Appendix 1 Vernacular Names - Home - Springer978-1-4020-6431-9/1.pdf · Appendix 1 Vernacular Names The vernacular names listed below have been collected from the literature. Few

Appendix 1Vernacular Names

The vernacular names listed below have been collected from the literature. Few have phonetic spellings. Spelling is not helped by the difficulties of transcribing unwritten languages into European syllables and Roman script. Some languages have several names for the same species. Further complications arise from the various dialects and corruptions within a language, and use of names borrowed from other languages. Where the people are bilingual the person recording the name may fail to check which language it comes from. For example, in northern Sahel where Arabic is the lingua franca, the recorded names, supposedly Arabic, include a number from local languages. Sometimes the same name may be used for several species. For example, kiri is the Susu name for both Adansonia digitata and Drypetes afzelii. There is nothing unusual about such complications. For example, Grigson (1955) cites 52 English synonyms for the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) in the British Isles, and also mentions several examples of the same vernacular name applying to different species. Even Theophrastus in c. 300 BC complained that there were three plants called strykhnos, which were edible, soporific or hallucinogenic (Hort 1916).

Languages and history are linked and it is hoped that understanding how lan-guages spread will lead to the discovery of the historical origins of some of the vernacular names for the baobab.

The classification followed here is that of Gordon (2005) updated and edited by Blench (2005, personal communication). Alternative family names are shown in square brackets, dialects in parenthesis. Superscript Arabic numbers refer to references to the vernacular names; Roman numbers refer to further information in Section 4.

337

338 Appendix 1 Vernacular Names

1 Vernacular names of Adansonia digitata

1.1 European names

Danish: abelbrødtræ (monkey tree); abelbrød (fruit, i.e. monkey bread)Dutch: apebroodboom, apenbroodboom (monkey tree); apebrood, apenbrood

(fruit, i.e. monkey bread)English: ape breadfruit40, baobab, baobab tree, cream of tartar tree40, dead-rat-tree

(name refers to the hanging pods, which look like rats), Ethiopian sour gourd71, Guinea tamarind, lemonade tree, mock cotton tree, monkey bread tree55, monkey tamarind tree55, upside-down tree71; monkey bread, Senegal calabash71 (fruit)

English (India): baobab3, baobab tree5, cream of tartar tree, Indian cork-tree3 monkey bread tree3, monkey bread tree of Africa5; sour gourd5 (fruit)

English (Sri Lanka): monkey bread tree7; Judas’ bag (fruit so called by Roman Catholics because it contains 30 seeds, i.e. pieces of silver)

Englishi (West Indies) Bahamas: Jamaican tamarind56; monkey tamarind56

Dominica: monkey tamarind52, 56

Jamaica: baobab57; Ethiopian sour gourd57; monkey bread57; monkey tamarind52, 56

St. Croix: cushion tamarind, Guinea almond52, Guinea tamarind52

St. Eustatius: Guinea almond52; Guinea tamarind52

French: arbre aux calebasses40, 71 (calabash tree), arbre de mille ans71 (tree of a thousand years), baobab71, calebassier du Sénégal40, 49, 71; calebasse du Sénégal (fruit), pain de singe19, 40, 49, 71 (monkey bread)

Finish: apinaleipäpuu, baobabpuuGerman: affenbrodbaum, affenbrotbaum (monkey bread tree)Italian: baobab; noce delle scimmie (fruit, i.e. monkey’s walnut)Portuguese: baobá, cabaçevre71, calebassier (calabash); cabaçinhas redondas (fruit)Russian: óaoóaóSpanish: baobalAfrikaansii (South Africa): kremetert71, kremetartboom71 (cream of tartar tree)

1.2 African Names

The number of African languages is estimated to be just over 2000, consisting of four large phyla: Niger-Congo (which includes the large Bantu family), Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan and Khoisan. A phylum is defined as a language grouping larger, less well defined, and less widely accepted than a ‘family’, and typically contains several families (Heine and Nurse 2000).Creoleiii [Krio] (Sierra Leone): monkey brade68

Creolev, Portugueseiv (Mozambique, Angola): imbodeiro10, imbondeiro10

Creole, Portuguese-based Säotomense (Säo Tomé): miondoCreole (West Indies): mapu zombi52, 71

1.2.1 Niger-Congo Phylumv

Family and Language Country Vernacular name

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, DogonDogonvi Mali oro38, 71; orobanou58 (red-barked),

orodienw58 (black-barked), oropil58 (grey-barked); géye40, tige40 (fruit); pepèru40 (flower)

Dogon Toro Niger ɔrɔ74, `ɔrɔ84

Atlantic-Congo, Kordofanian, Heiban Subgroup Heiban dhogwo, khor76

Nuba Abri (= Koalib) Nuba Mtns kwugwor76

Nuba Dire (= Koalib) Nuba Mtns kwugwor76

Jebel Tira Mani dhor76, θɔr84

Kalkadda dhor Khor Gana – dhogwo Jebel Heiban Laro dhogwo76

Atlantic-Congo, Kordofanian, Talodi Subgroup Talodi bosa11, 76

Tisoni bosa Jebel el Liri kishawiyi11, 11, 84, 76, tabarly22

Atlantic-Congo, Kordofanian, Tegali subgroup Tegal ora11

Elliri oraAtlantic-Congo, Mandevii, Eastern Group, EasternBisa [Bissa] Birkina Faso mor40, poo-qô68, poya59, poyahBusa Benin fon40

Nigeria kúka40 (ex Hausa)Shanga Nigeria hwon40

Atlantic-Congo, Mande, Eastern Group, SoutheasternGuro [Kweni] Ivory Coast bèlé40, 84

Atlantic-Congo, Mande, Western Group, Central-Southwestern, CentralBamanankan [Bambara] Senegal (n)sira84, sira21, 25, 40, 45, sito21, 25, 40,

tedum40; môlòdo40 (varietal name) Mali sira25, 40, 57, 59, 82, sito25; siradie71, siradjé58 (grey-barked),siramolni58 (dark-leaved), sirafing71,

sirifing58 (black-barked), sirable71, sisrablé58 (red-barked); siraboau57 (leaves); karin du (fruit pulp); molõdo38 (varietal name) Burkina Faso sira40, 46; môlòdo (a varietal name)Jola [Diola, Dioyla, Dyula] Senegal bâ38, sira40

1 Vernacular names of Adansonia digitata 339



Jola (continued) Ivory Coast bu ba68, sira, sirra66

The Gambia ebakai40

Mali bu ba68

Burkina Faso sira yiri79

Kono Sierra Leone sela40, 84

Malinkeviii [Maninka] Senegal sira38, sita, sito38, sitoo The Gambia ira, sita, sitra; sito (fruit); naa (leaves) Guinea-Bissau citô40

Guinea boki40, 68, sira40

Sierra Leone sira Ivory Coast boki47, 68

Mali boki40, 47, 68

Malinke (Koranko) Sierra Leone sira37, sire38

Mandinka [Manding, Socé] Senegal sita38, 71, sito25, 38, 71

Gambia sira38, sita40, sitra; sito38 (fruit); naa (leaves) Guinea-Bissau citô40

Guinea bõki40, sira40

Sierra Leone sida40, sira40

Mali sira59, sito59

Atlantic-Congo, Mande, Western, Central-Southwestern, SouthwesternLoko Sierra Leone sakwi40, mbawi40

Mende Sierra Leone bo-wului68, gbowulo40, 84

Susu [Sousou] Sierra Leone kiri40, 84

Guinea kiri40, 68, 84

Susu-Dyalonke Sierra Leone kidi-na40

Atlantic-Congo, Mande, Western, NorthwesternSoninke [Sarakole] Senegal kide40, 84, kidé25

Bobo Madaré [Bobo-Fing] Mali pii84

Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, BijagoBidjogo [Bidyogo] Senegal u-áto40, 84

Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, BakBalanta-Ganja Senegal laté25, 40, 84

Jola Fogny [Diola Fogny, Dirla Fogny] Senegal ba38, babaq38, 84, buba21, bubak21, bubaq25, bubakaba21, 40, bubakabu25, bubakakou71, fubak21, ghouis38, sira40

Jola Fogny The Gambia babaq25, bubak31, 42, bubakabu25, 40

(the taller), ebakai40, sira42, sita40, sitra; sito31 (fruit); naa (leaves) Guinea Bissau citô40

Guinea bõki40, sira40


Jola Fogny (continued) Sierra Leone sida40, sira40

Ivory Coast bu ba68, sira Mali bu ba68, sira59, sito59

Mankanya Senegal bedôal25, 40, 84

Mandjak [Mandyak] Guinea-Bissau bebaque40, benaquw, bedom-hal40, brungal40, burungule-burúnque40

Papel [Pepel] Guinea-Bissau burungule40

Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, CanginNoon [Non, None, Serer- Non] Senegal ba40, boh25, 40

Noon (Nominka) Senegal bak40, ibak40

Palor [Falor] Senegal ba25, bédoal21, laté21

Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, Eastern Senegal-GuineaBasari Guinea-Bissau láté40

Senegal amag21, amak21, 25, a-màk40, 84, màk24, gamag21, gamak21, mamak21; e-tylsy24 (seed) Togo nittr, niturr40

Budik [Bedik, Tenda] Senegal a-màk40, a-maq25, ga-mak84, ga-màk24, gamaq25, 31; ga-kade24, nya-de (fruit shell)Wamei [Konyagi] Senegal a-mbu29, 40, 84, a-mbú24; l-bú24

(fruit pulp)Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Northern, SenegambianPulaar [Fula-Pulaar, Peuhl, Peul] Mauritania bobbe50, boki50, gokki68, gokkigokki Senegal boiö25, 40, boki25, 40, 64, boré25, 40, bóy25, 40

The Gambia bokchi42, boki40, 31

Guinea Bissau boe64, bóè40

Guinea bohe64, bõki40

Mali babbe71, babbeé, bõki, boki40, 46, 71, bokki, mboki61, olohi45, 71

Pulaar (Tukulor) Senegal bobbe29, 45, bogi21, boiö21, boki21, 45,

bôki, bokki pl. bowde29, boré21, boyi21, mbuki21

Burkina Faso bobbe45, boki45, 64, gokki, olohi45

Pulaar [Tukulor- Fulfulde] Senegal boki, bôki, bokki, gui, guyeFulfuldeix [Fulani] Guinea Bissau boe68

Guinea bohe68

Nigeria boki 71, �okki40, 71 pl. �ode40, �oge40; bogeeje40, bokko40 (leaves); �ohere40 pl. �ohe, �oye40

(fruit); njuulaandi40, njuuloondi (fruit pulp); gandiyaare40 pl. gandiyaaje, gorome40(seeds)




Fulfulde (continued) Burkina Faso bokki84, �owde pl. �ow�e, �o�be29, horohi79

Niger bokki40, 84

Serer-Sine [Niominka] Senegal ba21, ba(k)45, bak21, 25, 40, 71, 84, boh21, ibak21, 25, mbak25, 40

Wolofx Mauritania gui50

Senegal ghouis28, 45, goui71, gouiï38, gouis71, goul28, gouye, gui21, 25, 38, 45, 68, 68, 84, guy, guye68; boui71, bui21, 25, 40, 71 (fruit); ndaba21 (fruit pulp); gif21, 25, 40 (seeds), tega25 (bark); lalo21, 25 (dried powdered leaves) Burkino Faso guye68

The Gambia goui40, gui, gwi42; buee42, bui40 (fruit)Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, LimbaLimba Sierra Leone kutidi40

Atlantic-Congo, Atlantic, Southern, MelThemne [Temne] Sierra Leone a-kiri40, an-der-a-bai40, an-dercbai40 (the chief’s body), an-derebai68, an-derbai, andercbaiBaga Koga [Koba] Mali kö40, kö-basera40

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kru, WesternWè [Guéré] Ivory Coast go, pl. gwê40, 84

Wobe Ivory Coast gblè-tu84

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, Central, Northern, Oti-VoltBieri Togo tebu84, tora84

Tayari Burkina Faso ñor-ga84, ñor-əri84

Nawdm [Nawdam, Losso] Togo todde84, todi44, təəga/teese84, tuura84,

Dagbani [Dagbane] Ghana tùá pl. tùhí65, tú-á/-hé84, 28, 40, 84, tuwa17; tuwula pl. tuwuli70, tùyú pl. tùri65 (pod); tuzin70 (pulp); tùkpilli pl. tùkpilà65 (seeds); tukare40, tùkárikúmá65; tùkáyú (lalo); tukare70 (leaves)

Moore [Moshi, Mossi] Ivory Coast toéga68

Ghana teega61, 84, teese61, 84, toyega17, 40

Burkina Faso taya, toayga29, 45, 71, toega45, 79, 82, toéga40, toeya, toga, toyégo40, trega71, twega45, 68, 71

Mali toega68, twéga68

Moore-Nawdam Togo kalim40, telo40; kekim40 (whole fruit)Dagara [Dagaare] Burkina Faso todde, tooru84, tuo40, tuura, twoo84


Dagara (continued) Ghana tuo17, 40

Bwamu [Bwa] Burkina Faso ‘iya84

Buli Ghana lúùn84

Konkomba Ghana nitule40

Ditammari [Somba] Togo turubu38, 40

Benin mouté67, mouto67, moutomu67, turubu40

Sisaala Ghana telin, teli40

Frafra [Nabt, Nankanni] Ghana tua40, tuwa28, 40

Naudem [Losso] Togo todi45

Kabiyé [Kabre] Togo taelu40; tschodum40 (leaves and seeds)Tem [Tshaudjo] Togo taelu40, telu40; tschodum40 (leaves and seeds)Bariba [Bargu Batonnun] Nigeria chon mu38, chonbu38, sona38

Benin chonbu38, chon mu38, conmu, sona38 sônbu67

Pila [Pila Pila, Yom, Yowa] Benin tobra38, tolro40

Gurma [Gourmantche] Burkina Faso bu tobu45, bu tuobu45, tuobu29

Moba Togo kankanssion44, tokala44, tuéleg44

Bimoba Ghana toreg17, 40

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Gur, SenufoMinyanka Mali zige84

Senoufo Ivory Coast ngigne71, ngigné38, nigigué40, nigugué68, nguigué40, zehe84

Mali ngigne71, ngigné38, ngigué68

Burkina Faso ngigne71, ngigné38, ngigue40

Supyire Mali zhέngέ84

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, North, Adamawa-Ubangi, UbangiNgbanda Dem. Congo Rep. gbado80

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, Left BankAdangme-Krobo [Dagme] Ghana salet∫o17, 40, salέt∫o

84, salo17. 40, 84

Fon-Gbexi [Gbe-Fon] Benin kpassa38, 67, 84, zizon38, 84

Ivory Coast zizon68

Mali zizon68

Ewexii [Krepi, Vhe] Ghana alãgba17, a-dido40, (a)dido17, dodo17, 40, do dodo40

Togo adido40, àdìdó84, dudo38, duudoGen-Gbe [Mina] Togo dido38

Gen-Gbe [Gen] Benin dido40

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Kwa, NyoNzema Ghana ekuba17, 40

Basa [Kraché] Ghana ala17, hilai17, kelaiGa [Gã] Ghana eaadzo17, sàalo40, sààlò84, shàaje40

Baule Ivory C oast fromodo38, 40, 68, 71, 84

Ghana fromdo38, fromodo17, 84




Baule (continued) Nigeria fromdo38, 84

Mali frondo68, 84

Wasa Ghana ɔdad(e)e40, odadeAkan-Asantexiii Ghana ɔdadee40, odadee40, efoɔbrɔdedua17, efoɔbrɔdedwo17

Akan-Akuapem Ghana ɔdade40

Akan [Twi] Ghana odade, otatowaa, ɔdade84, ɔdad(e)e17, 40, ɔtɔtɔwaa17, 40, 84

Guan [Guang] Ghana tooto, totɔ17, 40, 84

Gonja Ghana kèlárà40, totɔ24, 40

Krache [Krachi] Ghana kelle40, kelai40

Togo kelle40

Abron [Brong] Ghana ala17, 40; hilai17, kelai17, 40, 84, kelau84, nilai40

Atlantic-Congo, Volta Congo, Benue-Congo, Defoid, YoruboidIgala Nigeria obobo40

Yorubaxiv Nigeria igi óshè68, ose68, osè40

Benin igi-ose, igi óshè40, osché67

Nago Nigeria otché38

Atlantic-Congo, Volta Congo, Benue-Congo, EdoidEdo Nigeria usì40

Atlantic-Congo, Volta Congo, Benue-Congo, NupoidGbari [Gwari] Nigeria kwahi40

Nupe-Nupe-Tako [Nupe] Nigeria muci40, 84; èmu40 (fruit); kúka84

(leaves)Atlantic-Congo, Volta Congo, Benue-Congo, KainjiLopa Nigeria kufwə84

CLela [Lyle, L’éla] Burkina Faso k-kubu84, kukulu40

Ror Nigeria u-kuk84

sSaare Nigeria u-kup84

Rogo Nigeria u-ub84

Atlantic-Congo, Volta Congo, Benue-Congo, PlateauKuki Nigeria upə84

Təsu [Tesu] Nigeria kúkúrú84

Hasha Nigeria ikum84

Berom Nigeria kugul leng84

Jijili Nigeria ulici84

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, BantoidBafok Cameroon njobwih40

Longto [Longa] Cameroon njobwih40

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Southern BantoidMbonga Cameroon ngubwele40

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Narrow Bantu, Northwestxv

Akoose [(Ba)Kossi] Cameroon njobwele40, nujubwele


Bakundu-Balue [Kundu] Cameroon ngubwele40

Balundu-Bima [Lundi, Tanga] Cameroon njubwele40

Boloki [Luki] Democratic nkondo20

Repub. CongoAtlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, E, Kikuyu-Kambaxvi

Kambaxvii Kenya kiamba54, mauye62, muama, muamba54, 62, muyu62, mwaama, mwaamba62, mwamba49, 84, 82, mwambo71; mauyu62 (fruit)

Embu [Mbeere] Kenya muramba47, 62, 84

Meru Kenya muramba49, 62, 71, 84, murambuTharaka Kenya muguna-kirindi62, muramba62

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, E, NyikaChonyi [Kambe] Kenya muyu62; mauyu62 (fruit)Digo Kenya mbuyu62, 68

Giryana Kenya mbuyu62, muuyu62

Malakote Kenya mubuyu62

Taita Kenya miamba, mlamba84, mbale62, 68

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, F, Nyilamba-LangiMbugwe Tanzania muwiye55, mwiwi53, 61, mwuwiye53

Rangi Tanzania mwiwi53, 55

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, F, Sukuma-NyamweziSukuma [Kisukuma] Tanzania moandu68, mwanda53,

mwandu53, ng’wanduNyamwezi Tanzania mpele55

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, G, Bena-KingaHehe Tanzania mkondo53, 55

Sangu Tanzania mkondo55

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, G, GogoGogo Tanzania mpela55

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, G, ShambalaShambala [Shambaa] Tanzania buyu53, muuyu53

Asu [Kipare, Pare] Tanzania mramba53, 55, 82

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, G, ShambalaBondei Tanzania muuyu53

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, G, SwahiliSwahili Somalia mbuyu71, 84, muuyu Kenya mbuyu49, 54, 62, 71, 84, 82, muuyu62

Tanzania majani ya nbuyu49, majoni ya mbuyu59, msajoni ya mbuyu, matunta ya mbuyu49, mbuyu55, 61, 71, 84

Mozambique mbuyu71, 84

Swahili [Bjuni (Bajun)] Kenya muruAtlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, G, Zigula-ZaramaoZigula Tanzania muuyu53




Ruguru [Lugu, Luguru] Tanzania mpela55, mpele53

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, H, YakaSuku Tanzania mwanda53, 55, mwandu53, 55, ng’ wandu53,

ngwandu55

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, K, KwangwaMbukushu Botswana divuyu37, divuyu37, dovuyu23

Namibia divuyu37, dovuyu23

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, L, KaondeKaonde Zambia mubuyu49

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, M, BembaBembaxviii Zambia mu-uyu18, mubuyu18, 49

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, M, Lenje-TongaLenje Zambia muUyu18, muyu49

Tsonga [Tonga] Zambia mubuyu18, 49, 84, ximuwu84

Zimbabwe moBuyu15, muBuyu15, mubuyu49, 72, muUyu15

Tsonga [Shangana] South Africa shimuwu, ximuwu23, 84, 78

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, M, NyakyusaNyakkyusa-Ngonde [Nkonde] Malawi mbuye49, 71

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, N, NyanjaNyanja [Chewa, Chichewa] Malawi malambe84, mbuyu, mkulukumbo, mlambe49, 71, mnambe71, mulambe Mozambique malambe84, mnambe, nambe; malabeira (fruit) Zambia mbuyu49, mkulukumba49, mulambe49

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, P, MakuaMakhuwa [Makua] Mozambique melapaAtlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central P, MatumbiNgindo [Kingindo] Tanzania nonjiiAtlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, P, YaoYao Malawi mlongje, mlonje49, 71, 84

Mozambique n’bondo; mûcu (fruit)Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, R, HereroHerero [Ovambo] Namibia omukuraAtlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, R, NdongaKwanyama [Ambi, Ovamba] Namibia omu-kura84, omukwa pl.

omikwa41; ekwa pl. omokwa41 (fruit)

Pungu Namibia mukuyuAtlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, S, NguniNdebelexix Zimbabwe umkhomo49, 71, 72, 84

Zuluxx South Africa isimuhu71, isiMuhu23, 78, 82, isimuku78, isimuhu, isiMuku23, 84, umshimuhu71, umShimulu23, 78


Pondo South Africa mukuyu28

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, S, ShonaShona [Korekore, Zezuru] Zimbabwe muMungu15, muuku15,

muuyu49, muUyu15, muVuku15, muWiyo15, muWiyu15, muWuyu15; muwuyu72

Shona-Karanga Zimbabwe mumbuyu, muUyu, muVuku15, muWuyu15; muwuyu72

Kalanga [Western Shona] Zimbabwe mbuyu72; muuyu49, siBuyu, siNdebele, umkomo14

Kalanga [Makalaka] Botswana boana, boyanaManyika Zimbabwe muBuyu9, muUyu9, muVuku9,

muWuyu9

Ndau [Chisinga] Zimbabwe mubuyu14, muvei14, muwuyu14

Ndau (Batonga) Botswana boana, boyanaAtlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, S, Sotho-TswanaSotho Northern [North Sotho] Botswana motsoo84

Tswanaxxi [Bechuana] Botswana moana, movana84, mowana2, 78, muana37, muvana

Lozi Zambia mubuyu49

Zimbabwe muBuyu15; mubuyu72

Lozi [Makolokol] Botswana moanaAtlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, S, Tswa-RongaTshwa (Hlengwe) Zimbabwe muwu49, 72, 84

Atlantic-Congo, Volta-Congo, Benue-Congo, Central, Central, S, VendaVenda [Luvenda] Zimbabwe muvhuyu South Africa mukuyu28, muvhuyu23, 68, 84, 78

1.2.2 Nilo-Saharan Phylumxxii

Classification Country Vernacular name

Eastern Sudanic, Eastern, NaraNara Eritrea dariEastern Sudanic, Eastern, Nubianxxiii

Jebel ed Daier Sudan fak11, 76

Umm Brembeita Sudan kwora11, 76

Delami Sudan kwora11, 76

Dillingxxiv Sudan tuberli11

Hameg Sudan uffa11

Eastern Sudanic, Western, Daju, Eastern DajuLogorik Sudan bagal11, 76




Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, Western, Luo, Northern

Burun Sudan bul11

Eastern Sudanic, Western, Dinka-NuerDinka Sudan dungwol11, 49, 71, 84

Nuer Sudan kusha11, 76

Eastern Sudanic, Western, Luo NorthernShilluk Sudan gag11, 11, 76

Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, EasternMaasai (Arusha) Tanzania mesera55

Maasai Kenya ol-imisera54, 55, 62, 71, ol-mesera84, ol-unisera71, olimisera49, olimisiera82

Tanzania ol mesera53, 55, ol-mesera84, ol-unisera71, olimisera53, 71, olmesera62, olmesere53, olmosera53,ormisira47, 68

Samburu Kenya lamai62

Tanzania lamai84

Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic, SouthernDatooga [Barabaig] Tanzania gendergen25, 61

KunamaKumama Eritrea ol ormisira amai asaSaharan, WesternKanuri Nigeria kuka (leaves for soup)40 (ex Hausa), kúwà84

Songhai, SouthernDendi Niger k`ɔɔ Benin kôô67

Djer Burkina Faso konian45, 62, 71; foku59 (dark leaf)

Songhay [Songhai, Sonrai] Mali ko38, 71, kò40 pl. kòà40, 84, komian28, konian40, 71, kowa61

Songhay-Zarma Niger kwo40

Burkina Faso kowa33

Niger konian40

FutrFurxxv Sudan (Darfur) maada pl. maadanga, 25, 76

MabanMaba Chad wereek76

UnclassifiedKrongo Sudan badhusu, bàtòòsò pl. àtòòsò76

Kababyabaram Sudan badhusu, bàtòòsò76

Kufa [Kanga] Sudan ‘bazu, pl. nzo76

Kaatcha-Kadugli-Miri [Kadu] Sudan mansallo11, mànzɔlɔ pl. ànzɔɔne76

1.2.3 Khoisan Phylumxxvi


HatsaHadza Tanzania bahepe’a n||obabe83,

nobako83

SandaweSandawe Tanzania gele55

Southern Africa, NorthernVasekela Namibia mukuyu

1.2.4 Afro-Asiatic Phylumxxvii


Berberxxviii, Tamasheq, SouthernTamasheq Kidal [Tadghaq] Burkina Faso tăkudust84

Tamasheqxxix [Tuareg] Mauritania tedoûm Mali tudukust61

Iwellemmeden Mali tadgəmt84

Berber, ZenagaZenegaxxx Mauritania tadaumit26 pl. tedumit26, tādmūt26, taidoum, täidoum, teïdoûmChadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3Bana Cameroum kwəwə84

Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4Hdi Cameroon ka’u84

Parkwa (Podoko) Cameroon huhuwáChadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.5Giziga Cameroon mbaastay84

Mada Cameroon kokormbana84

Muyang Cameroon ăkrām84

Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.7Daba Nigeria kàkā84 (fruit) Cameroon kàkā84 (fruit)Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.8Bacama Nigeria kawtə84

Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, WestermTera Nigeria kukwaChadic, Biu-Mandara, B, B.1, Kotoko ProperMpade (Makary) Cameroon kalkukaMalgbe (Malwə) Cameroon kwakwaChadic, West, A, A.1Hausaxxxi Burkina Faso kuka40, kuuka30

Niger kouka59, kuka40, 84

Nigeria bamboo, bambu84, bumbu40, dunku84, kubali40, kulambi40, kumbali40, múrnaà29, mùrnàà84

(Sokoto), gullutu84




Hausa (continued) Nigeria (Kabi), kouka71, kubali84

Katsina), kuka38, 45, 68, 71, kulambali84 (Katsina), kuuka40, kúúkà pl. kúúkóókíí84; jar kuka40 (a variety), maiwa40

(a variety); gààtsiikà84 (young tree (Kano) ); bakko40 (leaves, ex Fula), gatsika (young leaves); kúmbàlíí84 gatsik (young leaves); kúmbàli (flower buds (Katsina), gulullutu40, ku(m)bali40, kulambali40 (flower); kuka bul, �wáme40, �wámé40, �wámè84,�wámi40, kwámii40 (fruit); w(i)kwayo40 (husk); damsa40, gubdi40, kulkuli40 (fruit pulp); gumayi40, guntsu40, gùntsùù84, gwargwarmi40, gwàrgwámíí84(seeds)Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, DeraDera (Kanakuru) Nigeria kúrnjé40

Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole ProperBole Nigeria dəmbər84

Chadic, West, A, A.2, Bole, K larekareKarekare Nigeria kuci84

Chadic, West, A, A.2, Tangale, Tangale ProperKushi Cameroon njobwele40

Kossi Cameroon njobwele40, nujubweleChadic, West, A, A.3, Angas Proper, 2

Tal Nigeria bòkwo84

Chadic, West, B, B.1, Bade Proper

Buda [Gashua Bade] Nigeria kukwáu pl. kùkun84

Ngizim Nigeria kuku84

Chadic, West, B, B.1, Duwai

Duwai Nigeria kukoChadic, West, B, B.2Miya Nigeria kushi84

Chadic, West, B, B.3Dass [Dot] Nigeria róon84

Guus Nigeria du[ul84

BB3 Jimi Nigeria girim84, girum84

Chadic, West, B, B.3, BoghomBoghom Nigeria mbùπdi84

Mangas Nigeria bokò84


Chadic, West, B, B.3, Zaar ProperGeji Nigeria daahooli84

Polci Nigeria pə’t roon84

Saya Nigeria dót84

Zul Cameroon bəlime84

Cushiticxxxi, North

Bedawi [Hadendowa] Sudan humar11, 76

Cushitic, Central, NorthernBilen [Bilin] Eritrea diraCushitic, East, Rendille-BoniBoni Kenya jah54

Cushitic, East, SomaliSomali Somalia jach, jag33, yaaq64,

yag49, 71, 84, yak62

Kenya (Tana) jag62, yak54

Cushitic, East, OromoOrma Kenya yak53, 62, 84

Sanya Kenya yaka62

Cushitic, SouthBurunge Tanzania daka’u84, dakau62

Goroa [Goro, Gorowa] Tanzania dakaa’umó84, dakaumo55

Iraqw Tamzania gendar-yandi53, gendaryandi55

Wasi [Alagwa] Tanzania dakaa’imoo84

Semitic, Central, South Arabicxxxii

Egyptian Arabicxxxiii Egypt ba hobab1, 13; habhab45, 71 (fruit); lobb21 (fruit pulp)

India babbab81, bahobab, habhab, habhabú, hujed31, 81

Sudanese Arabicxxxiv Sudan homeira11, 49, 71, humar11, 49, 59, humr11, 71 (red-barked), tabal122, tebeldi11, 11, 27, 49, 71; gongoleis11, 71 (fruit), gongoles22, gunguleiz71

Shuwa Arabic [Chadic Arabic] Chad hamao38, hamar59, 71, hamaraya38, 71 (the red), hamray pl. hamar84, kalakûkay pl. kalaküka84, tabalday pl. tabaldi84

Senegal el-omarah, oufa; el-kongles (fruit) Niger hamar40, hamaraya40, homar, humar (red-barked); gongoleis (fruit) Nigeria hamar40, hamaraya40, homar40, humar40, oufa40, tabaldi40, el-omarah40; gongoleis40 (fruit)Arabic-Hassaniyaxxxv Mauritania el qandalîs16, qandallis,

taydûme51, teidoum50, 68;




Arabic-Hassaniya (continued) teidoûm71, teïdoûm16; teidouma50; teidum50

Senegal qandalis9, taïdoum9

Burkina Faso teidoum47, 64, teïdoûm Niger oufa, tabaldi, tédum el omarahYemini Arabic Yemen al shajarah – al gharibah60

(the strange tree)Jibbali Oman (Dhofar) enkíjé48, enkízé, mukaza48

Semetic, South, EthiopianAmharicxxxvi Ethiopia bamba49, 71, 84, dema49, dima47,68,

dumma49, 84 , hemer, hemmer49, humme

Tigrinya [Tigre] Sudan hamarat pl. hamar11, 75

Eritrea duma84, himeret Ethiopia damba49,, demba, dema49, dima35, 49, dime, dumma49, 71, hemer, hemmer49, 71, hummer35

1.3 Indian Names

1.3.1 Indo-European Phylum


Indo-Iranian, Indo-AryanSanskritxxxvii India chitrala36, 81, chorami36, choramli81, dirghadandi36, 81, gajabala81, gandhabahula36, gopali36, 81, gorakkchinch81, goraksacinca81, gorakshi36, gorashi81, goraksi81, kasmiramlika81, pancaparni81, pancaparnika81,

panchaparinka36, ravanamlika81, sarpadandi36, 81, sitaphala81, sitaphalam81, sudandika36, 81

Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Eastern zone, Bengali-AssameseBengali India gorak amali39, 75, 84,

gorakamali80, rukhado75

Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, North-western zone, SindhiKachchi [Cutchi] India gorakh chinch39, 74


Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zoneGujaratixxxviii India bukha5, 84, chor amli73 (not genuine tamarind),

choyari chinch5, 74 (horse’s tamarind), gandiyu zaad73 (mad tree), ghelu zaad73 (mad tree), gorak-ambli39, 84, 80, gorakh-amli80, gorakh chintø5, 84, gorakh imli73, gorakha-amli5, gorakhamli39, gorakha-amli5, 74, rukhado39,. 80,

rukhado73, sumpura6, 71, 80

Panjabi Eastern [Malwa] India kalbriskh5, kalpbriskh5, khuräsäni imli31

Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Central zone, Western HindiHindi India gor amil chora5, gor aml chorai74, gorak amli39, 81,

górak amali10, górak amli6, 74, 84, gorak imli39, 81, gõrakh imli31, gorakh amli5, 74, 80, gorakh imli30, 71, gõrakh imli75, gorakamali81, gorakhamali81, gorakhimli80, gorakhchincha, goramlichora81, hathi kathian39, 74, 80, háthi khatiyán6, 71 (elephant’s flax), hatti-kattian81, kalapbirchh31, 74, (the mythical wishing tree), háthi khatiyán74 (elephant’s flax), hátkí khatyán5 (the plant), lochora81, sumpura81, vilaiti imli84 (exotic tamarind), vilayti-imlí5, 30 (exotic tamarind), vilayyati

Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Southern zoneMarathi India gonik-chintz81, gorak chinch74, gorakh

chinch39, 81, gorakh chinchi6, 39, 80, gouruk chintz74, gorakhchinch81, gorakhchincha5, 74, gouruk chintz74, sumpura gorakh chinchi39

Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Sinhalese-MaldivianSinhala [Singhalese] Sri Lanka aliya-gaha75 (elephant-tree), alliya- gaha



1.3.2 Dravidian Phylumxxxix


Southern, Tamil-KannadaTamil India aanaipuliya maram81, anaimaram81, anai-puli5, 74,

anaippuli36, anaipuliya-maram81, anai-puliyamaram81, anai-puliya-marram5, 6 (the plant), anaipuliamaram39, 80, 81, anaipulia-maram81, anaipuliya-marum71, 74, 81, anaippuli81, anaippuliyamaram81, arucaka81, arucakamaram81, arukkankopikam81, arrukkankopika-maram81, cimaippulu81, korakkarmaram81, korakkarpuli81, malukikam81, malukikamaram81, paparapuli81, paparapulia80, paparaphulia39, papparapapa-puli81, papparappuli6, 36, 71, 74, 80, 81, pappura puli81, parpparappuli81, pepper-appaulu81, perukkamaram81, perukku36, 81, pontaippulimaram81, pontampuli81, puri36, 81, puri-maram81, purimaram81, purinelli81, purippuli81, toti81, totimaram81, totiyam81, totiyamaram81, yanaippuli81, yanaippulimaram81, yanaipuliyamaram81

Sri Lanka anaippuli; papparappuli34, perukka, perukku- maran34; puriKannada India aane hunise81, anehunese39, 80, bhrahmlica39, 80, brahamlika74, 81, maggivaamu39, 80, magimaavu81, magimavu81

South-Central, TeleguTelugu [Telegu] India brahaamlika74,

brahma-mlika71, 74, 81, brahmaamlika39, 80, brahmamlika81, maggimavu81,


Telugu (continued) maggivaamu39, 80, seemachintakaaya39, 80, seemasinta71, 74, simachinta81, simae-chinta80, 81

Sources: Alpino (1592)1; Livingstone (1857)2; Masters (1868)3; Firminger (1875)4; Watt (1885)5; Dymock et al. (1890)6; Trimen (1893)7; Stow (1905)8; Basset (1909)9; Heim et al. (1925)10; Broun and Massey (1929)11; Andrews (1953)12; Nicolas (1953)13; Pardy (1953)14; Wild (1953)15; Leriche (1954)16; Irvine (1961)17; White (1962)18; Haerdi (1964)19; Robyns (1964)20; Adam (1970)21; Drar (1970)22; Palmer and Pitman (1973)23; Ferry et al. (1975)24; Kerharo and Adam (1975)25; Lewicki and Johnson (1975)26; Wickens (1977)27; Leger (1978)28; Toutain (1979)29; Vaid and Vaid (1979)30; Armstrong (1980b)31; Weiss (1980)32; Wild and Gonçalves (1980)33; Robyns (1981)34; Jansen (1982)35; Jayaweera (1982)36; Larson (1982)37; Baumer (1984)38; Anonymous (1985)39; Burkill, 1985)40; Rodin (1985)41; Szolnoki (1985)42; Teel (1985)43; Adjanohoun et al. (1986)44; Maydell (1986)45; Thoyer (1986)46; Riley and Brokensha (1988)47; Miller and Morris (1988)48; FAO (1988)49; Jaoen (1988)50,Taine-Cheikh (1988)51; Rashford (1991)52; Hines and Eckman, (1993)53; Beentje (1994)54; Mbuyu et al. (1994)55; Rashford (1994a)56; Nordeide et al. (1996)57; Sidibé et al. (1996)58; Smith et al. (1996a)59; Wood (1997)60; Diallo et al. (1999)61; Johansson (1999)61; Maundu et al. (1999)62; Thulin (1999)64; Blench (2000)65; Ambé (2001)66; Codjia et al. (2001)67; Baerts-Lehmann (2002)68; Gebauer et al. (2002b)71; Okoro (2002)70; Sidibé and Williams (2002)71; Mullins 2003)72; Reddy et al. (2003)73; Singh (2003)74; Vandercone et al. (2004)75; Blench (2004, personal communication)76; Gupta and Tanon (2004)77; Hankey (2005)78; Maurunda and Bouda (2005)79; Monuc (2005)80; FRLHT (2006)81; Sacande et al. (2006)82; Watson (2006, personal communication)83; Blench (2006a)84.

