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Interestedinthe7liberalarts(rhetoric,etc.)

OutlookofphilosophicalschoolsoftheRenaissanceAwayfromscholasticism

ManasopposedtoGod

Manisthemeasureofallthings

Athemeoftherenaissance

Petrarch

Humanism-

Wantedthechurchtoreform,butdidnotrejectit

Did

not

break

with

the

church

Muchmorereligiousthantheregularhumanists

Associatedwith"NorthernRenaissance"

ThegreatestChristianHumanist

CopiedthestyleoftheLatins

RejectedMiddleAges

Interestedinbehaviorandmorality

Usedsatireinwriting toexposeweaknessesofchurch

Talkedaboutpeace,education

Criticalofhypocrisy

NEVER

totally

rejected

the

church

Criticizedclergy

Hismostfamousbook

Satirical,makesfunofchurchvalues

InPraiseofFolly

Erasmus

ChristianHumanism-

French lawyer/priest

ExiledfromFrance

SettledinGeneva

InfluencedbyLuther

Famousbook

Appealedtoreason/logic

MostcomprehensiveexplanationofProtestantbelief

InstitutesoftheChristianReligion

Thoughtworldwasinmoralcrisis

Wantedtomakesurethathegottoheaven

Worriedabout"goodworks"(forchurch)Howmuch??

Simplicity

JohnCalvin(1509 1564)

Calvinism-

ISMS DennisZdonov

Thursday,April13,2006

5:36PM

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Recognizedsameabusesofchurch

Opposedtocelibacyofclergy

Nomonasticorders

Priestsnotnecessary

Admiredsimplepiety

SimilartoLuther,

PERSONALRELATIONSHIPWITHGOD

Bible =OnlysourceofXndoctrine

Communion=symbolic

Rejectedtransubstantiation

RejectedBishops

ThosewhowillbesavedarepickedbyGodatbirth

Predestination

Salvationbyelection

Churchshouldbeinchargeofthestate

Theocratic/Theocracy

NotjustGermanylikeLuther

Universal,expansionistappeal

PuritanswhocametotheNewWorldwereCalvinistsPuritanical

approach

to

life

BELIEFS:

Manfullofsin,incapableofsavinghimself

T:TotalDepravity

Godchoosestheelectunconditionally,notchoseonbasisofmerit,

Predestination

U:Unconditionalelection

OnlytheelectshareinChrist'ssacrifice

L:Limitedatonement

WhenGodchoosetosavesomeone,hewill

I:IrresistibleGrace

TheElectscannotlosetheirelectstatus

P:PerseveranceoftheSaints

Calvin'sTulip

Basel,Geneva,Zurich,Bern

Switzerland

JohnKnox/Presbyterians

Scotland

Huguenots

France

Puritans

England

Puritans fled

Holland

Puritans fledagain

NewWorld

SPREADMUCHFURTHERTHANLUTHERANISM

SpreadofCalvinism

Anglicanism-


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RulerofEngland

Wantedadivorce,butthechurchwouldnotgrantit

ActofSupremacy

EstablishedAnglicanchurch

HenryVIII

King=head

ChurchpropertyunderGov.control

SimilartoCatholicchurch,butlaterbecamemoreprotestantwithotherTudors

AnglicanChurch

Memberofthechurch

German monk

Criticalofchurchcorruptionandsuperstition

List

of

complaints

ComplainttoTetzel,mainmonkinchargeofsellingofindulgencies

Nailedtochurch;initiallydidn'twanttobreakwiththechurch

Wantedtohaveadebate

Becamemoreandmoreradical

NinetyfiveTheses,1517

Histrial

DietofWorms

FledtoSaxony

Protection

FrederickofSaxony

MartinLuther(1483 1546)

individualdoesnotneedapriest

Priesthoodofallbelievers

PERSONALRELATIONSHIPWITHGOD

Bible =MAINAUTHORITY

Onlythingtobesavedisadeepfaith

Noneedofchurch,prayer,sacrament

ALLyouneedisdeeploveofGod

Goodfaithbringsgoodthings

Justification(salvation)byfaithalone

PrieststurnbreadandwineintothebloodandfleshofGod

Didntsaythatitwasjustsymbolic

Godpresentinit,becauseGodpresenteverywhere

Transubstantiation

Baptismandcommunion(breadandwine)

