Appendix C (Monorail)

8/10/2019 Appendix C (Monorail)

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APPENDIX - C

BASIC TECHNICAL STANDARDS FOR

THE DESIGNING OF MONORAIL


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C-1

STRUCTURAL STANDARD FOR

URBAN MONORAIL


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DRAFT

Structural Criteria for

Urban Monorel

English)


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Table of Contents

Chapter 1 General

1 Objectives2 Term definition3 Power4 Management area5 Rolling stock clearance and construction clearance

Chapter 2 Line and Structure

1 Curve radius2 Transition curve3 S curve4 Cant

5 Slope6 Vertical curve7 Distance between track centers8 Turnout and Junction9 Positions and structures of track girder, column and other track structures10 Strength of track girder, column and other track structures11 Extension Joint12 Anti-slip for running side13 Protection for track girder, column and other track structures14 Car stop and equipment to prevent rolling stock derailment15 Distance post16 Position and structure of station

17 Strength of station building18 Track layout in station19 Relation between platform and rolling stock20 Length and width of platform21 Width of passenger concourse22 Stairs for passenger23 Safety facilities24 Passenger facilities25 Drainage facilities26 Anti-vibration equipment for rolling stock

Chapter 3 Electricity Equipment

1 Contact line and feeding line2 Electrical transmission line and electrical distribution line3 Telecommunication facilities4 Lighting facilities5 Substation6 Signal protection equipment7 Centralized traffic control system8 Others

Chapter 4 Rolling Stock

1 Running device

2 Coupler3 Brake device


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4 Car body5 Rolling stock device6 Mark7 Others

Chapter 5 Other Equipment

1 Emergency evacuation equipment2 Fire control equipment3 Maintenance and inspection equipment4 Facilities for depot and rolling stock inspection & repair


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Chapter 1General

1. ObjectivesThis standard is prepared to determine the common technical standards forconstruction of urban monorail or to improve the structure of urban monorail.

2. Term Definit ionThe terminology used in this standard is defined below.

(1) Main Line is the line which is commonly used for train operation.

(2) Siding Line is the line except the main line.

(3) Curve incidental to turnout is curve on turnout area and curve on before and afterthe turnout.

(4) Track beam is a beam to straddle or to suspend the operation of rolling stock.

(5) Running side is part of track beam where wheel of rolling stock is in contact with.

(6) Station is a location where rolling stock is stopped to enable passenger andbaggage handling.

(7) Railway line is a railway track and structures to support the track.

(8) Train is rolling stock which is tailored to be operated on railway line.

3. Power

Power source of urban monorail shall be from electricity.

4. Management AreaManagement area is established to maintain the railway line and to ensure safeoperation of the train.

5. Rolling stock clearance and construction clearance(1) Urban monorail shall consider rolling stock clearance and construction clearance.

(2) Rolling stock shall not exceed rolling stock clearance. However, some devicescould exceed the rolling stock clearance such as running wheels, guide wheels,stabilizing wheels, power collector, car-body grounding device, car side lamp andanti-vibration device.

(3) Building and other structures shall not be located in construction clearance.However, platform, railway line, car-body grounding equipment and anti-vibrationequipment, could be located inside the construction clearance as long as they donot hinder the train operation.

(4) Construction clearance on straight section shall be determined by considering themaximum impact of following matters to the rolling stocks:(a) Motion when running(b) Running wheel, guide wheel and puncture of stable wheel(c) Sway of air spring or puncture(d) Wind

(e) Bias of boarding(f) Other things which can make displacement trouble for the train.


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(5) On curve section, rolling stock is inclined by centrifugal force or by cant. Thus,enlargement and inclination of construction clearance on the curve section isnecessary.

(6) The previously mentioned enlargement and inclination shall be adjusted along thetransition curve. However, if the length of transition curve is shorter than car-body

length, adjustment on the outer section shall be more than the length of one trainset. In case of connection between straight line and curve line, adjustment shall bestarted from the starting point of a curve line. In case of connection between twocurve lines with same direction, adjustment shall be started from the starting pointof a curve which has smaller radius.


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Chapter 2Line and Structure

1. Curve RadiusThe radius of a curve line shall be more than 100 meters. However, in case of terraincondition or other unavoidable reason, curve radius could be reduced as long as it

does not hinder train operation.

2. Transit ion Curve(1) Except in case of incidental branch curve, circles and straight lines, curve in this

line must be connected in the transition curve.

(2) The length of the aforementioned transition curve shall be more than or equal tothe value from the following formula:The straddle type is L=V /14 RThe suspension type is L=V /28 RL: Length of transition curve (unit: m)V: Design speed in curve (unit: km/h)

R: Curve radius (unit: m)

(3) The length of the transition curve to be inserted into the garage buildingconnecting the circular curve in the same direction with different radius, it must bethe length of the difference over each numerical value obtained by the formula ofprevious section.

3. S CurveThe portion that connects the curves in the opposite direction in the present line, it isnecessary to insert the straight line length of one or more vehicle length principleexcept for incidental branch curve. However, for unavoidable reasons, special statusand other terrain, it is possible to directly connect the two transition curves.

4. Cant(1) The circular curve of the line, unless branched incidental curve, must have Cant

equivalent to 12% or less.

(2) Cant has to be gradually decreased in the total length of the transition curve.

5. Slope

(1) Slope of the line shall be less than 60. However, it may be less than 100 in

case of terrain condition or other unavoidable reason.

(2) In case the slope is located in the curve, additional value for the slope is calculatedbased on the following formula:g = 800/Rr: curve radius (unit: meter)g: reduction of slope due to curve radius (unit: per-mil)

(3) Slope of main line in station yard shall be less than 10. In addition, in case of car

stop, turnout or intersection is located in station yard, slope in the station yard shall

be less than 5.

(4) In the parking area and coupling decoupling area of rolling stock, the slope shall

be less than 5.

6. Vertical CurveIn the main line, (insert the vertical curve excluding the difficult places the amount ofchange in slope at 5 or less) and the point where there is a change of slope, it is


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necessary to insert vertical curve of 1000 meter radius. However, for unavoidablereasons, special status and other terrain, it may be reduced to 400 m.

7. Distance between Track CentersDistance between track centers of main tracks, or between main track and side track,1/2 of the amplitude of the transverse direction of the vehicle occurring in operation

when the train is normal and 1/2 of the difference between vehicle gauge width andconstruction gauge width of the vehicle limits the width it must be greater than thevalue that has been added.

8. Turnout and Junction(1) Crossing of railway line shall be in grade separation with other transportation

mode.

(2) Turnout and level crossing of railway line shall not be installed in a location whereadequate safety is not provided.

9. Position and structure of track girder, column and other track structures

Position and structure of track girder, track column and other track structures shall bedecided by carefully considering urban aesthetic harmony, road traffic, fire-fightingoperation, and building along the railway line.

10. Strength of track girder, track column and other track struc tures(1) Track girder, track column and other track structures shall be enough to support

train load and other loads.

(2) Design standard for track girder, track column and other track is separatelyprovided.

11. Extension jointExpansion joints shall be provided in joining points of track piers.

12. Anti -slip for Running SideIn a running side, an anti-slip shall be provided as necessary to prevent wheel slip.

13. Protection for t rack girder, column and other track structures(1) Facilities to prevent collisions shall be installed in a location where an automobile

has possibility to collide track girder, track column and other track structures.

(2) Protection facilities shall be installed in a location where an automobile or a personhas possibility to enter construction clearance.

(3) Fence, wave return and other facilities shall be installed in a location where falling

rock, waves have possibility to damage the track girder, track column and othertrack structures.