2 Malagasy Names of Adansonia

English (general term): baobab, bottle treeFrench (general term): baobab

2 Malagasy Names of Adansonia 355


2.1. Austronesian Phylum

Classification Species Vernacular name

Malayo-Polynesian, Barito, East, Malagasyxl

Malagasy [Mahafaly] A. za zaBushi [Sakalva] A. digitata baobaba22, bontona14, ‘boringy’14, 15, fontana15, 20,

horingy20, rainiala14, 15, 20

(father-of-the-forest), renala18, reniala14, 17, 18

(mother-of-the-forest), ‘ringy’14, 15, 20, sefo2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10. 15, 16, 17

Malagassy A. grandidieri ‘bontony za’11, bontouna13, renala22 (mother-of-the-

forest), raine-ala9, rainiala, reine-ala9, reniala2, 3, 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, réniala3(mother-of-the-

forest13), zabe12

A. perrieri bojy19, bozy16

A. rubrostipa boringy14, 22, fony6, 7, 9, 14, 17, 21, ringy2, 3, 6, 8, 14, 17, ‘za’14, za mena6, zamena2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9 (red za8) A. madagascariensis bontona1, 5, 8, 15, 22, boy, bontony17, botony, bontouna, bozy6, 14, bozybe, ‘fony’8, 15, m’boïo17, ‘reine-ala’8, reniala11, 16, renida11, vontona17, 22, ‘za’1, 6, 8, 14, 19, ‘zabe’14

A. za bontona1, 5, 15, 17, boringy14, 84, bozo15, bozy18, bozybe18, reniala11, ringy14, 17, za1, 5, 6, 14, 17, 18, 21, 22, za bé3, za mena17, 19 (red za, from the reddish tinge of the| bark), zabe17, 18, zahabe15, 17

Malagasy Antankarana A. suarezensis bojy19, bozy4, 18

Sources: Heckel (1903)1, Heim et al. (1902)2; Jumelle and Perrier de la Bâthie (1909a, b)3, 4; Heckel (1910)5; Jumelle and Perrier de la Bâthie (1910)6; Jumelle and Perrier de la Bâthie (1912)7; Poisson (1912)8, Jumelle and Perrier de la Bâthie (1913)9; Perrier de la Bâthie (1924)10; Perrier de la Bâthie (1952a, b)11, 12 Perrier de la Bâthie (1953)13; Perrier de la Bâthie (1955)14; Pernet (1957)15; Capuron (1961)16; Cabanis et al. (197017; Baum (1995b)18; Bond (2001, personal communicaton)19; Baerts-Lehmann (2002)20; Bond (2002)21; Blench (2006a)22.

3 Australian Names of Adansonia gregorii

Englishxli: baob7, baobab7, boab3, 5, 7, boabab3, 5, boadab7, botle-tree3, 7, gouty-stem tree1, 2; nuts5 (pods)

3.1 Australian Phylumxlii

Classification Region Vernacular name

BunabanBunaba [Bunuba] Fitzroy Crossing, WA larrkarti5; wajarri5 (fruit);

ngipi5 (seeds)DjamindjunganDjamindjung [Ngaliwuru] Victoria River, NT kuruwan5

Nungali Victoria River, NT muruwan5

DjeraganMirriuwung [Miriwoong] Kununurra, WA gadawori4

Pama-NyunganNgarinman [Nigarinyman] Victoria River, NT jamulang6

WorrorranKwini [Gunin] Kalumburu, WA jumulu5

Bremorai Kalumburu, WA dDjungeri3

Sources: Cunningham (1837)1; King (1837)2; Crawford (1983)3; Brown (1985)4; Lowe (1998)5; Smith et al. (1993)6; Ramson (1998)7.

4 Notes

4.1 European Languages

i The baobab (Adansonia digitata) is widely known in the West Indies as monkey bread and monkey tamarind tree, and it is generally assumed that it acquired that name because monkeys eat the fruit. However, Rashford (1994a) argues that in the West Indies ‘monkey’ implies imitation and the pulp is called monkey bread because it resembles bread, and monkey tamarind because it tastes like tamarind (Tamarindus indica). However, the term ‘monkey bread tree’ is also used in Africa, where the term ‘monkey’ does not carry the meaning ‘imitation’ and has been adopted into a number of European languages where, in my opinion, its more literal meaning remains valid. The name Guinea tamarind is attributed to the similarity in taste of the baobab seed to the tropical or Barbados almond (Terminalia catappa); however, Irvine (1961) likened the taste to that of the sweet almond (Prunus dulcis).

4 Notes 357


ii Africaans is a Dutch dialect influenced by French and Malayan (Cross and Wilson 1991; Heine and Nurse (2000) consider it to be either a separate German ‘language’, or a very distinct overseas ‘dialect’ of Dutch, or a Dutch-‘based’ Creole.

4.2 African Languages

iii Owing European colonisation, a simplified form of speech, known as ‘pidgin’, evolved as the linguae francae from the languages of colonial powers and those of local populations. Once pidgin had become the mother tongue of sections of the population, with its own vocabulary and grammar, it became known as a Creole (Wolff, 2000).

iv Imbodeiro and imbondeiro are derived from the Mozambique Bantu-Yao name n’bondo (Ficalho 1884; Hiern 1896).

v The Niger-Congo languages may have been spoken from 13,000 BC or ear-lier. The proto-Mande-Congo era was the first important stage in Niger-Congo his-tory, with the cultivation of yams (Dioscorea spp.) and possibly other crops, such the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), by the Atlantic and Ijo-Congo peoples.

The first expansion of the Niger-Congo peoples was from the Nuba Mountains in the Sudan, where proto-Kordofanian was spoken, to Mali in the west, and became the territory of the Mande and Atlantic Congo branches. Between c. 8100 to 6000 BC, a period when savannas were more extensive than they are today, the Atlantic and Ijo-Congo peoples spread cross the woodland savannas of West Africa.

In the somewhat drier period of c. 5000–4000 BC, proto-Benue-Kwa descendents of the proto-Volta-Congo people expanded southwards into the West African rain forests. Archaeological evidence for the development of stone tools required by the incoming Benue-Kwa cultivators for clearing rain forest for growing yams and oil palms dates from this period.

In 3000 BC the Bantu-speaking peoples, an offshoot of the Benue-Kwa, expanded from Cameroon into the Congo rain forests. Over the next 3000 years various Bantu societies spread successively through many parts of the equatorial rain forest and south into the woodland savannas of southern Africa, bringing with them the cultivation of the yam.

In roughly the same period the Adamawa-Ubangians carried yam cultivation eastwards through the woodland savannas just north of the equatorial rain forest, across what is now known as the Central African Republic (Ehret 2000). See xv for the Eastern Bantu.

vi Little is known of the history of the Dogons but following the collapse of the Mali Empire they are believed to have migrated from the more fertile lands of the Nile Valley and settled in the region of the 250 km long Bandiagara escarpment of south-eastern Mali by the 14th century, a territory which they shared with the Tellem until the 15th or 16th century. The Tellem, a sub-Saharan pygmy group of cliff dwellers, arrived in the area during the 11th century; they had disappeared without trace by the 16th century (Pern 1983; Schuster 2001).

vii With the rise of the Berber ‘Almoravid’ movement in the western Sahara and the conquest of the Maharab between 1054 and 1077, Muslim influence grew and the Kingdom of Ghana, in what is now southern Mauritania and eastern Mali, prospered. The people are believed to be the ancestors of the Soninke. In about 1203 the Kingdom of Ghana was conquered and became a vassal of the Mandinka Kingdom to the south, and in 1240 was absorbed into the vast, newly created Kingdom of Mali founded by the Mande-speaking people, which lasted for some 400 years. Today the Mande languages include Malinke, Bambara, Soninke and Kpelle-Mende (Moss and Wilson 1991).

viii The ancestors of the Malinke (Mandingo) of Mali, Senegal and Guinea were once members of the powerful Kingdom of Mali. In the 19th century AD they occupied a small state near the Niger River in present-day Mali. They are part of a people spread throughout West Africa speaking dialects of Manding (Moss and Wilson 1991).

ix The nomadic, cattle-owning Fulani (who call themselves Foula or Pullo) are a large and conspicuous tribal group, made up of a number of substantial iso-lated populations spread across the grassland savannas from Senegal to Chad, and extending into the Sudan. In the Sudan they are known as Fellãta and some of them have intermarried with the local Baggara. The Fulani originated in the far west of the Sahel as livestock specialists who coexisted with subsistence farmers in the Takrur Kingdom of 11th century Senegal. By establishing similar patterns of coex-istence with other subsistence farmers, they extended their use of the Sahelian grazing lands eastwards, reaching northern Nigeria by the 17th and 18th centuries. Their spread culminated in the establishment of the Fulani-Hausa Empire of the Sultanate of Sokoto; their language is Fulfulde.

x According to tradition the Wolof of western Senegal and The Gambia came from the north and settled in an area between the Rivers Senegal and Gambia, where another group, the Jola, were already well established. By the 15th century the Wolofs had conquered many of the other groups in the area apart from those along the coast, and had created a large empire (Moss and Wilson 1991).

xi The Fon migrated from south-west Nigeria during the 13th century and settled in Ketou, where overcrowding forced them to settle in southern Benin. Here, together with the Adja, and Arada, they established the kingdom of Allada. Leaders from the core group then went on to found the smaller kingdoms of Whydah, Jakin, Za and Tori along the coastal and lagoon areas. The Allada kingdom of the Fon and its offshoots remained tributary states of the Oyo Empire. The Fon speak a tonal language very closely related to Ewegbe.

xii The Ewe are people who migrated from south-west Nigeria to the coastal and inland areas of Ghana and Benin. According to oral tradition the Ewegbe-speaking peoples trace their origins to the early migrations of the Yoruba, whose 10th century kingdom existed along the northern rain forest edges of present-day eastern Nigeria. These pre-Ewe peoples are said to have joined the drought- and famine-enforced migrations of the Yoruba and Adja peoples to Ketou in present-day Benin. In the 13th century over-population forced the pre-Ewe people to seek new territory. They migrated westward and split into two groups. One group settled

4 Notes 359


near the Mono River and founded the settlement of Tado, where it again split, one subgroup migrating to the plateau between the Mono and Haho rivers. The second Tado subgroup migrated further eastward in Benin and founded the Adja kingdom of Alladah; they are said to be the ancestors of the Anlo-Ewe who settled in Nuatja. During the mid-17th century groups of people fled from Nuatja. A northern group settled in the uplands and valleys, a middle group near the Akwapin-Togo ranges (Togo Mountains), and a southern group in the lagoon and coastal region.

xiii The Ashanti are a large branch of the Akan peoples whose ancestors are believed to have settled in the Black Volta basin and adjoining Ivory Coast during the 10th century. According to oral tradition these Ashanti ancestors migrated to the forest regions more than 2000 years ago. Considerable racial mixing occurred during centuries of continuous north-ward and southward migration. The Akan descended from immigrants who mingled with pre-existing groups and developed the Twi language. Straddling the trade routes from the nearby Empire of Mali to the gold fields in the southern forest zone, the Akan divided into clans and close-knit lineage groups, and prospered.

xiv The origins of the Yoruba in south-west Nigeria, Benin and central Togo are unknown but by the 11th century they had developed a rich urban and court life. Between the 17th and 18th centuries both Oyo and Benin had became large empires, that of Oyo collapsing in the 1800s (Moss and Wilson 1991).

xv Beginning in the 3rd millennium BC from a homeland in Cameroon the Benue-Kwa peoples, speakers of Bantu languages, spread east and south into the equatorial rain forests of the Congo. During the first millennium BC the Mashariki or Eastern Bantu, descendants of the proto-Bantu communities, began to spread eastward beyond the rain forest borders into the Great Lakes region. Finally, between 300 BC and 100 BC, the Mashariki communities expanded fairly rapidly across eastern Africa, from Uganda and Kenya south to KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. During their migrations they encountered people from the Nile region and from Arabia. At about the same time, other Bantu peoples moved south from the rain forest into the savannas of Angola and Zambia. In southern and many parts of eastern Africa, the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples proceeded at the expense of the Khoisan language, while in East Africa Bantu sometimes replaced the Southern Cushitic and Eastern Sahelian languages. From the 9th century onwards the coastal peoples had became important merchants, trading with the Middle East, being converted to Islam. Their language is now a mixture of Bantu and Swahili (Moss and Wilson 1991; Ehret 2000).

As well as the Bantoid subgroup, all of the vast Benue-Congo group of languages are spoken in Nigeria and Cameroon. It is suggested that the region where the Bantoid subgroup of languages originated was the central Benue val-ley. This view contradicts the earlier assumption that the Bantu-speaking peoples originated in and migrated southwards from the Lakes region of East Africa. Given the wide extension of the Bantu languages and the small differentiation among them, it follows that this was a fairly recent movement, and that Bantu culture is a relatively recent southeastwardly expansion of the Guinea-coast type of culture (Greenberg 1970).

Bantu-speaking peoples broke up into a number of distinct societies. As they became fragmented, they developed language offshoots from the original Bantu-based language, including Bemba, Chokwe, Fang, Ganda, Herero, Kamba, Kikuyu, Kimbudu, Kikongo [Kongo], Kuba, Lesotho, Loangos, Luba, Lunda, Maasai, Makua. Maravi, Mbundu, Mukande, Ndebele, Ngundi, Nyika, Ovamba, Ovimbundu. Pondo, Swazis, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu (Moss and Wilson 1991).

There are clearly two competing Bantu roots in eastern and southern Africa, #mbuyu and #muramba, or something similar. It is possible that the similar forms in Swahili and Tonga are loans rather than true genetic cognates. Nevertheless, the South African Bantu names are clearly akin to #mbuyu and it is therefore possible that the baobab was carried southwards with Bantu expansion (Blench 2003).

xvi According to Kikuyu tradition, Kikuyu clans began to expand in the 16th century from their homelands in the northern part of their present-day territory, purchasing land for farming from the Athi people (Moss and Wilson 1991).

xvii By the 16th century the cattle-owning Kamba had developed into a distinct society in the plains around Mount Kilmanjaro but facing competition from the Maasai in the early 17th century, they gradually migrated north-eastward during the following two to three centuries. By the late 1600s they had settled in the higher hilly parts of central Kenya (Moss and Wilson 1991).

xviii The Bemba of the plateau region of north-western Zambia are believed to have entered Zambia from neighbouring Zaire in the late 17th century or earlier (Moss and Wilson 1991).

xix The warrior Ndebele of Matabeleland in southwestern Zimbabwe are a breakaway group of the Zulu people. Founded in 1831, they moved northward from South Africa into Matabeleland, where they subjected the Shona to their rule (Moss and Wilson 1991).

xx The Zulu of KwaZulu-Natal and Limpopo Provinces of South Africa are cat-tle-herders and warriors. They are descendents of the Ntungwa-Nguni peoples who inhabited south-eastern Africa in the 15th century. In about 1700 a subgroup, the ances-tors of the Zulu, migrated towards present-day KwaZulu-Natal where, by the late 1700s, overpopulation forced them to spread out across the land (Moss and Wilson 1991).

xxi The Tswana of Botswana and South Africa speak Setswana. The various Tswana groups trace their origins to expansions of the Sotho, chiefly families who originated in present-day central and southern Limpopo Province. Beginning in about the 14th century, the expansions of the original migrating groups became fragmented by internal strife and drought. By the 15th century, the Rolong (BaRolong) had emerged as a powerful kingdom, stretching from near present-day Pretoria westward into Botswana. By the 17th century several other chiefly lines were established in eastern Botswana (Moss and Wilson 1991).

xxii Bender (2000) regards the Nilo-Saharan phylum is the least widely accepted of the four phyla recognised by Greenberg (1970).

xxiii The numerous vernacular names for Adansonia digitata found in the Republic of the Sudan among the inhabitants of the Nuba Mountains originate from the time when the Nuba, or brown races, sought refuge among the mountains fol-lowing the Arab invasion of the Sudan lowlands. The Nuba are by no means a

4 Notes 361


homogenous group of people; they speak more than 63 distinct languages and many different dialects. The inhabitants of several hills may share the same language, but in some areas the language spoken in one village may be unintelligible in a neigh-bouring village (Greenberg, 1970). Note that one of the vernacular names used, tabarly, near Jebel el Liri, shows an affinity with the Sudanese Arab tebeldi.

xxiv Dilling is on the periphery of the Nuba Mountains, and tuberli suggests an affinity with the Sudanese Arab tebeldi.

xxv Fur-speaking peoples are the principal inhabitants of Darfur Province in the Sudan, with a small group in eastern Chad. Fur is a term that properly applies to the language; the people claim to belong to the Keira dynasty but are known more widely as Fur. The Upland Fur occupy the Jebel Marra massif, and the largely Arabized Lowland Fur the surrounding plains. Their origins are obscure. Three dynasties, the Daju, Tunjur and Keira/Fur, are believed to have emerged from the original Neolithic Tora population; traditionally all three arose from intermarriage with and absorption of earlier dynasties. By 1200 AD the Daju from Ouadaï (Wadai) in Chad ruled Darfur, to be replaced in 1350 by the Tunjur in the northern and central areas, people who are believed to have come from the Dongola area. Shortly after 1500 Darfur became part of the great Bornu Empire, which extended from northern Nigeria to the Nile until it collapsed in 1603. The Keira/Fur dynasty succeeded that of the Tungur at about the same time (Balfour-Paul 1955; Barbour 1961).

xxvi The origin of the Khoisian, the oldest African phylum is uncertain, possibly dating from as far back as 20,000 BP. Is it a genetic unity or a collection of languages that has, over many millennia, grown together and acquired certain typological fea-tures? The genetics of the Khoisian languages has been further confused by the extinction of unrecorded languages and by insufficient study of those still spoken.

The term Khoisan was created to refer to the related Hottentot and Bushman peoples and is compounded from Khoikhoi (men of men) and San, the names by which the Hottentots and Bushmen respectively call themselves. San were the original inhabitant of the Kalahari region and were followed by the Khoikhoi, who probably originated from a San group. Hottentots are mainly pastoral with a some-what complex political organisation and sense of ethnic distinctness, while Bushmen are generally hunters and gatherers. Both speak languages featuring click-sounds, which have been borrowed by neighbouring Zulu and southern Soto. Sandawe and Hadza (Hatsa) languages spoken in Tanzania, also feature click con-sonants, and are remotely related to Khoisan. The Sandawe are hunter-gatherers and agricultural and pastoral people of south-east Lake Victoria, Tanzania; the Hadza, also known as Hadzapi, Kindega, Wakindega or Watindenga, are a small group of hunter-gatherers who live some distance north-west of the Sandawe.

The Khoisan of today are the remnants of an ancient hunting and gathering people that once occupied eastern Africa from Ethiopia to the Cape of Good Hope. These nomadic people were moving south at about the same time, 3000 to 1000 BC, as the Bantu of West Africa began expanding eastward and southward, arriving in Botswana between 200 and 500 AD. What appears to have been an amicable relationship was established between the three nations. By the 15th century AD the old Khoisan traditions survived only in the south-west of Africa. Towards the coast the land was suitable for cattle grazing and the Khoikhoi became herders, while those nearer the Kalahari, the

San, continued as hunters and gatherers, with their distinct life-styles, the two groups became independent of each other. The Khoi intermarried with their Bantu neighbours, separating them further from the San (Greenberg, 1970; Moss and Wilson 1991; Ehret 2000; Güldemann and Vossen 2000; Heine and Nurse 2000; Greenway 2001).

xxvii The Afro-Asiatic phylum (formerly known as Hamito-Semitic) has more than 250 languages among its Cushitic, Omotic and Chadic branches, including ancient Egyptian, the Berber languages of northern and Saharan Africa, and the outlying Semetic languages of south-west Asia. The first divergence of ancestral proto-Afroasiatic produced the Omotic branch, now confined to the Ethiopian high-lands, and to the more widespread Erythraic branch. Later, the proto-Erythraic diverged to produce the Cushitic branch centred on the Horn of Africa and the Red Sea Hills, and North Erythraic branch of northern Africa which, in turn, gave rise to the Chadic, Berber and Semetic languages.

In about the 6th millennium BC speakers of proto-Chadic spread south from the central Sahara to the eastern Lake Chad basin. During the following 5th to 3rd mil-lennia proto-Chadic people spread across much of northern Nigeria and central Chad; the best-known language is Hausa.

xxviii During the 3rd millennium BC proto-Berber speakers spread from the central Maghreb to the borders of Middle Kingdom Egypt. A further Berber expan-sion over large parts of North Africa took place during the first millennium BC. The final Berber spread occurred during the first millennium AD, when the camel-owning Tuareg occupied the central Sahara. In historic times sub-Saharan peoples and Sanhadja Berbers settled in Mauritania. The region became the cradle of the Berber Almoravid movement, which by the 11th century AD resulted in the spread of an austere form of Islam to neighbouring countries (Deschamps 2002).

The baobab would previously have been unknown to the Berbers (and Arabs) and therefore required a name. In classical Arabic the name for a large tree is doûm and the baobab was given the Berber feminine form of tedoûm, which the Arabs then adopted as teïdoûm (Leriche, 1954). The Arabic vernacular name for the palm Hyphaene thebaica is also doûm and it would have been essential to distinguish between these two economically important trees, hence the use of the feminine form for the baobab.

The Berbers took part in the Fatimite conquest of Egypt from Libya and north-west Africa in the 10th century AD, settled in Upper Egypt and became Arabicized. Following their defeat in a rebellion against the ruling Mamelukes many fled to northern and western Sudan and settled. When Arabs began pouring into the Sudan from Egypt dur-ing the 13th century many of the Berber tribes were assimilated into Arab tribes. By 1386 some of the nomadic Arab tribes had spread westwards to Lake Chad; some tribes may even have reached Mauritania (Arkell 1961; Barbour 1961; Hourani 1991), where they would have met other Arab invaders who had arrived via Morocco.

xxix The Tuareg, whose language is Tamasheq, are Muslim camel-herders and traders of the western Sahara (southern Algeria, north-eastern Mali and north-western Niger), and farmers to the south of the desert. By the 7th century they had moved, in a series of migrations, from north-east Africa into the southern desert. At first centred on the oasis of Tuat in south-west Algeria, they took control of the Ahaggar and Aïr regions. By 1000–1300 AD they had spread south-west into the Tombouctou region. Other related Berber peoples had earlier spread south through the western

4 Notes 363


Sahara. The Tuaregs and other Berbers took up raising camels between 100 and 500 AD, and the possession of these animals allowed them to spread southwards across the Sahara (Moss and Wilson, 1991).

xxx A caravan route continued to link Mauritania with Morocco during the 15th century AD. Arab tribes followed this route into Mauritania and soon outnumbered the Berbers; a mixed Arab-Berber (Moorish) culture was the result. The Zenaga represent such Arabicized Berber stock (Murdock 1959), as shown by their use of the Berber name teydûm for the baobab.

xxxi Hausa is a major language, perhaps the most widely spoken in sub-Saharan Africa. Other related languages from the Lake Chad area exhibit pronomi-nal and verbal forms similar to those of Hausa, but they are not recent borrowings from Arabia as sometimes suggested (Greenberg 1970). According to tradition there were originally seven true Hausa kingdoms. By the 11th or 12th centuries these kingdoms may have developed from family-linked groups into the present-day ter-ritory-based system (Moss and Wilson 1991).

xxxii The Semetic languages spread to south-west Asia well before 5000 BC. In about the 6th century BC an Ethiopic group derived from a Epigraphic South Arabian dialect was carried to Eritrea by settlers from Yemen, who spread their language to many of the indigenous Cushites. Following the rise of Islam in the 7th century AD, conquests and population movements resulted in the spread of dialects of another Semetic language, Arabic, across North Africa and the Sahel (Erhet 2000).

xxxiii In the 14th century the descendents of the camel-owning Arab nomads migrated from Upper Egypt into the Sudan, where they invaded existing African king-doms and intermarried with Nubians and other peoples. As they progressively occupied the savanna region, they divided into two tribal groups, northern camel-owning Gammala and southern cattle-owning Baggara (Moss and Wilson 1991). Many Arabic plant names used in the Sudan have a common root that can be traced through the Sahel and Egypt to Arabia. Thus, when the Arabs invaded the Sahel during the late 13th and 14th centuries they must have brought with them many vernacular names that they had previously used in the Middle East, and applied them to similar-looking plants in the new territories. However the baobab would have been both a remarkable tree and com-pletely unfamiliar to them, so they adopted the Berber name of tebeldiya.

Alpino (1592) knew the fruit as Ba hobab, the vernacular name used by the Cairo merchants. Perversely, baobab has become the common European name for the tree while the fruit is now known, tautologically, as baobab fruit. Ba hobab is not appear in any French-Egyptian Arabic dictionary prior to 1952 (Leriche 1954), nor is known in any of the African languages. Consequently the name has given rise to much speculation as to its origin and etymology. To complicate matters further, the baobab does not occur wild in Egypt and the nearest possible source of the fruit is northern Sudan, where the tree is widely known as tebeldi, and the fruit as gongoleis.

Ghaleb (1965) suggests that baobab means ‘a thousand years’ but does not give his reasoning. Mauny (1951) and Drar (1970) suggest a derivation from the Arabic lobab or lobb meaning ‘fruit pulp’; similarly Storrs (1983) suggests a derivation from idob, an Arabic variant of lobab. However, Leriche (1954) argues that lobab is derived from the classical Arabic word lubâb, meaning ‘heart’. The more likely

derivation is the Arabic bu hibab, ‘the fruit with many seeds’ or abu hoboub, ‘the father of seeds’ (Beauverie 1934; Nicolas and Nicolas 1955; Adam 1962; Wickens 1983a; Baumer 1995).

Arab traders are believed to have been responsible for introducing the baobab into India during the Middle Ages, because it is mainly associated with ports along the western coast and in the Deccan among the Islamic towns of the former Moghul Empire.

xxxiv In the Sudan the Arabic name for the baobab is tebeldi or tebeldiya, which is not a word of Arabic origin. Douglas Newbold in Newbold (1924) and in Parr et al. (1924) correctly guessed a Berber origin pointing out that the ‘te’ prefix appeared Hamito-Semitic, while the root of the name was possibly derived from Belbeday, a place-name at Jebel Haraza in northern Kordofan. Newbold (1924) speculated that either the Garamantes or their medieval successors brought the name tebeldi to the Sudan during one of the early Berber invasions from the west.

Some baobabs used for storing water are self-filling, the rainwater running down the branches into natural hollows in the trunk. These are called Um Lagai, El Lagai or Lagat (Blunt 1923), names which Newbold thought suggestive of a Berber dia-lect, since the Berber root ‘lgh’ means ‘well’ or ‘water supply’.

In both the Sudan and Nigeria, among the Arabic-speaking peoples, baobab fruits are known as gongleis, a word that could be of Berber origin. The Nigerian name possibly came from the Tuareg, whose camel trains carried salt from the Sahara to Nigerian cities. Their camel trains were very much in evidence during the early 1950s; one of their camels died in my ‘front garden’ at Dogan Daji!

Despite the baobab’s disjunct distribution across the Sahel, this historical review offers an explanation for the similarity in vernacular names used in northern Sudan and West Africa.

xxxv The Moors of Mauritania speak Hassaniya, a dialect that draws its gram-mar from Arabic but whose vocabulary contains both Berber and Arabic words (Deschamps 2002). Leriche (1954) reported that the noted Moorish poet and author from Mauritania, En-Nâbigha Muhammad b. Umar al- Ghallâwi Ha Hodh as-Shinqiti (c. 1839–1903) (see Rebstock and Mayer 2001), used qandalis as the Hassaniya name for the tree despite the word’s unlikely Arabic origin. Other authors of Hassaniya, including Basset (1909), Jaouen (1988) and Taine-Cheikh (1988, 1990) give the Berber name teydûm for the tree.

xxxvi The Amhara of the central and northern highlands of Ethiopia came from a mixture of Abyssinian (early Ethiopian) stock and immigrant traders from southern Arabia. Amharic has been the official language of Ethiopia since the 13th century.

4.3 Indian Languages

xxxvii Sanskrit is the official language of India (Gordon 2005). xxxviii Burton-Page (1971) commented on the onomastic nature of khuräsänî

imli and görakh imli; imli means tamarind (Tamarindus indica). The sobriquet may

4 Notes 365


refer to the acid pulp of baobab fruits. The epithet khuräsäni is fanciful, since the baobab is unknown in the Khurasan region of Iran and probably an elegant way of implying ‘foreign’, as in ‘American cloth’ or ‘Russian salad’. The association with Görakh or Goraksanätha, patron saint of an order of yogis, is obscure. There may be some association with death, since executions traditionally took place under the baobab. Varmah and Vaid (1979) hesitantly suggested that the tree may be so named after Grakhnath because this saint saved the ancient sacred site of Jhusi at Prayag from destruction by the mythical rajah Harbong!

Kalapbirchh is the former mythical wishing tree at Tilpat of uncertain identity that died in 1963 (Baden-Powell including Wilson 1879). Kalapbirchh or kalpa-vri- sha’ has been identified by Vaid (1964, 1979a) as Adansonia digitata. See Chapter 3 for further information.

xxxix The Dravidian phylum is a large group of families spoken mainly in southern India and northern Sri Lanka, especially by aboriginal population of southern India.

4.4 Malagasy Languages

xl Madagascar was an uninhabited island until it was occupied in a series of migrations from Indonesia and Africa during the first five centuries AD. While it is possible that the Indonesians made the 6400 km direct crossing of the Indian Ocean to Madagascar in their outrigger canoes, it is more likely that they followed a coastal route via India and East Africa.

The common language is Malagasy which, written in the Latin alphabet, is a standardised version of a mingling of Merina and the Sama-Bajaw group of Austronesian languages. It is now accepted that the closest relative to Malagasy is the Maanjan language of south-east Borneo. The ancestors of the Maanjan are said to have been part of a Barito group from Borneo who travelled to Sumatra and Java during the first five centuries AD, acquiring Sanskrit words in the process.

The strong African element in the coastal populations is probably from later migrations, since their language is essentially Malayo-Polynesian with only slightly more Bantu-Swahili words than elsewhere on the island. Words for domestic ani-mals are derived from Kiswahili, probably indicating that the early Indonesian set-tlers did not bring animals with them in their outrigger canoes. Arab traders arrived later and, since the Arabic language disappeared quite quickly, the traders, pre-dominately male, probably married local Malagasy women, and became absorbed into the community. They left a few Arabic loan words and Islamic customs to tell of their former presence.

By the 18th century three major kingdoms ruled the island, Sakalava in the west, Merina in the central highlands and Betsimisaraka in the east. There are more than 15 ethnic groups, including the Antaisaka, Antandroy, Betsilo, Betsimisaraka, Merina and Sakalave. Each clings to its traditions and continues

to speak its own dialect of Malagasy. The Merina people of the highlands most closely resemble the Indonesians, while the Bara or Makoa in the south-west are closest to their African origins. The Bara people are cattle nomads and their name is said to be derived from a Bantu word. The Makoa arrived as slaves captured from the Makua people of Mozambique (Brown 1979; Morris and Wilson 1991; Bradt 2002; Deschamps and Kent 2002; Burney et al. 2004; Ellis and Randrianja 2004; Blench 2006b).

4.5 Australian Languages

xli Both King (1837) and Cunningham (1837) referred to the Australian baobab as the ‘gouty-stem tree’ It was first recognised as a species of Adansonia by Mueller (1858), although he also continued to refer to it as the ‘gouty-stem tree’ (Mueller 1857a, 1858. 1893). According to Ramson (1998) the first to coin the name ‘boab’ was Alexander Forrest (1881), a term which Cowan (1886) expanded to ‘boabab’, while Glass (1946) shortened baobab to ‘baob’. Although ‘baobab’ continued to be used (Clune 1947), the shorter and more easily pronounced ‘boab’ is now widely used.

xlii There are approximately 260 Australian Aboriginal languages, forming a group of interrelated tongues that embrace the entire Australian continent and the west-ern islands of Torres Strait, excluding Tasmania. Twenty-eight language families are recognised, of which 24 are spoken in Arnhem Land and three in the Kimberley region. Every group speaks at least one distinct dialect, while bilingualism and multilingualism are common in many areas. There is no known link between these Aboriginal languages and any outside language, although it is believed that the people who entered northern Australia in the Late Pleistocene introduced languages ancestral to those spoken today (Brown 1997; Wurm 2000).

There has been long-term contact on the coast with fishermen from the Malaysian and Indonesian archipelagos, and some words have been adopted from these islanders. Otherwise, overseas contact was rare. The Chinese Treasure Fleets of 1411–1413 circumnavigated the world and founded colonies in Australia; the colonies were abandoned in 1644, when the Qing dynasty imposed China’s long, self-imposed isolation from the outside world. The 16th and 18th centuries saw the arrival of European explorers. Today, many native languages have been lost; however, efforts are now being made to maintain those still being spoken and to revive those with only a handful of speakers still living (Menzies 2003, Lowe 2005, personal communication).

4 Notes 367

Appendix 2Economics

1 Economics of Wild Resources

Economists evaluate agricultural crops in terms of inputs and outputs, even when subsistence farmers grow these crops solely for domestic use without any monetary involvement. However, they often find great difficulty in evaluating scattered, free-for-all commodities from wild resources, which are harvested by an unknown number of people for domestic use. The baobab falls into this resource category.

The usages of baobabs are, like those of any other commodity, governed by need, supply and demand. The choice of what is used reflects the quantity and sea-sonal availability, the economics in monetary or non-monetary terms, the relative advantages and disadvantages of the available alternatives, and local customs. For example, the inhabitants of the higher rainfall areas of the Sudan make less use of baobabs for food because they have a wider range of food plants to choose from than people in the drier regions, where the climate limits choice (Snow 1948).

Chevalier (1951) noted that when baobabs were introduced into regions where they were unknown, such as the Central African Republic, the local people did not utilise them, even after 50 years. As rural populations ‘progress’ towards western standards the traditional wild food resources become less sought after (Arum 1989a, b), although paradoxically, when processed they may become acceptable to urban populations.

The commercial significance of a product need not be commensurate with its fundamental importance, i.e. the extent to which it promotes people’s well being. For example, baobab leaves are widely harvested in West Africa. Their harvesting and consumption as food remains almost entirely a local affair, with only a small proportion being marketed. However, their use varies according to tribal custom. For example, the Socé families in Senegal favour baobab leaves as their main sauce ingredient for cereal dishes, whereas the Peuhl and Wolof prefer the exudate of Sterculia setigera (Poulsen 1982; Bergeret and Ribot 1990).

In Dakar, where some marketing is organised, most of the product is harvested either locally or elsewhere within Senegal. The sheer volume harvested annually and consumed either fresh or dried, means that a far from insignificant labour investment is being willingly made by local people without any large-scale cash

368

payments. The implication is that the people consider the leaves an important and highly nutritive and free food beneficial for their health and vigour. Poulsen (1982) argued that the health benefits of baobab leaves, a non-wood forest product (NWFP), are possibly more important to the local people’s well-being than the income earned by a commercially marketable NWFP such as gum arabic from Acacia senegal.

The result of deforesting savanna woodland for cultivation and fuel, leaving traditional fruit-bearing trees, is anthropogenic parkland; species such as Adansonia digitata and Faidherbia albida bear silent witness to the economic value placed by the local people on the retention of such trees. According to Ibiyemi et al. (1988), a mature baobab should produce more than 250 fruit and provide at least 30 kg of food annually.

Guinko and Pasgo (1992) made a 7-month study of 18 NWFP on sale in the local food markets of central Burkina Faso. They counted from 31 to 110 people, mainly women, regularly selling a variety of NWFP: baobab leaves and fruit, the calyx and flowers of the red kapok (Bombax costatum), kernels and shea butter from the shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa), seeds of the African locust tree (Parkia biglobosa) and leaves and fruit of the tamarind (Tamarindus indica). The majority of vendors were selling baobab leaves and fruit; only three to 30 people were selling the other 13 products. Another marketing survey in the south-east of the country by Mertz et al. (2001) showed the importance of the baobab, red kapok tree and African locusts (Schistocerca gregaria), a member of the Orthoptera, as wild food sources. Baobab leaves were second in importance to sorrel, Corchorus spp., in quantity for sale and were present in 23.5% of the meals consumed, the main season for their consumption being the early part of the rainy season, from May to June. Another study in western Burkina Faso by Lamien et al. (1996) found baobab leaves in 41% of the soups; 85% of the leaves had been purchased. Mertz et al. (2001) and Kristensen and Lykke (2003) working in southern Burkina Faso identified the baobab as one of the top four species in the domestic economy. A survey of wild foods eaten by the Malinké of northern Ivory Coast by Ambé (2001) also found baobab leaves and fruit popular.

Lamien and Traore (2002) argued that the baobab leaf markets in Burkina Faso were out-of-date, with problems of oligopory and oligopsoly, i.e. where sellers and purchasers are few and the action of anyone in either group could materially affect the price. Savard et al. (2002) pointed out that despite the desire in Mali for market gardens for baobab leaf production and the establishment of market boards, there remained problems with seed germination, water supply and economic rents.

In northern Benin there is a thriving trade in baobab leaves, pulp and seeds, which are sold to neighbouring countries. In one small market near Boukoumbé, 6,923 kg of pulp was sold for nearly 900,000 F CFA in 2001. There is also a local market for baobab syrup and purée worth 2,500 F CFA l−1 and 300 F CFA jar−1 respectively (Codjia et al. 2001, 2003).

The Hadza are an egalitarian tribe of hunters and gatherers from the Lake Eyasi area of northern Tanzania, distantly related to the Khoisan people of southern Africa; baobab fruits are an important part of their diet, representing 14% of the daily calorie intake (Marlowe 2003).