Reduced7sacramentsto2

Pilgrimages

Fasts

Masses

Saints

Monasticism;monks

AGAINST

BELIFS:

Lutheranism-


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Celibacyforclergy

Germanparticularism/liberties

Werenowallowedtotakeallofchurchproperty

Princes

Gotasenseofstandinguptoauthority

Lutherhorrified-Peasant'sRevolt15241525

Masses

Appealedto:

Veryradicalgroup

Refusedtofitintosociety

"utopians"

Notaxes,noarmy,

Veryextremistgroup

TookoverMnster

Setupatheocracy

"NewJerusalem"

BurnedallbooksexcepttheBible

KilledanyonewhowasnotanAnabaptist

Abolishedprivateproperty,establishedbartersystem

polygamy

MnsterAnabaptists

Anabaptism-

Religion

advocated

by

the

Pope

Questionedbyreformers

Launched"CounterReformation"

"CounterReformation"

DefenditselffromtheProtestantReformation

Reformitsabuses

AstrategybyleadersoftheCatholicChurchto:

Churchcourt

Hereticsontrial

RomanInquisition notorture

TheInquisition

ListofbooksthatCatholicswerenotallowedtoread

NoworksofLutherandCalvin

Bannedbooks

CatholicIndex

Scapegoat

"MurdersofChrist"

Usury illegaltochargeinterestonloans

PersecutionoftheJews

ToolsoftheCatholicReformation

Catholicism-


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Restrictedtrade,becausenoonecouldgetaloan-

Changedtochargingexorbitantinterest-

Jesuits

OrganizedbySt.IgnatiusLoyola

Scholarlypriests

Mission:spreadCatholicism,haltProtestantReformation

SocietyofJesus

Organizationsoflaymen(normalpeople)Notclergy

Religiousclub/brotherhood

Confraternities

15451663

Organizationwhereleadersofthechurchwoulddiscusstheproblemsofthe

church

TO:Clarifythepositionofthechurch

Authorityofthepopeandbishops-

7sacraments-

Transubstantiation-

BeliefinPurgatory-

Celibacyofclergy-

Monasticism,monksseparatefromsociety-

Saints-

MostofoldCatholicdoctrine-

Reaffirmed:

JustificationbyfaithANDworks-

Limitedsaleofindulgences-

Condemnedpluralism-

Condemnedbehaviorofbishops-

Schoolsforpriests

Establishedseminaries-

Reformedmonasteries-

MadeVERYFEWCHANGES

CouncilofTrent

AgainsttheestablisheddoctrinesoftheCatholicchurch

Triedtomakereformstoreligion

Religiousreformledtopoliticalreform

TracedthroughearlyreformersandlaterMartinandLuther

PrevaileddespitestrongoppositionformtheestablishedChurch

Churchdidnotwanttolosepower

LeagueofSchmalkald=protestantstates

Catholicvs.Protestants

Religionofruler=religionofstate

Princeshadtogivebacktheproperty-

Didntwork-

EcclesiasticalReservation

PeaceofAugsburg1555

WaroftheLeagueofSchmalkald 15461555

Protestantism-


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Theologist

17thCentruy

Dutch

JacobArminius

Protestantbelief

OpposedtoabsolutepredestinationofCalvin

LaterledtotheMethodistmovement

Armenianism-

Governmentlimitedbythepeople

Constitution=lawforgovernment

Arguedtobemorejustandfairtothepeople

Limitsabuseofrulers

Constitutionalmonarch=kingthatobeysconstitutiondraftedbypeople

Ledtorevolutionsagainstabsoluterulers

Constitutionalism-

Rulerhadcompletepower

Beingthe"father"