14. Car stop and equipment to prevent rolling stock derailment(1) Car stop shall be provided in track terminal(2) Adequate protection shall be provided in a location where derailment of rolling

stock probably occurs.

15. Distance postDistance post shall be provided in main track for every 0.5 km.

16. Position and structure of a station

Structure and position of a station shall be decided by carefully considering distancebetween stations, connection with other transportation mode, station sphere, urban


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aesthetic harmony, road traffic and effect to the building along the railway line.

17. Strength of a station building(1) A station building shall be safely enough to support primary load and other loads.

(2) Design standard for a station building is separately provided.

18. Track Layout in a StationIf necessary, a station shall provide facilities for turning-back and passing.

19. Relation between Platform and Rolling Stock(1) The distance between edge of platform and edge floor of rolling stock shall be

minimized as long as it does not hinder train operation. The distance shall not bemore than 20cm.

(2) The height of a platform shall be less than the height of rolling stock floor. Thedifference shall be less than 15cm.

20. Length and Width of Platform(1) The length of a platform shall be more than the maximum length of rolling stock set

by adding 5m.(2) The width of a platform shall not hinder safety of passengers.

The width of platform shall not be less than the value on the following. The width of island platform is 3 meters. The width of side platform is 2 meters.

21. Width of passenger concourseThe width of passenger concourse shall be comfortable for the passengers. However,the width of passenger concourse shall not be less than 1.5m.

22. Stairs for passengers(1) The width of passenger stairs shall be comfortable for the passengers. However,

the width of passengers stair shall not be less than 1.5m.(2) The dimensions of riser and tread for passenger stairs shall be according to the

value in column A. However, the value in column B could be adopted in anunavoidable condition.

Unit: Centimeter

A B

Dimension of riser 15 18Dimension of tread 30 26

(3) The dimensions of the tread and the riser of passenger stairs shall not be changedin the middle way.

(4) Handrail shall be provided on the side of passenger stairs, in case passenger stairis more than 3 meters, handrail shall also be provided in the middle side for thefollowing cases: riser is more than 15cm; tread dimension is less than 30cm; andthe location is slippery.

(5) For passenger stairs over 3 meters in height, a landing shall be provided for every3 meters. The width of landing shall be more than 1.2 m for direct stairs, and forother stairs, the width of landing shall be more than the width of the stairs.

(6) Slope of ramp to replace the stairs shall not exceed 12%.


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23. Safety facilities(1) Except in the locations where installation of handrails is not possible, the locations

such as platform and stairs, where passengers have risk of falling, shall beequipped with handrail to prevent such risk.

(2) The height of the aforementioned falling prevention equipment shall be more than

1.0 meter.

(3) The bottom of platform track shall be equipped with protection facilities, such as anet in order to prevent the falling of person or goods.

24. Passengers Facilit ies(1) The platform shall be equipped with shelter

(2) In case it is necessary, concourse and stairs shall be equipped with a shelter

(3) The height of the shelter for the 2 points above shall be more than 2.5 meters.

(4) In case it is necessary, the station could be equipped with toilet, escalator, meetingpoint, etc.

25. Drainage Facilit iesIn case it is necessary, the station could be equipped with drainage facilities.

26. Anti-vibration equipment for rolling stockFor suspension type, the following equipment shall be installed.(1) Equipment to induce a train when it enters a station

(2) Equipment to restrain rolling stock motion when passengers are getting on andgetting off.


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Chapter 3Electric ity Equipment

1. Contact Line and Feeding Line(1) Standard voltage for contact line shall be Direct Current (DC) 1500 V, DC 750 V or

DC 600 V.

(2) The voltage of the contact line must be kept to a value sufficient to maintain thefunction of the vehicle and to ensure the operation time of the train.

(3) In case feeding line is installed under the overpass, facilities for interruptionprevention shall be installed.

(4) Over voltage portion of positive electrical lines supported by a steel bridge shall bedouble insulation.

(5) Electrical train line and positive feeding line shall be classified by considering

safety and operation such as station, depot entrance, etc. and they can beelectrically opened.

(6) Electrical train lines shall not be classified in the area where the train stopsnormally or stops as expected. However, this could not be applied if it interferesthe safety and the operation.

(7) Installation method of electrical train line, material quality of electrical train line,electrical line facility for rigid body double track, height of overhead feeder line,applied potential part of overhead electrical line and offset distance of overheadfeeder line, and protection equipment for urban monorail are according to localrailway regulation.

2. Electrical transmission line and electrical distr ibution lineElectrical transmission line for urban monorail is according to local railway regulation.

3. Telecommunication facilities(1) In the main line, any rolling stock or train shall be installed with equipment, which

can immediately cut off the power in contact line and in section where rolling stockor a train exists (hereinafter referred as Emergency Alarm Activation Equipment.

(2) In Operation Control Center and Power Control Center, in case Emergency AlarmActivation Equipment is applied, equipment to alarm and to display the situationshall be installed.

(3) Except when it is absolutely necessary to use induction wireless, thetelecommunication lines shall be cable.

(4) Telecommunication equipment, telecommunication cables and protection device oftelephone for urban monorail are according to local railway regulation.

4. Lighting facilities(1) Lighting in a station shall be carefully considered to hinder interference to the

environment of road traffic and railway.

(2) Regulation of local railway construction (Article 85 lighting equipment) and Article86 are also applied for urban monorail.

5. Substation


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(1) In urban monorail, power centralized control equipment shall be installed in powercontrol center to perform the following items:(a) To control main equipment of substation and to display the operation or stop.(b) To control interconnecting circuit-breaker of feeding network and to display

opening or closing.(c) To alarm and to display the cause in case breaker of main circuit of substation

and interconnecting circuit-breaker of feeding network automatically break.(d) To be equipped with a feature in order to prevent reclosing (closed), if the

cause leading to an alert in the preceding item cannot be displayed.(e) To display the status of feeding network(f) To display handling status of substation in automatic or in manual and to be

equipped with a feature in order to prevent the operation of substation bypower control center while manual handling is active.

(2) In power control center, equipment to alarm and to monitor in case powercentralized control equipment fails shall be installed.

(3) The substation shall confirm the following items:

(a) Located on a place where attendant can arrive quickly when power controlcenter receives alarm from a substation.

(b) The building shall be fire-resistant structure or fire-preventive construction.(c) Substation is operated manually and can also be stopped.(d) Automatic breaking equipment of receiving side shall also automatically breaks

if a fire disaster occurs.

(4) The transformer shall rectifies semi-conductor

(5) Regulation of local railway construction Article 87, Article 89 (Capacity ofSubstation), Article 90 (Protection Device of Equipment) and Article 91 (CircuitBreaker for Feeding) are also applied for urban monorail.

6. Signal Protection Equipment(1) Signal device of train operation in regular section shall use signal cab device.

(2) Signal cab device shall be suitable for the following matters.(a) Continuously indicating signal aspect by numeric character about distance

between trains which run on the same directions and about operation speedbased on condition of the railway line. However, aspect of stopping signal canbe indicated by a symbol.

(b) Having device to alarm when any changes on aspect occur.(c) Being able to control aspect continuously.(d) Indicating stopping signal aspect in case a failure occurs.

(3) Signal device of rolling stock operation in regular section shall use theaforementioned signal cab device or shunting signal.

(4) Automatic Train Control (ATC) devices shall be provided for train operation inregular sections or in sections where interference may occur.

(5) ATC device shall be suitable for the following matters.(a) Sending continuous information to a train about the distance with the

preceding trains and the speed information based on the condition of railwayline.