1 Economics of Wild Resources 369

370 Appendix 2 Economics

The baobabs are not as fully exploited in Madagascar as in Africa; neither are they put to such a variety of uses. For much of the area this is largely due to the wider range and more abundant supply of wild and cultivated foods because of the higher rainfall. However, in south-west Madagascar the low irregular rainfall and shallow soils make the land less productive, and people rely more on wild foods, including Adansonia.

Interestingly, of the food plants listed by Woodburn (1968) for the Hadza in Africa, seven are common to the diet of Kimberley Aborigines, including Adansonia, important to both groups (Crawford 1982). In most areas there has been a decline in traditional Aboriginal plant use and knowledge, which Smith et al. (1993) attributes to a loss of access to traditional lands, a loss of plants caused by pastoral activities and lack of interest due to western influences. However, the baobab, better known in Australia as the boab, is readily accessible; Lowe (1998) considers the main reason for the decline in its use is the modern western lifestyle of the younger generations, who are more attracted to fast foods and cool drinks and prefer playing video games to learning from their elders. A similar trend has been noted among Africans by Arum (1989a, b).

2 Commercial Baobab Products

2.1 Commercial Production in Africa

African commercial production based on baobabs is largely limited to baobab fruit juices and sweets for local consumption, and basketry for the tourist trade. The export possibilities have barely been explored, although Mshigeni and Hangula (2001) reported a lucrative export of baobab seeds from Tanzania to the Arab States for use as a relish.

Foodtech Tanzania Enterprises in Dar-es-Salaam is currently marketing a ‘baobab sauce’ from the fruit (Philemon 2004). In Malawi a project instigated by the Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi and funded by Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammen-arbeit (GTZ) is marketing baobab juice. Baobab fruit are brought to the factory at Mwanza, where the pulp is separated from the shell. The latter is dried and burnt to heat the pulp, which is then soaked and strained. Sugar and pre-servatives are added to the juice before bottling (Anonymous 2004e). Another company, Cheetah Malawi Ltd, a member of the trade association PhytoTrade Africa, is about to venture into pulp and oil production (Dohse 2004, personal communication).

PhytoTrade Africa represents producers of natural goods in southern Africa and has two offices, in Harare, Zimbabwe and in London. It is currently investigating the market possibility of baobab fruit pulp as a thick fruit juice with a high fruit pulp content, for use as an ingredient of smoothies. In Zimbabwe yet another small company, C&K Investments, a group of producers under SAFIRE, and also a member PhytoTrade Africa, recently started to extract oil from baobab seeds for

use in the cosmetics industry. Employing five people, the company is currently processing 6 t of seed a month (Welford 2004; Welford 2004, personal communica-tion). PhytoTrade Africa reports that in Zimbabwe the monthly income during the baobab harvest season is 250% greater than during the remaining months of the year (Gruenwald and Galizia 2005).

Luckert et al. (2001) reported that in Zimbabwe commercial baobab products, whether for food, domestic use or the tourist trade, played a vital role in the livelihoods of the rural households, ranking second only to crops. The increasing village populations have brought about a steady increase in baobab production activities, with 43% of the households currently employed in them.

Eco products, an independent South African company is also marketing baobab fruit pulp as a natural cream of tartar, and baobab oil for therapeutic cosmetic pur-poses in South Africa.

In Senegal, the Vegétaux d’ailleurs association has a garden centre at Richard Toll from where bonsai baobabs are exported to Europe.

2.2 Commercial Production in Madagascar

There has been some commercial interest. In c.1874 the representative of Maritime Communications at Morondava conceived the idea of processing A. grandidieri seeds for their edible oil. From then until early in the 20th century the seeds were exported to Marseille, where they were mixed with other oilseeds and cooking oil was extracted. The scheme eventually failed due to an irregular and insufficient supply to sustain the market. Some seeds were also processed at Morondava. The oil, of good quality, fetched 1 franc per litre, and was widely used by the local people (Gouvernement Général de Madagascar et Dépendances 1899; Rey 1912; Perrier de la Bâthie 1925b, 1953; Jourdan 1961). However, the oil is now known to contain cyclopropenic fatty acids, which are harmful if consumed in quantity and must be either removed or ren-dered harmless (Aitzetmüller 1996). See Chapter 4 for further discussion.

Keraudren (1963) claims that in c.1900 Malagasy seeds were imported to the UK for making dry tea cakes. Unfortunately she did not disclose her information source and I have been unable to discover any Victorian recipe for such cakes.

2.3 Commercial Production in Australia

The commercial growing of A. gregorii for their young edible roots and young leaves is currently under investigation in Australia. There is a small market for boab root chutney and marmalade (Johnson et al. 2002, 2006). Melisssa Boot in Kununurra is using fruit pulp for flavouring chocolate (Nekrasov 2001).

The Australian Food Standards Agency considers the boab as ‘not novel’; it was given food status in March 2005 (PhytoTrade Africa 2006).

2 Commercial Baobab Products 371


2.4 Commercial Production in Canada

A. digitata is listed in Canada as a substance used in cosmetics and care products regulated under the Foods and Drug Act between 1 January 1987 and 13 September 2001 (PhytoTrade Africa 2006).

3 Marketing Adansonia Products in the European Union

The Harmonized Commodity Descriptive System (HS) is a six-digit international code used to identify commodities; countries are free to use further subheadings where necessary. Although baobab fruit pulp has no specific HS-Code, it is cur-rently imported under HS-Code 0813 4095 for dried fruit. This is because of the powdery consistency of ripe baobab pulp, otherwise it could be classified under HS-Code 1106 30 90 for flour and powdered fruit.

Baobab fruit pulp is an interesting candidate for a new generation of functional foods and drinks. A variety of health claims are made about its prebiotic, antioxi-dant and anti-inflammatory functions and its high Ca content. It is also being promoted for use in food-technology because of its high pectin and fibre content, which gives beverages a thicker consistency, and makes it useful as a filler.

The first western processor of leaves, fruit and seeds was the Baobab Fruit Company, founded in Verona in 2001; seedling tubers are also being considered. The company markets unpatented dietary supplements and cosmeceuticals (therapeutic cosmetics) in Italy, mainly in herbal stores and pharmacies (Fig. 44). Since 2004 the company has entered the international market, especially in Spain.

The company’s use of ultrasound at ambient temperatures to extract the oil ensures a better qualitative to quantitive ratio without any modification of the active ingredients by preventing the disintegration of thermolabile active ingredients, such as essential oils and vitamins, and caramelisation of sugars. Intermediate products are sold to other manufacturers; these include 1:3 fruit pulp concentrate without fibre and vitamin A, frozen fibre concentrate, and natural fruit pulp flavouring; a glycol fruit pulp extract is sold to the cosmetic industry.

Fig. 44 Examples of therapeutic cosmetics and dietary supplements from Adansonia digitata fruit pulp and seed oil marketed in Europe.

Raw materials are imported from Senegal through the independent Baobab Fruit Company, Senegal (Plate 24). The Italian company imported 70 t of raw material in 2003 and 140 t in 2004, corresponding to 44 t of fruit pulp worth €83,000.

Another Italian company, Specchiasol, manufactures the symbiotic health product Ferzym from prebiotic baobab fruit pulp, which is used for enveloping probiotic bacteria. The German company Börland has developed an aftershave from hydrolysed A. digitata extract (Gruenwald and Galizia 2005).

Baobab fruit, also known as ‘pain de singe’, is sold in areas of Paris with a large population of West and Central African immigrants (PhytoTrade Africa 2006).

An application has been made to the EU by PhytoTrade Africa (2006) for dried baobab fruit pulp to be used in such products as smoothies, cereal bars and other health food products.

3.1 Tariffs, Quotas and Prices

All goods entering the EU are subject to import duties, the level of tariff being determined by the country of origin and the product. Because of its powdery consistency, baobab pulp can be imported as ‘dried fruit’ under HS-Code 0813 4095, and has an import duty of 2.4%. Value added tax (VAT) systems have yet to be harmonised within the EU. The Baobab Fruit Company imports baobab fruit pulp and pays 4% VAT.

Prices are dependent on supply and demand. The supplier receives between US $3 and US $20 per kg (Freight on Board), depending on quality and quantity as well as other trade terms. Baobab fruit pulp is not very well known and has not been heavily exploited commercially. In 2005 the current EU wholesale and retail prices of baobab fruit pulp were approximately €35 and €50 per 250 g respectively. The current retail and wholesale prices are relative high for a vegetable product but are expected to fall as competition between producers increases. The processing does not require expensive technology, and can be carried out in the country of origin.

The return on production costs for fruit pulp is 8–12%. Seeds make up 38–40% of the fruit by weight and processed for oil (Gruenwald and Galizia 2005).

3.2 EU Directives

Under EU Directive 2001/83/EC, no preparations of any kind can be sold as medical products for treating, preventing or diagnosing diseases unless authorised by the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicines (EMEA) or the national authority of an EU member country. The necessary procedure consists of tests, clinical trials and detailed documentation of quality, safety and efficacy. The product must be pure and its ingredients defined. The complex nature of plant sub-stances is such that compliance with the regulations is difficult, as well as expensive

3 Marketing Adansonia Products in the European Union 373


and time-consuming. Such stringent requirements would prohibit the legal distribution of most traditional herbal products within the EU. For this reason, Directive 2004/24/EC provides a simplified procedure for traditional herbal medicines.

To qualify, a product must have been used medicinally for 30 or more years, and at least 15 years within the EU or its current territories. In the past, baobab bark has been used commercially in Europe as a substitute for cinchona bark for treating fevers but no information has been found to show that baobab fruit pulp had been used for at least 15 years within Europe. If it could be proven that the pulp had been used for pharmaceutical purposes in, for example, Reunion, a French territory in the Indian Ocean, registration under the simplified procedures would be possible.

Directive 2002/46/EC concerning food supplements, currently (in 2005) applies only to vitamins and minerals but is likely to be expanded to include plant and herbal extracts. No medicinal claims may be made, only nutritional claims. Such products may be classified as foods, not as medicines, and no medical claims may be made. Furthermore, only very low, non-pharmaceutically active dosages of herbs are allowed.

“EU directives must be ratified by the EU nations. Because of this, the individual countries interpret and apply the directives differently. This is why, in Italy vegetable ingredients with nutritional or physiological functions fall under the food supplement directive.” There was no special guidance on food supplements in Italy prior to the EU directive. From 27 January 1992, food supplements, including herbal supplements, came under Italian law No, 109 as simple food products. In practice, food and herbal supplements were often registered and authorised as die-tary supplements for particular nutritional uses, and Italian law No. 111 applies from 27 January 1992 implementing EU Directive 89/398/EC concerning food for special uses. The Baobab Fruit Company’s authorisation for the use of baobab fruit pulp comes under this directive.

Regulation 1997/258/EC is a non-tariff barrier for novel foods. For a food product to be accepted for marketing within the EU, a significant quantity must been on sale in at least one member state prior to 15 May 1997, otherwise the prod-uct is considered a ‘novel food’ and must undergo an expensive process to prove its safety. PhytoTrade Africa is currently (2005/2006) attempting to obtain approval for a simplified procedure from the UK’s Advisory Committee on Novel Food and Processes in order to pursue the further commercialisation of baobab fruit pulp. EU Directive 76/768/EC concerns cosmetic products and their ingredients. It includes an appendix on the International Nomenclature Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI), which lists products in the Inventory of Cosmetic Ingredients. Manufacturers are responsible for the safety of non-regulated cosmetic ingredients and since 1997 have supplied dossiers on their products. Cosmetic ingredients must be registered with their INCI name. Adansonia digitata fruit, leaf and seed extracts and seed oil are all registered. While the INCI name identifies the ingredient, it does not guarantee the safety of the product.

WHO Guidelines on Good Agriculture and Collection Practices (GACP) for Medicinal Plants (World Health Organization 2003) covers the quality of raw

material as well as packaging, marketing and labelling requirements; EU Directive 94/62/EC prescribes minimum standards for packing materials. The manufacture of pharmaceuticals is covered by A WHO Guide to Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) Requirements (World Health Organization 1997); this guide was harmonised with EU Directive 2003/94/EC (Gruenwald and Galizia 2005).

3 Marketing Adansonia Products in the European Union 375

Appendix 3Nutrition

The nutritional value of the baobabs is of great importance to the local people. However, there is a considerable disparity in the results of various analyses, which may be due to a number of causes. These include the effects of the soil and climate, genetic make-up of the tree, age of the sample, conditions under which the sample was stored and prepared for analysis, analytical techniques used, and in the presen-tation of the results. Where possible, values are expressed as 100 g g−1 dry weight.

1 Energy

Baobab roots, leaves, fruit pulp and seeds are healthy foods and an important source of energy (Table 29).

2 Roots

Johnson et al. (2002) reported the results of an analysis of the young roots (under a year, exact age not stated) of A. gregorii, which was being investigated for consumption as a possible commercial vegetable (Table 30).

The roots are rich in potassium, a moderate source of starch and sugars and, for a root vegetable, have a relatively high protein content; no toxic substances were found.

Antioxidants are discussed in Section 3 and the Integral Antioxidant Capacity of A. digitata roots is shown in Table 35.

3 Leaves

The leaves of A. digitata are rich in mucilage, tannins, calcium oxalate, sodium chloride, potassium acid tartrate and catechins; a flavonic pigment and an adan-sonia flavonoside, are also present (Anonymous 1906, 1907b; Adam 1962; Watt

376

and Breyer-Brandwijk 1962; Busson 1965; Kerharo and Adam 1974; Oliver-Bever 1986).

The fresh and dried leaves (lalo) form an important item in the local diet, especially in West Africa. The proximate analysis of the leaves is shown in Table 31.

The proximate analysis is unexceptional although the chemical score for the amino acids is high (Table 32).

The leaves contain significant amounts of essential (or indispensable) amino acids that animals are incapable of synthesizing within their own bodies and are essential for human growth, maintenance and reproduction. Not only are baobab leaves an important source of tryptophan for people who eat them, but part of the human nico-tinic acid (niacin) requirement can also be satisfied by the conversion of tryptophan to nicotinic acid, the anti-pellagra vitamin B

3 (Yazzie et al. 1994; Nordeide et al.

1996). Nicotinic acid deficiency is common in areas where maize is the staple diet; it can cause dementia, diarrhea and dermatitis (Falconer and Arnold 1988).

The total lipid content of Adansonia digitata leaves was 55 mg g−1 dry weight and includes the following essential fatty acids: myristic a trace, palmitic 0.24 mg g−1 dry weight, palmitoleic 0.011, stearic 0.035, oleic 0.058, linoleic 0.10, α-linolenic 0.081 and arachidonic a trace (Glew et al. 1997).

Table 30 Average results from nutritional and toxicological analyses of young Adansonia gregorii roots. (From Johnson et al. 2002.)

Non-minerals % Minerals Mineral content

Moisture 6.7 B 13.0 mg kg−1

Crude protein 5.4 Ca 0.68 g 100 g−1

Crude fibre 21.0 Cl 0.61 g 100 g−1

Ash 7.9 Cu 4.6 mg kg−1

Ether extract 3.6 F 0.05 g 100 g−1

Starch 16.7 K 2.73 g 100 g−1

CHO 16.0 Mg 0.36 g 100 g−1

Sugars 19.0 Mn 28.0 mg kg−1

Phytate 1.02 Na 0.05 g 100 g−1

Total tannin 0.95 S 0.06 mg kg−1

Catechin 2.8 S04 < 0.2 g 100 g−1

Cyanides <0.5 Zn 20.0 mg kg−1

Table 29 Metabolizable energy values 100 KJ (kcal) g−1 dry weight of leaves, fruit pulp and seeds of Adansonia digitata

Leaves Fruit pulp Seeds References

– 1,430 (342) 2,149 (514) Busson (1965) 1,860 (445) – – Nordeide et al. (1996) – 820.5 (196) 760 (182) Odetokun (1996) – 849 (204) 1,898 (454) Murray et al. (2001) – 555 (131) – Manfredini (2002)

3 Leaves 377

378 Appendix 3 Nutrition

Table 31 Proximate analysis of Adansonia digitata leaves (100 g g−1 dry weight)

Toury et al. Nordeide et al. Lockett et al. Mean (1957)1 (1996)1 (2000)2 values

Dry matter 88.5 93.6 8.2 63.4Crude protein 13.1 15.0 10.1 15.0Crude fibre – – 27.5 12.1Ash 8.8 11.5 15.9 4.4Ether extract 2.3 4.6 6.3 –N-free extract – 69.0 40.2 –Gross energy kJ – 1,866 (445) – –

(kcal) Metabolisable – 1,480 (353) –

energy kJ (kcal) 1fresh leaves; 2sun-dried leaves

Table 32 Amino-acid composition of Adansonia digitata leaves. The ideal essential amino acid requirements for pre-school children are those of WHO/FAO (1973)

Yazzie et al. Nordeide et al. Glew et al. WHO/FAO (1994) (1996) (1997) (1973)

mg g−1 % of mg g−1 % of ideal % Amino acid dry wt. total mg g−1 N dry wt. total of total

Essential Lysine 6.1 ± 0.9 5.7 293 6.1 5.9 5.5Methionine 2.4 ± 0.4 2.3 57 1.0 1.0 3.51

Threonine 4.1 ± 0.7 3.9 300 3.7 3.6 4.0Tryptophan 1.6 ± 0.5 1.5 105 2.1 2.0 1.0Isoleucine 6.7 ± 1.1 6.3 293 5.5 5.3 4.0Leucine 8.7 ± 1.4 8.2 501 8.8 8.5 7.0Valine 6.3 ± 0.1 5.9 330 6.6 6.4 5.0Phenylalanine 5.7 ± 1.0 5.4 308 5.0 4.8 6.02

Arginine 8.5 ± 2.9 8.0 – 7.1 6.9 –Histidine 2.1 ± 0.5 2.0 130 2.2 2.1 –Non-essential Glycine 6.0 ± 0.9 5.6 – 5.6 5.4 –Cysteic acid 2.7 ± 1.2 2.5 170 2.1 2.0 –Serine 4.7 ± 1.1 4.4 – 4.6 4.5 –Proline 5.6 ± 0.7 5.3 – 6.8 6.6 –Alanine 6.9 ± 1.0 6.5 – 6.6 6.4 –Aspartic acid 10.3 ± 2.5 9.7 – 12.9 12.5 –Glutamic acid 13.4 ± 3.8 12.6 – 11.4 11.0 –Tyrosine 4.5 ± 0.8 4.2 215 4.2 4.1 –1methionine + cystine; 2phenylalanine + tyrosine

The leaves contain substantial quantities of many of the essential trace elements, including Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, P and Zn (Table 34). The wide range of mineral content shown in Table 33 may be due to any of a number of reasons, such as minerals present in the soil, seasonal and genetic variations, age and maturation

of the sample and differences in analytical methods. There are also the possibilities of adulteration or contamination during processing. For example, Anonymous (1998) and Scheuring et al. (1999) warn against analysing market samples of leaves or fruit pulp because they are commonly extended with innocuous material, such as pulped cereal stalks. Conversely, A. digitata seeds have been found contaminating consignments of unshelled groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea) at Marseille (Chevalier 1923).

The effect of the mineral content of the soil on that of the baobab has yet to be investigated. It is known that acid mineral soils increase the soil concentration of Al and Mn, decrease cation concentration of Ca, Mo and K and the solubility of Mo and P, while alkaline soils decrease the Fe, P and Zn concentration and the solubil-ity of Mn and Zn (Marschner 1995). These effects alone will make any general

Table 33 Mineral content (100 mg g−1 dry wt.) of Adansonia digitata leaves

No. ofMineral Minimum Average Maximum samples References

Al 22.8 144.3 287 3 3Ba 18.2 27.4 45.4 3 3Ca 307 1663 2640 10 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7Cu 0.29 1.17 31.2 9 1, 4, 5, 6, 7Fe 0.32 113.36 254 13 1, 3,4, 5, 6, 7K 140 777 1567 4 1, 3La <1.0 <1.38 1.73 4 3, 5Mg 93.6 328.3 549 13 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7Mn 1.85 6.16 9.84 13 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7Mo 0.91 1.55 1.98 3 3Na 0.86 81.9 163.0 2 1, 5P 47 384 984.2 10 1, 2, 5, 6, 7Sr 16 27.5 34.3 3 3Ti <0.5 <2.05 2.91 3 3Zn 0.74 7.87 24.6 12 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

1 = Andy and Eka (1985); 2 = Prentice et al. (1993); 3 = Yazzie et al. (1994); 4 = Smith et al. (1996a); 5 = Glew et al. (1997); 6 = Barminas et al. (1998); 7 = Lockett et al. (2000)

Table 34 Mean vitamins A, B and C content (mg 100 g−1) of Adansonia digitata leaves

Delisle et al. Andy and Eka (1985) Smith et al. (1996b) (1997)

Fresh Sun-dried Fresh young Dry Dry leaves leaves leaves leaves leaves

Carotene (A) 10.25 8.51 – – 8.61 ± 5.4 α-carotene – – 1.01 0.17 – β-carotene – – 5.92 1.63 – β-cryptoxanthin – – 0.81 0.11 – β-carotine cis-isomers – – 1.15 0.37 –Thiamine (B

1) 0.48 0.57 – – –

Riboflavin (B2) 1.23 1.15 – – –

Total ascorbic acid (C) 203.8 171.0 – – –Reduced ascorbic acid 131.2 48.0 – – –

3 Leaves 379


recommendation for the daily intake of leaves (or fruit pulp) to meet human mineral requirements questionable.

Iron deficiency anemia is common in many parts of Africa where the baobab grows. Both Yazzie et al. (1994) and Glew et al. (1997) suggested that baobab leaves could be an important source of dietary Fe, although the bioavailability of the minerals in the leaves and protein digestibility have not yet been determined.

Both Irvine (1952a) and Glew et al. (1997) commented on the high Ca content of leaves, while Woolfe et al. (1977) suggest that such levels may occur only in trees growing on alkaline soils; the comparative Ca content for trees growing on other soil types has not been investigated. The high Ca content of leaves from trees growing on alkaline, if not on others, will ensure an adequate Ca intake from the daily consumption 35–49 gm of lalo (dried baobab leaves). Prentice et al. (1993) noted that in The Gambia dried baobab leaves had the highest Ca content (17,500 mg kg−1) among the locally obtainable raw ingredients; small quantities of which were used as a condiment.

Boukari et al. (2001) recommend attention should be paid to the ratios between Ca, Zn and phytates since a synergism exists between the Ca and Zn ions resulting in a Ca:Zn:phytate complex that is less soluble than phytate complexes formed by either ion alone.

Baobab leaves are also a valuable source of vitamins (Table 34) in an otherwise vitamin-deficient diet. Interestingly, the baobab leaves analysed by Ijomah et al. (2000) had an ascorbic acid content of 856.8 ± 4.08 mg g−1. Unfortunately, the age and state of the leaves was not given.

Baobab leaves are a rich source of carotinoids, the precursors of vitamin A (9–28 mg kg−1 Retinol Equivalents, depending on the tree and drying method. Vitamin A deficiency is a serious nutritional problem among many developing countries. Vitamin A is necessary for the maintenance of epithelial cells and mucous membranes, the immune system, normal growth, development and repro-duction and night vision. Blindness in many children in Africa may be because of this deficiency (Schémann et al. (2002).

To meet WHO (1990) standards, adolescent males and females aged 15 + would need to eat 61 g and 51 g day−1 respectively of fresh leaves or 221 g and 185 g day−1 respectively of dried leaves. While the daily consumption of baobab leaves may not fully meet these targets, other items in the diet should help make good any shortfall. Although fresh leaves are available only during the rainy season, dried leaves can be obtained throughout the year (Smith et al. 1996b).

Trees may vary in the size of leaves and number of leaflets they bear. Sidibé et al. (1998a) found a correlation between the leaf size and their carotinoid content. Trees with small leaves (around 15 cm long) typically had 6–7 leaflets while trees with large leaves (around 20 cm long) had 5 leaflets. Irrespective of the age, the small leaves had a significantly higher carotinoid content than large leaves. They also found that while shade-drying took 2–3 days longer than the commonly practiced sun-drying, the vitamins were far better preserved. They also found that the provitamin A content of shade-dried leaves was roughly twice that of sun-dried leaves and that of small leaves half as much again. Good provitamin A levels are also better maintained by storing

entire leaves rather than powdered leaves. As an additional benefit, the shade-dried leaves have a better flavour as well as being darker in colour.

In Kenya the local farmers claim to recognise three types of baobab by the size and shape of the tree or its pods, the taste of the fruit pulp, some being sweeter than others, and by the season of flowering (Maundu et al. 1999).

The seasonal folic acid (a constituent of the vitamin B complex) content of the leaves was examined using Lactobacillus casei to determine the availability in the human diet; it ranged from 0.39 to 0.46 µg g−1 dry weight. The estimated daily intake from three meals per day was approximately half the FAO/WHO Expert Group (1970): 200 µg g−1 for adults and 300–400 µg g−1 for pregnant women (Huq et al. 1983). However, it is unclear whether fresh or dried leaves were examined.

Oxidative stress is a secondary effect of many human diseases, and the consump-tion of antioxidant-containing foods can reduce oxidative damage to human cells and tissues as well as offer protection against any depressed cellular immune function caused by malnutrition, and possibly delay the progress of HIV infection to AIDS.

Cook et al. (1998) used the Trolox ( (S)-(2)-6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-chroman-2-carboxylic acid) assay to compare the antioxidant content of a number of edible wild plants from Niger with those of spinach (Spinacia oleraceae) and the potato (Solanum tuberosum), which contain 14.3 and 7.1 µmol Trolox equivalents g−1 dry weight respectively. Baobab leaves had an antioxidant capacity of 7.7 µmol Trolox equivalents g−1 dry weight. The specific antioxidant was not determined but it could be ascorbic acid, in which baobab leaves are rich, although flavonoids are also a possibility.

A Trolox assay was also carried out by Vertuani et al. (2002) using photochemi-luminescence to compare the antioxidant capacity of aqueous and methanol extracts of baobab leaves and fruit pulp with those of various known to have a high vitamin C content. A similar study carried out by Besco et al. (2006) produced similar results (Table 35).

The Integral Antioxidant Capacity is the sum of the water and lipid antioxidant capacities, calculated in mmol equivalents in activity of Trolox. This is a useful index of the capacity of complex vegetative samples to counteract reactive oxygen, especially the very toxic superoxide anion.

In both the leaves and fruit pulp of the baobab, the water-soluble and lipid-soluble antioxidant capacities were high, and those of the funicles (red fibres) extremely high, suggesting the future use of red fibres as a valuable, new, health ingredient for food preparation and/or nutritional application. The highest results produced by the other fruits were for the water-soluble antioxidants, suggesting that ascorbic acid was the major contributor to the baobab’s antioxidant activity. In the case of the orange, which has about one sixth the ascorbic of the baobab fruit, the water-soluble antioxidant capacity was about one seventieth that of the baobab fruit (Vertuani et al. 2002; Besco et al. 2006).

The leaves of A. digitata embody 12% of a mucilage containing uronic acids, rhamnose and other sugars, which are believed to have an adverse effect of food absorption. On hydrolysis the mucilage was found to contain mainly galacturonic and glucuronic acids with minor quantities of glucose, galactose, rhamnose and

3 Leaves 381


arabinose. Plant gums normally have protein and minerals associated with the polysaccharides but the baobab mucilage (like that of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus, which was also studied) had an unusually high concentration of non-carbohydrate components. It was also unusual in consisting mainly of an equal mixture of galac-turonic and glucuronic acids. The mucilage attained maximum viscosity in the neutral pH range. However, the solution is unstable, losing much of its viscosity when heated (Oliver 1959; Woolfe et al. 1977; Gaiwe et al. 1989).

Druses consisting of insoluble calcium oxalate crystals are present in the paren-chymatous tissues (Solereder 1908; Metcalfe and Chalk 1950). Whereas insoluble oxalates (calcium and acid oxalates) in the diet are excreted without ill effects, soluble sodium or potassium oxalates are absorbed rapidly into the blood stream and precipitate the Ca, thus preventing Ca absorption by the body (Everist 1972; Blackwell 1990). The levels of oxalates and other toxicants present in fresh leaves are shown in Table 36 and are below the harmful levels of toxicity in humans (Andy and Eka 1985).

Any analysis for Ca will also include that present in calcium oxalate. Apart from direct toxicity, the phytic and oxalic acids present may render the Ca, Fe, Mg and Zn less available for absorption in the gut. However, it is doubtful if the oxalates will pose a problem except in cases of minimal mineral intake where unusually large quantities are ingested (Robinson 1973; Ensminger et al. 1994).

Table 35 Comparisons of water-soluble and lipid-soluble antioxidant capacities of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp and leaves with other fresh-fruit pulps. (From Besco et al. 2006.)

Water-soluble Lipid-soluble IAC % Integral ascorbic acid Trolox µmol g−1 water/dry antioxidant equivalents µmol g−1 equivalents extract capacity

Baobab fruit pulp 75.0 ± 0.005 25.0 ± 0.001 11 240.5 Dry leaves 23.0 ± 0.002 24.5 ± 0.003 10 89.0 Seeds 16.0 ± 0.0007 6.5 ± 0.00004 18 51.4 Funicles (red fibres) 386.0 ± 0.058 508.0 ± 0.008 8 1617.3 Seedling root 1.2 ± 0.0001 1.0 ± 0.00002 88 4.3 Seedling root cuticle 8.5 ± 0.0003 11.0 ± 0.0003 88 35.3Kiwi fruit pulp 0.73 ± 0.015 0.27 ± 0.015 84 2.4Orange fruit pulp 17.0 ± 0.015 0.29 ± 0.015 86 24.3Strawberry fruit pulp 1.72 ± 0.006 0.36 ± 0.006 90 5.3Bilberry fruit pulp 1.95 ± 0.017 2.00 ± 0.017 82 2.6

Table 36 Mean values of toxic substances present in fresh Adansonia digitata leaves. (from Andy and Eka 1985.)

Field samples Market samples

Toxins 100 mg g−1

Total oxalates 4.37 ± 0.14 5.26 ± 0.21Soluble oxalates 1.75 ± 0.07 1.96 ± 0.10Phytic acid 0.05 ± 0.01 0.04 ± 0.01Phytic acid (% total P) 10.6 ± 0.04 6.8 ± 0.02Tannins 19.8 ± 0.3 17.8 ± 0.3Hydrocyanic acid 40.5 ± 3.2 37.2 ± 2.6

Tannins are complex phenolic compounds, two types of which are recognised. The condensed tannins interfere with the utilisation of proteins and amino acids in the gut, but again the effect is minimal due to the small quantity present. The hydrolysable tannins are broken down by enzymes and do not react with the protein (Hagerman et al. 1992). The effect of the hydrocyanic acid would also be negligible.

4 Fruit Pulp

The dry, powdery or spongy fruit pulp is white to cream, sometimes pink. Gaertner (1791) refers to it as ‘pulpa fungosa-farinosa-rubicunda-acidula’; Dalziel (1937) notes that the pulp is ‘sometimes of a pinkish tinge’, while Green (1940) records a ‘pink acid-tasting pith’ as if it was nothing unusual. Carr (1958) took pulp that had been stored for 18 months and exposed it to direct sunlight and air for 7 weeks; the pulp changed colour from cream to a brownish pink. Dohse (2005, personal communication) and Sidibé (2005, personal communication) suggest the change to be the result of oxidation under light; it can also occur when a crack appears in the pod. The pink coloration could also be the result of a fungal infection when fruit is stored in humid or other poor conditions (Baum, 1996). Ottaviana (2005, personal communication) suggested the coloration could be due to the release of anthocyanidines and polyphenols from the funicles (red fibres), and be accompanied by an increase in antioxidants. These ideas certainly require further investigation.

Phytochemical screening of the dry fruit pulp surrounding the seeds indicated the presence of sterols and/or triterpenes, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides; cardiac glucosides, flavonoides and alkaloids were absent (Ramadan et al. 1994).

About 50% of the pulp of A. digitata was soluble in water, half of which con-sisted of reducing sugars, organic acids, proteins and ash, while about 20% of the remainder were pectic substances (Greene 1932). Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen (1888) and Anonymous (1906) found tartaric acid and potassium hydrogen tartrate (potassium acid tartrate) present, while Slocum (1880a, b) and Millard (1890) found potassium hydrogen malate (potassium acid malate), but Slocum, unlike Millard, found no traces of tartaric acid; however, there is some confusion regarding the species examined. The nutritional compositions of baobab fruit pulp are shown in Table 37.

Before World War II the Argentine and the wine-producing countries of the Mediterranean were the main source of supply to the UK for lees, argot and some calcium tartrate. With the cutting off of these sources of supply domestic wineries initiated large-scale tartrate recovery programs (Osol and Farrar 1955), which included tartrates from Adansonia.

Murray et al. (2001) noted that some authors reported only cellulose or crude fibre instead of total dietary fibre, and thereby underestimated the fibre content and overestimated the amount of digestible carbohydrates present after subtracting the

4 Fruit Pulp 383


protein, fibre, ash and fat from the total. This resulted in an overestimate of the calculated energy value of the food.

The fruit pulp provides up to 45 g 100g−1 total fibre, of which 22.5% is soluble and 22% insoluble. In vitro studies appear to show that the high soluble and insoluble fibre content of the baobab fruit has an interesting action on the growth of intestinal microflora. Insoluble fibre is not absorbed by the intestine but is useful against constipation and promotes satiety due to the increase in faecal mass and stimulation of peristalsis, which may be also useful in cases of a hypocaloric diet. The water-soluble fraction has a prebiotic effect, i.e. it contains an indigestible carbohydrate which stimulates the growth or metabolic activity of the intestinal microflora, such as lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, including Bifidobacterium bifidum A3 and B16, B. infantis and B. longum, thereby improving the balance of the microflora and lactose digestion, preventing diarrhoea and stimulating the immune system (Vertuosi et al. 2001; Manfredini 2002).

The dry pulp has a slightly tart, refreshing taste and is highly nutritious, with particularly high values for carbohydrates, energy, Ca, K (very high), thiamine (vitamin B

1), nicotinic acid (vitamin B

3) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C – very high)

(Arnold et al. 1985). The pulp is also a valuable source of amino-acids (Table 38).The pulp is rich in mucilage, pectins, tartrates, free tartaric acid (Busson 1965)

and minerals. A. digitata pulp contains 23% pectin, but the quality is inferior to that of commercial pectin, which is usually obtained from apple pomace and unripe pawpaw fruits (Carica papaya), with respective yields of 18% and 15% (Sanghi et al. 1978; Nour et al. 1980).

Ensminger et al. (1994) noted that the pulp’s Ca content compared favourably with that of milk (119 mg). The mineral content of A. digitata pulp is shown in Table 39.

Table 37 Comparative data on the nutritional composition of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp

Crude protein Fibre Ash Fat CHO

Moisture 100 g g−1 dry weight References

17.9–33.8 1.4–2.1 – 3.3–3.4 0.1–0.7 – Toury et al. (1957)1

– 2.5 11.42 4.0 0.8 81.35 Busson (1965) 7.0 3.2 9.43 5.5 0.3 81.65 Wehmeyer (1966) 5.2 14.3 10.7 7.3 13.9 51.4 Lee (1979) 6.7 2.6 5.73 5.3 0.2 86.25 Nour et al. (1980) 19.9 19.1 – 2.4 5.1 73.45 Obizoba and Amaechi (1993) 13.2 3.1 8.33 5.0 4.3 79.45 Saka and Msonthi (1994) 6.2 10.9 6.23 2.0 4.3 45.2 Odetokun (1996) 10.55 2.2 11.2 5.7 0.4 70.05 Locket et al. (2000b) 4.7 4.7 45.14 5.1 0.7 46.66 Murray et al. (2001) – 5.3 44.04 – 0.2 30.0 Manfredini (2002) 10.4 3.2 5.4 4.5 0.3 76.25 Osman (2004)1three fruits sampled; 2cellulose only; 3crude fibre only; 4total dietary fibre; 5carbohydrate deter-mined by difference; 6sum of starch determined by enzymatic analysis, and mono- and disaccha-rides determined by difference

Insignificant amounts of vitamin A precursors were found in the pulp, with only low concentrations of carotenoids present (Smith et al. 1996b), whereas the seed oil, although not a good source of vitamin A, contained 43.46 µg 100 g−1 of β-carotene (Essien and Fetuga 1989). The pulp (100 g) also contained 0.48 mg vitamin B

1 (thiamine), 0.28–0.06 mg vitamin B

2(riboflavin), which is essential for

certain enzyme systems important in the metaolism of food, 2.16–3 mg vitamin B3

(niacin), part of two important enzymes regulating energy metabolism, promoting good physical and mental health, and 2.13 mg vitamin B

6 (pyridoxin), an essential

vitamin for growth and health (Manfredini 2002; Baobab Fruit Company 2003a).Working in Nigeria Okoh (1984) dried baobab leaves and fruit pulp in the sun

for 7–10 days to about 5% moisture. There were no significant differences in the fat, protein, carbohydrate and mineral contents between the fresh and dried sam-ples, but the vitamin B

1 (thiamine) content of the dried leaf and pulp samples were

reduced by 36% and 18% respectively, and the vitamin C. content by nearly 100% and 97% respectively.

