14 Esters, 197 Ethyl cellulose, 234 Ethylene epoxidation, 100 Evaporati<?n, 79 Exchange in Zeolites, 303 External corrosion, 15 Extraction, 153 Fe(III)-NTA as Catalyst, 303 Feasibility AnalysiS Feed distribution,S, 11

quality,4 tray, 10

Field studies, 275 Filtering, 12 Fine chemicals, 107 Flames of C2HCl3, 56 Flat sheet membrane, 230, 237 Flat Sheet, 241 Flow cell system, 231 Fluidized bed reactor, 32, 247

Formic Acid, 232, 236 Fouling, 7 Friedel-crafts acylations, 114 Fugacities, 155 Fugacity coefficients, 155 Fugitive emissions, 9 Full scale biofilter design, 279 Furnace coils, 9 Furnaces, 9 Gas chromatograms, 205

system, 278 retention time, 281 samples, 283 separation membranes, 131 velocity, 281

Gel-immobilized bioreactor, 267,268

Glycolate dechlorination, 213, 215

Glycolate, 219 Glyphosate loss, 152 Glyphosate, 147 Gold,83 Granular activated carbon, 250 H2S control, 285 H 2S, 275 Halocarbons, 197 Halogenated aromatic

hydrocarbons, 185,208 Hazardous halogenated

hydrocarbons, 208 waste inventories national,

90 wastes, 2, 171

HCB,206 HCN, 28, 31 Heat capacities, 30, 37

exchangers, 7 transfer medium, ~)

Heavy metal uptake, 269 Helium-methane system, 125 Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 2,

181,188, 198, Hexachlorobenzene-KPEG,221 Hexane, 140 HFCLM permeator, 144 High flux tubes, 11 Hollow fiber contained liquid

membrane (HFCLM) permeator, 135, 143 membranes, 123,230,237 system, 244

Hollow fiber, 241 Hollow-fiber module, 136, 137,

141, 142

307

Hybrid bioreaction system, 269 separation system, 127

Hydrazine, 206 Hydride ion (H:-), 198

substitution, 198 Hydrodechlorination, 90, 94 Hydroformylation, 115 Hydrogen peroxide, 174, 266 Hydrogen recovery, 128

sulfide, 273 Hydrogen-Bonding in

Zeolites, 303 Hydrogenation, 115, 206 Hydrogenolysis, 199 Hydroperoxide ion (HOO-),

196 Hydrophobicity, 234 Hydroquinone, 111 Hydroxyl radical, 172 Ibuprofen manufacture, 113 Immobilized cell technology,

248 Implementation, 77 Impurities, 4 Incineration, 1, 23, 182 Industrial applications, 285 Industrial Toxies Programs, 20 Industries, 71 Industry, 75 Inhibitors, 4, 175 Inorganic ion exchange

materials, 289 Insulation, 10 Interaction of solutes with

membranes, 125 Ion exchange resins, 147

system, 150 Ion exchange, 79, 147 IPAc, 140 Jacketing, 13 K value, 155 Kanapaha WWTP,

Gainesville, FL, 277 Kinetic model, 66

models, 45 studies, 285

Kinetics, 6 K02,192 KPEG dehalogenation, 184 KPEG,213 Laboratory studies, 275 Land-fills, 1 Lead adsorption, 269

biosorption, 270 Leadership, 21 Leaks,13 Lecithin, 303

308

Light impurity, 11 Linde Aw-500, 293 Lined pipes, 13

vessels, 13 Liquid ion exchanger, 143

membranes, 135,234 LLW, 290 Loading rate, 281 Low level waste (LLW), 290 Main columns, 151 Maintenance procedures, 284 Management commitment, 24

manufacture, 106 Mass separating agent, 126 Mass transfer coefficient, 165,

234,243 Materials, 13

Maximum loading capacity, 281

Me4N(02), 192 Measurements, 275 Membrane bioreactor, 263, 264

biosupport system, 267 permeation, 130 reactor, 262, 271 solvent extraction removal of toluene, 137 stirred cell, 243 support, 241

Membrane technologies, 23, 229 Membrane-based solvent

extraction, 135, 136, 140 Membrane-bound

microorganisms, 261 Membrane-immobilized

bacteria, 261 Menadione synthesis, 111 Metal finishing, 71 Metallurgy, 13 Methoxychlor, 187 Methyl isobutyl ketone, 140, 234

methacrylate manufacture, 102 methacrylate, 105

Microbial activity, 285 Microfiltration hollow fibers,

230 Microor,ganisms, 247, 301 Microporous hollow

fiber(MHF) module, 136 hollow fiber, 140 membrane, 135 membrane-based separation processes, 135 membrane-based solvent e extraction, 138

