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Neil WildgustBASICS OF GEOLOGICAL STORAGE
Global CCS InstituteWORKSHOP FOR CIVIL, CHEMICAL, ELECTRICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERS:
INTRODUCTION TO CAPTURE, USE AND GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CO2
October 13-14, 2014
DF CFE Technology Museum
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Geological Storage Scenarios
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Effective Storage in Dense Phase
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Trapping Mechanisms
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Structural and Stratigraphic Trapping
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Seals or Caprocks
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• Principal types – shale and salt• Shales:
• Clay-rich rocks• Variable, low permeability• May allow slow migration of formation brine to alleviate
pressurization
• Salts:• Extremely low permeability• Combined with ductile properties – very secure caprock• Negligible scope for brine migration and pressure
alleviation
Residual Trapping
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Solubility Trapping
• CONTROLLING FACTORS:• Temperature• Pressure• Brine salinity• Hydrogeological systems• Effects of reservoir
heterogeneity
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Mineral Trapping
• Potentially most secure trapping mechanism
• Variety of minerals can precipitate
• Long and uncertain timescales
• Modelling complexity• e.g. reservoir
heterogeneity
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Characterization Methods
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Seismic Surveys
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Predictive Modelling
• Regulatory requirement• Based on existing
knowledge e.g. reservoir engineering, hydrogeology
• Flow simulations can be coupled with other processes e.g. geochemistry, geomechanics etc
• Iterative process – re-calibrate with monitoring data
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Measurement, Monitoring and Verification (MMV)
• May be focused on the reservoir or for environmental protection
• Suite of existing technologies available – choice should be site-specific
• Baseline (pre-operational) data required
• Cost-effective approaches for commercial deployment
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Risk Assessment
• Regulatory requirement• Framework for project
assessment and management
• Integrity of storage is paramount consideration
• Key risk scenarios for deep aquifers include capacity and injectivity
• Key risk scenario for CO2-EOR is wellbore integrity
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Storage Costs
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• Generally regarded as significant but minor portion of overall costs for whole chain CCS
• Usually quoted in $/tonne (or Euros/tonne) over project lifecycle
• ZEP produced a comprehensive review of CCS costs including storage
• http://www.zeroemissionsplatform.eu
• Compared to capture engineering: storage costs may be relatively low, but storage is the most uncertain part of the CCS chain and can be the longest to prove for an investment decision……..
• CAPTURE IS MORE EXPENSIVE BUT STORAGE LESS CERTAIN
Public Outreach
• Early engagement with stakeholders is crucial
• Local opposition can stop projects e.g. Netherlands
• Community outreach is stipulated in emerging best practices and standards
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