Table 38 The amino acid content (100 g g−1 protein) of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp

Essential Manfredini Osman Non-essential Manfredini Osman amino acids (2002) (2004) amino acids (2002) (2004)

Lysine 14.62 1.7 Glycine – 2.9Methionine 4.92 0.2 Serine – 3.2Cysteine – 1.0 Proline 2.35 –Cystine 11.23 – Alanine – 3.3Threonine 2.96 2.8 Aspartic acid – 6.4Trytophan 1.49 – Glutamic acid 4.02 6.5Isoleucine 10.73 2.2 Tyrosine – 20.6leucine 8.41 4,3 Valine 1.62 4.8 Phenylalanine – 4.4 Arginine 6.04 7.6 Histidine 2.71 1.2

Table 39 The mineral content (100 mg g−1 dry weight) of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp

Nour Eromosele Prentice Saka and Smith Glew Lockett et al. et al. et al. Msonthi et al. et al. et al. Mineral (1980) (1991) (1993) (1994) (1995a) (1997) (2000)

Ca 655 60.0 390 115.6 0.43 341 211Cu – 0.60 – – – – 0.55Fe 8.6 4.40 – 5.8 1.2 1.7 4.23K – – – 2836.4 – – –Mg – 208.8 – 209 78.1 209 123Mn – 0.60 – – 0.59 – 0.39Mo – – – – – – –Na – – – 18.8 – 5.46 -P 50.8 5.0 35 45 – 73.3 49.79Zn – 2.40 – – 0.47 1.04 0.47

4 Fruit Pulp 385


The vitamin C (ascorbic acid) content of the pulp of A. digitata (Table 40) is among the highest known among the African wild fruits, and 6 to 10 times that of oranges (FAO 1988).

There are, of course, higher sources: the richest in the world is believed to be the fruit of the Australian gubinge tree (Terminalia ferdinandiana), containing 50 times the vitamin C of oranges (Brand et al. 1982)!

Carr (1958) found that unripe pods with 80% moisture contained no ascorbic acid. After 2 weeks the moisture fell to between 64.6% and 76.2% and the ascorbic acid varied from nil to 111.7 mg 100 g−1. In ripe pods no relationship between moisture and ascorbic acid content. He also found an increase in moisture during storage, which he attributed to an increase in atmospheric humidity. In another experiment the ascorbic acid content of pulp that had been stored for 6 months fell from 295 mg 100 g−1 to 264 mg, and after 18 months and exposure to direct sunlight for 7 weeks, 161 mg; the pulp had also changed colour to a brownish pink. However, the ascor-bic acid content was not examined prior to expose to sunlight so it is uncertain whether the final decrease was due to age or sunlight.

Diop et al. (1988) noted that while climatic, cultural and other conditions might explain some of the high results obtained by other authors, poor specificity of the titration and colorimetric methods could also be responsible. They also found that the titration methods used by AOAC (1984) produced higher results on the same baobab sample than liquid chromatography, while Orata and Ondachi (2001) found that surface modified electrodes showed a greatly enhanced ascorbic acid redox peak, and that the oxidation/ reduction peaks coincided with those of the corresponding stand-ard. The degree of ripeness of the fruit is also a factor that should be examined.

The vitamin C content of the fruit pulp was examined for a range of morphotypes in Mali based on bark colour, and by regions selected for ethnic grouping, rainfall and soil type. The leaves and fruit of baobabs with black bark were valued more highly by the local people than those with red bark. The mean values per tree, irrespective of bark colour, ranged from 1,505 to 4,991 mg kg−1, with an average content of 2,800 mg kg−1. This suggests additional reasons for the wide variations noted in Table 40. While an analysis of variance revealed a highly significant correlation between individual trees, there were no significant consistent differences in vitamin C content between regions or types of trees. The baobabs were re-sampled and the vitamin C

Table 40 Dry matter, pH and ascorbic acid content of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp

Ascorbic acid Country Dry matter (%) pH (at 25°C) (100 mg g−1 dry wt.) References

Senegal – – 151–156 Diop et al. (1988)Senegal – – 168–173 Nigeria – – 375 Nicol (1957)Nigeria – – 337 Eromosele et al. (1991)Sudan – 3.3 300 ± 6.2 Noor et al. (1992)Malawi 86.8 3.3 179 Saka and Msonthi (1994)Zimbabwe 85.9–90.0 – 175–445 Carr (1955)Zimbabwe 85.1–89.8 – 240–422 Carr (1958)

content was found to be remarkably stable in individual trees from year to year, thus making it possible accurately recommend the local human consumption requirement, and to select elite trees with a high vitamin C content to provide scions for grafting onto saplings (see Chapter 11) The results from an orchard of grafted trees estab-lished in Mali should be available in 2010 (Sidibé et al. 1996, 1998b; Scheuring and Sidebé 1998; Boffa 1999; Scheuring et al. 1999).

The recommended minimum daily dose of vitamin C for healthy, non-smoking adults is 65 mg, higher amounts being required for smokers, nursing mothers and others with special needs. For a full saturation of the total vitamin C pool in the body the daily requirement is around 140 mg (Sauberlich 1994). Based on an aver-age fruit vitamin C content of 2,800 mg kg−1, the recommended daily dose could be obtained from 23 gm of powdered baobab pulp. The daily saturation of the body’s vitamin C pool would require 50 gm, while convalescents and nursing mothers would need 90 gm. While there are enough baobabs to meet the vitamin C require-ments of people in semi-arid West Africa, the people need to be better informed about its use and value (Sidibé et al. (1996). Diop et al. (1988) concluded that a daily intake of 70 g of baobab pulp would meet the maximum physiological needs (200 mg) of the inhabitants of West Africa for vitamin C.

Because of the pulp’s high acidity and low moisture content, it can be conserved for several months without loss of vitamin C (Carr 1955, 1958). However, vitamin C can be adversely affected by moisture during storage, the drying process in the preparation of lalo (dried, powdered leaves), and by heat during cooking (Adam 1962). Fortunately the traditional methods of storage and food preparation of baobab powder in West Africa are very favourable to vitamin preservation. The baobab powder is often conditioned and marketed in polyethylene sachets, which offer protection against ambient moisture. The powder is used almost exclusively in cool and hot drinks and gruel; it is never cooked but added to the heated food and drink after they have cooled (Sidibé et al. 1996). It is now available in the health food shops of Europe.

The anti-nutrients present in baobab pulp are shown in Table 41.Condensed tannins are undesirable because of their reaction with the protein, but

the amount is too little to have any adverse effects. Tannins are also said to gradu-ally disappear as the fruit ripens. The HCN level is also well below the minimum toxic level of 0.035 g, to reach which a person would have to eat at least 10 fruits at a sitting! The oxalate level is insignificant since only the soluble Na and K salts are toxic to humans, the lethal dose being 2–5 g (Ghani and Agbejule 1986).

Table 41 Anti-nutrient contents of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp. (From Ghani and Agbejule 1986.)

Anti-nutrient % dry wt.

Tannin 0.0062HCN 0.0049Total oxalates 0.0044Soluble oxalates 0.0013

4 Fruit Pulp 387


Afolabi and Popoola (2005) examined the effects of the addition of powdered baobab pulp on the micro flora involved in tempe fermentation of soya beans (Glycine max). Tempe is a nutritious food obtained by fermenting soya beans with Rhizopus oligosporus. Traditionally an Asian food, it is now eaten in Africa. In Nigeria is fermented with powdered baobab pulp. In addition to the inoculum Rhizopus, the dominant micro-organisms were mainly lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. lactis and L. plantarum. When the ratio of pulp to soya exceeded 3:10 fermentation ceased because Rhizopus was unable to survive, while lowering the amount of pulp increased the risk of pathogenic micro-organisms such as Bacillus sp., Salmonella sp. and Streptococcus sp.

The pulp of A. gregorii was positive to the Liebermann/Burchard colour test for −NO and –OH groups, positive to the Silicotungstic acid test for saponins and to Dragendorff’s and Mayer’s reagents for alkaloids. The pulp contained 1% tannin, and (100g−1) 10 mg Na, 2,673 mg K, 2,099 mg Mg, 250 mg Ca and 6 mg Fe (Aboriginal Communities of the Northern Territory 1993).

5 Seeds

The seeds of A. digitata are, like the pulp, very nutritious, with high values for protein, fats (oils), fibre, most minerals and fatty acids. They have a higher protein content than groundnuts as well as being richer in lysine; 100 gm of seeds being sufficient to supply an adult’s daily requirements for protein and thiamine. For example, millet dishes are low in lysine but baobab kernels, which are rich in lysine, can provide a valuable nutrient supplement if added to the gruel. However, the pH of the blended cereal and kernels increases with storage.

The seeds are a good source of fibre, fats and oils (Table 42), amino-acids (Table 43), fatty acids (Table 44) and pectins.

Table 42 Comparative values of the nutritional composition of Adansonia digitata seeds

Crude protein Fibre Ash Fat CHO

Moisture 100 g g−1 dry weight References

– 41.6 2.21 8.7 31.5 16.05 Busson (1965)4.0 28.4 10.82 6.9 29.7 24.15 Addy and Eteshola (1984)7

8.1 32.7 – 5.0 34.1 30.05 Obizoba and Amaechi (1993)7

3.6 35.0 7.12 15.7 12.4 29.9 Salami and Okezie (1994)7

6.1 21.4 7.22 2.2 17.5 37.66 Odetokun (1996)8.2 15.1 49.73 5.8 11.6 17.8 Lockett et al. (2000)4.8 36.3 14.14 9.1 29.3 11.27 Murray et al. (2001)1cellulose only; 2crude fibre only; 3fibre determined by acid detergent method; 4total dietary fibre; 5carbohydrate determined by difference; 6sum of starch determined by enzymatic analysis and of mono- and disaccharides by difference; 7dry weights do not add up to 100 g because each value is the average of multiple analyses

Table 43 Comparative values of the amino-acid content of Adansonia digitata seeds

1 2 3 4 5

16 g g−1N 100 g g−1 mg g−1N 16 g g−1N 100 g g−1

Essential amino acids Lysine 6.6 17.36 233 5.5 5.0Methionone – 5.94 78 – 1.0Cysteine – – – – 1.5Cystine + methionone 1.8 – – 3.5 –Cystine – 12.63 120 – –Threonine 4.1 1.64 – 4.0 3.8Tryptophan 1.4 2.64 86 1.0 –Isoleucine 3.7 7.10 – 4.0 3.6Leucine 7.6 7.48 – 7.0 7.0Valine 6.0 0.76 n.d. 5.0 5.9Phenylalanine – 5.18 284 6.0 4.0Phenylalanine + tyrosine 4.1 – – – –Arginine – 8.62 588 – 8.0Histidine – 1.43 124 – 2.2Non-essential amino acids Glycine – – – – 8.6Cysteic acid – – – – –Serine – – – – 6.1Proline – 0.62 – – –Alanine – – – – 7.1Aspartic acid – – – – 10.3Glutamic acid – 2.10 – – 23.7Tyrosine – 3.62 – – 1.5

1 Addy and Eteshola (1984); 2 Odetokan (1996); 3 Proll et al. (1998); 4 FAO (1973); 5 Osman (2004)

Table 44 The fatty acid content of Adansonia digitata seeds

Eteshola and Glew et al. Osman Oraedu (1996) (1997) (2004)

(% of total (g fatty acid 100 g−1 (% of totalFatty acids fatty acids) dry weighta) fatty acids)

C14:0 mystiric 38.4 – 0.2C16:0 palmitic 19.7 0.143 24.2C16:1 palmitoleic – 0.002 –C16:2 hexade cadienic – – –C17:1 – – 0.3C18:0 stearic 3.2 0.016 4.6C18:1 oleic 22.4 0.214 35.8C18:2 linoleic 16.2 0.138 30.7C18:3 linolenic – 0.002 1.0C20:0 arachidic – – 1.3C20:1 gadoleic – – 0.9C22:0 behenic – – 0.7C24:0 lignoceric – – 0.2aconverted from mg fatty acid g−1 dry weight

5 Seeds 389


In view of the high content of extractable oils present, a protein-rich concentrate could be prepared from the seeds (Adam 1962; Addy and Eteshola 1984; Arnold et al., 1985; FAO 1988; Salami and Okezie 1994). However, it is not always clear in the literature whether the term ‘seed’ refers to the tightly adhering husk plus kernel or solely to the kernel.

A. digitata seeds contain significant amounts of the essential fatty acids, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid and nearly 20% of a crude protein whose amino acid composition compared favourably with that of the WHO/FAO (1973) reference protein (Glew et al. 1997).

The seeds are a good source of most minerals, especially assimilable Ca and Fe (Table 45).

The seeds of A. grandidieri are also, like the pulp, very nutritious with high values for proteins, fats (oils), fibre and most minerals (Thomas and Boiry 1913).

The seeds are free of alkaloids and cyanogenetic glycosides. The results of an examination for the presence of toxic substances (condensed tannins, which diminish protein and dry matter digestibility, and trypsin inhibitors, which bind the digestive enzyme trypsin) in A. digitata seeds are shown in Table 46.

The tannin content was lower than that of sorghum (1.7%) and the level of trypsin inhibitor units (TIU) was lower than that found in soya products (73–110 TIU mg−1). Proll et al. (1998) found 0.12% tannin and no trypsin inhibitors in either raw or heat-treated seeds.

Table 45 The mineral content (mg 100 g−1 dry weight of Adansonia digitata seeds)

Arnold et al. Odetokun Glew et al. Lockett et al.Mineral (1985) (1996) (1997) (2000)

Ca 273 0.53 395 264Cu 2.78 5.36 × 10−3 – 1.19Fe 6.55 1.89 × 10−4 1.83 435K 1275 1.74 ± 0.41 – –Mg 640 0.20 ± 0.04 352 278Mn – 2.84 × 10−3 1.06 1.01Na 2.48 1.64 ± 0.41 1.94 –P 5.12 1.49 × 10−4 614 678Zn 6.68 0.91 ± 0.01 2.57 4.29

Table 46 Tannin and phytic acid content and tryptic inhibitor activity in raw and treated seeds of Adansonia digitata. (From Addy and Eteshola 1984; Osman 2005.)

Tannin content Phytic acid Trypsin units inhibited Seed treatment (% dry wt.) (100 mg g−1) (mg−1 sample)

Raw seeds 0.30 ± 0.04 73.0 ± 0.9 15.9 ± 1.6Seeds soaked for 24 h 0.21 ± 0.3 6.4 ± 0.6Seeds boiled for 1 h 0.19 ± 0.03 4.7 ± 0.4

Addy et al. (1995) and Igboeli et al. (1997) investigated the effects of different processing techniques on the antinutrient contents of baobab seeds, including dehulling and treatments with cold and hot water, 0.1 NHCl, 0.1 N NaOH, and fermentation. They found that all processing techniques except dehulling and fermen-tation significantly reduced the tannic acid content, with the alkali treatment the most effective for reducing the tannin and trypsin inhibitors while improving protein digestibility. Dehulling, cold water and hot alkali treatments also signifi-cantly decreased the activity of amylase inhibitors while hot water and hot acid treatments increased the activity of the amylase inhibitors.

6 Seed Oil

Ralaimanarivo et al. (1982, 1983) examined the oil from six of the seven species of Adansonia present in Madagascar; the results are shown in Table 47 and are further discussed in Chapter 12 as they are also of taxonomic significance.

The oil of A. digitata is viscous, clear and bright yellow in colour, with no marked taste or odour. (Anonymous 1913).

Depending on the method of extraction 8 kg of A. digitata seed will yield 0.8–3 l of oil, 5 kg of A. madagascariensis seed 0.3–1.2 l, and 3 kg of A. za seed 0.15–0.6 l (Pernet 1957). A. grandidieri is the richest source; ether extraction of 500 g of seed yielding 215 g of oil (Thomas and Boiry 1913).

A. digitata oil contains a high proportion of linoleic and oleic acids as well as palmitic, stearic and linolenic acids (Engelter and Wehmeyer 1970; Wehmeyer 1971; Magboul and Mustafa 1979; Addy and Eteshola 1984; FAO 1988; Ezeagu et al. 1998), although Cmelik (1963) noted a complete absence of linolenic acid from all

Table 47 Comparative physical and chemical properties of the seed oils present in the three sections of Adansonia. (From Ralaimanarivo et al. 1982, 1983.)

Section Adansonia4 Brevitubae5 Longitubae6

Oil content (%)1 8.4–13.2 30.7–46.2 10.5–13.8Iodine value (Wijs) 79–80 56–63 87–96Acidic value 3.6–9.7 0.6–1.1 2.0–3.2Hydroxyl value n.d. 0.6–0.6 0.7–1.4Hbr-equiv. 55 C2 n.d. 11.7–18.5 3.8–8.8Refractive index 1.4613–1.4621 1.4590–1.4604 1.4629–1.4635Palmitic acid3 (% by wt.) 21.3–27.2 37.5–46.7 19.7–29.9Stearic acid (% by wt.) 4.4–5.4 2.0–4.7 2.0–3.8Oleic acid3 (% by wt.) 36.1–39.9 19.8–21.9 26.5–29.9Linoleic acid3 (% by wt.) 18.7–21.7 12.1–15.0 23.2–32.8Malvalic acid3 (% by wt.) 3.1–6.2 6.0–7.7 4.3–6.7Sterculic acid3 (% by wt.) 1.0–1.9 3.9–7.6 1.5–3.01whole seed; 2expressed as % sterculic acid; 3by direct analysis of their methyl esters; 4A. digitata; 5A. grandidieri and A. suarezensis; 6A. madagascariensis, A. rubrostipa and A. za

6 Seed Oil 391


fractions investigated except for a very slight absorption in the triene region with the lecithin. Funkhouser (1999) commented on the possible role of linoleic acid in the form of a glyceride in drying oils and oleic acid in the soap and cosmetic industry. However, the industrial use of seed oil suggested by Ezeagu et al. (1998) is, in view of the limited oil content, unlikely to be commercially viable.

The iodine value (82.4) of the seed oil gives an indication of the high concentra-tion of unsaturated fatty acids present and compares favourably with that of olive oil, 81.1 (Odetokun 1996).

The sterol contents of A. digitata and A. gregorii seed oils are shown in Table 48.Baobab seed oils contain nutritionally undesirable cyclopropenoic fatty acids

(CPEFAs) (Table 49), which can be destroyed by heating (Aizetmüller 1996). He also advised that the mixture of the oils of tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus) and baobab seeds recommended by Eteshola and Oraedu (1996) should be regarded with caution because the removal or destruction of the CPEFAs by refining was probably not carried out for the envisaged nutritious beverage. A micro-method for estimating oil content and fatty acid composition in seeds containing CPEFA is discussed by Gaydou et al. 1983.

Table 49 Cyclopropenoic fatty acids (malvalic and sterculic acids) present in Adansonia seed oils. (From Aizetmüller 1996.)

Malvic acid Sterculic acid Total cyclopropenes

A. digitata 3.1–6.2 1.0–1.9 4.1–8.1A. grandidieri 6.0–7.7 6.7–7.6 12.7–15.3A. suarezensis 6.4–7.7 3.9–4.3 10.3–12.0A. rubrostipa 4.3–5.1 1.5–1.6 5.8–6.7A. madagascariensis 5.1–5.9 2.1–2.2 7.2–8.1A. za 4.9–31.0 2.1–3.0 7.0–34.0A. gregorii 4.9 1.0 5.9Baobab oil 6.3 6.5 12.8

Table 48 The percentage of total sterols present in Adansonia digitataand A. gregorii seed oils

A. digitata A. gregorii

Gaydou et al. Sidibé et al. RalaimanarivoSterol (1979) (2002) (1983)

Cholesterol 1.9 2 2.2Campesterol 6.3 6 6.2Stigmasterol 2.0 1–2 1.6Β-sitosterol 81.0 75 74.8Fucosterol – – 2.4∆-5-avenasterol 3.4 0.5 0.5∆-7-stigmasterol 4.8 0.6 0.6∆-7-avenasterol 0.8 12 11.7

Appendix 4Forest Mensuration

Considerable confusion has been caused in our understanding of baobab growth parameters and age projections by a failure to understand simple tree mensuration.

1 Mensuration

Forest mensuration had been defined as the determination of dimensions, form, weight, growth, volume, and age of trees, individually or collectively, and the dimensions of their products. This has now been extended to include non-timber forest parameters such as understorey vegetation, biomass and suitability for wildlife management (Husch et al. 2003).

1.1 Trunk Girth and Diameter

The girth (gbh) and diameter (dbh) of a tree must always be measured at breast height, 1.3 m above ground level except in a few special cases. When trees have two or more stems forking below breast height each stem is measured separately, but when a tree forks above breast height or slightly above, the trunk is measured below any enlargement caused by the fork. When there is a protuberance at breast height measurements should be made both above and below to give the mean.

The gbh of a regularly shaped trunk is measured using a non-stretchable girthing tape. Dbh is gbh divided by π. A specially calibrated girthing tape is also available that gives both the gbh and dbh readings. For an approximate comparison 1 m gbh is equivalent to 32 cm dbh.

Diameter measurements assume the trunk is an exact circle in cross section, which is rarely true; any slight irregularities in shape results in an overestimation of both gbh and dbh For most practical purposes slight elliptical distortions can be ignored. For a trunk that is markedly elliptical in cross-section the arithmetic mean of the maximum (d

1) and minimum (d

2) diameters can be used, although this is still

393

394 Appendix 4 Forest Mensuration

an overestimation of the ‘true’ diameter; the geometric mean, √(d1.d

2), gives a

better result.Calipers are useful for measuring diameter classes up to 1.3 m, but they are

heavy and tiring to use, and subject to inaccuracies with wear and tear. Calipers could provide satisfactory results for baobabs with bottle-shaped trunks, and for the younger age classes before the trunk develops buttresses. For calculating incremental growth, adjusted diameter measurements will produce more accu-rate results than those obtained by dividing the gbh by π. The Biltmore stick, which is held perpendicular to the tree axis, may be used as an aid for estimat-ing dbh but is only accurate for trunks that are circular in cross section (Husch et al. 2003).

In Africa foresters usually measure the gbh while the dbh is favoured in Europe, Australia and America (Simmons 1926; Bowman 1997). Most non-foresters find it easier to visualise the diameter of a trunk than its circumference.

Incremental growth measurements must be made at precisely the same point on each occasion, necessitating permanent markings on the trunks (Simmons 1926; Hart 1991; Husch et al. 2003). Continuous incremental growth measure-ments can be also be obtained using a recording dendrograph. This consists of a snugly fitting corrugated brass band around the trunk; changes in diameter are recorded as the corrugations push or pull an encircling wire, and are registered by the pointer on a vertical scale (Parr et al. 1924). Similar precise measure-ments can be made with dendrometer bands, dial-guage micrometers and trans-ducers (Husch et al. 2003). Any buttressing of the trunk exaggerates the annual growth because growth is greater with wider annual rings on the buttress crest than in the furrow.

Ring counts can be made on the planed radial strip of a sawn surface using a hand lens. For standing trees an increment borer is used to extract a core from which the rings can be counted. Unfortunately is not always possible with large trees as the maximum practical length of a borer is between 40 and 50 cm, although one borer available can extract cores of 4.5 m. It is, however, difficult to direct the borer to the centre of the tree, especially one with an elliptical trunk. Average radial growth may be determined from several cores taken at breast height, but if a single core is taken, it should be extracted halfway between the maximum and minimum diameters (Guy 1970; Husch et al. 2003).

1.2 Tree and Trunk Height

The total height of a tree is the vertical distance from the base of the tree to the uppermost point. Timber height is the distance from the base of the tree to the lowest point on the main stem where the diameter is 7 cm over-bark, i.e. the lowest point at which no main stem is distinguishable. Bole height is the distance between the ground and the crown point, i.e. the position of the first crown-forming branch. Crown length is the distance between the crown point and the tip of the tree.

1 Mensuration 395

Unless made by a forester or a surveyor, height measurements should always be treated with suspicion. Apart from direct measurements using height rods, the two basic methods for measuring the height of a tree are derived the geo-metric properties of similar triangles or the trigonometrical properties of angles using a hypsometer, clinometer or Abney level, the observation point being about 1–1.5 times the height of the tree. Some of these methods are briefly described below. It is difficult to measure accurately the height of trees with large flat crowns, e.g. many baobabs. There is a tendency to overestimate their height (Husch et al. 2003).

1.2.1 Some Methods of Measuring the Height of a Tree

1. Using calibrated height rods made in 1.5–2 m sections; only the top section is calibrated. Sections are added from ground level until the calibrated rod clears the canopy. The clearance is deducted to give the height. It is the most accurate method but is only suitable for heights up to 15–20 m because of the weight and flexibility of the rods.

2. The ‘Pofort’s Stick Method’ uses a vertical stick or rod of the same length as the distance between the outstretched fist and the eye; the observer walks towards the tree with the arm holding the extended until the top of the tree is in line with the top of the stick and the base of the tree is in line with the fist. The distance from the observer to the base of the tree is the same as the height.

3. The ‘Boy Scout’ method is to compare the length of shadow cast by a pole of known length with the shadow cast by the tree.

4. Various models of dendrometers available that depend that compare of similar triangles.

5. An optical hypsometer with a built-in rangefinder can be used to measure the angle of the canopy from eye level at fixed distances from the tree. The range-scale is hung on the tree and the reader is positioned at the point that will give a 45° plus observation angle. Since these instruments measure from eye level, the ‘above’ readings must be added to the ‘below eye level’ reading to give the total height.

6. The clinometer works in a similar manner to a hypsometer but there is no sighting tube.

7. The Abney’s level is a hand-held instrument with a spirit level by which angles up to 60° can be measured (Husch et al. 2003).

1.3 Crown Parameters

The foliage is the primary source of photosynthesis, and the use of crown dimensions, as a surrogate for foliage, has now become an integral part of many growth and yield studies and, in the case of the baobab, is useful for predicting

396 Appendix 4 Forest Mensuration

wildlife habitat value. Vertical aerial photographs may be used to measure crown diameter. Alternatively and less easily, while working in the field, projecting the perimeter of the crown vertically to the ground can measure the diameter (Husch et al. 2003).

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1 Plant Index

Accepted names are in bold type, their synonyms in italics. Family concepts follow Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998) and Schatz (2001). Author abbreviations follow Brummitt and Powell (1992).

1.1 Angiosperms

LEGUMINOSAE is abbreviated to LEG.; MALVACEAE is abbreviated to MALV.

Taxonomic Indexes

453

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. MALV.-MALVOIDEAE (okra), 69, 383

Abrus pectorius L. LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE, 224

Acacia Mill. LEG.-MIMOSOIDEAEA. albida Delile = Faidherbia albida, 78, 79,

94, 281, 289, 370A. erioloba E.Meyer, 230A. giraffae sensu auct. = A. erioloba, 230A. laeta Benth., 78A. leptocarpa Cunn. Ex Benth. (mangal),

303, 304A. mellifera (Vahl) Benth., 198,

288, 290A. nigrescens Oliv., 280, 290A. pallens Warb. = A. nigrescensA. senegal (L.) Willd., 78A. seyal Del., 78, 282A. shirleyi Maiden, 330A. tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne, 78, 278, 283

Adansonia L. MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 248–250, 311, 316

Sect. Adansonia, 143, 168, 169, 179, 183, 199, 250ff, 298, 315, 329, 333, 391

Sect. Brevituba, 143, 168, 169, 179, 199, 250, 251, 255, 295, 296, 311, 314, 316, 391

Sect. Longituba, 143, 168, 169, 179, 183, 199, 250, 253, 298, 315, 329, 333, 391

Sect. Pendentes nomen illegit = Sect. Adansonia, 250

A. alba Jum. & H.Perrier = A. za, 76, 184, 253, 260

A. bahobab L. = A. digitata, 254A. baobab Gaertn. = A. digitata, 254A. bernieri Baill. ex Poiss. = A.

madagascariensis, 24, 253, 259A. bozy Jum. & H.Perrier = A. za, 76, 253,

260, 356

454 Taxonomic Indexes

A. digitata L., xiv, xvi, xx, xxii, xxvi–xxviii, xxix, 1–21, 31–41, 49–63, 67ff, 81ff, 101ff, 141–172, 178–181, 187–202, 204–208, 212–214, 216–217, 218–223, 224–226, 228–231, 233, 237–241, 242–244, 249–251, 253–263, 264–271, 272–291, 311ff, 316–321, 331ff, 338–355, 357ff, 368ff, 376ff

var. congolensis A.Chev. = A. digitata, 21, 253, 255

A. fony Baill. ex H.Perrier nom. superfl. = A. rubrostipa, 253

var. fony, 253, 258, 259A. fony Baill. var. rubrostipa (Jum. &

H.Perrier) H. Perrier = A. rubrostipa, 253, 258, 259, 297

A. fony sensu Miège nom. Baill. ex H.Perrier = A. perrieri, 199

A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D.A.Baum = A. gregorii, 253

A. grandidieri Baill., xiv, xxiii–xxviii, 23, 24, 40, 63, 67ff, 103ff, 142, 152, 153, 154, 161, 166, 168, 169, 172–173, 179, 182–183, 187, 196, 199, 209ff, 224, 232–234, 241, 251ff, 271, 293ff, 314, 315, 322, 333ff, 356, 371, 390ff

A. gregorii F.Muell., xiii, xv, xvi, xix–xxii, xxvii, 27, 30, 41–47, 64–66, 67ff, 82ff, 137–138, 141ff, 177–178, 180, 183, 184–187, 190ff, 211–212, 215–216, 218ff, 236, 241–242, 243, 251, 253, 261–263, 271, 272, 300–306, 313ff, 322, 323–330, 333ff, 357, 371, 376, 377, 388, 392

A. intergrifolia Raf. = A. digitata, 253, 254A. madagascariensis Baill., xviii, 24, 64,

67ff, 86ff, 105, 114ff, 137, 141, 152, 158, 164ff, 179ff, 193, 196, 199, 209ff, 233, 235, 241, 243, 252ff, 271, 293, 299, 312ff, 323, 333, 334, 356, 391, 392

A. perrieri Capuron, 26, 115, 166, 175–176, 179, 183, 196, 199, 215, 232ff, 252, 253, 255, 271, 293, 299, 299ff, 312ff, 323, 333, 334, 356, 391, 392

A. rubrostipa Jum. & H.Perrier, xvii, xxiv, 22, 23, 41, 63–64, 68, 73, 76, 79, 91, 105, 114, 115, 119, 123, 135, 137, 141, 153, 160, 162, 166, 169, 174ff, 196ff, 209ff, 220, 224, 231ff, 243, 249ff, 271, 293ff, 314, 315, 323, 334ff, 356, 391, 392

A. rupestris Saville-Kent = A. gregorii, 218, 253

A. scutula Steud. = A. digitata, 253A. situla (Lour.) Spreng. = A. digitata, 253A. somalensis Chiov. = A. digitata, 21,

253, 256A. sphaerocarpa A.Chev. = A. digitata,

21, 253A. stanburyana Hochr. = A. gregorii, 30,

253, 262A. suarezensis H.Perrier, xxix, 25, 77,

88, 91, 115, 119, 141, 166, 168, 173–174, 179, 183, 196, 199, 209, 210, 232, 234, 243, 251ff, 271, 293ff, 322, 333, 356, 391, 392

A. sulcata A.Chev. = A. digitata, 21, 253A. za Baill., xxv, 24, 68, 73, 76, 79, 86ff,

105, 114ff, 135, 153, 162, 166, 175ff, 184ff, 209ff, 219, 220, 224, 231ff, 237, 241, 243, 252, 253, 258ff, 271, 293ff, 323, 334, 356, 358, 391, 392

var. boinensis H.Perrier = A. za, 253, 260

var. bozy (Jum. & H.Perrier) H.Perrier = A. za, 253, 260

Adenium Roem. & Schult. APOCYNACEAE, 140

A. obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult., 284

Aesculus hippocastanum L. HIPPOCASTANACEAE (horse-chestnut), 8, 15

Aframonum melegueta K.Schum. ZINGIBERACEAE (melagueta pepper), 95

Albizia Durazz. LEG.-MIMOSOIDEAEA. anthelmintica Brongn., 288A. lebbek(L.)Benth., 221A. saman (Jacq.) F.Muell., 221

Alluaudia (Drake) Drake DIDIEREACEAE, 25, 322

A. comosa Drake, 297A. procera Drake, 297

Anacardium occidentale L. ANACARDIACEAE (cashew), 284–285

Anagyris foetida L. LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE, 9

Andropogon L. GRAMINEAE, 285Annona L. ANNONACEAE, 9

A. muricata L. (soursop, guanábana), 9, 10, 254

Taxonomic Indexes 455

Anogeissus (DC.) Wallich COMBRETACEAE, 281, 282, 320

A. leiocarpus (DC.) Guill. & Perr., 95, 98, 319

APOCYANACEAE, 140Arachis hypogaea L. LEG.-

PAPILIONOIDEAE (groundnut, peanut), 380

ASTERACEAE Martinov = COMPOSITAE, 140Astrebla F.Muell. GRAMINEAE (Mitchell

grass), 305

Baikiaea plurijuga Harms LEG.-CAESALPINIOIDEAE, 280

Balanites Delile BALANITACEAEB. aegyptiaca (L.) Del., 78, 98, 282B. maughami Sprague, 207

BATACEAE Mart. ex Meisn., 325Bauhinia L. LEG.-CAESALPINIOIDEAE

B. cunninghamii (Benth.) Benth. (bauhinia), 236

B. rufescens Lam., 94Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl.

RHAMNACEAE, 433Boababus digitata (L.) Kuntze = Adansonia

digitata MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 254

B. gregorii (Mueller) Kuntze = Adansonia gregorii, 253

B. madagascariensis (Baill.) Kuntze = Adansonia madagascariensis, 253

BOMBACACEAE Kunth = MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 246

Bombacopsis Pittier = Pachira MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 183

Bombax L. MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 140, 191, 312ff, 316, 369

B. ceiba L., 140, 170, 314B. costatum Pellegr. & Vuillet, 316,

369, 370B. malabaricum DC. = B. ceiba, 314

Borassus aethiopum Mart. PALMAE, 99B. flabellifer L., 99, 270B. flabellifer sensu Baerts-Lehmann non

L. = B. aethiopumBorreria verticillata (L.) G.Mey. =

Spermacoce verticillata L. RUBIACEAE, 86

Boschia Korth=Durio, 247Boscia Lam.

B. coriacea Pax, 197, 198B. senegalensis (Pers.) Lam. ex Poir., 289

Boswellia Roxb. ex Colebr. BURSERACEAE, 284

Brachychiton Schott & Endl. MALV.-STERCULIOIDEAE, 140

Brachystegia Benth. LEG.-CAESALPINIOIDEAE, 279, 306

B. boemhii Taub., 287B. spiciformis Benth., 278

Bulbine Wolf ASPHODELACEAE, 325BURSERACEAE, 140

Caesia R.Br. ANTHERICACEAE, 308, 325

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE (pigeon pea), 221

Calotropis R.Br. ASCLEPIADACEAE, 17C. procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton , 17CAMPANULACEAE, 140Camptostemon Mast. MALV.-

BOMBACOIDEAE, 316Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. LEG.-

PAPILIONOIDEAE (jackbean), 221Capparis L. CAPPARACEAE, 28, 29,

42, 253C. gibbosa A. Cunn. = Adansonia

gregorii MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 18, 41, 253, 261, 263

Capsicum annuum L. SOLANACEAE, Grossum Group (red peppers), 225

Carica papaya L. CARICACEAE (pawpaw), 385

Carissa lanceolata R.Br. APOCYHNACEAE (conkerberry), 224

CASUARINACEAE R.Br., 325Catostemma Benth. MALV.-

BOMBACOIDEAE, 313Cavanillesia Ruiz & Pav. MALV.-

BOMBACOIDEAE, 140, 313Ceiba Mill. MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 140C. pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (kapok, silk cotton

tree), 75, 170, 282CHENOPODIACEAE Vent., 323Chiranthodendron Larrea. MALV.-

BOMBACOIDEAE, 247Chloropora excelsa (Welw.) Benth. & Hook.f. =

Milicia excelsa MORACEAE, 287Chorisia Kunth MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE,

169Chrozophora senegalensis (Lam.) A.Juss. ex

Spreng. EUPHORBIACEAE, 94Chrysopogon Trin. GRAMINEAE, 283, 303


Cicer arietinum L. LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE (chick pea, gram), 221

Cinchona officinalis L. RUBIACEAE (quinine), 89

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. CUCURBITACEAE, 103

Citrus L. RUTACEAE , 11, 17Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle (lime),

95Cocculus leaeba Del. = C. pendulus

MENISPERMACEAEC. pendulus (J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.)

Diels, 99Cochlospermum Kunth

COCHLOSPERMACEAE, 306C. angolense Welw, 230

Coelostegia Benth. MALV.-?HELICTEROIDEAE), 247

Cocos nucifera L. PALMAE, 270Cola Schott. & Endl. MALV.-

STERCULIOIDEAE (kola), 53Colophospermum mopane Kirk ex J.Léonard

LEG.-CAESALPINIOIDEAE,(mopane), 222, 230, 279

Combretum Loefl. COMBRETACEAE, 284, 289

C. exalatum Engl., 198C. hartmannianum Schweinf., 282

Commiphora Jacq. BURSERACEAE, 229, 280, 283, 284, 288

C. africana (A.Rich.) Engl., 78, 99, 198

C. boiviniana Engl., 198C. gileadensis (L.) C.Chr., 17C. guillaumini H.Perrier, 214

COMPOSITAE Giseke, 323Corchorus L. MALV.-GREWIOIDEAE,

(jute, manila hemp), 118Cordyla Lour. LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE, 280Cucumis sativus L. CUCURBITACEAE

(cucumber), 8CUCURBITACEAE, 140Cullenia Wight MALV.-

HELICTEROIDEAE, 247Cuminum cyminum L. UMBELLIFERAE

(cumin), 88Cydonia C. oblonga Miller ROSACEAE

(quince), 9Cynara scolymus L. COMPOSITAE (globe

artichoke), 225Cyperus esculentus L. CYPERACEAE

(tigernut), 393

Cyphostemma (Planch.) Alston VITACEAE, 140, 141

Daniellia olivieri (Rolfe) Hutch. & Dalziel LEG.-CAESALPINIOIDEAE (copal gum), 118

Datura metel L. SOLANACEAE, 86Delonix elata (L.) Gamble LEG.-

CAESPALINIOIDEAE, 62, 283Dendrophthoë acacioides (Benth.) Tiegh

LORANTHACEAE, 224Dendrosicyos Balf.f. CUCURBITACEAE,

140Dichanthium Willemet GRAMINEAE, 303Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn.