(b) Receiving information set forth previously on-board and verifying theappropriate information and train speed.

(c) Automatically reducing train speed by applying brake until the appropriatespeed information is indicated when information set forth in (a) is transmitted.


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(d) The main part of the equipment on ground and on-board are composed by twosystems or more.

(e) Sending stop signal to a train in an appropriate location to stop the train beforeentering the beginning of the unclear section or section where the precedingtrain exists.

(5) A device to automatically stop the train shall be installed in the end of main trackline.

(6) In station or signal house, shunting of rolling stock is conducted, shunting signalshall be provided and shall not depend on cab signal device or shunting sign.

(7) Shunting signal shall be provided for each route where shunting rolling stock isconducted. However, shunting signal that is supplied with route indicator can beshared in two routes or more.

(9) Shunting signal shall be suitable for the following matters.(a) When a train or rolling stock exists in the protection area of shunting signal,

stop signal shall be indicated.(b) When the point machine in the aforementioned area does not open to a proper

direction, stop signal shall be indicated.

(10) The route indicator shall be installed below shunting signal on the same pole.

7. Centralized Traffic Contro l System(1) Urban monorail shall be equipped with Centralized Traffic Control (CTC) System.

(2) CTC shall display the following items and shall also able to set the train route toenter and to leave stations.(a) Train position on the main track(b) Condition of route clear on the main track(c) Presence and absence of treatment of interlocking devices


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Chapter 4Rolling Stock

1. Running Device(1) Running wheels shall use rubber tires which are filled only with gas or urethane.

(2) In case running wheels are punctured, it is necessary to provide an auxiliary wheelwhich can crawl the rolling stock.

(3) Straddle type rolling stock shall be equipped with guide wheel and stabilizing wheel.Meanwhile, suspension type rolling stock shall be equipped with guide wheel.

(4) Rigid wheelbase shall be in accordance with the minimum radius of curve line.

2. CouplerExcept the bogie is fixed connected by coupling device or connecting rods, both endsof rolling stock shall be connected with coupler.

3. Brake Device(1) Brake equipment in rolling stock shall be installed as follows.

(a) Continuous break equipment (limited to air brake equipment)(b) Power break equipment (including air brake equipment), hereinafter referred as

safety breaking device.

(2) In addition to those set forth in the preceding paragraph, the rolling stock with adriver cabin shall be equipped with a parking brake device to park the train in stopstatus.

(3) Technical standard for braking devices is separately provided.

4. Car-body(1) Car-body of the rolling stock shall be made by non-flammable material.

(2) Technical standard for non-flammable is separately provided.

(3) Drivers cabin shall be provided as the following:(a) Separator with passengers cabin shall be installed to avoid passenger entering

drivers cabin.(b) Platform entrance for train crew shall be provided in both sides(c) Sliding type or inward opening type shall be adopted for the door of

aforementioned entrance.(d) In front of rolling stock, viewing window which is necessary for operation shall

be provided.

(e) The aforementioned window shall be equipped with safety glass and automaticwindow wiper.

(f) Viewing window which is necessary for operation shall be provided on bothsides.

(g) Connecting door with passengers cabin shall be provided.(h) Sliding type or inward opening type shall be adopted for the aforementioned

connecting door.

(4) Passengers room shall be provided as the following:(a) Platform entrance shall be provided on both sides.(b) Door for the aforementioned entrance shall be sliding type, the effective height

shall be more than 1800mm and the effective width shall be more than 600mm.

(5) Both ends of rolling stock shall be equipped with gangway door with effective height


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more than 1800mm and effective width more than 600mm. However, the gangwaydoor could be omitted for the front-end of foremost rolling stock and back-end ofbackmost rolling stock.

(6) Passengers can pass through safely by footplate in the gangway, and in case adoor is installed, it shall be sliding type. However, for rolling stock equipped with

drivers cabin, the gangway door to the driver cabin could be hinged type.

5. Rolling stock device(1) White flashing lights with appropriate intensity shall be located in symmetrical

position with the center of front-side of rolling stock, where drivers cabin is located.

(2) Two red flashing lights with appropriate intensity shall be located in symmetricalposition with the center of end-side train set.

(3) Flashing light signal shall be installed on the roof of drivers cabin.

(4) On both sides of rolling stock for passenger, it is necessary to provide one or more

indicator lights that display opening or closing condition of entrance door.

(5) Except in point (7), the following devices shall be installed in drivers cabin:(a) Device to operate control device(b) Device to operate braking device(c) Aspect device of cab signal(d) Speed indicator(e) Pressure indicator of air damping device(f) Device to operate automatic door closing(g) Device to control entrance door of passengers cabin(h) Device to operate flashing light signal(i) Device for whistling sound(j) Dead-man device (device to cut-off power and to turn on emergency brake)(k) Device that emits alarm warning when alarm signal transmits and receives

alarm signal (hereafter referred as alarm signal device)(l) Device to operate emergency alarm device(m) Puncture reporting device (this device can be omitted if other alternative device

is installed on the ground)(n) Sign device and communication device among train crew.(o) Device to call operation control center (hereafter referred as equipment to

contact OCC)

(6) Except in point (7), the following devices shall be installed in passengers cabin:(a) Lighting and reserve lighting(b) Ventilation

(7) The following devices shall be installed in the drivers cabin and passengers cabin:(a) Pubic announcing device from drivers cabin to passengers cabin(b) Emergency alarm device in passengers cabin to notify the train crew in drivers

cabin during emergency situation.

(8) Automatic door device with following function shall be installed on the entrancedoor of passengers cabin:

(a) Doors can be opened when the power down(b) Doors cant be opened when a train is running(c) Doors can be opened manually during emergency situation(d) A train cant be started if the door is not closed

(9) Rolling stock that has power collector shall be equipped with an automatic circuit


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breaker. In addition, for the main electrical circuit, a primary fuse shall be located asclose as possible with power collector.

(10) Rolling stock that has power collector shall be equipped with lightning arrester.However, it could be omitted for suspended type of rolling stock.

(11) Rolling stock shall be equipped with automatic train control device. However, itcould be omitted for part of rolling stock in a train set.

(12) Rolling stock shall be contacted with car-body grounding equipment. However, itcould be omitted for part of rolling stock in a train set.

(13) Suspended type rolling stock shall be equipped with the following devices:(a) Device to respond car-body vibration in station(b) Device to control car-body vibration

6. Mark(1) Rolling stock shall be indicated with the following marks:

(a) Name of home depot and symbol(b) Symbol number(c) Name of manufacture location and manufacture year(d) Load(e) Passenger capacity and load

(2) In passengers cabin, installation position and handling instructions of theemergency reporting device shall be indicated.

(3) Handling instructions and installation position of device to open the entrance doormanually shall be indicated.

7. Others(1) Safety braking device, rear flashing lights, light emitting signaling device, alarm

notification signal device, signal devices, intercom, equipment to contact OCC,emergency reporting device and public announcing device shall ready to be used inthe case of power failure.

(2) Instrument and transmission line of electrical circuit shall be protected or installed ata position where no related person can touch easily.

(3) Special protection shall be provided for instrument and transmission line ofelectrical circuit, which located in passenger cabin, to receive power from electricalcontact line.

(4) For the openable windows structures, protection with wire network is necessary toprevent the fall of things from passenger cabin.