Dutytocareforhispeople

Allegiancetotherulernottothestate

Origin:restorelawandorderafterReligiousWars

Monarchhadcompletepower

Peoplegaveupalloftheirpower

Peoplehadnopowertorevolt

ThomasHobbes

DivineRight

JeanBoden

Notacontract

Ruler'sauthoritycomesfromGodalone

TutorofLouisXIV

BishopBousset

Principles

Greatpower

Sometimesabusive

Manywars

Radicaldecisions

Centralizedpower

Weakenedopposition

Largestandingarmies

Religiousunity=strength

Strongerbureaucracy

Characteristics

LouisXIV

PetertheGreat

CharlesVofAustria

AbsoluteMonarchsexamples

Absolutism-


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itwasawayofviewingtheworld,anoutlookorattitudenotanagenda

Morethanjustapoliticaltheory-

businessandprofessionalclasses

consideredthemselvesmodern,enlightened,fair

Supportedbythemiddleclass-

Confidentthathumanprogresswasinevitable

Humanitycouldimproveitself

Faithinmansabilitytorulehimselfandhiscapacityforselfcontrol

Social-

Favoredconstitutionalmonarchy

Radicalsfavoredarepublic

Wantedwrittenconstitutions

Legislativeprocess

opposedtoUMS(fearedexcessesofmobrule)

opposedtowomensvote

Wantedtobroadenfranchise (vote)

Utilitarianism greatestgoodforthegreatestnumber

WantedGOV. toprotectprivateproperty andmaintainthepeace

Politics-

laissezfaire andfreedomtowork

opposedtotariffs

opposedtounionsandstrikes

Believedinprivateenterpriseandprivateproperty

FollowersofA.SmithandManchesterSchoolofeconomics

DavidRicardo

Workersonlyjustgetby

Iron

Law

of

Wages (marketforceswillresultinsubsistencewage)

Dislikedwar andmilitaryexpenditures

Economics-

ClassicalLiberalism-

Politicalbelief-

Politicalcenter=liberty-

Freedomofexpressionandbeliefs-

Governmentdoesnotlimitthepeople,butgivesthemequalopportunitiesunderthelaw-

Montesquieu,Rousseau,etc..

ProminentduringtheEnlightenment-

Drivingforcebehindpoliticalchangein18thandearly19thcentury-

Left-

Wantchange-

Middleclass

SupportEnlightenmentandFr.Rev.

Supportedsocialreform

Reason,progressandeducation

19thCentury-

Liberalism-


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Writtenconstitutions

Limitedmonarchyorrepublic

Wantedpoliticalchange

Extendsuffragetoalleligiblecitizens

Favoredbreakuplargeempires

Speech

Religion

press

Freedomoftheindividual

Rightwing-

Opposedtochange-

Tokeepoldrulingforcesinpower-

Upperclass

SupportedOldRegime

Favoredoldtraditions

TurnbacktheclockWantedtochangebacktooldtimes

Thewaythingsalwayshavebeen

Supportedstatusquo

Favoredlaworderstability

Monarchy

Returnoldking(absolutemonarchs)-

Hereditarymonarchy-

Legitimacy

Opposedtopoliticalchange

Restrictedvote

Balanceofpower

Censorship

Establishedchurch

Restrictcivilrights

Opposedtonationalism

Opposedtoliberalism

19thCentury-

Turnbackclock

Preventfuturerevolutions

UndoFrenchRevolution

Church

Lawandorder

Tradition,statusquo

Lessnaturalrights

Conservativeideology-

Legitimacy

BalanceofPower

Preventionoffuturerevolution/spreadofliberalism

3MainPrinciples-

Conservatism-

Strongemotion-

Romanticism-


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Interestedinexoticsubjects-

Vividcolors-

Fascinationwithstorms/death-

picturedTurksmassacringGreeks,heartsofEuropeanswentouttoGreekcause,emotion

stirred

-

MassacreatChios

LibertyLeadingthePeople

EugeneDelacroix-

RaftoftheMedusa-

Depictingreallife-

Real/ordinarypeopledoingordinarytasks-

Dullordinarycolors-

Started1850'sand1860's-

Philosopherofirrationality

dynamicenergy" somethingyoucantdefine

Bergson-

Poetofmodernlife,novelist

Urbanlife

Banned,controversial,sexuallysuggestive

Rebelledagainstthebourgeoisculture

CharlesBaudelaire-

VillagenearParis

Paintingsofvillagelife(peasants,harvests,etc.)