LEG.-MIMOSOIDEAE, 79Didierea Baill. DIDIEREACEAE, 322

D. madagascariensis Baill., 297DIDIEREACEAE Drake, 295, 322Digitaria exilis Stapf GRAMINEAE (acha,

hungry rice), 72, 75, 96Dioscorea L. DIOSCOREACEAE

(yam), 358Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. ex A.DC.

EBENACEAE, 53Dracaena Vand. ex L.

CONVALLARIACEAE, 283Drypetes afzelii (Pax) Hutch.

EUPHORBIACEAE, 337Durio Adans. MALV.-HELICTEROIDEAE,

247

Elaeis guineensis Jacq. PALMAE (African oil palm), 69, 120, 223, 284, 286, 319, 358

ELAEOCARPACEAE, 247Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.

GRAMINEAE (finger millet), 69

Emelianthe panganensis (Engl.) Danser subsp. panganensis LORANTHACEAE, 223

Enneapogon Desv. ex P. Beauv. GRAMINEAE (nineawn), 305

Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Tieghem LORANTHACEAE, 223

Eriotheca Schott & Endl. MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 169

Eucalyptus L’Hér. MYRTACEAExxvi, 224, 304, 306, 323, 324

E. brevifolia F.Muell. (snappy gum), 304, 305


E. camaldulensis Dehnh. (river red gum), 303, 305

E. confertiflora F.Muell.(braod-leaved carbeen), 304

E. dichromorphloa F.Muell.(bloodwood), 305, 306

E. grandifolia Benth. 304E. microtheca F.Muell. (coolibah), 303E. miniata A.Cunn. ex Schauer (Darwin

woollybutt), 306E. papuana F.Muell.(ghost gum),

224, 305E. pruinosa Schauer (silver box),

305E. tectifica F.Muell.(Darwin box),

303, 305E. tetradonta F.Muell. (Darwin

stringybark), 306Euphorbia L. EUPHORBIACEAE, 283,

295, 297E. conspicua N.E.Br., 230

Faidherbia albida (Del.) A.Chev. LEG.-MIMOSOIDEAE, 79, 281, 289, 369

Ficus L. MORACEAE, 91, 223, 286, 303F. benghalensis L. (Indian banyan), 269F. carica L. (common fig), 8F. capensis Thunb. = F. sur, 95F. sur Forssk., 95F. sycomorus L. (mulberry fig or

sycomore fig), 16, 270Flacourtia Comm. ex L’Hérit.

FLACOURTIACEAE, 24Fouquieria Kunth FOUQUIERIACEAE,

140Fremontodendron Coville MALV.-

BOMBACOIDEAE, 247

Gardenia erubescens Stapf & Hutch. RUBIACEAE, 53

Givotia madagascariensis Baill. EUPHORBIACEAE, 141

Glycene max (L.) Merr. LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE (soy or soyabean), 389

Gnidia kraussiana Meisn. THYMELAEACEAE, 90

Gossypium L. MALV.-MALVOIDEAE (cotton), 221

GRAMINEAE Caruel, 323

Grevillea R.Br. ex J.Knight PROTEACEAE, 224, 304

Grewia L. MALV.-GREWIOIDEAEG. bicolor Juss., 198G. villosa Willd., 198

Guiera senegalensis Gmel. COMBRETACEAE, 78, 98

Hallea inermis (Willd.) ANACARDIACEAE, 286

Haplocoelum inoploeum Radlk. SAPINDACEAE, 309

Helianthus annuus L. COMPOSITAE, 120Helichrysum Miller COMPOSITAE, 325Helipterum DC. ex Lindl. = Helichrysum

COMPOSITAE, 325Heteropogon Pers. GRAMINEAE, 284Hibbertia Andrews DILLENIACEAE, 308Hibiscus L. MALV.-MALVOIDEAE, 221,

226H. tiliaceus L., 41

Holarrhenia pubescens (Buch,-Ham.) G.Don APOCYNACEAE, 140

Howea Becc. PALMAE, 334Hyparrhenia Andersson ex Fourn.

GRAMINEAE, 285Hyphaene petersiana Mart. PALMAE, 230

H. thebaica (L.) Mart., 363H. ventricosa Kirk = H. petersiana, 230

Indigofera bracteolata DC. LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE, 95

Iphigenia Kunth COLCHICACEAE, 325Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

CONVOLVULACEAE (sweet potato), 218

Isoberlinia Craib & Stapfen Holland LEG.-CAESALPINIOIDEAE, 320

Julbernardia Pellegr. LEG.-CAESALPINIOIDEAE, 279

J. globiflora (Benth.) Troupin, 278

Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw. CRASSULACEAE, 105

Keraudrenia J.Gay MALV.-BYTTNERIOIDEAE, 308

Khaya A.Juss. MELIACEAE, 90, 282, 320K. senegalensis (Desr.) A.Juss., 89, 201


Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. BIGNONIACEAE, 72

K. aethiopum (Fenzl) Dandy = K. africana, 72

K. pinnata (Jacq.) DC. = K. africanaKirkia Oliv. SIMAROUBACEAE, 280Kostermansia Soegeng MALV.-

?HELICTEROIDEAE, 247

Lantana camara L. VERBENACEAE, 286Laurus nobilis L. LAURACEAE (laurel), 9Lawsonia inermis L. LYTHRACEAE

(henna), 284LEGUMINOSAE, 140Leonotis microphylla Skan COMPOSITAE,

105Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.

ASCLEPIADACEAE, 289Lodoicea maldivica (J.F.Gmel.) Pers.

PALMAE (coco-de-mer), 328Loranthus mechowii sensu auct. non Engl. =

Tapinanthus malacophyllusLORANTHACEAE, 223Lycopersicon esculentum Miller

SOLANACEAE (tomato), 225Lysiphylum (Benth.) De Wit LEG-

CAESALPINIOIDEAE, 303L. cunninghamii (Benth.) De Wit = Bauhinia

cunninghamii, 236, 303

Macrotyloma geocarpum (Harms) Maréchal & Baudet LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE (Kersting’s groundnut), 75

Maerua angolensis DC. CAPPARACEAE, 289

Malva L. MALV.-MALVOIDEAE, 192, 218, 246, 247

MALVACEAE Juss., 26, 194, 221, 228, 245ff, 312, 316

subfamily BOMBACOIDEAE Burnetttribe Adansonieae Benth., 139, 169,

183, 195, 199, 218, 226, 231, 246ff, 268, 308, 309, 312ff

tribe Ochromeae Horan., 247subfamily BROWNLOWIOIDEAE Burret,

246, 247subfamily BYTTNERIOIDEAE Burnett,

247subfamily DOMBEYOIDEAE Beilschm.,

246, 247subfamily GREWIOIDEAE Hochr., 246

subfamily HELICTEROIDEAE (Schott & Endl.) Meisn., 246, 247

subfamily MALVOIDEAE Burnett, 192, 218, 246ff, 316

tribe Matisieae K.Schum., 247subfamily STERCULIOIDEAE Burnett,

140, 218, 226, 247subfamily TILIOIDEAE Arn., 246, 316

MALVALES, 199, 245–247/Bombacoideae clade, 247/Brownlowioideae clade, 247/Byttnerina clade, 246, 247/Byttneroideae clade, 246, 247/Dombeyoideae clade, 246, 247/Grewioideae clade, 246, 247/Helicteroideae clade, 246, 247/Malvadendrina clade, 246, 247/Malvatheca clade, 246, 247/Malvoideae clade, 247/Sterculioideae clade, 247/Tilioideae clade, 247

Mangifera indica L. ANAC ARDIACEAE (mango), 285

Manihot glaziovii Müll.Arg. EUPHORBIACEAE (Ceará rubber), 124

Manilkara sulcata (Engl.) Dubard SAPOTACEAE, 207

Matisia Bonpl. MALV.-MALVOIDEAE, 247

Melaleuca L. MYRTACEAE (paper-bark), 45, 112, 304

M. acacioides F.Muell., 303M. argentea W.Fitz.(cadjeput), 303M. minutifolia F.Muell., 304

Mentha L. LABIATAE (mint), 88Milicia excelsa (Welw.) C.C.Berg

MORACEAE, 287Mitracarpus scaber Zucc. = M. villosus

RUBIACEAEM. villosus (Sw.) DC., 94

Mitragyna inermis (Wild.) Kuntze RUBIACEAE, 98

MORACEAE, 140Moringa drouhardii Jum. MORINGACEAE,

141Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. LEG.-

PAPILIONOIDEAE (velvet bean), 221

Musa × paradisiaca L. MUSACEAE (plantain), 11

M. textilis Née, 118 Myrothamnus flabellifolia Welw.

MYROTHAMNACEAE, 92


Nauclea orientalis (L.)L. RUBIACEAE (Leichhardt pine),303

Neesia Blume MALV.-?HELICTEROIDEAE, 247

Nothofagus Blume FAGACEAE, 323–325

Ochroma Sw. ?MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 247

Olea europea L. subsp. cuspidata (Wall. ex DC.) Ciferri OLEACEAE (wild olive), 72

O. chrysophylla Lam. = O. europea subsp. cuspidata, 72

Ophelus sitularius Lour. = Adansonia digitata MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 21, 233, 254

Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud. SANTALACEAE, 91

Pachira Aubl. MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 183, 194

Pachycormus discolor (Benth.) Coville ex Standley ANACARDIACEAE (elephant tree), 140, 353

Pachypodium Lindl. APOCYNACEAE, 140, 141

Pandanus Parkinson PANDANACEAE (screw pine), 304

Panicum kalaharense Mez GRAMINEAE, 105

Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Don LEG.-MIMOSOIDEAE, 69, 72, 370

Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke = P. glaucum GRAMINEAE, 89

P. glaucum (L.) R.Br. (bulrush millet), 69, 89, 96, 221

Phaseolus L. LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE, 221

Phoenix dactylifera L. PALMAE (date), 3Phragmotheca Cuartrec. MALV.-

MALVOIDEAE, 247Phyllanthus emblica L. EUPHORBIACEAE

(emblic), 88Piper longum L. PIPERACEAE (Indian long

pepper), 88Plantago afra L. PLANTAGINACEAE

(psillium), 13Plectranthus pungens (R.Br.) C.E. Hubbard

GRAMINEAE, 303POLYGONACEAE, 109

Portulaca oleracea L. PORTULACACEAE (purslane), 30

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb ROSACEAE (almond), 357

P. laurocerasus L. (cherry laurel), 15Pseudobombax Dugand MALV.-

BOMBACOIDEAE, 191Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Schweinf.) Harms

MELIACEAE, 89Pterocarpus lucens Guill. & Perr. subsp.

antunesii (Taub.) Rojo, LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE, 78

Patinoa Cuatres ? MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 247

Quararibea Aubl. MALV.-MALVOIDEAE, 247

Rauvolfia dichotoma K.Schum. APOCYANACEAE, 265

Restio Rottb. RESTIONACEAE, 309RESTIONACEAE, 309Rhodanthe Lindl. COMPOSITAE, 325Rhodognaphalon (Ulbr.) Roberty = Bombax

MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 313, 314

Rhodognaphalopsis Robyns = Pachira MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 194, 313, 314

Samanea saman (Jacqi) Merr. = Albizia saman LEG.-MIMOSOIDEAE, 221, 309

Schizachyrium Nees GRAMINEAE, 285Scleronema Benth. MALV.-

BOMBACOIDEAE, 194, 313Scorodophloeus fischeri (Taub.) J.Léonard)

LEG.-CAESALPINIOIDEAE, 207Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen.

POLYGALACEAE, 89, 90, 95Solanum melongena L. SOLANACEAE

(aubergine, egg plant), 225S. tuberosum L. (potato), 382

Sorghum Moench. GRAMINEAE, 303, 304

S. bicolor (L.) Moench. (guinea corn, sorghum), 69, 73, 121, 221

Spermacoce verticillata L. RUBIACEAE, 86Spinacia oleracea L. CHENOPODIACEAE

(spinach), 382


Spinifex L. GRAMINEAE, 303Sporobolus R.Br. GRAMINEAE, 303Sterculia L. MALV.-STERCULIOIDEAE, 280

S. appendiculata K.Schum., 89, 287S. quinqueloba (Garcke) K.Schum., 230S. rhynchocarpa K.Schum., 198S. setigera Del., 95, 96, 230, 282, 368S. stenocarpa H.Winkl., 89

STERCULIACEAE (DC.) Bartl. = MALV.-STERCULIOIDEAE, 245–247

Strophanthus DC. APOCYNACEAE, 95Strychnos spinoa Lam., LOGANIACEAE,

286Swietenia senegalensis Desr. = Khaya

senegalensis MELIACEAE, 89Syncarpa DC. COMPOSITAE, 325Syringa vulgaris L. OLEACEAE (syringa),

15

Tamarindus indica L. LEG.-CAESALPINIOIDEAE (tamarind), 17, 64, 70, 87, 88, 282, 284, 357, 365

Tapinanthus malacophyllus (Engl. & K. Krause) Danser LORANTHACEAE, 223

Taraxacum officinale Weber ex Wigg sensu lato COMPOSITAE (common dandelion), 337

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE, 89

Terminalia L. COMBRETACEAE, 305, 306T. catappa L. (Barbados almond), 357T. ferdinandiana Exell, 387T. prunioides Laws., 230, 288T. spinosa Engl., 283T. platyphylla F.Muell. (wild plum), 236

Theobroma cacao L. MALV.-STERCULIODEAE (cocoa), 221

TILIACEAE Juss. = MALV.-TILIOIDEAE, 245–247

TILIALES = MALV.-TILIOIDEAE, 247Tillandsia usneoides L. BROMELIACEAE

(Spanish or Florida moss, old man’s beard), 223

Trema guineensis (Schumach. & Thonn.) Ficalho = T. orientalis ULMACEAE, 265

T. orientalis (L.) Blume, 265Triodia R.Br. GRAMINEAE, 305

T. intermedia Cheel, 303T. wiseana C.A.Gardner, 303

Triraphis R.Br. GRAMINEAE, 308Tulipa L. LILIACEAE (tulip), 15

Vicia faba L. LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE (broad bean), 8

Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc. LEG.-PAPILIONOIDEAE (Bambara groundnut), 75

Viscum L. VISCACEAE (mistletoe), 223, 224VITACEAE, 140Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. f.

SAPOTACEAE (shea butter tree), 91, 95, 100, 370

Waltheria indica L. MALV.-STERCULIOIDEAE, 94

Wurmbea Thunb. COLCHICACEAE, 325

Ximenia americana L. OLACACEAE, 221

Zea mays L. GRAMINEAE (maize), 221Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. RHAMNACEAE,

78

1.2 Fossil Angiosperms

Bombacoxylon Kräusel MALV.-BOMBACOIDEAE, 316

B. galetti Beauchamp & Lemoigne, 316B. owenii (Carruthers) Gottwald, 316Bombacacidites Couper MALV.-

BOMBACOIDEAE, 312, 316B. bombaxoides Couper, 316

Camptostemon Mast. MALV.-MALVOIDEAE, 316

Dombeyoxylon Schenk MALV.-STERCULIOIDEAE

D. owenii sensu Koeniguer non (Carruthers) Kraüsel = Bombacoxlyn owenii, 316


2 Gymnosperms

ARAUCARIACEAE, 223 Callitris columellaris F.Muell.

CUPRESSACEAE, 305Podocarpus L’Hér. ex Pers.

PODOCARPACEAE, 323

Welwitschia bainsii (Welw.) Carrière = W. mirabilis WELWITSCHIACEAE, 134

W. mirabilis Hook. f., 134, 288

3 Fungi

Antennulariella Woron ASCOMYCOTA (sooty mould), 225

Aspergillus niger van Tiegh. ASCOMYCOTA, 85, 225

Aureobasidium Viala & Boyer = Kabatiella ASCOMYCOTA, 225

Botryodiplodia Sacc. ASCOMYCOTA, 225B. rhodina (Cooke) Arx = Lasiodiplodia

theobromae, 225Botryosphaeria rhodina (Berk. & Curtis)

Arx, teleomorph of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, 225

Calonectria rigidiuscula (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. = Nectria rigidiuscula ASCOMYCOTA, 221

Candida albicans (C.P.Robin) Berkhout ASCOMYCOTA, 85

Coriolopsis strumosa (Fr.) Ryvarden BASIDIOMYCOTA, 224

Cryptococcus neoformans (Sanfelice) Vuill. ASCOMYCOTA, 85

Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De Not. ASCOMYCOTA, 224

Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans telemorph of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, 225

Epidermophyton floccosum (Harz) Langeron & Miloch ASCOMYCOTA, 85

Fusarium Link ASCOMYCOTA, 225Glomus Tul. & C.Tul. ZYGOMYCOTA,

163, 333Kabatiella Bubák ASCOMYCOTA, 225Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon &

Maubl. ASCOMYCOTA, 225Lentinus Fr. BASIDIOMYCOTA, 224Leveillula taurica (Lév.) G.Arnaud

ASCOMYCOTA (powdery mildew), 225

Microsporum canis E.Bodin ex Guég. ASCOMYCOTA, 85, 323

Nectria rigidiuscula Berk. & Broome ASCOMYCOTA

Nematospora Peglion ASCOMYCOTA, 219

Neurospora crassa Shear & B.O.Dodge ASCOMYCOTA

Penicillium crustosum Thom = P. solitum var. crustosum ASCOMYCOTA, 85

P. solitum Westling var. crustosum (Thom) Bridge, D.Hawksw., Kozak, Onions, R.R.M. Paterson & Sackin, 85

Phyllosticta Pers. ASCOMYCOTA (leaf blight), 225

Polystictus luteo-olivaceus (Berk. & Broome) Cooke = Coriolopsis strumosa BASIDIOMYCOTA, 224

Rhizopus Ehrenb. ZYGOMYCOTA, 388

R. oligosporus Salto, 388Roccella tinctoria DC. ASCOMYCOTASaccharomyces cerevisiae Meyen ex Hansen

ASCOMYCOTA, 85Trametes socrotrna Cooke

BASIDIOMYCOTA, 224Trichophyton mentagrophytes (C.P.Robin)

R.Blanch. ASCOMYCOTA, 85T. rubrum (Castell.) Sabour., 85

Volvaria Quél. = Volvariella BASIDIOMYCOTA, 224

V. esculenta Massee = Volvariella esculenta, 224

V. volvacea (Bull.) Fr. = Volvariella volvaceae, 224

Volvariella Speg. BASIDIOMYCOTA, 224

V. esculenta (Massee) Singer, 224V. volvacea (Bull. ex Fr.) Singer & Wasser

(paddy straw mushroom), 224


4 Animals

4.1 Mammals

Aepyceros melampus (Lichtenstein) (impala), 208

Ammotragus lervia (Pallas) (Barbary sheep), 32

Artibeus jamaicensis Leach (Jamaican fruit-eating bat), 172, 208

Bos indicus L. = B. taurusB. taurus L. (zebu cattle), 79, 105, 231

Camelus dromedarius L. (camel), 32Capra hircus L. (domesticated goat), 231Cardiodertma cor (Peters) (heart-nosed or

African false vampire bat), 207Cercopithecus albogularis Sykes (Sykes’s

monkey), 207C. mitis Wolf subsp. labiatus I. Geoffroy

(samango monkey), 180CERVIDAE (deer), 208Cheirogaleus medius E.Geoffroy (fat-tailed

dwarf lemur), xxiv, 172, 175, 209Chlorocebus aethiops L. (vervet or grivet

monkey), 207C. subaeus (L.) (green monkey), 207

Colobus angolensis palliates Peters (Tanzanian black colobus monkey), 207

Cryptoprocta ferox Bennett (fossa), 211Cynopterus sphinx Vahl (greater short-nosed

bat), 171Diceros bicornis L. (black rhino), 208Eidolon dupreanum Schlegal (Malagascar

straw-coloured fruit bat), 173, 174, 210

E. helvum Kerr (straw-coloured fruit bat), 169–170

subsp. helvum, 169subsp. sabaeum Andersen, 169

Eliurus myoxinus Milne-Edwards (western tuft-tailed rat), 211

Epomorphus Bennet, 207E. crypturus (Peters) (Peters’s epauletted

fruit bat), 207E. gambianus (Oligby) (Gambian

epauletted fruit bat), 170, 207subsp. crypturus Peters , 170subsp. gambiensis (Gambian

epauletted fruit bat), 207E. wahlbergi Sundevall (Wahlberg’s

epauletted fruit bat), 207

Eulemur coronatus (Gray) (crowned lemur), 209

E. fulvus E.Geoffroy (brown lemur), 182, 210

GALAGONIDAE Gray (bushbabies), 171Galago crassicaudatus E.Geoffroy =

Otolemur crassicaudatus (greater bushbaby), 171

G. senegalensis E.Geoffroy (West African lesser bushbaby), 78, 98

Genetta C.Cuvier (genets), 208Giraffa camelopardalis (L.) (giraffe), 208Glossophaga E.Geoffroy (bat), 177Hipposideros caffer (Sundevall) (leaf-nosed

bat), 207Hyaena hyaena (L.) (striped hyaena), 208Hypogeomys antimena A.Grandidier (giant

jumping rat), 211HYSTRICIDAE G.Fischer (porcupine), 208Hystrix africaeaustralis Peters (Cape or

crested porcupine), 208H. cristata L. (North African crested

porcupine), 208Lasiurus cinereus semotus H. Allen

(Hawaiian hoary bat), 172Lemur coronatus Guy = Eulemur coronatus,

209Lepilemur ruficaudatis Grandidier

(red-tailed sportive lemur), 210Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach) (African

elephant), 179, 204Macroglossus F.Cuvier (blossom bat), 177

M. minimus Geoffroy, 172subsp. pygmaeus Andersen, 177

Macropus agilis Gould (agile wallaby), 185M. robustus Gould (common wallaroo or

euro), 186M. rufus Desmarest (red kangaroo), 185

MEGACHIROPTERA Dobson (megabats), 167, 169

Mellivora capensis (Schreber) (honey badger, ratel), 119, 208

Microcebus coquereli (A.Grandidier) = Mirza coquereli

M. murinus (J.F. Miller) (grey dwarf lemur), 209

Micropteropus pusillis Peters (Peters’s dwarf epauletted fruit bat), 170, 207


Mirza coquereli Gray (Coquerel’s dwarf [mouse] lemur), 173, 209, 334

MURIDAE Illiger (rats and mice), 211subfamily MURINAE Illiger (Old World

rats and mice), 211subfamily NESOMYINAE Major

(Madagascan rats and mice), 211Nanonycteris veldkampii Jentink (Veldkamp’s

dwarf epauletted bat), 170Orycteropus afer (Pallas) (ant-bear or

aardvark), 77Otolemur crassicaudatus (E.Geofroy)

(greater bushbaby), 171, 208Pan troglodytes (Blumenbach) (common

chimpanzee), 179, 206Panthera pardus (L.) (leopard), 208Papio Endeben (baboons), 179, 182, 206Paraxerus Forsyth Major (bush squirrels), 208Petrogale Gray (rock wallabies), 186, 211

P. brachyotis Gould (short-eared rock wallaby), 186

PHALANGERIDAE Thomas (possums), 129Phaner furcifer Blainville (fork-markeded

lemur), xxvii, 172, 173, 209P. furcifer electromontis Groves &

Tattersall (amber mountain fork-marked lemur), 174, 209

P. furcifer pallescens Groves & Tattersall (pale fork-marked lemur), xxv, 175, 177, 209

Potamochoerus larvatus F.Cuvier (potamochere or bush pig), 182, 208, 211, 292

Propithecus Endeben (leaf-eating lemur), 177, 209

P. verreauxi A.Grandidier (Verreaux’s sifaka), 177, 210

PTEROPODIDAE (fruit bats), 167, 169, 212, 324

Pteropus Brisson (megabats), 167, 207P. rufus Geoffroy (Malagasar flying fox or

fruit bat, or fanihy), 174, 210P. seychellensis Milne-Edwards subsp.

comorensis Nicoll (Comoros lesser flying fox), 172, 176, 210

P. voeltzkowi Matschie (Pemba fruit bat), 207

Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout) (brown rat)R. rattus L. (black or house rat), 211RODENTIA Bowdiche (rodents), 208Rousettus Gray (megabats), 167, 170

R. egyptiacus Geoffroy (dog bat or Egyptian rousette bat), 170, 171, 207

subsp. aegyptiacus (Egyptian rousette), 170

subsp. arabicus Anderson (Arabian rousette bat), 170

subsp. leachii Smith (Cape rousette bat), 170

subsp. unicolor Gray (West African rousette bat), 170

R. leschenaulti Desmarest (Leschenault’s rousette bat), 171, 208

R. madagascariensis Grandidier (Malagascar rousette bat), 210

Tachyglossus aculeatus Shaw (echidna, spiny anteater), 129

Taurotragus oryx (Pallas) (kudu), 179, 208Thallomys Thomas (acacia rats), 208Tragelaphus angasi Gray (nyala), 208

T. strepsiceros (Pallas) (kudu), 208VESPERTILIONIDAE (evening bats), 172Wyulda squamicaudata Alexander (scaly-

tailed possum), 211Xerus Hemprich & Ehrenberg (African

ground squirrels), 208

4.2 Fossil mammals

Hadropithecus (lemur), 291Hippopotamus amphibious standini Monnier

& Lamberton = H. laloumena, 292

H. laloumena Faure & Guérin (hippopotamus), 292

H. lemerlei A. Grandidier, 292

4.3 Birds

Aegotheles cristatus Shaw (Australian owlet-nightjar), 66, 216

Agapornis canus (Gmelin) (grey-headed lovebird), 214

A. fischeri Reichenow (Fischer’s lovebird), 212

A. personata Reichenow (yellow-collard lovebird), 212


ALCEDINIDAE (kingfishers), 212Anaplectes rubriceps (Sundevall) (red-

headed weaver), 213Aptenodytes patagonicus Miller (king

penguin), 329Apus Scopali (swifts), 212Aquila audax Latham (wedge-tailed eagle),

66A. wahlbergi Sundevall (Wahlberg’s

eagle), 212Ardea naveliohollandiiae Latham

(white-faced heron), 216Asio madagascariensis (A.Smith)

(Madagascar long-eared owl), 214Bubalornis albirostris (Vieillot)

(buffalo-weaver), 213B. niger A.Smith (red-billed

buffalo-weaver), 213Bubo lacteus (Temminck) (giant, milky or

Verreaux’s eagle owl), 212Bucorvus leadbeateri (Vigors) (southern

ground hornbill), 213BUCEROTIDAE (hornbills), 212Buteo brachypterus Hartlaub (Madagascar

buzzard), 214Cacatua sanguinea Gould (little corella,

‘white’ cockatoo), 216Calyptorhynchus banksii (Latham)

(red-tailed black cockatoo), 64CAPITONORIDAE (barbets), 212Certhionyx pectoralis Gould (banded

honey-eaters), 178Circaetus cinereus Vieillot (brown

harrier eagle, brown snake eagle), 212

C. pectoralis Smith (black-chested snake eagle), 212

Coracopsis nigra L. (Greater Vasa parrot), 214

C. vasa Shaw (Lesser Vasa parrot), 214CORACIIDAE (rollers), 212, 215CORVIDAE (crows), 214Corvus albus Müller (pied crow), 215

C. orru Bonaparte (Australian crow), 215Cosmopsarus unicolor Shelley (ashy

starling), 212Cuculus canorus L. (cuckoo), 214Dicrurus L. (drongo), 214

D. adsimilis Bechstein (forked-tailed drongo), 213

D. forficatus (L.) (crested drongo), 215Dinemellia dinemelli (Ruppell) (white-

headed buffalo weaver), 213

Eurostopodus argus Harlet (spotted nightjar), 66

Eurystomus glaucurus (Müller) (broad-billed roller), 215

Falco cenchroides Vigors & Horsfield (Nankeen kestrel), 216

F. concolor Temminck (sooty falcon), 215F. newtoni (Gurney) (Malagascar kestel),

214F. zoniventris Peters (banded kestrel), 214

Falculea palliata Geoffroy St.-Hilaire (sickle-billed vanga), 214, 215

Gracula religiosa L. (myna), 214Grallina cyanoleuca Latham (magpie lark),

215Grus rubicunda Perry (brolga, Australian

crane), 66Haliaeetus vociferoides Desmurs

(Madagascar fish eagle), 214Hamirostra melanosternon (Gould)

(black-breasted buzzard), 216Hirundo senegalensis L. (mosque swallow),

213Indicator indicator (Sparrman) (greater

honey-guide), 60, 213Lamprotornus superbus Ruppell (superb

starling), 213Leptoptilos crumeniferus (Lesson) (Marabou

stork), 212Leptosomus discolor (Hermann) (cuckoo

roller), 215Lichenostomus plumulosous Gould

(grey-fronted honey-eater), 178L. virescens Vieillot (singing

honey-eater), 178Lichmera indistincta Vigors & Horsfield

(brown honey-eater), 178Manorinia flavigula Gould (yellow-throated

miner), 178MEGAPOIDES (jungle fowl), 324MELIPHAGIDAE (honey-eaters), 178, 216Merops L. (bee-eaters), 213Milvus migrans (Boddaert) (forked-tail or

black kite), 215, 216Neafrapus boehmi (Schalow) (Boehm’s

spinetail), 213Nectarinia notata Müller (Malagascar green

sunbird), 173, 175, 215N. souimanga Gmelin (Souimanga

sunbird), 173, 176, 215NECTARINIIDAE (sunbirds), 214, 215Ninox Hodgson (owls), 65ORIOLIDAE (orioles), 214


Otus rutilus (Pucheran) (Malagascar scops owl), 214

Pandion haliaetus (L.) (osprey or sea eagle), 216

P. leucocephalus Gould. = Pandion haliaetus, 216

Pelecanus onocratalus L. (great white or rosy pelican), 212

Philemon citreogularis Gould (little friarbird), 178

PLOCEIDAE (weavers), 215Ploceus nelicourvi (Scopoli) (Nelicourvi

weaver), 215P. sakalava Hartlaub (Sakalava weaver),

215Poicephalus fuscicollis-suahelicus

(Reichenow) (greyheaded parrot), 212

P. meyeri (Cretzschmar) (brown or Meyer’s parrot), 213

P. rufiventris (Ruppell) (orange-bellied parrot), 212

Polyboroides radiatus (Scopoli) (harrier hawk), 214

Polihierax semitorquatus (A.Smith) (pygmy falcon), 213

Pomatostomus temporalis Vigors & Horsfield (grey-crowned babbler), 215

PSITTACIDAE (parrots and lovebirds), 212

Sagittarius serpentarius Miller (secretary bird), 212

Schetba rufa (L.) (rufous vanga), 215Scopus umbretta Gmelin (hammerkop), 212Serinus mozambicus (Müller) (yellow-

fronted canary), 213Sturnus vulgaris L. (starling), 15, 214Taeniopygia guttata Vieillot (zebra finch), 216Tauraco eythrolophus (Viellot) (red-crested

touraco), 212Telacanthura ussheri stictilaema

(Reichenow) (mottled or mottle-throated spinetail), 213, 230

Terathopius ecaudatus (Daudin) (bateleur hawk), 212

Tockus erythrorhynchus (Teminck) (red-billed hornbill), 212

T. flavirostris (Ruppell) (yellow-billed hornbill), 212

Trichoglossus rubritorquis Vignors & Horsfield (red-collared lorikeets), 178

Treron australis (L.) (Malagascar green pigeon), 215

Tyto alba (Scopoli) (barn owl), 212, 214Upupa epops (L.) (hoopoe), 215Vanga curvirostris (L.) (hook-billed vanga),

215Zosterops lutea Gould (yellow white-eyes),

215

4.4 Fossil birds

Aepyornis (elephant birds), 188, 277, 292, 329A. maximus Geoffroy, 182, 329

Archaeolemur (sloth lemur), 227, 291

DROMORNITHIDAE (mihirungs), 185Stephanoaetus mahery Goodman (crowned

eagle), 182

4.5 Fishes

Neoceratodus forsteri (Krefft) (Australian lungfish), 68

Scleropages leichardtii Gunther (spotted bonytongue), 68

4.6 Reptiles

Acrantophis madagascariensis (Duméril & Bibron) (Madagascan ground boa), 217

Aspidites melanocephalus Krefft (black-headed python), 65

Chamaeleo dilepis Leach (flap-necked chameleon), 217

Dendroaspis Schleged (mamba), 108, 216Dispholidus typus (A.Smith) (boomslang),

216


Adansonia sensu Bonnet nomen nudum = Theridium, 218

A. rupestris sensu Bonnet non Saville-Kent, nomen ambiguum, 218

Agrius convolvuli L. (hawk moth), xxvi, 178Analeptes trifasciata Fabricius (longhorn

beetle), 221Anepisceptus horridus (Burm.) (long-horned

grasshopper), 219Apis mellifera L. (honey bee), 60, 173, 178

A. mellifera unicolor Latr. (African bee), 60, 222

ARACHNIDA (spiders), 218ARANEIDAE (orb-weaving spiders), 218Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (white fly), 226Cerambyx L. (capricorn beetle), 221Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann)

(Mediterranean fruit fly), 222Ceresium minor Blackburn (beetle),

178, 222Cherax quadricarinatus (Martens) (red claw

crayfish), 68CHILOPODA (centipedes), 219Coelonia brevis Rothschild & Jordan (short-

tongued hawk moth), xxv, 176, 222Coelonia solanii (Boisduval) (long-tongued

hawk moth), 174, 176, 222COLEOPTERA (beetles), 220Crematogaster striatula Emery (ant), 226CULICIDAE (mosquitoes), 222Cyclops Muller (water fleas), 91Diparopsis castanea Hampson (Sudan

bollworm), 172, 221

DIPTERA (true flies), 222Distantiella theobroma (Dist.) (cocoa

capsid), 221Dysdercus fasciatus Signoret, 219, 220

D. flavidus Signoret, 220D. nigrofasciatus Stål, 220D. superstitiosus Fabricius, 219

Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (mealybug), 226

Earias Lep. (bollworms), 222E. biplaga Walker (spiny bollworm),

172, 221E. huegeliana Gaede (rough bollworm),

221E. perhuegeli Holloway, 221

EMBIOPTERA (web spinners), 219Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) (mealybug), 226Gonimbrasia berlina Westwood (emperor

moth, mopane moth, mopane worm), 222

HALICTIDAE (sweat bees), 222Heliothis armigera Hubn. (cotton bollworm,

corn ear-worm, gram caterpillar), 172, 221

HYMENOPTERA (ants, bees and wasps), 172, 222

Hypotrigona Cockerell (sweat bees), 222ISOPTERA (termites), 219LEPIDOPTERA (butterflies and moths),

221, 222Lophostethus dumolini Angas (arrow sphinx,

prisoner sphinx ), 221Mantidae (praying mantis), 219

4.7 Amphibians

Heleioporus psammophilus Lee & Main (sand frog), 66

Litoria coerulea White (green tree frog), 217

4.8 Arthropods

Gecko Laurenti (Gekkonidae), 217Hemidactylus platycephalus (Peters)

(Baobab gecko), 217Micrelaps boettgeri Boulenger = M. vaillanti

M. vaillanti Mocquard (desert black-headed snake), 216

Naja haje Merrem (Egyptian cobra), 216Pseudechis australis (Gray) (king brown or

mulga snake), 65

Python Daudin (python), 216Sanzinia madagascariensis (Duméril &

Bibron) (Madagascan tree boa), 217

SCINCIDAE (skinks), 217TESTUDINAE (land tortoise), 217VARANIDAE (goanna, monitor lizard), 217Varanus Merrem, 217

V. niloticus (L.) (Nile monitor lizard), 217


4.9 Echinoderms

Holothuria L. (sea cucumbers or slugs, trepangs), 27, 42

4.10 Molluscs

Adansonia Pallary, 263Chauvetia Monterosato (buccinid snail),

263

Donovania Bucquoy Dautzenberg & Dollfus subgen. Adansonia Pallary = Chauvetia, 263

Melipona Illger (sweat bees), 222Meranoplus magrettii André (ant), 222Mussidia nigrivenella Ragonot (ear borer), 221Neodysdercus intermedius Dist. (cotton

stainer), 219Nephele comma Hopffer (hawk moth), xxiii,

173, 222Odontomachus Latreille (ants), 222Odontopus exsanguinis (Gerstäcker)

(cotton-stainers), 219O. sexpunctatus Laporte, 219

ORTHOPTERA (grasshoppers, crickets and allies), 219, 370

Oxycarenus albipennis (Fallén) (cotton-stainer), 219

Panogena jasmini (Boisduval) (hawk moth), 176, 222

Planococcoides njalensis Laing (mealybug), 226

PHASMIDA (stick insects), 219Phonoctonus lutescens Guerin-Meneville &

Percheron (assassin-bug), 220Plenococcus Schmutterer (mealybugs), 226Podagrica Chevrolat (flea beetles), 220, 226