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Chapter 5Other Equipment

1. Emergency evacuation equipment(1) To evacuate quickly and safely passengers in emergency situation, the following

measures shall be taken in case distance between main tracks of double track is

nearly side by side and the feeding line is separately independent. However,because of terrain condition or other special circumstances where distancebetween main tracks of double track is not nearly side by side or section where thefeeding line of each track is not independent, evacuation route shall be provided.(a) The train shall have ability to push and pull the other train, which is in failure

condition.(b) The train shall be equipped with facilities to transfer passengers safely through

gangway to relief train on the same track.(c) The train or the station shall be equipped with facilities to transfer passengers

safely through gangway to relief train on the adjacent track. However, this shallnot be applied if distance between main tracks of double track is not nearly sideby side or if the feeding line of each track is not independent

(d) The train shall be equipped with escape chute or slow descending machines todrop passengers safely.

(e) Vehicle with facilities to safely drop passengers on the ground shall beprovided. However, this shall not be applied if the vehicles of fire departmenthave these facilities.

(2) Evacuation route for passengers in aforementioned paragraph shall fulfill thefollowing:(a) Passengers can move easily from the train(b) Evacuation route shall be connected with a safe place(c) Except in emergency situation and maintenance time, no person can enter the

evacuation route.

2. Fire control equipment(1) Building structure as much as possible shall use non-flammable, semi non-

flammable or flame resistance material. If necessary, fire control equipment shall beprovided in stations.

(2) Smoke exhaustion and ventilation equipment shall be provided for undergroundstations and tunnels.

3. Maintenance and inspection equipment(1) Inspection and maintenance car shall be provided for inspection and maintenance

of railway line and station. However, it can be omitted in case route for inspectionand maintenance is provided.

(2) Route for inspection and maintenance in aforementioned paragraph can also beused as evacuation route.

4. Equipment for depot and rolling stock inspection & repair(1) Adequate equipment shall be provided to accommodate and to inspect rolling stock

(2) Adequate equipment shall be provided to repair rolling stock. However, it can beomitted if reparation is delegated as outsourcing work.


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C-2

CONSTRUCTION STANDARD OF

MONORAIL


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DRAFT

Construction Standard

of

Monorail

English)


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 GENERAL

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Term definition

1.3 Construction position of track

1.4 Construction position of pier

1.5 Construction position of station

2 STRUCTURE OF MONORAIL

2.1 Track

2.1.1 Track clearance

2.1.2 Distance between track centers

2.1.3 Track alignment

2.2 Rolling stock

2.2.1 Dimension of rolling stock

2.2.2 Structure of rolling stock

2.3 Pier

2.3.1 Dimension of pier

2.3.2 Distance between pier

2.3.3 Protection for pier

2.4 Track beam

2.4.1 Dimension of track beam

2.4.2 Protection for track beam

2.5 Corridor for emergency evacuation and corridor for maintenance and inspection

2.6 Station

2.6.1 Length of platform

2.6.2 Width of platform

2.6.3 Height of platform

2.6.4 Distance between rolling stock and platform

2.6.5 Construction of pier in platform

2.6.6 Lighting

2.7 Maintenance facilities

2.8 Electrical line

2.9 Facility and measure for prevention of falling object

2.9.1 Station, etc.

2.9.2 Rolling stock

2.10 Hue

3 ROAD STRUCTURE WHERE URBAN MONORAIL IS CONSTRUCTED

3.1 Cross-sectional construction of road where track is constructed.

3.2 Horizontal distance between track clearance and road borderline

i


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Construction Standard of Monorail

1 General

1 1 Introduction

This standard is intended to define the general technical standards for road structure for

construction of monorail.

(Commentary)

In order to ensure the efficiency of urban transport with qualitative and quantitative variation and

also to derive urban structure on desirable direction,

As momentum in establishment of this act, it is considered that the construction of urban

monorail will be performed actively in each city. Thus, necessary general technical standards

concerning the road structure for construction of urban monorail is determined.

Moreover, regarding the structures other than the road, which is required to determine the

construction of urban monorail, are determined.

1. Scope of this standardThis standard is applied for construction of urban monorail on road that under provision of road

law. However, this standard also can be applied for construction of urban monorail that not under

provision of road law.

2. Meaning of general technical standard

There is possibility that this standard is not appropriate for each city, because wide variety of the

natural and social environment surrounding the road and also development progress of science

and technology related the technical progress of monorail industries. Taking such situations into

consideration, this standard is used as a referable standard and in the case that technical issues

are cleared it is possible to implement construction of the urban monorail without being subject to

this standard.

3. Relationship with the other laws and regulations

In addition to the provisions of this standard, the technical standards for road structure such as

road structure ordinance, road technical standard, etc. are necessary. Meanwhile, for the

technical standard for other than road structure such as Act on Rail Track, Act on Building

Standards, etc. is also necessary.

1 2 Term of definition

1. Terms used in this standard are similar with the terms used in Road Construction Ordinance.

2. The meanings of the terms used in this standard, shall be as specified in the respective items.

(1) Track is a part of road which intended to be used for the corridor of rolling stock.

(2) Rolling stock is a moved vehicle by electrical power (except vehicle for inspection,

maintenance and rescue), which is running by straddled or suspended on single track

beam.

(3) Track beam is a designed beam which intended to be used for the corridor of rolling

stock, which make possible to move rolling stock by straddling or suspension.

(4) Brace is a pillar (including substructure and foundation to support the pillar) to support

track beam and station.

(5) Station is a place to stop the vehicle for handling passenger and luggage.

(Commentary)

(1) Rolling stock for inspection and maintenance as well as rolling stock for rescue could be

operated during the shutdown period, thus shall be operated by power other than electricity

power.

(2) Refer to Figure 1-1 and 1-2 for track beam.

(3) Refer to Figure 1-1 and 1-2 for brace.

1


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Fig 1-1 Cross-section of guideway for urban monorail

Fig 1-2 Profile of guideway for urban monorail

1 3 Construction Position of Track

Generally, the track is constructed over the middle of road.

(Commentary)

Generally, the track is constructed over the middle of the road by considering land use along the

route, car mobility and the economy. (Refer to Figure 1-3).

Fig. 1-3 Relation between middle of the track and middle of the road

However, in case of construction over the middle of the road is difficult or inappropriate, the

following cases can be considered. It can be decided by not depend on this case.

(1) Regarding the bend section, in case is considerably difficult to match the curves radius track

with the curve radius of the road.

2


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Fig. 1-4 Centerline of track and centerline of road

(2) In case you are installing by using the building of the road Shiki-gai the station, the interval

rubbed with station part.

(3) The number of lanes of the road 2. If be selected the routes of urban monorail (number of

lanes using only the road of four or more is extremely difficult, if the number of lanes is notforced to provide a trajectory on the road other than roads of four or more in some sections

occur. this case, be provided with polarization on one side of the road trajectory appropriate

vehicle. Therefore the service level falls overtaking becomes impossible number of lanes is

provided orbit above the center of the road 2 in some cases. Accordingly, it is about what is

provided by polarized to one side or placed in the middle of the road, land use planning of the

roadside, to automobile traffic if the number of lanes is not forced to provide a trajectory

forced on the road of 2 . that need to be determined in consideration of the level of service,

the urban aesthetic, etc.)

1 4 Construction Position of Pier

1. Pier is principally constructed in road separator.

2. Pier is principally shall not be constructed in following parts of road:

(1) Inside the intersection part, if the road that constructed with urban monorail intersect

with other road on the same plane.

(2) Inside the pedestrian crossing.

(Commentary)

1. The pier is principally constructed in road separator by considering the urban aesthetic and

car mobility. However, at a location that difficult to install the track in the middle of the road

trajectory, thus track construction on the other than middle of the road is unavoidable; the

pier could be constructed on side walk, wayside, etc. Moreover, it also can be applied for pier

of station and turnout for suspended-type monorail.