Microporous membranes, 131,135 polypropylene, 136

Mineralization, 281 Mitsubishi gas process, 104 Mixed liquor volatile

suspended solids, 249 Mixing,S MLVSS, 251 Monitoring vents, 13 Monitoring, 8 Monphenydiphosphonate

phosphates of zirconium, 294

Mordenite, 293 Multiple feed trays, 10 NaBH4,199 NET AC Program, 220 NiCl2,199 Nitrification, 249 p-nitrophenol, 241, 242 Nitrobenzene, 140 15N NMR, 303,94 Non-corroding Tubes, 8 Nondispersive solvent

extraction, 135 Nonporous membranes, 126 North American Membrane

Society, 121 Nuclear fuel, 289

waste effluent, 289 Nucleophiles, 192 Nucleophilic degradation, 190

dehalogenation, 183 reactions, 186 substitution by O2-',187

Nucleophilicity of O2-,, 185, 196 Nucleophilicity, 192 Nutrients, 280

O2-',197 Odorous emissions, 273 Off-gas sampling, 283 Off-spec material, 4 Oil refining, 107 On-line cleaning, 8

control, 14 stream monitors, 14

Operating parameters, 279 Operational variables, 274 Operations, 80 Optimizing processes, 14 Organic contaminants, 303

matter, 277 synthesis, 107 transport, 243

Organics separation, 241 Organo-sulfur, 285

Overall mass transfer coefficient, 245

Overhead condenser, 11 Ownership, 24 Oxidative-pyrolysis, 48 Oxo, 192 Oxy anion bases, 195

anions, 192, 198 Oxygen consumption, 261 Oxygen, 266 Oxygenation, 249 Ozone generation, 173 Ozone, 171 Ozone-hydrogen peroxide

ratio, 176 p-Nitroaniline, 234 p-nitrophenol (PNP), 236 Packed biofilter towers, 274 Packed biofilter, 275 Partial condenser, 12 Particle density, 280 Partition coefficient, 155 PCB isomers, 194 PCB, 190,213 PCB-contaminated soil, 184 PCBs, 181, 182, 208 Pentachlorophenol, 221 Periodic washings, 283

perm-selective, 121 Permeability, 234 Permeator shell and tube

type, 123 Permeator, spirally-wrapped,

123 Permeators, 122 Pervaporation, 131 pH,277 Pharmaceuticals, 107

Phase, 77 Phase-splitting technique, 154 Phenol oxidation, 267

transport, 235 Phenol, 140,234,264,267 Phenolic Waste, 236, 237 Phenoxyacetic acids, 102 Phosgene, 56 Pipe sizes, 12 Piping, 12 Planning and Organization

Phase, 76 Plat use, 151 Plug flow reactor, 6, 39 Plutonium production

reactors, 289 Plutonium, 289 PNP recovery, 237

removal, 238

309

PNP, 236,242 Pollutant overloading, 284 Pollution prevention, 25 Polychlorinated aromatic

molecules, 181 biphenyls, 159

Polychloro-aromatics, 189 Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs),

188,200 Polychlorodibenzofurans, 217 Polycyclic aromatic

hydrocarbons, 159 Polyethylene, 234 Polyhaloaromatics, 188 Polyhalogenated aromatic

wastes,206 hydrocarbons, 186

Polymer membranes, 125 Polymeric membrane, 131, 234 Polymethylsilane-

polycarbonate copolymer, 234

Polypropylene fiber membrane, 239 hollow fiber membrane, 240

Polysulfone hollow fibers, 230 Polysulfone, 237 Polyvinylidene chloride, 234 Pore volume, 277 Potassium dichromate, 108 Potentiometric titration curve

for arylphosphonate phosphate, 295

Precious metals Precolumns, 151 Preheat, 11 Preparation of membranes,

125 Pressure drop, 280 Pressure-flow relationship, 265 Priority organic pollutants, 142 P:iority pollutant, 136, 138 Process control, 7

efficiency 247 modifications, 25 reactions, 45

Product changeovers, 14 degradation, 13 loss, 14

Projects, 16 Properties, 277 Propionic Acid, 236 Propylene, 27, 35 PRSV equation of state, 40 Pumped recirculation,S PUREX process, 289 Purge, 8

310

Pyrolysis of C2HCl3, 46 Quality control, 284 Radical recombination

reactions, 60 Radioactive tank wastes, 292

waste, 289 Radionuclides, 290 Rate of permeation, 125

profiles for C2HCl3' 57 profiles for COCl2, 59

Raw materials, 4 Reaction engineering, 89

parameters, 36 pathways, 47 systems analysis, 28 systems constant, 29, 37

Reactor comparison, 34 conversion,S design, 68

Reactors,S Reboilers, 11 Recirculated fluid tracing

systems, 13 Recirculation flow rate, 264 Recovery of metals, 83 Recovery technology, 79 Recycle/reuse, 21 Recycling, 6, 73, 247 Redox potentials, 195 Reduction of hazardous

wastes,84 Reductive dechlorination electrolysis systems, , 201, 214 Reflux Ratio, 10 Refrigerated condenser, 12 Relative reactivities, 196 Relative reactivity of MeO- /