P. puncticollis Weise, 220PSEUDOCOCCOIDAE (mealybugs), 226

Pseudococcus longispinus (Targoni Tozzetti) (long-tailed mealy bug), 226

P. njalensis Laing (cocoa mealybug), 226PSYCHIDAE (mason moth), 222Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) (mango

mealybug), 221, 226Sahlberella singularis Hagl (cocoa capsid), 221Salagena Walker (wood-boring moths), 221SCARABAEIDAE (scarab beetles), 221Schistocerca gregaria (Forssk.) (desert

locust), 370Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. (maize weavil), 122SPHINGIDAE (hawk moths), 168, 169, 222Stigmodera rufolimbata (Carter) (jewel

beetle), 221Tectocoris diophthalmus (Thunberg) (cotton

harlequin bug), 221Tetraponera Smith (ant), 222THERIDIIDAE (theridiid spiders), 263Theridium (theridiid spider), 218Trigona Jurine (stingless or sweat bees),

173, 222Xanthopan morgani (Walker) (sphinx moth),

175, 222Zonocerus variegarus L. (elegant

grasshopper), 219

4.11 Nematodes

Dracunculus medinensis L. (guinea-worm nematode), 91

Meloidogyne (root-knot nematode), 218

M. incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, 218Rotylenchulus reniformis Linf. & Oliv.

(reniform nematode), 218


4.12 Protozoa

Entamoeba histolytica Schaudin (amoebic dysentery protozoa), 85

Plasmodium falciparum Welch (malarial sporozoa), 84

Trypanosoma brucei brucei Plimmer & Bradford (sleeping sickness protozoa), 82

T. congolense Plimmer & Bradford (African bovine trypanosomosis protozoa), 82

5 Bacteria

Bacillus Cohn, 388B. subtilis (Erhrenberg) Cohn., 85

Escherichia coli (Migula) Castellani & Chalmers, 85

Klebsiella pneumoniae (Schroeter) Trevisan, 85

Lactobacillus acidophilus Johnson, Phelp, Cummins, London & Gasser, 389

L. casei (Orla-Jenson) Hansen & Lessel, 389L. fermentatum Beijerinck, 389L. plantarum (Orla-Jensen) Berger,

Harrison, Breed, Hammer & Huntoon, 389

Lactococcus lactis (Lister) Schleifer, Kraus, Dvorak, Kilpper-Bälz, Collins & Fischer, 389

Mycobacterium leprae (Hansen) Lehmann & Neumann, 85

M. phlei Lehmann & Neumann, 85Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Schroeter)

Migula, 85Salmonella Lignieres, 85, 388

S. typhi (Schroeter) Warren & Scott = Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, 85

S. typhimurium (Loeffler) Castellani & Chalmers, 85

S. enterica (ex Kauffman & Edwards) Le Miner & Popoff , 85

Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach, 85Streptococcus Rosenbach, 85, 388S. faecalis Andrewes & Horder, 85

Subject Index

469

AAbu’l Fazi, 269Adanson, Michel, 13, 18–20, 31, 90, 113,

120, 154, 159, 200, 214Families des Plantes, 135Méthode de Décrire par Articles, 253

adhesive, 124advertisements, 125agricultural crops, 218, 220, 369Aiton, William T., 29Al Bakri, 5

Book of Roads and Kingdoms, 5Albaccario, Stefano 1, 13Albuquerque, Alfonso d’, 22Alluaud, Charles, 25almond substitute, 74Alpino, Prospero, 1, 10–11, 364

De plantis aegypti, 10–12Alvise da Ca’ da Mosto. See CadamostoAlwa Kingdom, Nubia, 49Ancient Egypt (Pharaonic Egypt), 1–3Andersson, Carl J., 35antinutrients, 387, 391, 392antioxidants, 73, 82, 372, 376, 381–383

integral antioxidant capacity, 376, 381, 382

cyclopropenoic fatty acids (CPEFA), 77, 84, 393

Anthony van Diemen’s Land, 27apples, 17, 331, 385Arabs, 2, 13, 21, 41, 49, 61, 102, 104, 267,

282, 363, 364art, 122, 125–129, 135, 248, 257artists, 125, 126, 129, 130, 133aubergine or egg plant, 225Australia Exploring Expedtion, 29, 44, 94,

131, 261Australian Aborigines, 26, 68, 70, 73, 88, 101,

114, 120, 124

awards, 135, 136Aymonin, Gérard-Guy, 26Aymonin, Monique-Rose, 26Azura, G., 6–7

Cronica de Guiné, 6

BBahmani Kingdom, India, 270Baillon, Henri, 24, 133, 256–260

Histoire Naturelle de Madagascar, 24, 257Baines, J. Thomas, 29, 30, 35, 45, 94,

130–134, 157, 262Banks, Joseph, 27–29baobab anatomy

druces, 189fibre, 113, 114, 156, 187, 197, 249, 250funicles, 15, 71, 83, 194, 250, 382–384parenchyma, 112, 115, 117, 139, 140, 143,

187–191, 195stomata, 192, 193

baobab fruitA. digitata, xxiv, xxv, 11, 181, 193

baobab growthA. digitata, 134, 136, 146–148, 150, 151incremental growth, 146, 151, 152, 154

baobab physiology, 197–199baobab phytochemicals, 80, 117, 124,

190–202, 377adansonia flavonoside, 83, 377adansonin, 82, 95, 2017-baueren-3-acetate, 83betulinic acid, 83, 200dehydroxyflavane, 83friedelane, 83kaempherol, 83lupane, 83pectin, 84, 201, 373, 385, 389quercetin, 82, 83, 121, 200

470 Subject Index

baobab phytochemicals (cont.)quercetin-7-O-β-d-xylopyranoside, 82,

121, 200tannin, 79, 82, 83, 121, 190, 191, 201,

202, 378, 388, 389, 391, 392triterpenoids, 83

baobab seed cake, 79baobab seed oil, 76, 77, 199, 201, 374, 392, 393

extractioncold pressing, 76distillation, 76, 124petroleum ether, 76, 82, 122ultrasound, 81, 373seeds (A. digitata), 79, 86, 179, 181,

186, 199, 219, 238, 243, 375, 391baobab seedlings

A. digitata, 145A. grandidieri, 153A. za, 163

baobab woodcutting, 55, 106, 218, 220density, 163, 283durability, 114

specific gravity, 73, 143Baron, Richard

Flora of Madagascar, 25, 26Basedow, Herbert, 43, 71, 74, 106, 112, 124,

128–130bath salts and foams. See toiletryBattuta, Ibn, 5, 6, 103, 106, 123, 269Bauhin, Caspar

Pinax theatri botanici, 16Bauhin, Jean, 15Bauhin, Jean and Cherler, Johann H. Historia

plantorum universalis, 15Baum, David, 23–26, 30, 63, 73, 76, 79, 88,

114, 118, 122, 153, 164, 166–169, 171

beehives, 71, 107, 119Belli, Onorio, 10, 11, 14–16Bellon, Pierre, 13Bennett, George, 74, 80, 94, 106, 131, 270Bernier, Alphonse C. J., 24, 259Besler, Basil, 16

Hortus eystettensis, 16Rariora Musei, 16

bird lime, 120birds, Africa, 212–214

barbets, 212, 214bee-eaters, 213canaries, yellow fronted, 213cuckoo, 214, 215drongo, forked tail, 213eagles, 212

falcons, pygmy falcon, 213guineafowl, 214hammerkop, 212hawks, bateleur hawk, 212honeyguide, black-throated honeyguide,

213hornbills, 212, 213kingfishers, 212lovebirds, 212marabou stork, 212owls, 212, 214parrots, 212, 213pelicans, great white or rosy, 212rollers, 212, 214, 215spinetailes, 213, 230starlings, 212, 213swallows, mosque, 213swifts, 212turaco, red-crested, 212weavers, 213woodpecker, 61, 214

birds, Australiababblers, grey-crowned, 215brolgas (crane), 66buzzards, black-brested, 216cockotoo, black red-tailed, 64corella, little, 216crow, 215eagle, 66, 216emu, 43, 47, 128finches, zebra, 216friarbird, 178heron, white-faced, 216honey-eater, 178kestrel, Nankeen, 216kite, fork-tailed or black, 215lorikeets, red-collared, 178owlet-nightjar, 66, 216sandbird, 66white-eye, yellow, 215

birds, Madagascarbuzzards, Madagascar buzzard, 214crow, pied, 215drongo, crested, 215eagles, Madagascar fish eagle, 214falcon, sooty, 215guineafowl, 214hawks, Madagasar harrier hawk, 214hoopoe, 215kestrels, 214lovebird, grey-headed, 214owls, 212, 214parrots, 214pigeon, Madagascar green, 215

Subject Index 471

rollers, 215sunbirds, xxiv, 173 ff, 215, 268vangas, 215weavers, 215

birds, fossilcrowned eagle, 182elephant bird, 182, 227, 292, 329jungle fowl nests, 324

Bonfield, J.W.B., 35books, 3, 5, 18, 135, 137botanic gardens

Bogor [Buitenzorg] Botanic Garden, Java, 168

Cambridge Botanic Garden, UK, 18, 331Chelsea Physic Garden, UK, 18, 19, 240,

331Durban Botanic Garden, South Africa, 151Fairchild Botanic Garden, Florida, 271Imperial Botanic Garden, Vienna, 14Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, India, 272Île Notre Dame, Paris, 16Jardin botanique, Montpellier, France, 19Jardin Royale, Paris, 16Jardin Tsimbazaza, Madagascar, 271Missouri Botanical Garden, 26Oxford Botanic Gardens, UK, 18Royal Botanic Garden, Peradeniya,

Sri Lanka, 270Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK, 27, 44,

131, 134, 155, 163, 237, 261Boulos, Loutfy, 17, 267boundary markers, 265Bradley, Richard, 18, 331Brazza, Pierre S. de, 32, 137, 285British, 3, 16, 19, 22, 24, 27–30, 32, 38, 39,

82, 111, 113, 123, 133, 229, 261, 262, 268

Broussonet, Pierre, 19, 20Brown, Robert, 6, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 117,

153, 160, 186, 213, 246, 291Bry, de

Collectiones peregrinationum, 23Indiae Orientalis, 23

Bry, Johann T. de, 23Bry, Johann I. de, 23Burkina, Faso, 50, 54, 69, 70, 72, 78, 91, 98,

100, 137, 195, 237, 265Busbecq, Ogier G. de, 331Bushmen rock paintings, 126, 130–133

CCadamosto (Alvise da Ca’ da Mosto), 7Caillié, René, 21

cakes, 75, 224, 372Capuron, René P. R., 26, 259

Essai d’Introduction, 26Cardano, Girolamo, 9, 10

De subtilitate libri, 9, 10De verum varietate, 9Opera omnia, 9

Carthage, 4Carthaginians, 4

Hanno, 4, 5ceramics, 135cereals

bulrush millet, 53, 89, 96, 221finger millet, 69fonio, 75guineacorn (sorghum), 69hungry rice, 72, 96maize, 57, 69, 72, 77, 95, 122, 221,

235, 378millet, 51–53, 69–72, 75, 87, 89, 96, 98,

99, 221, 389sorghum, 34, 69, 71, 75, 121, 221, 303,

304, 391Chabrey, Dominique, 15Chapman, Henry, 35, 131Chapman, James, 35, 131, 151Chapman Pincher, 39Chapotin, Saharah, 115, 143, 144, 153, 160,

162, 198, 335Charles, Prince of Wales, 132Cherler, Johann, 10, 15, 254cherry laurel, 15Chevalier, Auguste J. B., 20, 21, 54, 69, 74,

77, 124, 179–181, 255, 262, 264, 265, 282, 284–286, 289, 318–320, 369, 380

Chiovenda, Emilio, 21, 255, 283Flora Somala, 21, 255

chloroplast genes, 246chorology, 278cinchona, 89, 90, 375citrus, 11, 17, 20, 95, 109climate

Africa, 228, 275t, 276, 282, 284, 288, 295, 320, 321, 333, 335, 369

eco-climate, 273–275Australia, 159, 323–325Madagascar, 159, 228, 274, 295, 297,

321, 325eco-climate, 292–293

Cloudsley-Thompson Anne, 133, 134Clusius, Carolus (Charles de l’Ecluse), 11ff

Exoticorum libri decem, 14Rariorum plantarum historia, 14

472 Subject Index

coagulant, 124coco de mer, 328cocoa, 221, 226, 228, 300coins, 40, 137Compagnie des Indes, 18condiments, 77Confucius, 27

Ch’un-ch’iu, 410Shi zi, 27

conservationRed Data Book, 230

conservation, AfricaBaobab Tree Reserve, 230

conservation, Australia, 236conservation, Madagascar, 231, 232conservation, Sri Lanka, 5, 62, 73, 78, 89, 90,

152, 179, 231, 267, 269, 270, 338, 353, 354, 366

containers, 123, 186, 237continental drift, 307–309Cook, James, 27, 85, 382coolamon, 65, 115Cordoso, Bento, 8Coridou, 25, 258cortex cael cedar, 89, 201cortex cael cedra spurious, 90, 201cosmetics. See toiletriescotton, 118, 159, 172, 218–221, 228, 277, 282Crompton, Huw, 133crustaceans

red claw, 68cucumber, 6, 8, 42, 167cultivation

aftercare, 239, 242, 243bonsai, 243, 244grafting, 242, 332, 388seed storage, 14, 72, 77, 156, 180seed treatment, 391vegetative propagation, 242

Cunha, Tristan da, 22Cunningham, Allan, 27–29, 41, 42, 236, 261,

262, 303, 367

DDapper, Olfert, 8, 16–17, 371

pastiche, 16Darwin, Charles, 31, 43, 48, 105, 236, 265,

271, 272, 302, 304–306, 324, 328Decary, Raymond, 25–26, 105, 260, 296,

297, 300decoration, 122Delile, Raffeneau, 2, 20

Florae aegyptiacae illustratio, 20

Diaz, Denis, 7Die Naturalischen Pflanzenfamilien, 246, 247Dillenius, Johann, 17

Horti elthamensis plantarum, 17Hortus elthamensis, 17

Diogo, Dias, 21diseases. See medicinal usedisjunct distribution, 308, 318–320, 335, 365distribution

Africa, 137, 159, 171, 195, 222, 228, 272, 277, 284, 320

Australia, 26, 27, 29, 42, 65, 66, 71, 74, 82, 101, 106, 110, 119, 122

India, 21, 40, 61, 70, 86, 90, 269Madagascar, 139, 211, 259, 272, 273West Indies, 23, 40, 90, 102, 169, 172,

180, 207, 208, 223, 334, 357DNA, 245, 257, 312, 315, 320, 335Donn, James, 18Drake del Castillo, Emmanuel, 24,

256–258, 260Drovetti, Bernardino M.M., 2, 3Du Puy, Blaise, 26, 68, 73, 77, 79, 183,

184, 203, 209–211, 219, 220, 231, 234–236

Du Puy, David, 26, 292, 293, 295dugout canoes, 22, 113, 114Dutch, 16, 19, 22, 27, 268, 271, 358dye, 121

Eeconomics

domestic economy, 370elite trees, 237, 242, 332, 388emblems, 122, 135emblic myrobalm, 88Emperor Zhu Di, 27

Admiral Hong Bao, 27Admiral Zhou Man, 27

Encyclopedia Britannica, 13executions, 110, 366

Ffamous baobabs, Africa

Baines’s Baobab. Botswana, 230Big Tree, Zambia, 33, 132Brisco Tree, South Afica, 36Buglar’s Tree, Sudan, 32, 37Chapman’s Tree, Botswana, 35Chidzere’s Tree, Zimbabwe, 58Chitako-changonya, Zimbabwe, 34Dakfao baobab, Niger, 32

Subject Index 473

Dorslandboom, Namibia, 36, 334Duiwelskloof Baobab, South Africa, 60Gateway to Gazaland, Zimbabwe, 35Glencoe Baobab, South Africa, 36, 37Green’s Tree, Botswana, 35Grootboom, Namibia, 36, 157, 158, 334Holboom, Namibia, 36Hunter’s Tree, Botswana, 35Kasane Cell Baobab, Botswana, 230King Nashilongo’s Baobab, Namibia, 36Kondanamwali, South Africa, 57Lambaye baobab, Senegal, 32Look-out Tree, Zambia, 33Lugard’s Tree, Nigeria, 32Mahalapye Baobab, Botswana, 229, 230Mahmud’s Tree, Sudan, 37Mlambi, Zambia, 50Muuya waMutota (Mutota’s Baobab),

Zimbabwe, 34Mubuyu Toilet, Caprivi Strip, 39,

109, 110Mubuyudema (Black Baobab of

Tshitashawa), Zimbabwe, 39Murchison’s Club, South Africa, 108Mooketsi or Seboya Baobab, South Africa,

108Muri kunguluwa, South Africa, 36Muuyu waMutato, Zimbabwe, 34Mwankgama Baobab, Botswana, 230Olifantslurpboom, South Africa, 36Patuuyu tusere, Zimbabwe, 34St Maryam dearit, Eritrea, 56Sambu Baobab, Zimbabwe, 59Selous’s Baobab, Tanzania, 229Sir Howard’s Baobab, Namibia, 36Sororo’s Tree, Zimbabwe, 59Tabengwa Baobab, Botswana, 230The Lovers, Zimbabwe, xiv, 35

famous baobabs, AustraliaAutograph Tree, 46Dinner Tree, 44Forrest’s Tree, 42Government Tree, 46Gee, Walter, 47Ghost gum, 224Gregory’s Tree, 44, 46, 66, 131, 236Mermaid Tree Plate 1, xiii, 41, 261Patterson’s Tree, 48Prison Tree, Derby, 43, 44, 110, 112Prison Tree, Wyndham Plate 3, 144Stokes’ boab, 43

famous baobabs, IndiaGorakh, 40Peruleni-pedda-manu (Nameless Tree), 40

famous baobabs, MadagascarArbré Sacré, 63L’Avenue des Baobabs, xiv, 40, 102Jacqueline’s Baobab, 41, 64Les Baobabs Amoureux, 41

famous baobabs, West Indies, 357felling, 235, 283, 285, 291fermenting agent

juice, 72–74, 371purée, 370syrup, 370

Fernandes, Valentin, 7fibre, 113, 115–119, 123

cloth, 55, 56, 136cordage (rope), xviii, 6, 52, 115ff, 234sacking, 118

Firuz Shah, 269Fishes, 68, 74

Flacourt, Étienne de, 23–24Histoire de la Grande Île, 24Flinders, Mathew, 28floral calendars, 62–63

fodder. See livestock feedfolklore

Arab, 49, 50, 54Ashanti, 52, 360Bantu, 50, 58Dogan, 52Gaua, 50, 51Giriama, 56God, 50, 60Great Spirit, 51Gataka, 56Kapisya, 50Kauha, 50Kung Bushmen, 50lepers, 52Mountains of the Moon, 50Odede, 50Oeng-Oeng, 50Paradise, 51Resa, 56San, 51, 58Thora, 51upside-down tree, 50, 64

food and drinkbark, 67, 187cream of tartar, 72, 74drink, 68, 70–75tisane, 70flowers, 70, 78fruit pulp, 71, 384–389leaves

lalo, 69

474 Subject Index

food and drink (cont.)mucilage, 68, 70porridge, 69, 70, 72, 75roots, xvi, 68, 377sauce, 69, 70seed oil, 76, 392–393seeds, 74–76, 237, 239, 389–392snack food, 72tisane, 70

forest mensuration. See mensurationForrest, Alexander, 42, 367fossils

crowned eagle, 182elephant bird, 182, 227, 292giant/sloth lemurs, 182, 291giant tortoises, 292hippopotami, 291jungle fowl nests, 324marsupials, 185reptiles, 185, 216

French, 6, 9, 18, 19, 22, 24, 27, 51fuel, 121–122

charcoal, 121fumigant, 122fungi, Africa, 224–226fungi, Madagascar, 224Funj Kingdom, 49

GGaertner, Joseph, 20, 254, 383

De fructus et seminibus plantarum, 254Galen (Claudius Galenus), 12

De Simplicum, 12Gardner, Charles A., 262Garret, James, 14Gemminger, Johann K. von, 16generic description, 249–250genetic fingerprinting, 335geological time scale

Albian, 309Campanian, 312, 313Cretaceous, 309ff, 316, 317, 321, 323Eocene, 309, 311, 313Hautervian, 309, 312Holocene, 320, 321, 324, 329Jurassic, 308ff, 316Maastrichtian, 312Mesozoic, 310, 329Miocene, 310ff, 316, 317, 320, 323, 326Neogene, 316, 321Oligocene, 311, 312, 316, 321, 323, 325Palaeolithic, 3Paleocene, 309, 313

Permian, 303, 310Pleistocene, 26, 318ff, 324Pleistogene [Quaternary], 317Pliocene, 323, 324Quaternary, 317, 318, 324Santoniam, 312Senonian, 312, 316Tertiary, 310, 313, 316, 321Triassic, 312Valanganian, 309, 312

geological landmassesGondwana (Gondwanaland), 307ff, 325Laurasia, 312Pangaea, 312Tethyan, 312, 313

geology, Africa, 271Atlas system, 277, 309Great African Plateau, 310Great Rift Valley, 310Mega-Chad, 318Tibetan Plateau, 310

geology, AsiaHimalayan system, 310Indian plate, 310Java Trench, 328Tibetan Plateau, 310

geology, Australia, 301geology, Europe

Alpine system, 309geology, Madagascar, 292Gerber, Charles, 15Gesner, Conrad von, 11Ghana Kingdom, 5, 359globe artichoke, 225Gonneville, Jean B P de, 27Graeco-Roman mariners, 21graffiti, 1, 31, 102, 128Grandidier, Alfred, 24, 257ff

Histoire Physique, Naturelle et Politique de Madagascar, 24, 257

Grandidier, Guillaume, 24, 257graves

Foulds, Mathew, 112Kilpatrick, George, 111Livingstone, Mary, 111Pasco, Mary, 47Pigott, 112

Green, Charles, 35Green, Frederick, 35Gregory, Augustus C., 29, 44Grevé, 24, 258, 260Grew, Nehemiah, 16Grey, George, 29griots, 51, 52, 111

Subject Index 475

Guanabanus, 7–10, 14, 15guinea-pigs, 83Guymer, Gordon, 262, 263Groundnut Scheme, 52, 113, 162

HH.M.C. Mermaid, 27, 41Habashi, 269, 270Hebenstreit, Dr., 19Henry the Navigator, 6, 7, 31herbs and spices

cumin, 88mint, 88, 135

Herodotus, Histories, 2HMS Beagle, 29, 31, 43Hochreutiner, Bénédict P. G., 30, 250,

258, 260, 262Hõjer, Johannes C., 254hollow trunks

burial, 8bus shelter, 106chapel, 36, 39, 56, 108churches, 111dairy, 108flush toilet, 39, 109garage, 106, 107kindergarten, 108, 111post office, 36, 38, 108, 109prisons, lock-ups, 32, 43, 44, 109, 110,

112, 144pub, 108school, 59, 71, 84, 125, 379tshelter, 5, 36, 40, 59, 106–109, 111, 112,

133, 171shop, 70, 73, 107, 120, 129, 135, 388shrine, 42, 53, 55, 62, 111, 268smithy, 107, 108stone mason, 107store, 109water storage, 32, 38, 103–105, 140, 143,

146, 161, 198weaver, 5, 106, 213, 215

Holub, Emil, 135, 147Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I, 13, 15Holy Roman Emperor Maxmillian II, 14, 15Hooker, William, 29, 30, 130, 131, 157, 262hoops, 123horsechestnut, 8, 15Horticultural Society of London.

See Royal Horticultural Society

Houtman, Cornelis de, 22Hova Kingdom, 231

Hova (Merina) military government, 24Humbert, Jean-Henri, 25, 26

Flora de Madagascar, 258, 260

IIlha San Lourenço, 21International Code of Botanical

Nomenclature, 21, 248, 263International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature, 263insecticide, 122invertebrates, Africa

ants, 172, 175, 178, 222, 226assassin-bug, 220bees

honey bees, 15, 54, 59, 60, 119, 168, 172, 222

sweat bees, 173, 174, 222beetles, 159, 220, 221, 226bollworms, 172, 221butterflies, 221cocoa capsid, 221cotton-stainers, 219ear borers, 221flea beetles, 220flies, 175blue bottles, 172, 222fruit flies, 122grasshoppers, long-horned, 219locusts, 370maize weavil, 122mealy bug, 221, 226mosquitoes, 54, 104, 122, 222moths, 172

emporer or mopane moth, 222hawk moths, 168, 221

nematodes, 218praying mantis, 219stick insects, 219termites, 30, 122, 179, 219, 220ticks, 60wasps, 172, 222water flea, 91web spiders, 219white flies, 226

invertebrates, Australiaants, 222bees

honey bees, 168, 175, 222sweat bees, 222

beetles, 178, 221butterflies, 221, 224centipedes, 219crickets, 219

476 Subject Index

invertebrates, Australia (cont.)damsel flies, 224dragonflies, 224elegant grasshoppers, 219flies

bluebottles, 222mosquitoes, 122moths

bag moth, 222hawk moths, xxvi, 168, 178, 325

rough bollworm, 221spiders, 218, 219, 263termites, 45, 47, 73, 219wasps, 172, 222

invertebrates, Madagascarbeeshoneybees, 168, 172ff, 208

sweat bees, 173, 176butterflies, 177flies, 175hawk moths, xxiii, xxv, 168, 169,

173ff, 221, 222, 227, 314, 315, 325

termites, 73, 114, 219Island of the Moon, 21

JJackson, G., 55, 134, 143, 264Jansz, Willem B. P. de, 27

Duyfken, 27Jobson, Richard, 417journals, 22, 133, 137, 138Jumelle, Henri L., 25, 256, 258,

260, 297Jusieu, Bernard de, 18, 19, 246, 254

Genera plantarum, 246

Kkey to species, 250–252Kimberley Exploration Expedition,

262King Bädi, 17King Carlo-Felice, 2King George III, 27King Louis XIV, 17King, Phillip P., 41, 261Kirk, John, 133kiwi fruit, 383Kuntze, Carl E.O. Revisio generum

plantarum, 20, 254Kondo, Norio, 105, 134, 137, 161, 187,

189, 190, 217, 224

LLa Grande Île, 23, 24Lamarck, Jean B. A. P. M. de., 20land bridges, 308landmarks, 1, 33, 35, 102, 220laurel, 9, 15Le Noir du Boule, 17legumes

Bambara groundnut, 75beans, 221chick pea, 221ground bean, 75groundnuts, 51, 52, 70, 72, 75, 77, 113,

162, 380, 389jack bean, 221pigeon pea, 221velvet bean, 221

Leo Africanus, 6lilac, 15Linnaean classification/binomial system, 8,

17, 19, 20Linnaeus, Carl, 19, 20, 248, 254

Amoenitates Academicae, 254Demonstrationes plantarum, 254Genera plantarum, 246Demonstrationes plantarum, 254Species plantarum, 20, 248, 249, 254Systema naturae, 248Systema vegetabilium, 254

Lippi, Agostino, 17, 19livestock, 38, 102, 122, 159, 228, 359

camels, 32, 37, 78, 99, 364ffcattle, 4, 79, 80, 98ff, 105, 122, 141, 162,

179, 231, 232, 291donkeys, 79, 99goats, 55, 56, 76, 79, 80, 100,

231, 264horses, 79, 98ff, 108mules, 108pigs, 79poultry (chickens, ducks), 79, 83, 99sheep, 32, 46–47, 79, 80, 98, 100, 185

livestock feed (fodder), 78–80, 105, 109browse, 78–80, 208leaves, 68–70, 77–80seed cake, 79

Livingstone, David, 33, 94, 106, 111, 112, 131, 132, 151, 154–155

Zambezi expedition, 131, 133Lobo, Jerónimo, 14Lochner, Michael F., 16Lockhart, David, 28Loudon, John, 18

Subject Index 477

Loureiro, João de, 20, 21, 254Flora Cochinchinensis, 21, 254

Lowe, Pat, 41–44, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 74, 76, 80, 103, 106, 110, 112, 119, 122, 128, 129, 131, 133, 177, 178, 183, 185, 207, 212, 216, 219

Lugard, Frederick D., 32

MMacFarquhar, 13, 81Malayan proas, 27Mali (old kingdom), 5, 52, 68–70, 78, 87, 90–93,

95–100, 103, 106, 117, 136, 152mammals, Africa

aardvark, 77apes, 8, 206chimpanzee, 206baboons, 1, 75, 179, 180, 182, 184, 206, 291bushbabies, 166–168, 171, 208eland, 179, 208elephant, 35, 36, 50, 56, 137, 191,

204–206, 283fruit bats, xxii, 169, 170, 173, 207ff, 431genets, 208giraffe, 125, 126, 208hippopotamus, 35, 292horses, 78, 79, 98–100, 108hyena, striped, 208impala, 208kudu, 208leopards, 36, 208lions, 59, 60, 66mice, 84, 85, 129monkeys, 180, 206–207, 333nyala, 208pigs, bush, 182, 208, 211, 292porcupines, Cape or crested, 208ratel or honey badger, 119, 208, 214rats, acacia, 208spiny anteaters (echidas), 129squirrels, ground, 208zebra, 27

mammals, Australiabats, 172, 177, 212marsupials

agile wallaby, 185common wallaby or euro, 186kangaroo, 27, 128, 185, 211possums, 129, 211red kangaroo, 185rock wallaby, 186

mammals, Indiadeer, 208

mammals, Madagascarfossa, 211fruit bats, 173, 174, 210–211lemurs, xxiiiff, 174ff, 209, 210, 334pigs, bush potamocheres, 211rats, 211

mammals, West IndiesJamaican fruit-eating bat, 208

market, 6, 10, 55, 68, 73, 77, 108, 110, 119, 225, 370–372, 380, 383

marketing, Africa. See also Trade, 370–371, 374marketing, Australia,371marketing, Canada, 372marketing, Europe, 372–375

health food shops, 388marketing, Madagascar, 371Masters, M.T., Flora of Tropical Africa, 247Mathioli, Pier, 13Mayer, Erich, 36, 130, 200, 389McCabe, Joseph, 30medals, 125, 135–136medicinal plants, 17, 97, 375medicinal uses, humans

abrasions, 12aches and pains, 93afterbirth retention, 95AIDS, 83, 382allergies, milk, 96amenorrhoea, 89asthma, 96astringent, 10, 12, 83, 87, 88, 97bilious dyspepsia, 88blood pressure, 86chashi, 89child birth. See pregnancycolo-rectal haemorrhage, 13coughs, 96dankanoma, 88dental caries, 87diabetes, 88diarrhoea, 11, 83, 84, 87, 88,

90, 385dysentery, 11, 13, 81, 83, 87, 88enteritis, 92epilepsy, 94eye complaints

conjunctivitis, 92ophthalmia, 92

feversintermittent fever, 90malaria, 83, 84, 89, 90

filaria, 91galactosaemia, 96gangrene, 12

478 Subject Index

medicinal uses, humans (cont.)guinea-worm, 91haematoma, 86haemoptysis, 86hiccups, 96HIV, 82, 83, 91, 382impotency, 89indigestion, 88insect bites, 13kidney and bladder diseases, 89kwashiorkor, 94menorrhalgia, 89mental disorders, 92nausea, 88numbness, 86obesity, 68oedema, 84, 86oxidative stress, 382pellagra (fox evil), 94, 378poisoning, 95, 201post-coital seminal expulsion, 95pregnancy, 95–96rachitis (rickets), 94respiratory problems, 96rheumatism, 93scurvy, 30, 94sickle-cell anaemia, 86sinusitis, 92skin diseases

acne, 97allergic dermatitis, 97eczema, 97furunculosis, 97psoriasis, 97urticaria, 97

smallpox, 55, 91sore gums (gingivitis), 92sore throat, 92sores

indolent sores, 94sterility, 89stomach ache, 87, 88toothache, 87tuberculosis, 90tumours, 93ulcers, 12, 94, 97urinary diseases, 88vitamin deficiency, 381vomiting, 88wounds, 12, 57, 92, 97

medicinal uses, veterinaryappetite, 98, 99, 204babesiosis (piroplasmosis), 98bloat, 98

boils and ulcers, 100brucellosis, 98constipation, 98diarrhoea, 98dizziness or staggers, 100East Coast fever (theleriasis), 99fattening, 78, 99injuries, 99insect bites, 100lymphatic swellings, 99newcastle disease, 99respiratory problems, 96, 100retained afterbirth, 100swelling of joints (hygroma), 98tonic, 82, 86, 87, 93, 94, 98, 99trypanosomiasis, 82, 98, 99

meeting places, 16, 102, 106, 266melon, 6, 8, 9mensuration, 393–396

crown, 147, 396diameter (dbh), 6, 18, 19, 31, 33, 34,

108, 141, 147, 149, 152, 154, 156, 394, 395

girth (gbh), 394, 395height, 394–396

Merian the Elder, Mattaus, 23Messageries Maritimes, 24milk adulteration, 380milk substitute, 72, 73, 96Miller, Charles, 18Miller, Philip, 15, 19, 40, 371

The gardeners dictionary, 19Monod, Théodore, 7, 31, 265monsoon, 63, 264, 267, 274, 276,

287, 292, 304, 321, 322, 324, 326, 327

Mueller, Ferdinand J. H., 29, 30, 46, 94, 261–262, 367

Muhammad el-Kanemi, 266museums

Africana Museum, Johannesberg, 132Australian Museum, Sydney, 43, 128, 129British Museum, London, 16, 28–30,

261, 262Laboratoire de Phanérogamie, Paris, 26Muse Egizio, Turin, 2, 3Musée Égyptién du Louvre, 3Muséum Nationale d’histoire Naturelle,

Paris, 17, 24, 25Natural History Museum, London, 16,

28, 29Western Australian Museum, Perth, 129

musical instrumentsrattles, 130

Subject Index 479

NNachtigal, G., 70, 72, 103, 104, 266, 290National Academy of Sciences, Washington

DC, 135necklaces, 61, 122non-wood forest products (NWFP), 370North Australian Exploring Expedition, 29,

44, 94, 131, 261Nubia, 2, 3nutrition, 67, 333, 376–392nutritional analyses, 328ff, 385, 386

Oocean currents, 274, 276, 284, 320, 327, 335okra, 69, 226, 383onions, 69oranges, 387Ottoman Empire. See Turkish Empire

Ppachycauly, 139–141Pakenham, Thomas, 41, 44, 60, 108, 135, 288palaeoenvironments

AfricaKordofan, 161Mega-Chad, 318–320Nile valley, 2, 3, 254, 317Sahel, 273, 319

Australia, 323–325Madagascar, 321–322

palaeomagnetism, 308, 309Paludan, Bernard, 16paper, 113ff, 230

banknotes, 40, 137Parker, E., 50, 108, 135pawpaw, 385peppers, 88, 225Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, 21periplus, 4, 21, 267Perrier de la Bâthie, Joseph M. H. A., 25, 68,

76, 105, 114, 118, 152, 165, 181, 184, 201, 256ff, 271, 297, 299

Pfund, Johannes, 104pharmaceutical properties

analgesic, 84anthelmintic, 91anti-acid, 88anti-asthmatic, 83anti-biotic, 82anti-carcinogenic, 82anti-diaphoretic, 83, 93anti-haemorrhagic, 82

anti-histaminic, 83anti-inflammatory, 81, 83, 84, 120,

201, 373anti-melanoma, 83anti-oxidant, 73, 82, 373, 377, 382–384anti-periodic, 82, 83, 91anti-plasmodal, 84anti-pyretic, 82–84, 91anti-scorbutic, 30, 94aphrodisiac, 89astringent, 10, 12, 83, 87, 88, 97, 100bacterial activity, 85calmative, 83cardiotonic, 82, 95cicatrisant, 86demulcent, 88diaphoretic, 82, 83, 93diuretic, 82, 85, 86, 89emmenagogue, 83, 89emollient, 79, 83, 91, 93, 97, 120expectorant, 96febrifuge, 9, 83, 84, 89–91fungal activity, 85hypotensive, 83laxative, 88palliative, 83refrigerant, 81, 93tonic, 82, 86, 87, 93, 94, 98, 99

Phoeniciansships, 2, 4, 21, 22, 27, 41, 47

photographers, 125phytochoria, 181, 272, 273, 307phytochoria, Africa, 272–273, 278–291,

307Guineo-Congolian regional centre of

endemism, 273, 264, 278Guineo-Congolia/Sudanian regional

transition zone, 273, 285Guineo-Congolia/Zambesia regional

transition zone, 273Kalahari-highveld regional transition zone,

273, 287, 288Sahel regional transition zone, 273,

288–291Sudanian regional centre of endemism,

273, 281, 282Somalia-Masai regional centre of

endemism, 273, 282–284, 317Tongoland-Pondoland regional mosaic,

273, 278, 288Zambezian regional centre of endemism,

273, 278–281Zanzibar-Inhambane regional mosaic,

273, 278, 286, 287

480 Subject Index

phytochoria, Australia, 302–306Central Kimberly, 302Daly Basin, 302Dampierland, 302, 303Darwin Coasta, 302, 304Great Coastal Desert, 302, 305Northern Kimberley, 129, 302–304Ord Victoria Plains, 302, 305Sturt Plateau, 302, 305, 306Tanami, 302, 305Victoria Bonaparte, 302, 304, 305

phytochoria, Madagascar, 294–300Central domain, 294Domain of the high mountains, 294East Malagasy region, 294, 295, 322Eastern domain, 294Sambirano domain, 294, 295, 322, 323Southern domain, 294, 295, 322, 323West Malagasy region, 294, 295, 322Western domain, 294, 295, 323

phytogeny, 247, 314, 315phytogeography, 270, 307–330Pillars of Hercules. See Straits of Gibraltarplantain, 11, 13plate tectonics, 308, 309, 321

sea floor spreading, 308, 309platters, 113Poisson, Henri, 26, 253t, 259, 260, 356poles, 113, 248, 309pollen, 124, 167–178, 193, 194, 207,

221, 222, 248, 291, 308, 309, 312, 313

Polybius, 4Portuguese, 6–8, 14, 15, 20–22, 46, 57, 105,

265, 268, 270, 271, 338postage stamps, xix, 125, 136–137potato, 218, 382Prayner, Frederick, 14, 15propagation. See cultivationpsillium, 13Ptolemy, 3–4