In addition, section which not directly connected to the land surface such as pier

substructure, overhang part, etc. is not relying with this regulation.

2. Vicinity of intersection and pedestrian crossing, to ensure the safety of road traffic, especially

related to the visibility, construction of pier in undesirable, thus it is prescribed that

construction on this part is prohibited. However, it shall not be applied where the cross roads

not provided the roadway, and in a case such as unavoidable structural, or if not hindrance to

other road traffic, and adequate measures has been taken

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

1 5 Construction position of station

Except for pedestrian bridge and concourse, station shall not be constructed on following road or

intersection part of the following:

(1) Number of lanes road is four or more.

(2) Road that make up the major urban landscape of the city.(Commentary)

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Construction of station over the road intersection will give significant oppressive feeling to the

persons who cross the road, thus, it is recommended to avoid as much as possible such kind of

construction. Especially, intersection of road which has 4 lanes or more is a valuable open space

for the city is generally an arterial road where many persons cross the intersection. Thus, station

shall not be constructed in the intersection.

In addition, by considering the urban aesthetic, the station shall not be constructed in the

intersection of roads which configure the major urban landscape.

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2 Structure of Urban Monorail

2 1 Track

2 1 1 Track clearance

Track clearance for straddle-type urban monorail is shown in Figure 1 and for suspended-type

monorail is shown in Figure 2.

However, significant amount shall be enlarged for the curve section.

Fig.1: Rolling stock and construction clearance

for large size of straddle-type (unit: millimeter)

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Fig.1: Rolling stock and construction clearance

for large size of suspension-type (unit: millimeter)(Commentary)

(1) In order to establish construction standard for monorail, rolling stock clearance and

construction clearance of track are decided for necessary accuracy. In addition, further

consideration is necessary for detail structure of rolling stock, surrounding power collector,

and surrounding track beam.

(2) For medium size and small size of monorail, further consideration of width and height are still

necessary. Thus, Fig. 2-1, Fig. 2-2, Fig. 2-3 and Fig. 2-4 only can be used as references.

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2 1 3 Track alignment

Track alignment shall be decided by considering harmonization of road pathway and land use,

consecutiveness of alignment, constructability and economic efficiency of harmonization of cross

section, mobility, etc.

(Commentary)Although the horizontal track alignment is recommended to be straight, urban monorail is

constructed on the road, thus, adjustment with the road alignment is necessary. In this case, the

minimum radius of curve line is preferably 60m.

In addition, the vertical track alignment is recommended to be as gradual as possible. The

monorail adaptability in elevation change is high and favorable to be adopted in locations with

many steep slopes. However, any unnecessary slope will largely impact on running performance of

rolling stock and also noise become larger. Therefore, it is necessary to set the slope shall be

entirely balanced.

2 2 Rolling stock

2 2 1 Dimension of Rolling Stock

Width of rolling stock shall be 3 meter or less.

(Commentary)

Rolling stock size for monorail consists is three sizes consisting of large, medium and small, with

specification as described in Table 2-1 and 2-2.

Table 2.1 Specification for straddle-type

Unit: millimeter

Size

ItemLarge Medium Small Reference

Length of car body 15,000 12,500 6,200

Length of 2 coupler train

set

31,300 26,200 13,350 Distance between

coupling surfaces

Maximum width 2,940 2,440 1,800

Maximum height 3,590 3,540 2,600 Height from aboveof rail surface

Height of car body 4,770 4,720 3,300

Distance of bogie 9,500 7,300 4,000

Bogie wheel base 1,700 1,500 1,500

Weight (t) 25 18 6 Empty car

(Note) Medium and small size is reference only.

Table 2.2 Specification for suspended-type

Unit: millimeter

Size

ItemLarge Medium Small Reference

Length of car body 16,500 12,900 10,400

Length of 2 coupler train

set

34,200 26,900 21,800 Distance between

coupling surfaces

Maximum width 2,650 2,650 1,750

Maximum height 3,680 3,680 3,250 Height from below

rail surface

Height of car body 3,150 2,950 2,800

Distance of bogie 11,150 8,450 6,000

Bogie wheel base 1,550 1,500 1,400

Weight (t) 19 17 11 Empty car

(Note) Medium and small size is reference only.

Table 2-3

Large size Medium size

Straddle type Tokyo Monorail Haneda Line Yomiuri Land Monorail Line

Suspended type Toyama Kouen Line Shonan Monorail Enojima Line

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2 2 2 Structure of Rolling Stock

1. Wheel shall use rubber tire

2. Rolling stock shall be nonflammable structure.

(Commentary)

1. Since monorail is constructed on the road, rubber tire that has less noise shall be used.2. Rolling stock shall fireproof in case fire occurs due to accident, thus the rolling stock shall be

manufactured by following standard.

Standard of nonflammable structure of rolling stock

Item Main Points

General 1. Structure and function shall use nonflammable material, except in unavoidable

situation

2. Other than nonflammable material shall be used as small as possible, at least use

flame-resistance material.

Structure

ofcar-body

Roof 1. Shall be made from metal, and for monorail with aerial line type shall be covered

with electrically insulating of flame-resistance material.

2. For aerial line type, exposure clasp shall be electrically insulated with body-car or

covered with electrically insulating of flame-resistance material.

Outer plate,

ceiling and

lining

Shall be made from metal or other nonflammable material, the surface coating also

shall use nonflammable material.

Floor 1.

2. The surface coated of floor shall use non-flammable material.

Heat insulator

and acoustic

insulator

Glass fiber, asbestos, or other nonflammable material.

Seat Outer material, cushioning and its cover shall use flame-resistance material.

Sunshade and

hood

Shall use flame-resistance material.

Gangway 1. Installed on both front and end of rolling stock..

2. Gangway in coupling rolling stock shall be equipped with plate for passenger to

pass safely.

3. Effective height of gangway shall be more than 1,800mmm and effective width

shall be more than 600mm.

4. In case of door is installed for the gangway; it shall be sliding type or equivalent.

However, for the crew cabin side, xxxxxxxxx

5. Doors for the gangway in end train-set shall be connected with passenger cabin.

In addition, shall be available to safely evacuate passenger during emergency

situation.

Protection of main

circuit, electrical

arcing, electric heating

generator.

1. Fuse for main circuit shall be provided as close as possible to the power collector

of electrical circuit.

2. Main circuit is a structure that does not composed as abnormal close circuit.

3. Under floor surface and resistive element main circuit resistor

4. xxxx

5. xxxx6. Arch for

7. Cable coat shall use flame-resistance material.

8. 250

6

9.

10.

Auxiliary lamp In passenger cabin, auxiliary lamp shall be provided to switch on automatically when

the regular lamp is off.

Broadcast unit andtelephone equipment

1. Installation of equipment for broadcasting from conductor to passenger cabin andinstallation of equipment for communication each other between train driver and

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conductor.

2. The aforementioned equipment also can be used in power failure condition.

Operating device of

automatic door closing

Operating device for automatic door closing also could be operated in the power

failure condition.

Sign of emergency

measures

1.

2.

Fire extinguisher 1. Removal and handling of attached fire extinguisher in each rolling stock shall be

easy.

2. The fire extinguisher shall pass the examination from fire department for oil fire

and electricity fire. The fire extinguisher shall be located inside the passenger

cabin and does not generate toxic gases.