TheGleaners

JeanFrancoisMillet

BarbizonPainters-

Abandonedidealization

Familybeingloweredintoagrave

BurialatOrnans

GustaveCourbet-

Moderndrama(realism)

Women'slives

ADollsHouse

HenrikIbsen-

FrenchNovelistOrdinarypeopleashesawit

EmileZola-

"progressiveideas"

historicalviewofChrist

problemswithchurch

LifeofJesus

Renan-

Realism-


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Prideforowncountry-

Unityforpeople-

Germany,Italy

Causedculturalregionstounifyintolargerstates

Constructivenationalism-

Toputothernationsdown,andestablishsupremacyoverothernations

Ledtoimperialism

Aggressivenationalism-

Toomanyethnic/culturalgroupstocooperatecohesively

AustriaHungary

Destructivenationalism-

Nationalism-

Europe

Economyunderwentmuchchange(1830,40)

Equalityforallsocialclasses

Newpoliticalforces

AnswertotheIR

StartofSocialism-

People,asagroup,ownmeansofproduction

Governmentensuressocialequality

Everyoneinsocietyperceivedmoreorlessequal

Socialistbeliefs-

Socialism-

Failed"Utopia"=fantasy/idealsocieties

-

MostwereFrench

Dreamedof"perfect"societies

Therichwillnothelpthepoor

"TheSocialQuestion"

Childrenoftheenlightenment

"religionofhumanity"

InthisheaskedwhatwouldhappenifallofFrance's

royaltyandnobilitysankinashipwreck. hesaidit

wouldbeatragiclostbutnotasmuchasadamageto

societyasifallofthebankers,artisans andfarmerssank

In1820hepublishedaprovocativeparable

Wantedhierarchynotonbloodbutbasedonproductivity

Hardworkrewarded

Beliefs

Economic/modernapproachtoreligion

Wrote"TheNewChristianity"

CountClaudeHenrideSaintSimon-

UtopianSocialists-

UtopianSocialism-


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17721837

RivalofSaintSimon

Artofselling =practiceoflyinganddeception

Wantedtofreesocietyfrombourgeoisieindividualism

810personalitytypes

Tocreateacommunityinwhichpeopleworktogetherforthegood

ofall;selfsufficient

Goal

Selfsufficient

Farmandworkshop

Hadtobespecificsize(1620people)

Phalanx =community-

CharlesFourier-

Makeaprofit

Treatworkerswell

(thoughtpossibletodobothatsametime)

2goals

Actuallydidit

Experimentalindustrialcommunity

Textilemill

Highwages

Decenthousing

Schools

Stores(buygoodsatfairprices)

Goodworkingconditions

NewLanark,Scotland

Lateronitfellapart

Triedagain

Successfulforshorttimeonly

Experimentalagriculturalcommunity

Goodworkingconditions

Workersdidntworkashard

Workerstookadvantageofit

Couldnotsellgoodsforascheap

Failed

NewHarmony,Indiana

Equalityforwomen

RobertOwen-

IntheoryMore

extreme

socialism

Everybodyequal

Classlesssociety

Noclasses

Nogovernment

Noreligion

Nomoney

Perfectpersonwhoworksforthecommongoal

Paradisefortheworkingclass

Purecommunism

Communism-


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GovernmentcontrolsEVERYTHING-

Singlepartydictatorship-

Criticsweresilenced

Statemoreimportantthantheindividual

Demandedobedience-

Work

Education

Living

Statecontrolledallaspectslife-

Extremenationalism-

Noprivateproperty

Fasciststatesprotectprivateproperty

FarLEFT-

Everymedia

Propaganda-

Allartshowssocialistmessage

Veryclearandobvious

Statuesnotgreatart,butcanbeunderstoodandareobvious

Socialistrealism-

Shortagesofconsumergoods

NOunemployment

Standardofliving-

Example:underruleofJosephStalin-

Totalitarianism-

Dictatorcontrolledallaspectsoflife

Totalitarianrule

Everyoneworkedforthestate,notforindividual

Glorifiedstate

Singlepartydictatorship

Strongruler(IlDuce)