Geographike, 3, 4

Qquince, 9

Rrabbits, 83Rafinesque-Schmaltz, C.S., 254

Sylva telluriana, 254Ray, John, 10, 16, 254, 331

Historia plantarum, 11, 15, 16, 139

religions, customs and rituals, AfricaAmadhlozi, 60ancestral spirit, 34, 49, 53, 56, 59, 60, 64black magic, 56burial, 8, 47, 51, 52, 58, 111Bushmen (Botswana), 50, 51, 60, 72, 101,

105, 106, 118, 126, 127, 132, 133, 362Catholic, 42, 51, 60, 72, 111Chewa, 57, 89, 90, 92, 94Chidzere, 34, 58, 59children, 51, 54, 55, 57, 59, 61, 62,

66, 69, 83Chingombe (Iron god), 58Dandawa, 34, 58, 59Easter, 51Hadza, 53, 56, 72, 75, 105, 107, 119,

123, 124, 349, 362, 370, 371Hahole, 56Idi-Ose, 55Inammen Toureg, 53Iya-Olomo, 55Kar, 55Katsvete, 59Keita, 52Kondanamwali, 57Konzere, 56Lent, 51, 125Marriage, 72Moro, 53Moslem, 21, 49, 51, 53, 269Mubaiwa, 58Murenga, 58Nkayi, 59Nuer, 55, 98, 282, 348Otamari, 52, 53Ramadan, 84, 384Serer, 51ff, 111snake worship, 57Sororo, 59Tenda, 52, 75, 123, 341Tonga, 58, 346, 361Toureg, 53Tsikaio, 56Vambara, 59Wabondei, 57Wakamba, 56witch doctors, 56witches, 55, 57, 314Wolof, 18, 32, 51, 72, 77, 87, 89,

94, 96, 111, 359, 369Yoruba, 55, 266, 359, 360

religions, customs and rituals, AustraliaDreaming (Dream Time), 64, 65Great Python, 65

Subject Index 481

Gregory’s Tree, 44, 46, 66, 131, 236King Brown Snakes, 65Rainbow Serpent, 65Tumbi, 65Walujapi, 65Wandjina [Wónjuna], 65, 129Wodjin, 65Wónjuna. See Wandjina, 65Wulujapi, 65

religions, customs and rituals, IndiaGorakhnath, 40, 61Lord Krishna, 61Prince Arjun, 61wishing tree, 61, 62, 269, 353, 366

religions, customs and rituals, MadagascarAmpanihy-Ouest, 64Arbré Sacré, 63Jacqueline, 41, 63, 64Mikea, 21, 63, 64, 114, 123, 235, 293Sakalava, 24, 63, 75Soamanitsa, 63

reptiles, Africa, 57, 58, 108, 216–217reptiles, Australia, 12, 60, 65, 66, 127, 217reptiles, Madagascar, 217, 292Robin the Younger, Jean, 16Robin, Jean, 15, 16Rodriguez, F., 400Romans, 4, 6, 267roofing, 40, 45, 114, 116Royal Horticultural Society, 21

Horticultural Society of London, 21Royal Society, 16, 331

Gresham Colledge, 16rubber, 124Ruston, Thomas, 29Rym, Charles, 14, 15Rysadine mountains, 4, 5

SSalt, Henry, 3Saville-Kent, William, 30, 68, 70, 165, 216,

218, 253t, 262, 263Scaliger, Jules-Cèsar, 7ff, 14ff, 254

De subtilae, 8–10Exotericarum exertcitatiorum, 9

Schatz, George E., 26, 243, 311, 326Generic tree flora, 26

Schumann, Karl M., 246Die Naturalischen Pflanzanfamilien,

246, 247Schweinfurth, Georg, 2, 267, 282,

289, 318sea cucumber. See trepang

sea dispersal, 180, 308, 311, 317, 326, 333

Selous, Frederick C., 35, 38, 229shade, 5, 7, 42, 44, 46, 48, 56, 57, 102, 103,

128, 132, 179, 181, 186, 216Sheik ‘Omar, 266Sherard, James, 17–19, 331Sherard, William, 17, 19, 331Sidibé, Modibo, 69, 164, 165, 221, 237, 239,

240, 242, 243, 256, 265, 335, 355, 381, 388, 393

slave trade, 19, 52, 207Smith, Christen, 28snuff, 121, 123soils

Africa, 277–278 Australia, 3–5Madagascar, 292

speciationallopatric, 315sympatric, 315, 334

Speke, John H., 73, 117, 123, 141spinach, 70, 382spirits and superstitions

evil spirits, 54, 57fetish tree, 54kpalevorgu, 54, 55sheik El Yenndali, 54wishing tree, 61, 62, 269, 353, 366xwety-Omak, 54

Sprengel, Kurt P. J., 254Systema vegetabilum, 254

Stachir, 4, 5river, 4, 5

Stanbury, Thomas H., 30Steudel, 20Stokes, John L., 29, 43strawberries, 383street trees, 102, 103Süleymân I the Magnificent, 14, 15, 331sweet potato, 218sweets, 8, 72, 73, 371systematics, 26, 245

Ttanning, 121Tasman, Abel J., 27taxonomy, 17, 20, 199, 245–263, 308terra lemnia, terra sigillata, sealed earths,

12, 13, 81, 331Thevet, André, 7, 8, 15, 31Thonning, Peter, 52Thram, Christian, 19

482 Subject Index

toiletriesbath salts and foams, 81, 120cosmetics, 97, 120, 202, 372, 373

Tom Tough, 30, 44, 45, 94tomato, 225Torres, Louis V. de, 27toxins

hydrocyanic acid (HCN), 383, 384, 388oxalates, 383, 388phytatates, 378, 381tannins, 76, 83, 95, 190, 200, 377, 383,

384, 388, 391trade, 3, 7, 10, 19, 22, 52, 105, 116, 118, 124,

130, 207, 267, 268, 281, 292, 321, 360, 370–372, 374

trays, 113, 243trees and shrubs (Africa)

African locust tree, 370balzem-boom, 17cail cédra, 90figs

parasitic, 223sycomoruskalet, 16, 270

gubinge, 387kapok, 75, 170, 286, 370karaté, 100mistletoe, 223

wood rose, 223mopane, 222, 230, 278ff, 288, 360oshar, 17red kapok, 370sausage tree, 72shea butter tree, 95silk cotton, 282Sodom’s apple, 17, 331tamarind (-boom), 17, 70, 282, 357, 370

trees and shrubs (Australia)ghost gum, 224mistletoe, 224

trees and shrubs (India)banyan, 269tamarind, 61, 73, 353, 365

trees and shrubs (West Indies)tamarind, 223, 338, 357

trepang or sea cucumber, 42tribes (African)

Anaj, 49, 50Asante, 111, 344Bambara, 68, 75, 265, 339Bantu, 50, 58, 72, 105, 269, 338, 358,

360–363Berber, 5, 53, 349tBushmen (Kalahari), 50, 51, 101, 105, 362Dogon, 117, 123, 265, 266, 339, 358

Fulani, 68, 69, 73, 88, 229, 265, 341, 359Hadza, 53, 56, 72, 75, 105, 107, 119, 123,

124, 349t, 362, 370, 371Hausa, 69, 71, 75, 88, 112, 266, 339t,

348t–350t, 359Hottentot, 127, 362Kagalo, 265Kaura, 73Khoisian, 127, 362Malinké, 54, 340, 359, 370Mandingo, 5, 13, 359Mooketsi (Sebogo), 108Nankanis, 75Ndebele, 60, 127, 361San, 36, 51, 58, 123, 126, 127, 137,

362, 363Serere, 51–53, 111, 341t, 342Shambaa, 72, 345Somali, 269, 351Sotho, 127, 347, 361Sudanese, 55, 351Swahili, 57, 345t, 361Tenda, 52, 75, 123, 341Toucouleur, 87, 92Tswana, 127, 347t, 361Tuareg, 31, 32, 111, 127, 349,

363–365Imannen, 31, 32Venda, 60, 91, 347Wolof, 51, 89, 94, 96, 111, 342,

359, 369Zenega, 349t

tribes (Australian)Aborigines, 26, 29, 42, 44, 47, 64–66,

68, 70, 73, 88, 91, 97, 101, 103, 106, 110, 114, 119, 120, 122, 124, 127–130, 272, 324, 371

tribes (Madagascar)Antandroy, 210, 366Mahafaly, 210, 356Mikea (Vazimba), 21, 63, 64, 114, 123Sakalava, 24, 63, 75, 215, 224, 366Vezo, 118

tropics, 140t, 167, 168, 222, 272, 318, 321, 325

tsunami, 328Tuckey, J.K., 28, 29, 123, 265, 285tulingo, 69tulip, 15Turkish [Ottoman] Empire, 10, 331

UUngnad, David, 14, 15

Subject Index 483

VVaal River Expedition, 30Vasco da Gama, 7, 8, 21, 27, 37Vegetable salt, 77Verdorn, 255vernacular names

abavi, abavo, 14al-faqqus, 6anadzahé, 24arbre aux calebasses, 18, 338arbre de Cap Vert, 8bahobab (ba hobab), 8, 351, 364baobab, 8, 337, 338, 355–357, 361, 363–367boab, 357, 367cabaceyra, 7calabacera, 8, 15calabash tree, 18, 19, 338calabassier, 7calebassier, 6, 338cream of tartar tree, 338goui, 18, 342gouty-stem tree, 367maraka, 8mulambeira, 21sita, 4, 340tadmut, 5tomaraka, 8

Veslinger, Johann, 11, 12Observationes de Plantis Aegypti, 12

Vienna Codex Dioscorides, 15viral activity, 85viruses, 85, 218, 221, 226vitamins

vitamin A (β-carotin), 373, 380, 381, 386

vitamin B1 (thiamine), 77, 380, 385, 386, 389

vitamin B2 (riboflavin), 380, 386vitamin B3 (niacin, nicotinic acid), 378,

385, 386vitamin B6 (pyridoxin), 386vitamin C (ascorbic acid), 94,

242, 380vitamin D, 416

Wwatch tower, 107Wegener, Alfred, 308, 309WHO nutrition standards, 381Wickham, J.C., 29Wilhelm, Karl III, 19Willing, Tim, 42, 68, 121, 129, 169,

172, 186, 271

n.l. = not located

Gazetteer

484

AAfrica, 1–21, 28, 54, 61, 68ff, 86ff, 101ff, 117,

122, 125–127, 138ff, 159, 166, 169ff, 180, 207, 208, 211ff, 221, 222, 228–231, 251, 269, 272ff, 308ff, 330, 334, 366, 370–371, 380, 388, 394

Africa, central, 159, 182, 313Africa, East, 20, 21, 38, 56, 73, 75, 92, 94,

106, 118, 120ff, 170, 171, 195, 196, 198, 204, 208, 212, 213, 217, 226, 254, 267, 283, 284, 320, 335, 360, 366

Africa, eastern, 207, 223, 320, 360ffAfrica, French [colonial] Africa, 74, 268Africa, French west Africa, Afrique

Occidentale Francaise, 21, 136Africa, North, 17, 208, 316, 363, 364,

406, 440Africa, northern, 215, 335, 362, 363Africa, north-east, 363Africa, north-west, 363Africa, Saharan, 364Africa, southern, 72, 106, 118, 130, 133, 140,

152, 165, 169, 170, 204, 212, 217, 222ff, 277, 310, 312, 317, 320, 335, 349, 358, 361, 369, 370

Africa, south-west, 362Africa, West, 4, 6, 7, 11, 15, 19, 21, 28, 36,

69, 70, 73ff, 87, 92, 93, 106, 120ff, 160, 165, 170, 195, 196, 207, 212, 220, 221, 226, 242, 265, 281, 282, 318, 320, 359, 365, 368, 377, 387

Africa, western, 319

Aldabra, Indian Ocean (c. 9°22’S 46°28’E), 180, 328, 450

Algeria, 207, 316, 363Adrar des Iforas (c. 20°N 02°E), 288Ahaggar massif (c. 24°N 06°E), 207Tuat, oasis (n.l.), 363

America, Central, 313America, North, 140, 313America, South, 15, 140, 254, 308, 309,

312, 313, 325Americas, 21, 27, 139Angola, 36, 75, 108, 113, 118, 134, 137,

141, 155, 170, 171, 207, 208, 223, 230, 278, 280, 284ff, 320, 335, 338, 360

Benguela (12°34’S 13°24’E), 276, 284, 285, 320, 327, 335

Cabinda (5°34’S 12°12’E), 284Cunene river (c. 1715’S 1145’E), 229Golungo Alto Forest Reserve (9°10’S

14°45’E), 230tLuanda [Loanda] (8°50’S 13°15’E), 108,

116, 223Moçâmedes (15°10’S 12°10’E), 285, 288Mupa National Integral Reserve (16°07’S

15°45’E), 230tQuiçaina National Park (8°17’S 13°50’E),

230t, 285Quissama National Park (9°59’S 14°29’E),

143Santo António (6°12’S 12°23’E), 284, 285Serra da Chela, mountains (14°16’S

13°25’E), 285Antarctica, 308–313, 316, 324, 325, 421

Gazetteer 485

Arabia, 140, 169–171, 207, 267, 269, 270, 272, 273, 282, 283

Argentina, 172Asia, 17, 20, 171, 215, 221, 222, 291,

308 –310, 312, 313, 314, 325, 363, 364

Asia Minor, 17Asia, Southeast, 20, 308, 313Atlantic Ocean, 266, 278, 284, 288, 289,

318, 319, 358Rio Grande Rise (c. 20°S 20°W), 309Sierra Leone Ridge (c. 15°N 22°W), 309Walvis Ridge (c. 30°S 0°), 309

Australia, 26–30, 41–48, 64–66, 71, 80, 82, 91, 94, 97, 101, 102, 106, 109ff, 119, 127, 130, 139, 140, 159, 166, 177, 180, 185, 219, 221, 222, 236, 249, 251, 271, 272, 300ff, 323–330, 357, 367, 370, 371, 394

Austria, Vienna (48°13’N 16°22’E), 2, 14, 15, 20

BBangladesh

Dacca [Dhaka] (23°42’N 90°22’E), 270Bay of Bengal (c. 20°N 90°E), 326Belgium

Antwerpen [Antwerp] (51°13’N 04°25’E), 15

Mechelen [Malines] (15°02N 04°29’E), 15Belgium Congo, 136Benin, Bight/Gulf of, 274, 320Benin, 5ff, 86ff, 93ff, 180, 181, 196, 281, 285,

339, 343–344, 348, 359, 360, 369Bassila (09°01’N 01°06’E), 281Boukoumbé (10°13’N 01°09’E), 370

Bolivia, 172Borneo, 316, 366Botswana, 35, 50, 60, 72, 102, 105, 106,

209, 127, 132, 133, 137, 157, 159, 171, 229, 266, 287, 346–347, 361, 362

Bergfontein. See Nokane SpringBig Tree (20°29’S 49°30’E), 33, 36, 50,

65, 132, 213, 225Chobe [Linyanti] River (c. 18°00’S

24°15’E), 135Gautscha Pan (19°48’S 20°34’E), 287Gewihaba Hills [Koobie, Quaebie]

(20°38’S 23°05’E), 132, 133Ghanzi (21°34’S 21°42’E), 287Gootsa Pan (25°11’S 20°29’E), 151, 160Gweta (20°11’S 25°14’E), 35, 230

Kalahari Desert (c. 23°S 23°E), 36Kasane (17°50’S 25°05’E), 109,

160, 230Kavimba (18°08’S 24°38’E), 109Khubu Island (c. 20°40’S 26°30’E), 288Koobie. See GewihabaKudiakam Pan (20°10’S 24°45’E), 132Kunyara [Kounyara] (20°02’S 25°32’E),

132, 133Lake Ngami [Gnami] (c. 21°30’S 23°30’E,

35, 131, 132, 148Leshulatebis (n.l.), 131Linyanti River. See Chobe RiverMahalapye (23°05’S 26°51’E),

229, 230Makgadikgadi Pans [Makarikari Pan]

(c. 20°45’S 25°30’E), 147, 214, 288

Marma Kahuwé [Mamoukuwe, Mamu-ka-koorie] (c. 20°53’S 23°30’E), 132, 133

Mosu (21°11’S 26°00’E), 230Mpandamatanga [Panda-ma-Tenga]

(18°32’S 25°40’E), 35Nokane Spring [Bergfontein] (25°56’S

23°45’E), 147Ntwetwe Pan (20°35’S 25°30’E),

35, 151Nxai Pan (19°45’S 24°50’E),

132, 287Okavanga Delta (c. 19°30’S 23°00’E), 288Orapa (21°17’S 25°20’E), 288, 398Panda-ma-Tenga. See MpandamatangaQuaebie. See Gewihaba HillsShashe River (c. 21°30’S 28°00’E), 127Sibuyu Pan (18°19’S 25°59’E), 35Sua Pan (20°03’S 26°12’E), 288Tsagobia [Tsagobiana] (20°03’S 25°48’E),

35Brazil, 271, 334

Recife (8°06’S 34°53’W), 271Burkina Faso, 50, 54, 137, 195, 232, 265,

281, 289, 339–344, 348–349, 352, 369

Dori (14°03’N 2°00’W), 98Lyele [L’Ela] (n.l.), 54

Burundi, 135

CCameroon, 121, 282, 316, 344–345, 349, 350,

358, 360Bafoussam (5°31’N 10°25’E), 125

Canada, 372

486 Gazetteer

Cape Verde Archipelago [Islands], 229, 281, 320

Fogo (14°55’N 24°25’W), 265Praia (14°53’N 23°30’W), 229St Jago. See São TiagoSantiago (15°08’N 23°32’W), 229Santo Antão (c. 17°00’N 26°55’W), 265São Tiago [St Jago] (15°05’N 23°40’W),

31, 229, 265Carribean. See West IndiesCentral African Republic, 264, 282, 320,

358, 368Sibut [Fort Sibut] (5°46’N 19°06’E),

146, 264Chad, 282, 320, 348, 351, 359, 362, 363

Bongor Sieké (10°14’N 15°25’E), 282Ennidi Plateau (c. 17°N 23°E), 288 Lake Chad (c. 13°N 15°E), 156, 281, 282,

289, 363, 364Lake Mega-Chad, 318, 319, 320, 335Logone, Department (c. 15°05’N

14°50’E), 282Logone, river (c. 12°06’N 15°02’E), 282Ouadai [Wadai] district (c. 13°N 21°E),

362Sieké (10°16’N 15°25’E), 282

China, 5, 27Canton (23°08’N 113°20’E), 267Fujian (c. 26°N 128°E), 270Guandong (mult.), 270Tibetan Plateau (c. 33°N 83°E), 310Yunnan (c. 25°N 102°E), 270

Comoro Islands [Comores], 172, 176Mayotte (c. 12°50’S 45°10’E), 199,

267, 299,Grande Comore (c. 11°35’S 43°20’E)Mtsamdou (11°36’S 43°24’E), 110Ngazidja (11°35’S 43°20’E), 267

Congo, Democratic Republic of, 208, 284, 361Bas-Congo (c. 6°S 13°E), 284Batéké desert. See ZingaBoma (4°16’S 13°33’E), 284Côte-Matèbe (2°47’S 12°34’E), 284Gbado-Lite (4°17’N 10°0’E), 264Kasai River (c. 3°02’S 16°57’E), 285Matadi (5°48’S 13°27’E), 284Zaire River (c. 6°S 13°E), 284Zinga [Batéké desert] (4°51’S 14°48’E),

285Congo-Brazzaville, Republic of

Brazzaville (4°14’S 15°14’E), 32, 137, 255, 284, 285

Loango (4°38’S 11°50’E), 284, 361Mayumbe (2°30’N 27°37’E), 284

Congo, river. See Zaire, riverCrete, 10

Khaniá [Canea] (35°31’N 24°01’E), 14Cyprus, 8

Dahomey Gap (c. 7°30’N 2°00’E), 274, 285, 286, 320

DDanish Guinea, part of Ghana, 52Dutch East Indies, 27

EEast Indies, 22, 308Egypt, 1–3, 10, 13, 16, 17, 87, 254, 331, 351,

363, 364Alexandria (31°13’N 29°55’E), 4Aswan (24°05’N 32°56’E), 2, 3, 267Cairo (30°03’N 31°15’E), 2, 10–12, 14,

17, 18, 20, 267, 364Dahkla Oasis (25°30’N 29°00’E), 363El Saff (29°34’N 31°17’E), 272Nile, River (c. 30°03’N 31°15’E), 319, 320Plant Island (c. 24°05’N 32°56’E), 267Roda Island, Cairo (c. 30°00’N 31°13’E),

17, 267Wadi Kubbaniya (c. 26°09’N 33°32’E), 3

Equatorial GuineaAnnobón (1°26’S 5°37’E), 265Bioko [Fernando Póo] (c. 3°30’N 8°30’E),

265Eritrea, 21, 39, 111, 138, 347, 348, 351, 352,

364, 383Keren (15°46’N 38°30’E), 39, 111

Ethiopia, 16, 17, 21, 105, 117, 170, 193, 223, 278, 282, 283, 316, 352, 362, 365

Abbai [Abavi, Blue Nile] river (c. 10°10’N 38°29’E), 14

Massawa (15°37’N 39°28’E), 1Tacazze, river (c. 14°20’N 35°50’E), 282Tigre (c. 13°S 40°E), 283, 352

Europe, xxix, 1, 4, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 30, 73, 76, 81, 82, 89, 116, 125, 135, 215, 240, 243, 309, 310, 313, 314, 332, 371ff, 387, 394

FFernando Póo. See Bioko, Equatorial GuineaFrance, 24, 82, 87, 117, 316

Agen (44°12’N 0°38’E), 8, 69, 72, 77, 82, 86, 125, 172, 176, 179

Angoulême (45°40’N 0°10’E), 8

Gazetteer 487

Honfleur (49°25’N 0°14’E), 27La Borne d’en Bas (47°17’N 2°35’E), 135Marseille [Massalia] (43°18’N 5°22’E), 2,

4, 15, 25, 77, 372, 380Montpellier (43°46’N 3°53’E), 19, 20Paris (48°52’N 2°20’E), 2, 3, 8, 12, 16, 17,

19, 20, 24, 26–29

GGabon, 5, 101, 266

Libreville (0°30S 9°25’E), 266, 276Gambia, The, 51, 52, 69, 72, 73, 88,

136, 137, 265, 340–342, 359, 380

Gambia River [Gambra] (c. 13°28’N 16°34’W), 4, 5, 7, 8, 37, 265

Tendaba (13°26’N 15°49’W), 7Guyana, 271Germany, 38, 316

Dresden (51°03’N 13°45’E), 2Eichstätt (48°53’N 11°22’E), 16Frankfurt am Main (50°06’N 8°41’E), 14Karlsuhe (49°00’N 8°24’E), 19München [Munich] (48°08’N 11°35’E), 2Nürnberg [Nuremberg] (49°27’N

11°05’E), 16Schleswig-Holstein (c. 54°30’N 10°00’E), 29

Ghana, 4, 52ff, 69, 75, 87, 88, 90, 95, 111, 121, 162, 170, 226, 274, 285, 286, 342–344, 359

Achimota (5°35’N 0°15’W), 170, 266Akwapim [Aquapim] (c. 6°00’N 0°13’W), 52Black Volta (c. 8°41’N 1°33’W), 360Bolga District (n.l.), 53Dompo (n.l.), 54Mali (12°08’N 12°19’W), 5, 52, 68–70, 78,

87, 90–93, 95–100, 103, 106, 117Malshegu (9°26’N 0°48’W), 54, 55Saakpuli (n.l.), 93, 102, 110Tamal (9°26’N 9°49’W), 54Volta River (c. 10°N 1°W), 286

Great Australian Bight (c. 33°S 130°E), 311Greece

Athens (38°00’N 23°44’E), 139Guinea, 16, 18, 125, 264, 271, 286, 340, 348,

359, 360Fouta Djalon Plateau (c. 11°N 12°W), 4Timbo (10°36’N 11°51’W), 255

Guinea Bissau, 137, 340, 341Bisiguiche [Bisiquienne] (n.l.), 7Prábis (11°48’N 15°14’W), 286Tambacumba (11°17’N 15°23’W), 71

Gulf of Aden (c. 13°N 46°E), 14, 310, 317

Gulf of Guinea (c. 3°N 6°E), 265, 274, 320Guyana, 271

HHawaii, 140, 172, 270, 334

Honolulu (21°19’N 157°W), 231Himalayas, 310Holland. See Netherlands, TheHorn of Africa, 269, 282, 363

IIndia, 7, 21, 27, 40, 61ff, 68ff, 108, 110, 117,

118, 122ff, 140, 152, 169, 171, 194, 208, 214, 221, 267, 270, 307ff, 325, 334, 338, 351ff, 365–366

Ajmer (26°29’N 74°40’E), 62Allahabad (25°57’N 81°50’E), 40, 157Ambazair (n.l.), 40, 157Barabanki (26°56’N 81°11’E), 61Bengal (c. 24°N 90°E), 117, 269,

326, 352Bijãpur (16°52’N 74°47’E), 269Bombay. See MumbaiCalcutta. See KolkataCalicut (11°15’N 75°45’E), 7, 268Chaul (18°35’N 72°57’E), 269Chezalal (c. 16°27’N 77°19’E), 40Deccan (c. 18°N 77°E), 269, 365Delhi (28°40’N 77°14’E), 268Dhar. See MânduGanges[Ganges], river (c. 25°14’N

86°59’E), 108, 269Girnar foothills (21°30’N 70°33’E), 62Golconda (17°24’N 78°23’E), 40, 108Gujarat, State of (c. 23°N 71°E), 62,

70, 269Howrah (22325’N 88°20’E), 272Hyderabad (17°22’N 78°26’E), 108Indore (22°22’N 75°54’E), 270Janjira (18°16’N 72°59’E), 269, 270Jhalawar District (c. 24°27’N 76°12’E), 62Jhusi (25°26’N 81°54’E), 40, 61, 366Junagadh (21°31’N 70°28’E), 62Khurasan (n.l.), 269, 366Kintur (c. 26°56’N 81°31’E), 61Kolkata [Calcutta] (25°35’N 88°21’E),

269, 270, 272Kuntur (17°21’N 78°38’E), 61Kutch, region (23°N 70°E), 62Lucknow (26°50’N 80°54’E), 181, 270, 271Madhya Pradesh, State of (c. 22°N 80°E),

270

488 Gazetteer

India (cont.)Malabar coast (c. 13°N 75°E), 7, 21, 267,

270Malwa (26°02’N 80°43’E), 269, 270, 353Mându [Dhar] (22°22’N 75°23’E), 270Mându, fort (22°22’N 75°24’E), 270Mangliyawas (26°17’N 74°30’E), 62Mumbai [Bombay] (18°15’N 72°51’E),

269, 270Nagour (n.l.), 270Nâlcha (22°25’N 75°24’E), 270Panvel (18°59’N 73°10’E), 62, 108Prayag (25°28’N 81°52’E), 61, 157, 366Rameswaram (9°18’N 79°19’E), 62Sondhwar (n.l.), 62Sundarbans (tidal forest) (c. 22°N

88°30’E), 269Surat (21°10’N 72°54’E), 269Tamil Nadu, State of (11°N 78°E), 62Tilpat, near Gurgaon (n.l.), 62, 366Uttar Pradesh, State of (c. 23°30’N

80°40’E), 152Indian Ocean, 3, 21, 22, 131, 180, 264, 267,

268, 270, 278, 291, 310, 316, 318, 325ff, 366, 374

Bay of Bengal (c. 15°S 90°E), 326Indonesia

Krakatau (6°11’S 105°26’E), 336Israel, 23, 309, 317Italy (including Sardinia and Sicily), 309,

372, 374Fano (43°50’N 13°01’E), 39Padova [Padua] (45°25’N 11°53’E), 10,

12, 14, 20Palermo (38°08’N 13°23’E), 19Pesaro (43°54’N 12°54’E), 39 Rome (41°53’N 12°30’E), 3, 70Sardinia (c. 40° 9°E), 316Torino [Turin] (45°04’N 7°40’E), 2, 3Vatican, Citta del (41°54’N 12°27’E), 2, 6Venice (45°26’N 12°20’E), 10, 12, 14Verona (45°26’N 11°00’E), 8, 373

Ivory CoastBingerville (5°20’N 3°53’W), 146t, 266Bouaké (7°42’N 5°00’W), 164, 165

JJapan

Kyoto (35°02’N 135°45’E), 270Tokyo (35°40’N 139°45’E), 134

Java, 70, 89, 102, 177, 267, 272, 312, 328, 366Bogor [Buitenzorg] (6°34’S 106°45’E), 168Pasuruan (7°38’S 112°44’E), 168

KKalahari (c.21°S 23°E), 36, 50, 51, 101, 105,

273, 275, 277, 278, 280, 287, 288, 312, 362, 363

Kenya, 21, 38, 39, 56, 62, 71, 72, 90, 93, 99, 105, 112, 116ff, 135ff, 145, 152, 171, 199, 208, 222, 223, 229, 240, 249, 264, 277, 283, 287, 310, 320, 333, 345, 348, 351, 360, 361, 381

Gatakani (0°50’S 36°47’E), 56Gedi Forest Nursery (3°19’S 40°01’E),

147Giriama (3°48’S 39°35’E), 56Jumba la Mtwana (3°57’S 46°00’E),

264Kamba (c. 1°15’S 38°15’E), 56, 361Kiritiri (0°41’S 37°39’E), 56Lamu (2°17’S 40°54’E), 264Malindi (3°13’S 40°07’E), 7, 147Mombasa (4°04’S 39°40’E), 7, 37, 73,

120, 171, 287Mount Kenya (0°09’S 37°19’E), 39Moyale (3°31’N 39°04’E), 55Mtwapa (3°56’S 39°45’E), 264Mwea (0°45’S 37°29’E), 56Nairoba (1°17’S 36°49’E), 403Ngandure (0°42’S 37°38’E), 56Northern Province (c. 2°N 37°E), 105Salaita Hill (3°23’S 37°47’E), 38Shimoni (4°39’S 39°23’E), 286Taveta (3°24’S 37°40’E), 38Tharaka (c. 0°25’S 38°03’E),

56, 345tTsavo National Park (c. 3°00’S 38°45’E)

204f, 205, 229, 277Tsavo East National Park (c. 2°45’S

39°00’E), 204, 205Tsavo Royal National Park (c. 3°00’S

38°45’E), 433Vanga (4°40’S 39°13’E), 214,

215, 264Kerguelen Islands, Southern Indian Ocean

(c. 49°30’S 69°30’E), 329

LLiberia

Cape Palmas (4°25’N 7°50’W), 264Libya, 37, 316, 363

Ghat’ (24°59’N 10°11’E), 32Limnos [Lemnos], Isle of (39°55’S 25°15’E),

12, 331Lord Howe Island (5°20’S 159°30’E), 315, 334

Gazetteer 489

MMadagascar, 21–26, 40–42, 63–64, 68, 71, 79,

80, 83, 86, 89, 91ff, 99, 101ff, 108, 112, 114, 123, 137ff, 158, 159, 164, 166, 174, 180ff, 197, 203, 208ff, 215ff, 249ff, 257–261, 267ff, 291–300, 308ff, 320ff, 334, 355–356, 366–367, 370, 371, 391

Ambondromifehy (12°53’S 49°13’E), 259, 299

Ambongo (23°28’S 47°17’E), 258, 299, 323

Ambovombé (12°53’S 49°13’E), 259, 299Ambre, Parc National du Montagne d’

(12°30’S 49°110’E), 232Ambre, Réserve Spéciale de la Forêt du

(12°30’S 49°110’E), 24Ampanihy-Ouest (18°28’S 45°00’E), 64Ampanihy-Ouest (18°25’S 45°15’E), 64Ampasambazimba (18°39’S 46°01’E), 322Ampotaka (25°03’S 44°46’E), 300Anaboringy (c. 16°06’S 45°20’E), 102Anakao (23°40’S 43°39’E), 217Analabe, Site d’intérèt biologique d’

(19°28’S 44°50’E), 233Analava (14°13’S 47°48’E), 300Analmera Special Reserve (c. 12°45’S

49°29’E), 232Analamerana, hill (12°44’S 49°36’E), 296Andaevadoke. See AndavadoakaAndavadoaka [Andaevadoke, Andavadoke]

(22°04’S 43°15’E), 300Andohahela (12°50’S 46°32’E), 299, 300Andohalela, Réserve naturelle intégrale de

(12°50’S 46°32’E), 233tAndranofanjava, river (c. 12°22’S

48°29’S), 37f, 298Andranomalaza, river (c. 18°08’S

47°51’E), 260, 295, 300Andranomalaza, river (c. 14°13’S

48°05’E), 260, 295, 300Andranomandavo (n.l.), 260Andranomena, river (c. 19°35’S 44°58’E),

295, 297Andranomena, Réserve Spéciale d’

(20°14’S 44°40’E), 25f, 233Androy, 260Ankara, Plateau de l’ (17°15’S 46°20’E),

26, 259, 292, 297, 299Ankarafantsika Nature Reserve (16°15’S

46°55’E), 300Ankarana Massif (c. 12°55’S 49°07’E), 174Ankarana Plateau (c. 12°49’S 48°37’E),

26, 259, 292, 297, 299

Ankaranana, Réserve Spéciale d’ (12°55’S 49°8’E), 25t, 233, 299

Ankilizato (20°25’S 45°02’E), 300Antsahampano (12°19’S 49°11’S), 297Antisirana (12°16’S 45°17’E), 258Antsiranana [Diégo-Suarez] (22°29’S

47°27’E), 25, 184, 294Babaomby [Windsor Castle] (12°13’S

49°10’E), 297Baie d’Antsiranana (c. 12°16’S 49°17’E),

299Baie de Baly (16°01’S 45°20’E), 258Baie de Morambe (c. 14°55’S 47°18’E),

158Baie de Narinda (c. 14°45’S 47°30’E), 209Baie de Saint-Augustin (c. 23°33’S

43°43’E), 3f, 22, 23, 259Baie de Sainte-Luce (c. 24°45’S 47°13’E),

23Beantely (12°16’S 49°10’E), 173, 297Bejofo. See BezofoBelo sur Taribihiha (19°42’S 44°33’E), 63Bemanonga (20°17’S 44°21’E), 41Bemaraha Massif (c. 20°00’S 45°14’E),

292Berenty, Réserve du (25°00’S 46°17’E),

233tBereboka (16°46’S 45°39’E), 295Betioky (23°42’S 44°22’E), 232, 300Bezofo [Bejofo] (14°14’S 48°20’E), 260Boina Plateau (c. 16°00’S 46°00’E), 292Cap d’Ambre (11°57’S 49°17’E), 293Cap Andefitra. See Point AndefitraCap Diégo. See AntisirananaCap Saint André (16°11’S 44°27’E), 291Cap Sainte Marie (25°56’S 45°08’E), 293Cape Andefitra. See Pointe AndefitraDiégo-Suarez. See AntisirananaDjangoa, river (c. 13°47’S 48°19’E), 300Fort Dauphin. See TôlañaroHatokaliotsy, Site d’intérèt biologique d’

(24°30’S 43°58’E), 233tItampolo (24°41’S 46°57’E), 292, 297Itampolo (25°15’S 44°28’E), 292, 297Ivovona (12°19’S 49°25’E), 271Kamakama (16°55’S 46°48’E), 260Kirindy, Forêt du (20°02’S 44°40’E),

233tKirindi, river (c. 20°52’S 43°56’E), 184Lac Alaotra (17°30’S 48°30’E), 271Lac Anony, Site d’intérèt biologique du

(29°09’S 46°30’E), 233tLac Befotaka (19°02’S 44°24’E), 233tLac Bemambu (18°50’S 44°20’E), 233t

490 Gazetteer

Madagascar (cont.)Lac Ihotry (21°56’S 43°41’E), 232,

296Lac Kinkony, Site d’intérèt biologique du

(16°08’S 45°50’E), 233tLac Masama (18°51’S 44°29’E), 233tLac Tsimanampetsotsa (24°08’S 43°46’E),

297Mahafaly Plateau (c. 18°28’S 46°59’E),

141, 210, 260, 292Mahafaly Réserve Spéciale de (23°40’S

44°32’E), 39Mahajanga [Majunga] (15°43’S 46°19’E),

24, 241, 267, 322Mahory, forest (12°51’S 49°16’E), 234,

296, 299Majunga. See MahajangaMandrare, river (c. 25°10’S 46°27’E), 299Mangoky, river (c. 21°29’S 43°46’E), 159,

232, 296Manongarivo, Réserve Spéciale (14°00’S

48°20’E), 300Marofandilia (20°07’S 44°34’E), 175, 295Maromandia (mult.), 299Marosalaza (19°50’S 45°15), 334Marovoay (16°06’S 46°38’E), 241Massif de Tsaratanana (c. 14°00’S

49°00’E), 295Menabe. See MorondavaMenarandra, river (c. 20°51’S 44°40’E),

300Menarandra, river (c. 23°59’S 45°20’E),

300Mikea (22°30’S 43°23’E), 21, 63, 64, 114,

123, 193, 235Monrovia (n.l.), 184Montagne d’Ambre, Parc National du

(12°30’S 49°10’E), 232Montagne des Français (12°22’S 49°29’E),

296, 297Morombe (21°47’S 43°21’E), 232, 293,

295, 296, 300Morondava [Menabe] (20°19’S 44°17’E),

24, 40, 41, 63, 76, 77, 102, 114, 125, 135

Namoroka, Réserve naturelle intégrale de (16°23’S 45°18’E), 233t

Nosy Faly Peninsula (13°19’S 48°28’E), 295

Nosy Faly Peninsula (25°30’S 45°00’E), 295

Pointe [Cap] Andefitra (21°39’S 43°25’E), 22f

Ramena, stream (c. 13°44’S 48°37’E), 296, 299

Rivière des Makis (12°18’S 49°15’E), 298Romena (12°19’S 49°20’E), 296, 299Sakaraha (22°55’S 44°32’E), 235, 300Sakondry, valley (c. 23°31’S 44°19’E),