Others 1. Hardware box located under the floor (excluded relay cover, etc.) shall use

non-flammable material. However, for electrical insulation and other unavoidable

reason, may be made from flame-resistance material.

2. Name of main equipment located under the floor shall be clearly indicated.

2 3 Pier

2 3 1 Pier Dimension

1. The pier width shall be 1.5 meter or less.

2. Distance between the outer surface of pier and road side shall be 0.5 meter or more in case of

a pier is constructed in separator, traffic island, sidewalk, or cycle road.

(Commentary)

Pier dimension shall be decided based on the safety factor to support track beam and rolling

stock, to harmonize with urban aesthetics, as well as to minimize the impact on road traffic.

Principally, width of 1.5 meter is sufficient to safely support track beam and rolling stock.

However, by considering harmony with urban aesthetic, impact to the road traffic, etc., width of

pier is regulated to be 1.5 meter or less.

However, the pier width may exceed 1.5 meters if absolutely necessary due to terrain conditionand any special circumstances. The special circumstances such as intersection with elevated

road or railway, necessary long span in the intersection, which required an extraordinary high pier

etc. Even in such cases, the pier dimension shall be determined by minimizing the required width

as long as possible.

In addition, in case of the pier is constructed in separator, traffic island, sidewalk or cycling road,

it is necessary to ensure the zone for street utilities such as signs, protection, etc. The width for

such zone shall be 0.5 meter.

2 3 2 Distance between Pier Centers

Principally, distance between pier centers shall be 2.0 meter or more.

(Commentary)

Distance between pier centers shall be decided by considering safety support of track beam and

rolling stock, harmony with urban aesthetic, and minimization of impact to other road traffic. In

order to safely support the track beam and rolling stock, the influence of limit value of the

deflection amount of the track beam is particularly large.

From the point of harmony with urban aesthetic and impact to other road traffics, the distance

between pier centers shall considering height of girder, width of column, geometric harmony, sight

distance, ventilation, sun shine, etc. By comparing such kind of consideration, minimum distance

between pier centers is 20 meters.

However, this shall not apply if there is no obstacle after considering terrain condition along the

route, urban aesthetic, impact to other road traffic, and also unavoidable structure.

2 3 3 Pier Protection

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Principally, appropriate protection shall be constructed in order to prevent the pier from damage

caused by automobile collision.

(Commentary)

The pier is constructed to safely support the structure of track beam and rolling stock. Thus,

adequate measures for protection of column body shall be taken, particularly, collision preventionwith automobile.

In case of the pier is constructed on separator, traffic island, sidewalk or cycling road, an

appropriate protection shall be constructed within 0.5 meter of protection zone.

There are various forms of protection, but the most appropriate form shall be decided based on

the location of use. The protection structure shall prevent the damage of pier body by automobile

collision and also possible to return the automobile to the normal traveling direction after collision.

However, this shall not apply in cases where no risk of collision with automobile, and in cases

where construction of such kind of protection is unnecessary.

2 4 Track beam

2 4 1 Dimension of Track Beam

Dimension of track beam shall be decided by adequately considering harmony with urban

aesthetic and impact to the other road traffic.

(Commentary)

Dimension of track beam is principally determined by distance between piers. Standard of track

beam for large size of straddle type is width: 800mm, height: 1400mm and length: 20m (PC beam),

for large size of suspended-type is width: 1,790mm, height: 2,060mm and length: 30m (steel beam).

In the intersection and grade separation with other structure, or the crossing point of river, where

standard track beam is impossible to be constructed and special dimension of track beam is

required, the determination of track beam dimension also shall adequately considering harmony

with urban aesthetic and impact to the other road traffic.

2 4 2 Protection for Track Beam

Protection shall be constructed as necessary on track beam where automobile across under the

girder.

(Commentary)

Although construction clearance under track beam has been ensured, there is possibility when

crane trucks which keep raising the boom or dump trucks which keep raising the pallet go through

under the beam.

Therefore, in case of necessary, protection that perpendicular to the road shall be constructed

just before track beam in junction and U-turn location of car. This protection will protect the

track beam and the same time also catches the situation immediately.

Type and structure of protection shall be selected by carefully pay attention to the performance,

economy, safety of running, feeling of pressure, double tracking, harmony with surrounding roadenvironment, construction condition, maintenance and repair.

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C-3

DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR

MONORAIL STRUCTURE


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DRAFT

Design Guidelines

for

Monorail Structures


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Table of Contents

I Common Items ...................................................................................................................................................1

Chapter 1: General .................................................................................................................................................1

1-1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................1

1-2 Definitions ..............................................................................................................................................1

1-3 Guideway types ......................................................................................................................................3

1-4 Structural standards ...............................................................................................................................3

1-5 Structural clearance ................................................................................................................................3

1-6 Items to be included on design drawings ...............................................................................................3

1-7 Material ..................................................................................................................................................5

1-8 Structure register....................................................................................................................................7

1-9 General design requirements .................................................................................................................7

1-10 Accuracy of design calculations ..............................................................................................................7

1-11 Accuracy of construction ........................................................................................................................7

1-12 Physical constants used in design calculations .......................................................................................9

1-13 Camber ...................................................................................................................................................9

Chapter 2: Loads .................................................................................................................................................. 10

2-1 Types of loads ...................................................................................................................................... 10

2-2 Dead load ............................................................................................................................................. 11

2-3 Live load ............................................................................................................................................... 11

2-4 Impact load .......................................................................................................................................... 13

2-5 Wind load ............................................................................................................................................ 14

2-6 Temperature change ........................................................................................................................... 15

2-7 Earthquakes ......................................................................................................................................... 16

2-8 Snow load ............................................................................................................................................ 16

2-9 Centrifugal load ................................................................................................................................... 17

2-10 Lateral rolling stock load...................................................................................................................... 18

2-11 Braking and starting load ..................................................................................................................... 19

2-12 Supporting point displacement ........................................................................................................... 19


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2-13 Loads during construction ................................................................................................................... 19

2-14 Load of additional facilities .................................................................................................................. 19

2-15 Load acting on railing........................................................................................................................... 20

2-16 Earth pressure ..................................................................................................................................... 20

2-17 Water pressure .................................................................................................................................... 21

2-18 Buoyancy and uplift pressure .............................................................................................................. 23

2-19 Drying shrinkage of concrete and creep .............................................................................................. 23

2-20 Bearing friction .................................................................................................................................... 24

2-21 Collision load ....................................................................................................................................... 24

2-22 Wave pressure ..................................................................................................................................... 25

2-23 Buffer stops ......................................................................................................................................... 25

II Track girders .................................................................................................................................................... 27

Chapter 1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 27

1-1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................... 27

1-2 Allowable deflection .................................................................................................................................. 27

Chapter 2 Loads ................................................................................................................................................. 29

2-1 Types of loads .......................................................................................................................................... 29

2-2 Load combinations .................................................................................................................................. 29

Chapter 3 Bearings............................................................................................................................................. 30

3-1 General ...................................................................................................................................................... 30

3-2 Negative reaction force acting on bearings............................................................................................. 30

3-3 Displacement of movable bearings ......................................................................................................... 30

3-4 Stoppers for movable bearings ............................................................................................................... 31

Chapter 4 Expansion joints ................................................................................................................................ 31

4-1 Expansion joints ....................................................................................................................................... 31

4-2 Attached and additional facilities ............................................................................................................ 31

Chapter 5 Steel structures ................................................................................................................................ 31

5-1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................... 31

5-2 Anti-slip treatment of running surface .................................................................................................... 32

5-3 Selection of steel type ............................................................................................................................. 32