Protectedprivatepropertyandprivateenterprise

Excessivegovernmentregulation

Peace=Weakness

Glorifiedwar

ViolenceisGOOD

Strongnationshavetherightandresponsibilitytotakeoverweakones

Imperialistic

Bullies

Aggressivenationalism

Tooweak

Democracy

Socialism

Communism

AGAINST

Fascism-


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"WealthofNations" 1776AdamSmith

Leaveeconomyalone

Supplyanddemand

Competition

MarketForces

InvisibleHand wouldcontroleconomy

Bankinglaws

Businesslaws

Setupsothatbusinesstakesplacemaintaincontracts

Maintainlegalframework

Notallowmonopolies

Maintaincompetition

Promotestability

Lawandorder

Keepthepeace

Role

of

Government

DivisionofLabor

Ifeveryonedoeswhat'sgoodforthem,itwillbegoodforthenationSelfInterest

Capitalism-

IdeasofKarlMarx

"CommunistManifesto"

BlamedcapitalismforsinsoftheIR

Dreamers

Hatedutopians

Ideasbasedonhistoryandeconomics

Scientificsocialism

Everythingdoneforeconomicreasons

Man=economicanimal

Societydeterminedbyeconomics

Worseandworseandworsefortheproletariat

Bourgeoisiecontrolthechurch

Religion=opiateofthemasses

Makespeoplenotcomplain

Religionwon'thelp

Bourgeoisiecontrolthegovernment

Governmentwon'thelp

Eventuallyworkersrevolt"Workersoftheworldunite,youhavenothingtolosebutyourchains"

Industrialsocietyrequiredforindustrialization

Revolutionisinevitable

18thCentury =Noblesvs.Bourgeoisie

19thCentury =Bourgeoisievs.Proletariat

Havesvs.Havenots

Winner=methodsofproduction

Classstruggle

Veryshort

Workerswilltakeoverandcreate"DictatorshipoftheProletariat"

OrthodoxMarxism-


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Purecommunism

WRONGhappenedinlessindustrialized

Wouldspreadeverywhere

Revolutionswouldhappen1stinthemostindustrializedcountries

Socialclassismostimportant

Nationalismwasntimportant

DIDNOTWORK

Capitalism >ProletariatoverthrowBourgeoisie >Socialism >PureCommunism

Foundedin1883

JulesGuesde TheRedPope

Electoralcampaigns

UnifiedMarxistviews

1stmodernpoliticalparty

FrenchWorkersParty

RussianMarxists

ScientificSocialism

Workersrevolutionafterbourgeoisierevolution

TheWesternizers

1884

Socialistgroup

Gradualchange

Americanwriter

singletax

HenryGeorge

Somegotelectedtooffice

TheFabianSociety

Est.1875

Spreadthroughsocialmeans(clubs,media,events)

Slowlygrewverylarge

Reformistsocialismideas

GermanSocialDemocraticParty(S.P.D.)

Supportedrepublic

Reformsthroughvoting

Believedinmasselections

Workingclasstownsmunicipalsocialism

FrenchGov.wastoocentralized

Notverysuccessful

ThePossibilists

RevisionistMarxism-

MarxandEngel

Matterprecedesthought

AphilosophicaltheorybehindMarxism

DialecticalMaterialism-


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Everythingunderstoodconcretely

GeorgHegel

AlsousedbyPlekhanovandLenin

Nogovernment

Russiananarchist

Anarchistcommunism=everyoneequal

Individualcorruptedbyorganizedsociety

PyotrKropotkin

Anarchistgroup(France,Italy,US)

Littlepower,expelledfromotherorg.