260Sambirano, river (c. 13°43’S 48°18’E),

293, 295, 300Soalala (16°06’N 45°20’E), 102, 259, 271,

297, 299Soamanitsa (25°26’S 44°59’E), 63Toamasine Province. See District de

TamataveTôlañaro [Fort Dauphin] (25°01’S

57°00’E), 23, 177, 210Toliaro [Tuléar] (23°21’S 43°40’E), 22Tsaratanana (14°00’S 49°00’E), 295Tsihombé (25°19’S 45°29’E), 295, 297,

300Tsimembo, Site d’intérèt biologique du

(18°56’S 44°27’E), 223tTsimbombé (25°18’S 45°29’E), 295, 297,

299Tsimananpetsotsa, Réserve naturelle

intégrale de (c. 24°05’S 43°48’E), 233t

Tsimilofo (24°59’S 45°10’E), 297Tsingy de Bemaraha (c. 18°45’S 44°50’E),

174, 210Tsingy de Namoroka [Ambongo]

(c. 16°30’S 45°20’E), 258, 259, 297Tsiribihina river (c. 19°42’S 44°31’E), 210Tsivory (24°03’S 46°05’E), 137Tsivory (25°17’S 45°39’E), 137Tuléar. See ToliaroVohemar (13°21’S 50°01’E), 293Vohibasia (mult.), 427Vorehe (22°15’S 43°38’E), 63, 152Windsor Castle. See BabaombyZombitse, Site d’intérèt biologique de

(22°47’S 44°40’E), 233tMaghreb, coastal region of NW Africa, 163Malacca, Strait of (c. 0° 125°E), 267Malawi, 38, 57, 73, 87ff, 109, 112, 239, 346,

370, 386Chisumulu Island (12°01’S 34°37’E),

108Karonga (9°56’S 33°56’E), 38, 112Lake Malawi [Lake Nyasa] (c. 12°30’S

34°30’E), 108, 112Mwanza (15°40’S 34°06’E), 371Shire River (c. 14°25’S 35°14’E), 279

Gazetteer 491

MalaysiaPenang, island (c. 5°26’N 100°16’E),

267, 270Mali, 5, 52, 68ff , 78, 87, 90ff, 103, 106, 117,

136, 152, 240, 243, 256, 265, 281, 332, 339–344, 348–349, 358, 359, 363, 369, 386, 387

Bandiargara escarpment (14°25’N 3°19’W), xviii, 52, 358

Kayes (14°26’N 11°28’W), 281Niono (14°15’N 6°00’W), 289Seno (12°16’N 6°56’W), 343tTombouctou (16°49’N 2°59’W), 21,

265, 363Mauritania, 5, 98, 137, 176, 289, 341–342,

349, 351, 359, 363ffSt Louis (16°01’N 16°30’W), 19, 26,

248Tidjikija (18°29’N 11°31’W), 289Walata [Wálátan] (17°18’N 7°02’W), 5

Mauritius [Maurice] (20°10’S 57°30’E), 28, 29, 267, 268

Mediterranean Sea, 13, 170, 171Mexico, 172Middle East, 170Morocco, 13, 207, 363, 364

Agadir (30°30’N 9°40’W), 4Tanger [Tangier] (35°48’N 5°45’W),

5, 21Mozambique, 8, 20, 21, 36, 106, 113, 114,

278, 287, 291, 329, 338, 345–346, 358, 363, 367

Cabora Bassa [Kubrabaza] (15°34’S 32°50’E), 131

Chidimba (16°19’S 35°05’E/16°16’S 35°48’E), 34

Chiramba [Shiramba] (16°59’S 34°34’E), 33

Devuli( n.l.), 93, 106Kubrabaza. See Cabora BassaLué River (n.l.), 131Lúro, Rio (c. 16°15’S 27°06’E), 287Massinga (23°20’S 35°25’E), 287Moçambique, island (15°00’S 40°44’E),

7, 287Nampula (15°09’S 39°14’E), 287Quilálea (12°30’S 40°35’E), 180Qurimbas Archipelago (c. 10°48’S

40°29’E), 180Rovuma River (c. 10°28’S 40°26’E),

287Save [Sabi], river (c. 21°1′4’S 32°25’E),

287

Sencar, Ilhia (12°29’S 38°06’E), 180Shiramba. See ChirambaShupanga (18°02’S 35°36’E), 111, 133Sofala (20°10’S 34°44’E), 7Tete (16°10’S 33°35’E), 34, 131Zambezi River (c. 17°26’S 15°01’E), 58,

59, 131, 278Mozambique Channel (c. 20°S 40°E), 291,

310, 326

NNamibia, 61, 70ff, 78, 86, 94, 105, 118, 123,

134, 171, 214, 229–230, 285, 346, 349

Baynes Mountains (17°12’S 12°40’E), 288

Bushmanland (c. 19°35’S 20°30’E), 277, 288

Cunene River (c. 17°15’S 11°45’E), 229, 320

Epupa Falls (17°00’S 13°'15’E), 228Kaokoland (c. 19°S 13°E), 288Ofumana (18°15’S 13°15’E), 288Ombalantu (17°30’S 14°58’E), 36, 108,

111, 288Outapi (n.l.), 36, 108Sikereti (19°03’S 20°43’E), 36Tjekwe (n.l.), 36Tsandi (17°45’S 15°53’E), 36Tsumkwe (19°37’N 20°30’E), 36, 157, 277Walvis Bay (22°59’S 14°31’E), 131, 133Waterberg (20°28’S 17°13’E), 281Windhoek (22°34’S 17°06’E), 412,

428, 433Netherlands, The [Holland]

Amsterdam (52°21’N 4°54’E), 22Enkhuizen (52°43’N 5°17’E), 16Leiden (52°10’N 4°30’E), 14, 15

New Caledonia (c. 22°16’S 166°25’E), 270, 311New Guinea. See Papua New GuineaNew South Wales, 324

Lake Mungo (33°45’S 143°08’E), 26Sydney (33°55’S 151°10’E), 128, 271, 272

New Zealand, 29, 311, 316Niger, 69, 255, 289, 339, 342, 349, 351–352,

363, 381Bonkoukou (14°00’N 3°15’E), 127Dakfao (c. 14°00’N 3°15’E), 31, 32, 53, 127Maradi (13°29’N 7°10’E), 54Massif de l’Aïr (c. 18°N 8°E), 295‘W’ National Park (c. 12°N 2°30’E), 229

Niger River (c. 13°32’N 2°05’E), 229, 359

492 Gazetteer

Nigeria, 55, 68ff, 82, 84, 86, 88, 91, 92, 95, 98ff, 117, 121, 134, 136, 223, 226, 228, 264, 274, 281, 339, 341ff, 348–351, 359ff, 365, 385ff

Abeokuta (07°10’N 03°26’E), 55Datson-dombi (n.l.), 143Dogon Daji (12°24’N 4°48’E), 102Ede (mult.), 143, 144Funtua (11°34’N 7°17’E), 265Gusau, (12°12’N 6°40’E), 264Ibadan (7°23’N 3°56’E), 55, 225Idi-Osé (7°9’N 3°55’E), 55Idi-Osé (7°30’N 3°55’E), 55Iwo (7°48’N 4°11’E), 55Jos Plateau (c. 10°N 9°E), 55Kaduna State (c. 10°20’N 3°45’E), 122Kuka (12°56’N 13°34’E), 69, 75, 266,

348, 350Kukawa (12°56’N 13°34’E), 266, 268Lagos (6°27’N 3°38’E), 125Lake Chad (c. 13°N 14°E), 156, 281, 282,

318, 363, 364Lokoja (7°49’N 6°44’E), 32, 109Ngala (12°20’N 14°11’E), 156Osé. See Ide OséZaria (11°01’N 7°44’E), 69, 113, 143

Northern Territory, Australia, 65, 66, 88Albert River (c. 17°35’S 139°45’E), 45Arnhem Land (c. 12°S 130°E), 177, 185,

367Barrabarra Creek (15°53’S 130°12’E), 47Bradshaw Station (15°31’S 130°16’E), 46Bullita (16°06’S 130°29’E), 46, 305,

306Cobourg Peninsula (c. 11°00’S 132°30’E),

304Darwin (12°23’S 130°44’E), 31, 43, 48,

105, 236, 265, 271, 272, 302–306, 324

East Baines River (c. 15°36’S 130°02’E), 47, 157

Fitzmaurice River (c. 14°50’S 129°44’E), 46, 262

Gregory National Park (15°53’S 130°18’E), 236, 305

Gulf of Carpentaria (c. 13°00’S 138°00’E), 45

Keep River National Park (15°49’S 129°92’E), 153

Koolendong Waterhole (14°47’S 130°10’E), 47, 128

Melville Island (11°22’S 130°30’E), 324Newry (16°01’S 129°14’E), xx

Pearce Point (14°22’S 129°20’E), 196, 262

South Goulburn Island (11°37’S 133°34’E), 27

Principal Camp (c. 15°38’S 130°28’E), 131

Timber Creek (15°38’S 130°28’E), 44–47, 66, 131, 236

Victoria plateau (n.l.), 304Victoria River (c. 15°00’S 129°35’E), 29,

44–46, 65, 66, 236, 262, 304, 305, 357

Victoria River District, 46Victoria River Inn (n.l.), 305

OOman, 170, 269

Dhalqut (16°42’N 53°15’E), 284Dhofar (c. 18°N 54’E), 88, 101, 284, 317,

352Taqah (17°02’N 54°26’E), 284Wadi Ghazir (c. 17°02’N 54°35’E), 284Wadi Hinna (c. 17°03’N 54°37’E), 284

PPacific Ocean, 270, 328Pakistan, 170, 270, 316

Bal dhand [Baldha] (34°06’N 72°16’E), 270

Sundarbans (tidal forest (c. 22°N 89°E), 269

Papua New Guinea, 27, 224, 311, 316, 324People’s Republic of the Congo

(Congo-Brazzaville), 32, 94, 136, 177

Brazzaville [N’Tamo] (4°14’S 15°15’E), 32

Loango (4°38’S 11°50’E), 284, 361Mayumbe, plateau (c. 4°30’S 12°30’E),

284N’Tamo. See Brazzaville

Philippines, 267, 270, 316Lagori (n.l.), 125

Portugal, 6Principe, island, Gulf of Guinea (1°37’N

7°27E), 265, 274, 320

QQueensland, Australia, 27, 185, 224

Atherton Tablelands (c. 17°15’S 145°30’E), 324

Gazetteer 493

Birdsville Basin (c. 26°S 139°E), 323Brisbane (27°30’S 153°00’E), 45, 137, 271Cape York Peninsula (c. 14°30’S

143°00’E), 177Duifken Point (12°35’S 141°39’E), 27Moreton Bay (c. 27°02’S 153°25’E), 29

RRed Sea, 1–3, 267, 281, 288, 289, 310, 317,

363Réunion, Indian Ocean (c. 21°20’S 55°29’E),

24, 271, 374

SSahara, 1, 5, 10, 14, 17, 21, 31, 54, 133,

169–171Sahel, 49, 53, 101, 105, 111, 159, 180, 267,

276–277, 281, 289, 317, 319, 324, 335, 337, 359, 364, 365

San Marino (43°56’N 12°26’E), 137São Tomé [San Thome], island (0°54’N

6°35’E), 7, 255Saudi Arabia

Mecca (21°26’N 39°49’E), 5Senegal, 5, 8, 13, 18, 19, 32, 50ff, 67, 69, 72,

75ff, 82, 86ff, 111ff, 123, 125, 135, 137, 145, 154, 159, 160, 170, 195ff, 208, 240, 243, 254, 265, 266, 274, 285, 286, 289, 339, 340ff, 351, 352, 359, 368, 373, 386

Bargny (14°42’N 17°14’W), 37Basse Casamance (c. 12°40’N 16°45’W),

286Bassari region (n.l.), 54Cap Vert [Cape Verde] (14°47’N 17°412’E),

7, 19, 31, 229, 265, 281, 320Dakar (c. 14°38’N 17°27’W), 146tDioubel (14°29’N 16°12’W), 32Fissel (14°33’N 16°37’W), 145fGorée [Sor], island (14°40’N 17°27’W), 19Grand Gallarques (c. 43°43’N 4°10’E), 106Haute Casamance (c. 12°30’N 14°45’W),

286Île de Palma (c. 14°47’N 17°412’E), 7Îles de St. Louis (16°02’N 16°37’W), 146tÎles de la Madeleine (14°39’N 17°28’W),

6, 7, 31, 154Îlot aux Sarpan [Îlot aux Serpents]

(14°39’N 17°28’W), 31Kalounayes Forest (12°49’N 16°06’W),

286Kaolack (14°09’N 16°08’W), 37

Kedougou (12°35’N 12°09’W), 37Kidira (14°35’N 12°12’W), 281Lambaye (14°48’N 16°32’W), 32Mamelle (n.l.), 281M’Bao (14°44’N 17°19’W), 146Mont Assirik (12°53’N 12°45’W), 206Nghaye (n.l.), 53Nioro (13°45’N 15°48’W), 440Senegal River (c. 16°10’N 14°00’W),

8, 289Thiés (14°48’N 16°57’W), 37, 276Toubacounda (13°25’N 13°39’W), 146Toumbacouta [Tombuktu] (12°42’N

15°49’W), 146Seychelles, 328

Cerf (4°38’S 55°30’E), 267Mahé (4°37’S 55°27’E), 182, 267St Anne (4°36’S 55°30’E), 267Socotra (9°22’S 46°28’E), 140t

Somalia, 21, 88, 89, 97, 136, 171, 208, 283, 310, 316, 345, 351

Jubba River (c. 0°15’S 42°35’E), 283Karin (10°50’N 45°57’E), 55Saylac [Zeila] (11°21’N 43°30’E), 14

South Africa, 30, 35, 50, 60, 66, 78, 91, 94, 96, 102, 113ff, 122, 125, 136, 137, 151, 158, 159, 166, 180, 196, 208, 213, 225, 239, 242, 327, 338, 346, 347, 361, 362, 371

Barberton ((25°48’S 31°03’E), 108Berkenrode (22°23’S 30°04’E), 230Bochum (23°17’S 29°07’E), 280Cape of Good Hope (c. 33°56’S 18°29’E),

7, 27, 29, 327, 362Cape Town (33°56’S 18°29’E), 29,

131, 243,Cecilmour Farm (c. 32°S 29°E)), 151tCluniespoort (24°23’S 29°50’E), 280Dongola (22°15’S 29°40’E), 163, 362Dorothy Farm (22°30’S 29°57’E), 158Drakensberg Mountains (c. 30°30’S

28°30’E), 280Duiwelskloof (sssS 31°00’E), 60, 108Genoa Farm (23°07’S 28°08’E), 266Glencoe Farm (24°20’S 30°3’E), 36, 160Gravelotte (23°57’S 30°37’E), 108Hoedspruit (c. 24°21’S 30°58’E), 36, 160Johannesberg (26°10’S 28°02’E), 132, 133Kirstenbosch (33°59’S 18°26’E), 243,

266Kruger Natonal Park (23°50’S 31°00’E),

36, 156, 219, 229, 230, 243, 280KwaZulu Natal (Natal) (c. 29°S 30°E),

151, 171, 360, 361

494 Gazetteer

South Africa (cont.)Letaba Rest Camp (23°51’S 31°51’E), 36Leydsdorp (23°51’S 31°35’E), 108Limpopo (Transvaal) Province (c. 25°S

29°E), 36, 60, 107, 108, 114, 126, 127, 141, 149, 163

Limpopo River (c. 25°12’S 33°32’E), 229, 280, 286

Mabala Tutwa (n.l.), 125, 126Makgaberg Plateau (c. 23°15’S 28°54’E),

126Messina (22°2i’S 30°03’E), 36, 102,

144, 149, 150f, 155, 156, 158, 163, 229

Messina Nature Reserve (12°22’S 30°02’E), 230

Mhlangura (32°00’S 29°04’E), 151Modena Farm (22°14’S 29°10’E), 127Mooketsi (23°36’S 30°06’E), 108Mopane (22°36’S 29°51’E), 108, 222,

230, 278–280, 287, 288, 320Mpumalanga (25°34’S 31°10’E), 160Nelspruit (25°28’S 30°58’E), 160Nwaswitsontswe River (c. 25°08’S

32°32’E), 280Olifants River (c. 25°51’S 29°30’E), 280Pietersberg (23°54’S 29°23’E), 108,

280, 281Platland (23°36’S 30°12’E), 108Pretoria (25°45’S 28°12’E), 266, 361Prinzenhage, farm (22°25’S 30°93’E),

230Rustenberg (25°40’S 27°25’E), 281Singelele, farm (22°21’S 30°04’E), 230Skelmwater (22°28’N 29°56’E),

150t, 151fSkukuza (24°59’S 31°36’E), 157Soutpan [Zoutpan] (28°43’S 26°04.E),

280Soutpansberg [Zoutpansberg] (c. 23°01’S

29°77’E), 280Stockford, farm (22°24’S 30°04’E), 230Toynton, farm (22°23’S 30°01’E), 230Tshipise (22°36’S 30°10’E), 36Tzaneen (23°50’S 30°09’E), 108Vaal River (c. 29°04’S 23°27’E), 30Vogelenzang, farm (mult.), 230Waterberge (24°37’S 28°42’E), 281 Zoutpan, salt pan. See SoutpanZoutpansberg. See Soutpansberg

South AustraliaAdelaide (34°56’S 138°36’E), 271, 272Nullabor Plateau (c. 30°35’S 130°00’E),

311

Southern Rhodesia. See ZimbabweSpain, 6, 16, 372

Ribadesella Caves (43°28’N 5°04’W), 126Sri Lanka, 5, 62, 73, 78, 89, 90, 179, 231,

267, 269, 270, 338, 353, 354, 366Arippu (8°48’N 79°55’E), 270Batticaloa (7°43’N 82°42’E), 270Delft (9°32’N 79°40’E), 270Jaffna (9°38’N 80°02’E), 270Mannar District (8°52’N 80°05’E), 152, 270Mannar Island (8°58’N 79°54’E), 231Peradeniya (7°16’N 80°37’E), 270

Straits of Gibraltar (c. 36°00’N 5°30’W), 2, 4Sudan, 1, 2, 14, 32, 37–38, 49, 70, 81, 87, 93,

98, 102, 103, 136, 145, 152, 155, 170, 171, 181, 199, 220ff, 265, 266, 282, 285, 289, 290, 320, 347ff, 359, 363ff, 368, 386

Abri (11°40’N 27°20’E), 399Abu Haraz (14°29’N 33°31’E), 1Abu Zabad (12°21’N 29°15’E), 290Al Wasa [Blue Nile, Fung] Province

(c. 12°30’N 34°E), 160Al-Wusta, Ingessana Hills (c. 11°27’N

33°59’E), 282Bahr el Arab (c. 9°20’N 23°38’E),

282, 320Bahr el Ghazal (c. 12°N 29°E), 282 Belheday. See Jabel HatazaBarbis (c. 13°30’N 24°20’E), 319 Bessama. See Abu BusaBlue Nile (c. 13°31’N 33°38’E), 1, 14,

106, 155, 277, 282, 320Blue Nile Province. See Al Wasa ProvinceDarfur Province (c. 13°N 25°E), 362Delami (11°52’N 30°28’E), 347tDerib el Arbaïn (c. 19°10’N 26°30’E), 2Dilling (12063’N29039’E), 290, 347, 362En Nahud (12°42’N 28°26’E), 37Equatorial Province (c. 5°N 31°E), 282Foga (13°40’N 28°02’E), 104Fourth Cataract (18°47’N 32°03’E), 2Fung Province. See Al Wasa ProvinceHeiban (11°13’N30°31’E), 339Ingessana Hills (11°27’N 33°59’E), 282Jebel ed Dair (12°30’N 30°45’E), 291Jebel el Hilla (13°27’N 27°06’E), 38Jebel el Liri (10°17’N 30°34’E),

339t, 362Jebel Gurgeil (13°50’N 24°19’E), 319Jebel Haraza (15°03’N 30°27’E), 365Jebel Heiban (11°15’N 30°31’E), 339tJebel Marra (c. 13°00’N 24°15’E), 2, 282,

288, 319, 362

Gazetteer 495

Jebel Tira Mandi (10°54’N 30°30’E), 339t

Kabanyabaram, Nuba Mountains (n.l.), 348t

Kadugli (11°01’N 29°43’E), 348tKalkadda (10°43’N 30°35’E), 339tKashgil (12°47’N 30°009’E), 37Kassala (15°28’N 36°24’E), 1Khartoum (15°36’N 32°32’E), 1, 84, 276Khor Gana (c. 11°24’N 34°40’E), 339tKordofan Province (c. 13°S 30°E), 103,

161, 162, 165, 267, 290, 318, 333

Korongo (10°29’N 29°57’E), 348tKurmuk (10°36’N 34°16’E), 106, 107fLagori, Nuba Mountains (n.l.), 347tMalakal (9°21’N 31°39’E), 147tMandu (n.l.), 282Meroe (16°56’N 33°33’E), 3Northern Kordofan Province (c. 14°30’N

29°30’E), 318Nuba Mountains (c. 12°00’N 30°45’E),

53, 104, 180, 213, 216, 219, 220, 222, 291, 358

Qoz Dango (c. 10°33’N 24°00’E), 319Qoz Salsilgo (c. 11°00’N 23°00’E), 319Red Sea Hills (c.2 35° E), 288, 363River Nile (c. 16°41’N 32°22’E), 254Sa’ata (12°46’N 29°34’E), 37Second Cataract (21°49’N 31°12’E), 2Sennar (13°33’N 33°36’E), 17Sheikan (12°45’N 30°13’E), 37Soba (15°27’N 32°40’E), 49, 114Talodi (10°38’N 30°33’E), 339tTegali (c. 11°00’N 31°00’E), 220, 339tTeis Umm Bona (13°11’N 27°24’E),

290Teisa (11°07’N 29°26’E), 290Tisomi, Nuba Mountains (n.l.), 362Umm Brembeita (12°12’N 30°39’E),

347tUmm Kuda (12°59’N 27°15’E), 290Wad Medani (14°24’N 33°32’E)Wara Gwet (9°49’N 27°39’E), 433White Nile (c. 30°11’N 32°38’E), 277,

282, 319, 320Zernakh, valley (c. 13°00’N 27°20’E), 290

Sumatra, 326, 328, 366Lake Toba (2°35’N 98°50’E), 336

Swaziland, 280

TTaiwan, 270

Tanzania, 21, 38, 52, 56, 70, 73, 75, 79, 87ff, 100, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117, 119, 124, 127, 135ff, 152, 162, 193, 208, 212, 223, 225, 239, 278, 282, 283, 310, 345ff, 362, 369, 370

Arusha (3°22’S 36°42’E), 76, 348tBagamoyo (5°11’S 38°51’E), 148tBehobeho (c. 7°38’S 37°50’E), 38Dar es Salaam (6°48’S 39°15’E),

57, 371Gendagenda South Forest Reserve (5°27’S

38°38’E), 207Guruuswa (c. 3°15’S 37°30’E), 34Himo River (c. 3°15’S 37°30E), 38Irangi hills (c. 4°45’S 36°00’E), 278Kalambo Falls (8°35’S 31°13’E), 217Kilimanjaro (3°04’S 37°22’E), 38, 50Kondoa District (c. 5°00’S 35°50’E),

72, 278Lake Eyasi (c. 3°40’S 35°05’E), 72, 370Lake Manyara National Park (c. 3°30’S

35°45’E), 205Lake Tanganyika (c. 6°S 29°30’E), 284Lake Victoria (c. 1° S, 3°E), 362Mahenge Game Reserve (8°41’S

36°43’E), 229Manyara escarpment (c. 3°35’S 35°50’E),

283Maswa (2°41’S 33°58’E), 57Mkomazi Game Reserve [Ruvu Game

Reserve] (4°10’S 38°10’E), 217, 229

North Pare Mountains (c. 3°30’S 37°33’E), 38

Pemba, island (5°08’S 39°48’E), 415Ruaha National Park (7°35’S 34°30’E),

206, 229, 283Ruvu Game Reserve. See Mkomazi Game

ReserveSelous Game Reserve (8°30’S 37°00’E),

229, 279Serengeti National Park (2°20’S 34°50’E),

229Tanga, island (5°04’S 39°06’E), 56Uluguru Mountains (c. 7°10’S 37°40’E),

437Usambara Mountains (c. 4°50’S 38°30’E),

72Zanzibar (6°10’S 39°20’E), 20, 33, 56, 73,

113, 137, 267, 275t, 278, 286Tasman Sea (c. 40°S 160°E), 311Tasmania

Hobart (42°54’S 147°17’E), 272

496 Gazetteer

Timor, IndonesiaKupang [Koepang] (10°13’S 123°38’E),

45Timor Sea (c. 12°S 127°E), 328, 329Togo, 89, 96, 98, 229, 274, 286, 341t–344t,

360Akwapin-Togo range [Togo Mountains]

(7°25’N0°40’E), 360Haho, lower Mono (c. 6°17’N1ö51’E), 360Mono river (c. 10° 009’N), 360Nuatja (6°59’N1°17’E), 360

Torres Straight (c. 10°S 142°E), 27, 367Tunisia, 316Turkey, 37, 66, 305

Bergama [Pergamum] (39°08’N 27°10’E), 12

Istanbul [Constantinople] (41°02’N 28°57’E), 5, 15, 254

UUganda, 32, 283, 285, 360UK, 19, 29, 79, 81, 113, 331, 371, 383

Cambridge (52°12’N 0.07’E), 18, 20, 28, 216, 261, 331

Chelsea (51°29’N 0°10’W), 18, 19, 240, 331

Cheltenham (51°54’N 2°04’W), 241Eltham (15°27’N 0.04’E), 17, 18Hull (53°45’N 2°00’W), 113, 117Kew (51°29’N 0°18’W), 26–29, 39, 44,

68, 131, 134, 155, 163, 164, 237King’s Lynn (52°45’N 0°24’E), 130Liverpool (53°25’N 2°55’W), 113, 117Oxford (51°56’N 1°15’W), 17, 18,

26, 282Wakehurst Place (51°04’N 5°00’W), 239

USAAnaheim, CA (33°50’N 117°56’W), 135Colorado Springs, CO (38°50’N

104°50’E), 135Florida City, FL (25°N 80°30’W), 190,

191, 223, 271Homestead, FL (25°29’N 80°29’W), 190Madison, WI (43°04’N 89°22’W), 26Miami, FL (25°45’N 80°15’W), 180Pittsburgh, PA (40°26’N 80°00’W), 136St Louis, MO (38°40’N 90°15’W),

19, 26, 248

VVictoria, Australia

Melbourne (37°45’S 144°58’E), 29

WWest Indies [Caribbean], 23, 40, 90, 140, 169,

172, 180, 207, 208, 223, 334, 338, 357

Antigua (c. 17°99’N 61°49’W), 271Bahamas (c. 25°03’N 77°29’W), 271, 338Barbados (c. 13°06’N 59°37’W), 207,

271, 357Cuba (c. 23°07’N 82°25’W), 271Dominica (c. 18°30’N 69°57’W), 271, 338Grenada (c. 12°04’N 61°44.W), 271Guadeloupe (c. 16°20’N 61°21’W),

82, 90Haiti (c. 61°33’N 72°20’E), 271Jamaica (c. 18°N 77°W), 73, 81, 124, 172,

223, 271, 338Kingston (17°58’N 76°48’W), 71

Leeward IslandsSt. Kitts (17°17’N 62°43’W), 207, 271

Lesser AntillesMartinique (c. 14°36’N 61°05’W), 271

Netherlands AntillesCuracao (12°00’N 68°40’W), 271St. Eustatius (17°00’N 63°04’W),

271, 338Nevis (17°08’N 62°37’W), 207, 271Puerto Rico (18°29’N 66°08’W), 271Tobago (11°15’N 60°40’W), 271Trinidad (10°38’N 61°31’W), 271Virgin Islands (UK), 271Virgin Islands (USA)

Grove Place (n.l.), 40, 102St. Croix (17°45’N 64°45’W), 73, 223,

271, 338St John (18°21’N 64°48’W), 17, 271St Thomas (18°22’N 64°57’W), 271

Western Australia, 27, 30, 236, 272, 325, 328, 334

Adolphus Island (15°22’S 128°15’E), 216Augusta (34°19’S 115°09’E), 329Beefwood Creek (27°18’S 139°16’E),

236Bonaparte, island (14°51’S 124°46’E),

301, 302, 304Broome (17°58’S 122°15’E), 30, 103,

153, 165, 176, 186, 262, 271, 272, 303, 328

Buccaneer Archipelago (c. 16°07’S 123°20’E), 177

Bungle Bungle Outcamp (n.l.), 236, 305Bungle Bungle Range (c. 17°25’S

128°19’E), 236Cambridge Gulf (c. 15°00’S 128°15’E),

28, 216, 261

Gazetteer 497

Camden Harbour (15°29’S 124°36’E), 46, 47

Cape Lévêque (16°25’S 122°55’E), 186, 328

Careening Bay (15°07’S 125°00’E), 41, 42Careening Cove (16°05’S 123°25’E),

27, 261Carnarvon Basin ((c. 26°S 115°E), 323Cervantes Island (30°33’S 115°02’E), 329Collier Bay (16°04’S 124°27’E), 29Dampier Peninsula (c. 17°30’S 122°30’E),

172, 271Derby (17°19’S 123°38’E), 43, 44, 106,

110, 112, 125, 224, 236, 303, 326Emmanuel Yard (17°22’S 123°59’E),

43, 128Fitzroy Crossing (18°13’S 125°33’E),

110, 357tForrest River (c. 15°18’S 128°04’E), 43Galvans Gorge (16°48’S 125°50’E), 65Gee Gully (18°22’S 123°45’E), 303Glenroy (17°23’S 126°01’E), 303Great Sandy Desert (c. 20°00’S

122°30’E), 45, 302f, 306Hann River (c. 17°26’S 126°17’E),

44, 129Hanover Bay (15°15’S 124°41’E), 29Hall’s Creek (18°17’S 127°38’E), 46, 106Hart (16°25’S 125°03’E), 109, 395Hillgrove (15°29’S 128°05’E), 44, 110fKarunjie Station (15°29’S 128°05’S),

44, 128Kimberley region (c. 17°20’S 124°21’E),

66, 74, 127, 129, 186, 303, 367King Leopard Range (c. 17°00’S

125°00’E), 303King Sound (16°49’S 123°28’E), 29, 43,

129, 272, 303Kununurra (15°42’S 128°50’S), 46, 66,

124, 236, 357t, 372Kuri Bay (15°28’S 124°31’E), 47Logue River (c. 13°38’S 123°25’E), 103,

216, 236Lombadina (16°04’S 122°54’E), 165, 169,

172, 271Looma (18°02’S 124°08’E), 66Meda Station (17°22’S 123°59’E),

43, 128Mount Annan (c. 31°58’S 115°49’E), 272Mount Barnett (16°47’S 125°51’E), 44, 129Mount Clarkson (17°34’S 123°19’E), 42Mowanjum (17°23’S 123°41’E), 106Napier Range (c. 17°00’S 124°50’E), 303North West Cape (21°47’S 114°10’E), 329

Nullabor Plateau (c. 31°S 128°E), 311 Ord River (c. 15°12’S 128°12’E), 48, 236,

301, 305Oscar Range (c. 17°30’S 125°00’E),

303Osmond Creek (17°09’S 128°50’E), 236Osmond Plateau ((17°10’S 128°45’E),

304Pearce Point (14°22’S 129°20’E), 186,

262Pentecost (c. 15°56’S 127°48’E), 4Perth (31°58’S 115°59’E), 129, 138,

272, 329Phillips Range (16°52’S 125°58’E), 65Point Torment (17°00’S 123°34’E), 29Purnululu [Bungle Bungle] (National Park

(17°21’S 128°37’E), 236Scott River (c. 34°16’S 115°14’E), 329Sheep Island (15°29’S 124°39’E), 47South Grailbourne Island (16°05’S

123°25’E), 27, 261Tableland (17°15’S 126°48’E), 303, 324Turkey Creek (17°04’S 128°15’E),

66, 305Vansittart Bay (14°03’S 126°17’E), 261Wahlroonga (25°29’S 114°20’E), 272Winnama Gorge (17°12’S 128°15’E), 236,

305Wyndham (15°29’S 128°05’E), 44, 110,

128, 144, 272Western Sahara

Cap Boujdour [Cap Bojador] (26°06’N 14°33’W), 5

Rio de Oro (c. 23-24°N 12°E)), 316

YYemen, 332, 364

Aden (12°50’N 45°03’E), 14, 310, 317Bani Dawãn (n.l.), 284Jabal Raymah (14°08’N 44°15’E), 28,

265, 278, 284Samsara (13°15’N 44°00’E), 284Taiz Province (c. 13°35’N 54°22’E), 284

ZZaire. See Democratic Republic of the CongoZaire River (c. 16°04’S 12°24’E), 284Zambezi River (11°23’S 24°20’E-18°50’S

36°20’E), 58, 59, 131, 278, 310Zambia, 33, 34, 50, 118, 120, 127, 152, 279,

346, 347, 360, 361Chikwenya Island (15°39’S 29°33’E), 58

498 Gazetteer

Zambia (cont.)Chitambo (12°55’S 30°40’E), 33Kafue National Park (14°30’S 26°10’E),

57Kafue River (c. 15°55’S 28°55’E)Kalai Island (17°54’S 31°31’E), 33Kapsiya [Pa Mlambi], 50Kasanka National Park (12°35’S 30°12’E),

33Kayila (10°18’S 33°28’E), 400Kayila Lodge (10°18’S 33°28’E), 400Lake Kariba (c. 17°S 28°E), 34, 156, 228Livingstone Island. See Namakabwa IslandLivingstone Memorial (12°18’S 30°18’E),

33Luangwa Valley (c. 11°55’S 32°10’E), 50,

58, 205, 279Magoyi River (c. 16°00’S 27°35’E), 57Mchinga Plateau (13°11’S 30°55’E), 50Mwamba (12°42’S 31°51’E), 50, 345tNamakabwa [Livingstone] Island (17°55’S

25°51’E), 33Pa Mlambi. See KapisyaVictoria Falls (17°56’S 25°52’E), 8, 33,

35, 36, 131, 133, 224, 225Zambezi Escarpment (c. 16°00’S

29°00’E), 34 Zimbabwe, 33, 35, 39, 75, 77, 92, 95, 105,

109, 111, 115, 137, 164, 225, 229, 266, 280, 346, 361, 371, 386

Birchenough Bridge (19°58’S 32°20’E), 106

Cheshire Farm (18°01’S 42°00’E), 279Chimanimani [Melsetter] (18°48’S

32°50’E), 107Chinhoyi [Sinoia] (17°21’S 44°13’E), 151tChipinga (20°12’S 32°48’E), 107Chisadenga Pool, xiv (21°03’S 31°40’E)Chitako-changonya (18°37’S 31°38’E), 34Chivi (c. 20°10’S 30°49’E), 33Devure (Devuli) River (c. 20°09’S

32°07’E), 106Drie-Span Berg (20°07’S 32°29’E), 35Fort Victoria. See MasvingoHighlands (17°48’S 31°05’E), 210, 211Hippo Valley Estate (21°10’S 31°33’E), 109Hwange [Wankie] (18°20’S 26°25’E),

148t, 151Inyanga (18°13’S 32°46’E), 229

Iskukuza (24°59’S 31°36’E), 157Katima Mulilo (17°30’S 24°16’E), 39,

109, 110fKwe Kwe District (c. 18°45’S 29°30’E),

109Lake Kariba (16°31’S 28°50’E), 34, 156,

228Lundi River (c. 20°15’S 30°13’E),

109Mana Pools (15°45’S 29°22’E), 34, 58,

148, 279Mana Pools National Park (15°50’S

29°23’E), 148, 279Marymount Mission (16°40’S 32°26’E),

179Masapa (16°15’S 31°39’E), 105Masvingo [Fort Victoria, Zambezi ruins]

(20°10’S 30°49’E), 33Melsetter. See ChimanimaniMount Darwin (16°45’S 31°39’E), 105Msuna (18°01’S 26°50’E), 33Mutare [Umtali] (19°00’S 32°40’E), 107Mutoko (17°24’S 32°13’E), 55, 105, 107,

111Ngesi National Park (18°41’S 30°25’E),

229Nkayi (19°00’S 28°54’E), 59Nyanga Communal Lands (c. 18°13’S

32°45’E), 279Nyanga North (c. 17°27’S 32°50’E), 107Nyanga North Communal Lands

(c. 17°27’S 32°50’E), 107Patuuyu tusere [Tuuyu tusere], 34Sapi River (c. 16°22’S 29°55’E), 58Save [Sabi] River (c. 20°22’S 30°13’S),

287Simba School (17°24’S 31°23’E), 59Sinoia. See ChinhoySkukuza (24°59’S 31°36’E), 157Triangle (21°05’S 31°28’E), 107, 396Tshitashawa (n.l.), 39, 60, 225Tsholotsho Communal Lands (n.l.), 60Turwi [Turgwe] River (20°27’S 32°17’E),

33Tuuyu tusere. See Patuuyu tusereUmtali. See MutareVictoria Falls. See ZambiaWankie. See HwangeZambezi (ruins). See Masvingo