5-4 Allowable stress ...................................................................................................................................... 33

5-4-1 General ................................................................................................................................................ 33


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5-4-2 Allowable stress of structural steel ........................................................................................................ 34

5-4-3 Allowable stress of castings and forgings .............................................................................................. 37

5-4-4 Allowable stress of steel material used for welding and joint parts .................................................... 38

5-4-5 Allowable stress of steel pipes and bars .............................................................................................. 40

5-4-6 Allowable stress when considering fatigue .......................................................................................... 44

Chapter 6 Reinforced concrete (RC) structures ................................................................................................. 50

6-1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................... 50

6-2 Allowable stress ....................................................................................................................................... 50

6-2-1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 50

6-2-2 Allowable stress of concrete ................................................................................................................ 51

6-2-3 Allowable stress of reinforcement ....................................................................................................... 52

6-2-4 Allowable stress of reinforcement when considering fatigue ............................................................. 52

Chapter 7 Prestressed (PC) concrete structures................................................................................................ 53

7-1 Scope ....................................................................................................................................................... 53

7-2 Allowable stress ....................................................................................................................................... 53

7-2-1 General ................................................................................................................................................. 53

7-2-2 Allowable stress of concrete ................................................................................................................ 54

7-2-3 Allowable tensile stress of PC steel and reinforcement ....................................................................... 56

7-2-4 Cross-sectional safety ........................................................................................................................... 57

III Support structures ........................................................................................................................................... 58

Chapter 1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 58

1-1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................... 58

1-2 Survey general ........................................................................................................................................ 58

1-3 Structural shape and material selection ................................................................................................... 59

1-4 Shape of support structures ...................................................................................................................... 59

Chapter 2 Loads ................................................................................................................................................ 60

2-1 Types of loads .......................................................................................................................................... 60


Chapter 3 Allowable stress .................................................................................................................................. 61

3-1 General .................................................................................................................................................... 61

3-2 Allowable stress of concrete ................................................................................................................... 62

3-3 Allowable stress of reinforcement .......................................................................................................... 63


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3-4 Allowable stress of steel excluding reinforcement ................................................................................ 64

3-5 Allowable stress when considering fatigue ............................................................................................ 64

IV Viaducts ........................................................................................................................................................... 65

Chapter 1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 65

V Stations ............................................................................................................................................................ 66

Chapter 1 General .............................................................................................................................................. 66

1-1 Scope ......................................................................................................................................................... 66

1-2 Station roofs .............................................................................................................................................. 66

Chapter 2 Loads ................................................................................................................................................. 66

2-1 Types of loads .......................................................................................................................................... 66


Chapter 3 Railings and drainage ....................................................................................................................... 67

3-1 Railings ...................................................................................................................................................... 67

3-2 Platform edge doors ................................................................................................................................ 67

3-3 Drainage................................................................................................................................................... 67

3-4 Pavement ................................................................................................................................................. 67

3-5 Attached and additional facilities ............................................................................................................ 68

Chapter 4 Allowable stress ................................................................................................................................ 68

4-1 General .................................................................................................................................................... 68

4-2 Allowable stress of steel .......................................................................................................................... 68

4-3 Allowable stress of concrete and reinforcement .................................................................................... 68


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I Common Items

Chapter 1: General

1-1 Scope

These design guidelines shall be applied to monorail structures as specified in the Monorail Structural

Standards. Items not included in these guidelines shall be designed in accordance with the following guidelines

and specifications.

1)

Road Bridge Specification, General And Steel Bridge Volumes Japan Road Association

2)

Reinforced Concrete Road Bridge Design Specification Japan Road Association

3)

Prestressed Concrete Road Bridge Specification Japan Road Association

4)

Road Bridge Substructure Design Guidelines Japan Road Association

5)

Road Bridge Seismic Design Guidelines Japan Road Association

6)

Concrete Standard Specification Japan Society Of Civil Engineers

7)

Prestressed Concrete Design And Construction Guidelines Japan Society Of Civil Engineers

1-2 Definitions

The terminology used in these design guidelines is defined below.

(1)

Guideway Part of the structure on which monorail cars are operated.(2)

Monorail Car Rolling stock of either straddle-beam or suspended type powered by electricity

and running on an integrated track girder (rolling stock used for inspection and

maintenance or training and rescue include types operated without electricity).

(3)

Support Structure

(Pier)

Beams, columns and foundations constructed to support track girders and

stations.

(4)

Station Locations where rolling stock is stopped to enable passenger and baggage

handling.

(5)

Monorail Design Car

load

Load of monorail cars used as a base for the design of monorail structures.

(6)

Track Girder Girder forming the surface of the monorail guideway and directly supporting the

monorail cars.

(7)

Monorail Viaduct Viaduct with girders supporting the track girder.

(8)

Primary Load Loads that are always acting and have to be considered in the design of main

structures.

(9)

Secondary Load Loads that are not necessarily always or frequently acting but which have to be

considered in the design of main structures as part of load combinations.

(10)

Special Load Loads that have to be considered based on structural type and shape as well as

site conditions in the design of main structures.

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Comments

Items (3), (6) and (7):

Each structure is shown in Figures 1-2-1 and 1-2-2 for both straddle-beam and suspended monorails.

Item (5):

The monorail design car load is a fundamental load based on the car type and used to calculate the strength of

the guideway. The load of the cars actually operated on the guideway can differ from the monorail design car

load as long as the safety of the guideway structure can be ensured.

Figure 1-2-1

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Figure 1-2-2

1-3 Guideway types

Guideways for straddle-beam and suspended monorails can be further classified into large, medium and small

types.

1-4 Structural standards

The structural standards related to the track, construction gauge and alignment of the guideway are regulated in

the Monorail Structural Standards.

1-5 Structural clearance

The structural clearance shall be determined in accordance with the space required by the guideway and any

roads, railroads, rivers and waterways located under the structure as well as maintenance requirements.

1-6 Items to be included on design drawings

The following items shall be included on design drawings:

(1)

Line name and guideway type

(2)

Drawing name and number

(3)

Design office

(4)

Design date

(5)

Main design criteria

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Comments

The above minimum requirements have been determined to facilitate structural repair and maintenance work

for which the design drawings are needed in the future.

Items (1) (4) shall be included on all drawings.

Item (5) only needs to be included on relevant drawings.

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1-7 Material

(1) Steel

Steel material shall be compatible with the standards listed in Table 1-7-1.

Table 1-7-1 Standard steel material

Type Standard Grade

1. Structural steel

JIS G 3101 Rolled steels for general structure SS41 SS50

JIS G 3106 Rolled steels for welded structure SM41

SM53

SM50

SM58

SM50Y

JIS G 3114 Hot-rolled atmospheric corrosion resisting steels for

welded structure

SMA41 SMA50 SMA58

2. Steel pipe JIS G 3444 Carbon steel tubes for general structure STK41 STK50

3. Bonding steel

JIS B 1186 Sets of high strength hexagon bolt, hexagon nut and

plain washers for friction grip joints

F8T F10T F11T

JIS G 3104 Steel bars for rivets SV34 SV41A

4. Welding bars

JIS Z 3211 Covered electrodes for mild steel, high tensile

strength steel and low temperature service steel

JIS Z 3212 Covered electrodes for high tensile strength steel

5. Castings and forgings

JIS G 3201 Carbon steel forgings for general use SF50 SF55

JIS G 5101 Carbon steel castings SC46

JIS G 5102 Steel castings for welded structure SCW42 SCW49

JIS G 5111 High tensile strength carbon steel castings and low

alloy steel castings for structural purposes

SCMn1A SCMn2A

JIS G 4051 Carbon steels for machine structural use S30C S35C

JIS G 5501 Grey iron castings FC15 FC25

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JIS G 5502 Spheroidal graphite iron castings FCD40