Ho-/MePEG-/HOO- , 192 Release reduction hierarchy,

21 Release reduction, 19 ReMED A&M, 200 Remediation strategies, 182 Removable insulation, 15 Removal efficiency, 279

of carbon dioxide from methane gas, 122 of copper, 145 of H2S from Natural Gas, 303 of heavy metals, 143

Removing metals, 261 organics, 261

Repacking column, 10 Resin life test, 151 Responsible care, 19 Retraying column, 10

Reverse osmosis, 79, 124 Reversing brushes, 8 Rolling film reboilers, 11 Sample size, 15 Sampling, 15, 275 Sand, 250 SARA Title III, 20 Scaleup factor, 151

science, 121 Scraped-wall heat exchangers,

8 Seal flush, 8 Seal-less pumps, 9 Secondary reactins, 5 Selectivity in ion exchange,

148 ratio, 129

Sensitivity analysis, 52 Separation of oxygen-argon­

nitrogen, 124 Sequestration of complexes,

298 Sewage sludge, 280 Shipping Containers, 4 Shutdowns, 14 SIEBO stones, 278 Siebo-stone air distribution

system, 278 Silver, 83 Single-electron-transfEr (SET)

mechanism, 186 Single-shell tanks, 291 Sludge production, 248, 249 Sludge, 154, 251, 257, 280 Small ions, 232 Small particle content, 280, 281 Sodium atoms, 209

borohydride~ 198 Soil organic content, 163

remediation, 223 Soils, 280 Solid waste, 154 Solid-State NMR Studies, 303 Soluble phosphorus, 280 Solvent recovery, 153 Source reduction, 3, 21., 73 Sources, 277 Specific exchangers for Cs+

removal, 293 Spills, 14 Sponge balls, 8 Sr-90,293 Staged heating, 8 Startups, 14 Static mixer,S Steam superheat, 9

tracing systems, 13

Stirred cell system, 231 Storage, 13, 283 Strategy, 22 Strip aqueous solution, 143 Stripping, 12 Strontium specific ion

exchangers, 297 Styrene-butadiene copolymer,

234 Substrate inhibition, 267 Sulfonated zirconium

phenylphosphates, 296 Sulfur accumulation, 281 Sulfuric acid, 282 Supercritical extraction, 153

fluid, 153 Superfund sites, 1 Superoxide ion, 184, 187, 192,

198 Surface area, 163

finishing System deterioration, 284 Taffinate, 138 Tank cars, 15

trucks, 15 Technologies for chlorinated

hydrocarbon remediation, 217

Technology transfer, 22 Technology, 219 Temperature sensitive Thermochemistry, 45 Thermocompressor, 7 Thermodynamic (2nd law)

efficiencies, 9 Thin film membranes, 131 Toluene removal, 136 Toluene, 140 Total carbon, 280

energy balance, 31 nitrogen, 280 sulfur, 280

Toxic use reduction, 23 Tracing systems, 13 Transition state theory, 46 Transport of carboxylic acids,

236 of organic compounds, 232, 234 through membranes, 125

Trichloroacetyl chloride, 57 Trichloroethane, 183 Trips, 14 Types of common ion

exchange resins, 148 Ultimate nucleophile, 201 Ultrafiltration of heavy metals,

303

311

Underground injection wells, 20

Undersized pipe, 12 valves, 12

Upsets, 14 Uranium, 289 UV-irradiation, 174 Vacuum columns, 11 Valeric acid, 236, 239 Van't Hoff equation, 160 Vapor line, 11 Vents, 11 Vinyl chloride, 94 Volatile organic compounds

(VOCs),273 Washing, 284 Waste generation, 24

management, 73 Waste minimization, 19, 25, 71,

99 Waste reduction

opportunities, 77 reduction technologies, 78 reduction, 3 streams, 15 treatment, 73 water treatment, 171

312

Waste, 14 Wastewater treatment plants,

285 Wastewater, 154 Water content, 277

soluble organics, 303 use reduction techniques, 82

Water, 284 Weakly basic anion resins, 149 Wide Beach, New York

Superfund Site, 222 XD-7 (Silane), 234 Xenobiotic chemicals, 301 Zeolite catalysis, 114 Zeolites, 293 Zeolon 900, 293 Zero-discharge, 22 Zero-effl uent, 1 Zirconium

phenylphosphonate phosphates, 294

Zirconium sulfophenylphosphonate phosphates, 296

Zirconium sulfoterphenyl diphosphonate phosphate, 297