BlackInternational

RussianofficialsofAlexanderII

KingUmbertoIofItaly

President

William

McKinley

of

the

USA

WaveofbombingsalloverEurope

Anarchistassassinations

Anarchism-

Existenceismeaningless

DestructionofexistingGov./socialinstitutionsisnecessaryforfuturegrowthand

improvement

Secular

FriedrichNietzsche

Nihilism-

CharlesDarwinandtheoriginofspecies

Creaturesreproduceandoffspringadapttoenvironment,thereforecausingchange

Controversialatthetime,morewidelyacceptedtoday

Darwinism-

"SurvivaloftheFittest"

Thestrongergroupisgiventherighttoliveandexterminateweakergroups

Darwin'stheoryappliedtosociety

Imperialism,aggressivenationalism,genocide

Examples

SocialDarwinism-

Rejectedreligioussubjectsandformalpresentation

Fastglance,quickglimpse,fuzzy

Initialimpression

Spontaneous

Impressionalism-


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Lighterandbrightenercolors

TheSalon largenationalgallery

Controversial

EdouardManet

Unattractivethingsinlife

EdgarDegas

Importancetostresssubject

VincentvanGogh

InfluencedbyImpressionalism

PostImpressionalism-

DuringtheRussiancivilwar

Lenin'seconomicplan

Toincreaseproductionandwinthewar

Tookcontrolofallindustry

Confiscatedgrainandwarsupplies

Governmentseizedmorepower

Failed

SimilartoTotalWar

WarCommunism-

Organizedunions

Workerswouldbeabletoseizecontroloftheirindustries

Tradeunionswouldreplacethestate

Rejectedpoliticalparticipation

PutdownbyGov.andmilitary

StrikesinFranceandItaly

Syndicalism-

GOVERNMENTSjobtobuildupeconomy

Builtroads,canals,ports

Encouragedbusinessandtrade

SelfsufficientstateGatherspecie(tangiblecurrency)

Showoffprosperity

Goals

Favoredbyabsoluterulers

Mercantilism-

Truthdiscoveredbyreasonandanalysis

SirFrancisBacon thescientificmethod

FavoredduringtheEnlightenment

Rationalism-


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LedtoDeism

philosophyoftheMiddleAges

reasontoprovereligiousideas

Contradictorytoindividualism/humanism

Scholasticism-

Germanicstatesindependent

Prussia,Austria

Twocompetingdominantpowers

Germanprincesunwillingtosacrificeownpowerandformunitedstate

GermanParticularism-

Churchauthorityincouncilnotinpope

15thcentury

Avignonpapacy

DisputesinCatholicChurch

Conciliarism-

Movementto"purify"thechurch

Soughtchurchreform

Officialsinquestion

Morestrict/controllingofdailylife

PuritansmovedtotheNewWorld

Puritanism-

Italianstatesstrivetounite

Garibaldi,Cavour,Mazzini

Finallyunite,butproblemsfollow

ItalianIrredentism-

PersecutionoftheJews

Jewsaresociallyinferior

Germany,RussiaProminentinnumerouscultures

DreyfusAffair France

Pogroms attacksonJewsinRussia

EvidentinWWII

AntiSemitism-

Desiretogotowar

Intensifiedthroughthepublicmedia

Jingoism-


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AdrivingforcebehindstartofWWI

Partofaggressivenationalism

Formofvisualart

AgainstHighRenaissance

15201600

Emotionaldistortion

Violentandexpressivecolors

Skewedperspectiveandscale

Mannerism-

Movementtoextendsuffrageandotherliberalreform

PetitionstoBritishparliamentforReform

Slowlyallreformwasachieved

Secretballot

UMS

PayMembersofParliaments(MPs)

Eliminationofpropertyrequirement

Equalizeelectoraldistricts

Electionseveryyear

AnnualParliament

6

points

Slowly1atatimeallofthesewerepassesexceptannualParliament

Rejectedtwice

People'sCharter

Chartism-

Philosophicalprinciple

Factsmorevitalthantheory

Applicationsofthescientificmethod

Similartoempiricismandlearningthroughexperience

Positivism-

JoiningofSlaviccultures

Russia=biggestsupporter

HelpedSerbiaandotherBalkannations

UnifyingforceforWWI

PanSlavism-

Formofpropaganda

Mediadisplayswhatthegovernmentwantstoshow

Verypatrioticandspirited

Glorifiestheworkingclass

USSR,China,othercommunistnations

SocialistRealism-

Documents

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