6. Wire and secondary

wire material

JIS G 3502 Piano wire rods SWRS

JIS G 3506 High carbon steel wire rods SWRH

JIS G 3536 Steel wires and strands for prestressed concrete Round wire: SWPR1

Indented: SWPD1

2-strand wire: SWPR2

7-strand wire: SWPR7

7. Steel bars

JIS G 3112 Steel bars for concrete reinforcement SR24 SD24 SD30

JIS G 3109 Steel bars for prestressed concrete A type, No. 1: SBPR80/95

A type, No. 2: SBPR80/105

B type, No. 1: SBPR95/110

B type, No. 2: SBPR95/120

(2) Concrete and PC grout

Concrete and PC grout shall meet the quality requirements of the following standards:

Prestressed Concrete Road Bridge Specification Japan Road Association

Reinforced Concrete Road Bridge Design Specification Japan Road Association

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1-8 Structure register

A structure register shall be used to register and store structural data, design guideline titles, design loads,

design seismic coefficients, foundation types and penetration lengths, soil conditions, structural drawings of

main parts, completion dates as well as other data required for future maintenance.

1-9 General design requirements

All structural parts shall be made as simple as possible and designed for convenient fabrication, transport,

construction, inspection, painting, drainage and cleaning.

1-10 Accuracy of design calculations

Design calculations shall in general be made so as to have three significant digits at the final design stage.

1-11 Accuracy of construction

Monorail structures shall be constructed with sufficient accuracy so as to ensure safe and smooth operation of

the rolling stock and to satisfy the assumptions made in the design calculations.

Comments

The guideway shall be constructed accurately enough to comply with the following values.

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Straddle-beam type

Item Guideway dimensional tolerance Remarks

Overall elevation 16mm/20m Deviation of 20m string

Partial elevation

Level

7mm/4m

7/1000rad

Deviation of 4m string

Perpendicularity 7/1000rad

Difference in level 3mm Relative difference between girders

(expansion joints)

Girder width 4mm

Girder length (5+L/10)mm L: girder length (m)

Gap 10mm Standard Gap 20mm

Suspended type

Item Guideway dimensional tolerance Remarks

Overall elevation 15mm/30m Deviation of fixed camber value

Partial elevation a

Level

5mm/5m

7/1000rad

Deviation of stiffening ring

Difference in level 3mm Relative difference between girders

Girder width 4mm

Girder length 8mm

Gap 10mm

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1-12 Physical constants used in design calculations

The physical constants shown in Table 1-12-1 shall be used in design calculations.

Table 1-12-1 Physical constants used in design calculations

Type Value of physical constant

Young's modulus of steel and cast steel 2.1x106kg/cm2

Young's modulus of cast iron 1.0x106kg/cm

2

Shear modulus of steel 8.1x105kg/cm

2

Poissons ratio of steel and cast steel 0.30

Poissons ratio of cast iron 0.25

Young's modulus

of concrete

ck=180kg/cm2 2.4x10

5kg/cm

2

ck=240kg/cm2 2.7x10

5kg/cm

2

ck=300kg/cm2 3.0x10

5kg/cm

2

ck=400kg/cm2 3.5x10

5kg/cm

2

ck=500kg/cm2 4.0x10

5kg/cm

2

ck=600kg/cm2 4.5x105kg/cm2

However, the ratio of Young's modulus for reinforced concrete shall be 15 except when calculating main girder

actions for deformation or composite girders.

1-13 Camber

Camber shall be added to the track girders and viaducts of monorail structures. Camber shall be determined by

considering and adding the impact of prestressing, drying shrinkage and creep to the sum of the deflection

caused by dead load and of the deflection caused by live load as stipulated in Volume I: General, Chapter 2,

Section 2-3.

In this case, the live load shall be applied to the whole length of the track girder and viaduct.

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Chapter 2: Loads

2-1 Types of loads

The following loads shall be considered in the design work.

Primary loads (P):

1.

Dead load (D)

2.

Live load (L)

3.

Impact load (I)

4.

Lateral rolling stock load (LF)

5.

Prestress (PS)

6.

Creep of prestressed concrete (PCR)

7.

Drying shrinkage of prestressed concrete (PSH)

8.

Earth pressure (E)

9.

Water pressure (HP)

10.

Buoyancy or uplift pressure (U)

Secondary loads:

11.

Temperature difference between reinforced concrete floor slab and steel girder (TD)

12.

Wind load (W)

13.

Temperature change (T)

14.

Seismic impact (EQ)

15.

Creep of non-prestressed concrete (CR)16.

Drying shrinkage of non-prestressed concrete (SH)

17.

Friction at supporting points (F)

Special loads:

18.

Snow load (SW)

19.

Centrifugal load (CF)

20.

Movement of supporting points (SD)

21.

Braking and starting load (BK)

22.

Load during construction (ER)

23.

Collision load (CO)

24.

Load of additional facilities (AW)

25.

Load acting on railing (HF)

26.

Ground deformation (GD)

27.

Wave pressure (WP)

28.

Ice pressure (ICE)

29.

Buffer stops (ST)

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When considering the impact of fatigue, single-track loading can be applied also for double-track

structures since the possibility is low that the design monorail rolling stock load will be applied

simultaneously to both tracks. However, if the train schedule necessitates frequent simultaneous

loading, the impact of fatigue caused by double-track loading may in some cases have to be considered

to some extent.

(2)

Crowd loads shall be considered in the design of stations.

2-4 Impact load

Live loads shall include impact loads. However, impact load shall not be considered for sidewalks, etc.

The superstructure impact coefficient shall employ the span lengths (L) shown in Table 2-4-1 and be calculated

with equation (2-4-1).

The impact load caused by live loads need not be considered for the superstructure reaction force used in the

design of substructures. However, it shall be considered for bearings and the bodies of substructures when

these are made of concrete or steel girders or similar light materials.

Table 2-4-1 Spans used when impact coefficients are required

Type Member L (m)

Simple girder Girder and bearing Span

Continuous girder

L1for load

L2for load

(L1+L2)/2 for load

i =20

5 0 + L . . (2 4 1)

L: span (m)

Comments

Although span lengths are in general the same as in the road bridge specification, only simple and continuous

girders are included since Gerber girders and other types are rarely used for monorail structures.

Unlike road bridges, monorail structures have a small dead load to live load ratio which increases the impact of

live load. However, the impact load is small due to the very smooth running surface and the use of rubber tires.

Also, equation (2-4-1) is used since real-life experience shows that the values it gives satisfy safety requirements.

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2-5 Wind load

The wind load acting on structures and rolling stock shall be as follows.

Without live load

For the effective vertical projected area of structures on the windward side: 300kg/m2

For the effective vertical projected area of structures on the leeward side: 150kg/m2

With live load

For the effective vertical projected area of rolling stock and structures on the windward side:

100kg/m2

For the effective vertical projected area of structures on the leeward side: 50kg/m2

However, the wind load for the vertical projected area of structures which overlap with that of rolling stock shall

not be considered.

The wind load for members with round cross-sections shall be of the above value. However, the wind load onthe windward side shall also act on members on the leeward side.

Comments

The wind load is basically defined as even wind blowing at a right angle and horizontally to the monorail

guideway structure.

P =1

2v2ACD . . (2 5 1)

where P: wind pressure

Documents

Appendix C (Monorail)