APA Style and Formatting_Introduction Citation and Integrating Sources_Updated 9 2 14(1)(1)

8/10/2019 APA Style and Formatting_Introduction Citation and Integrating Sources_Updated 9 2 14(1)(1)

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Formatting, Thesis Statements, and Avoiding Plagiarism

Prepared by Ayde Enriquez-Loya 1



Using the words, ideas, and/or organization

of another person and calling it your own.

Taking credit for someone else’s hard work. Cheating and/or stealing




According to the FSU Code of Student Conduct, astudent violates the Academic Dishonesty Policy if he orshe attempts to cheat or plagiarize, cheats (receivingunauthorized aid or assistance on any form of academicwork), plagiarizes (copies the language structure, ideasand/or thoughts of another without giving appropriaterecognition and/or adopting it as one’s own originalwork), falsifies (unauthorized changing of grades or

conduct involving any untruth, spoken or written,regarding any circumstances related to academic work),or aids and abets others to cheat or plagiarize. Penaltiesinclude failing the course, suspension, and expulsion,and will be prosecuted to the fullest extent possible.




American PsychologicalAssociation

System of citation most oftenused by the social sciences

As writers, we have the responsibility toacknowledge the works of others when we

use their works to improve ours. As studentsin English 120, we utilize APA Style andFormatting in the construction of ourdocuments and in the citation of our sources.




Similar to the MLA (Modern Language Association)

Writing Style that is often in the Humanities such as

English Departments, APA (American PsychologicalAssociation) Writing Style is primarily the writing styleutilized within the Social Sciences and a series ofother fields. APA is also used in series of academic

journals. Writing style refers not to the way you write,but some of the rules and standards of the writingitself, such as expectations regarding the thesisstatement, citations, and the integration of quotedmaterial.




Formatting

Style

Thesis Statements

Citing Sources

Integration of Sources




Major Papers will have 4 sections:

Title Page

Abstract

Main Body

References


This is thetype offormat that

major papersutilize: such

as formalresearch

papers,thesis, and

dissertations



All Major Final Assignments Must Be: Typed Double Spaced throughout

1 in margins all around 12 point font-Times New Roman Use black font Pagination: Include page numbers at the top right. Running Head: in the page header (aka “running head”)

include the title of your paper in all caps. (Must not exceed50 characters) . For example:▪ The “Running Head” part of the running head only appears on the

first page. Such as: Running Head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER

▪ The title of your paper will appear on every page after that in all

caps. Such as: TITLE OF YOUR PAPERPrepared by Ayde Enriquez-Loya 8



Start with your Running Head (discussed in the previous slide). Heading: the heading will be centered and about 1/3 of the way

down the title page. The heading should include the followinginformation for our class:

full title of your paper▪ Do not bold, italicize, use ALL CAPS, underline or use “quotations” for your title.

Your name

Course (ENGL 120-##)

Instructor’s name (Professor Enriquez-Loya)

Date Review the APA Formatted Essay Sample for theses, dissertations,

and other major research papers. Please note that the headingsfor these are a bit different than what we need in this class.


https://owl.english.purdue.edu/media/pdf/20090212013008_560.pdf







http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/apa-style-and-formattingintroduction-citation-and-integrating-sourcesupdated 10/49Prepared by Ayde Enriquez-Loya 10



Third vs. First Person Point of View: You can only use first personwhen you discuss something that you specifically did. It’s odd torefer to yourself in third person. I narrowed down the scope of theresearch to the last 10 years.

Please note that this does not mean that every other sentence shouldsay I think, I feel, ect.

In every other circumstance make sure to use third person.

Use active voice: Using active voice is when you allow the subjectto complete the action: “Steve takes out the trash” Or “I heard

there will be layoffs”: Here, Steve and “I” are the subjectsundertaking an action. Passive voice is when the action is placed in the subject position. So

for our examples above: “The trash is taken out by taken out by Steve”or “Layoff have been heard off by me.” That just sounds strange,right?

***Information adopted from Purdue Owl,https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/


https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/






Be concise and precise: avoid any vagueness and beincredibly specific about everything. Avoid wordinessand condense information when possible.

When referring to correlational research in the socialsciences, we do not proof. We suggest or indicate. Avoiding Poetic Language. Therefore, you should

avoid figurative language, such as metaphors,analogies, rhyme schemes, alliteration. Instead, “usesimple, descriptive adjectives and plain language thatdoes not risk confusing your meaning.”







While you should always be clear about the sex identity ofyour participants (if you conducted an experiment), sothat gender differences are obvious, you should not usegender terms when they aren't necessary.

In other words, you should not use "he," "his" or "men" asgeneric terms applying to both sexes.

APA does not recommend replacing "he" with "he or she,""she or he," "he/she," "(s)he," "s/he," or alternatingbetween "he" and "she" because these substitutions are

awkward and can distract the reader from the point youare trying to make. The pronouns "he" or "she" inevitably cause the reader to

think of only that gender, which may not be what youintend.

***Information adopted from Purdue Owl,

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Prepared by Ayde Enriquez-Loya 13






Rephrase the sentence Use plural nouns or plural pronouns - this way

you can use "they" or "their"

Replace the pronoun with an article - instead of"his," use "the" Drop the pronoun - many sentences sound fine if

you just omit the troublesome "his" from thesentence

Replace the pronoun with a noun such as"person," "individual," "child," "researcher," etc.

***Information adopted from Purdue Owl,https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/56

0/01/ Prepared by Ayde Enriquez-Loya 14







To avoid unintentional biases in your language, lookto the parameters of your research itself.

When writing up an experimental report, describeyour participants by the measures you used to classifythem in the experiment, as long as the labels are notoffensive.

Example: If you had people take a test measuringtheir reaction times and you were interested inlooking at the differences between people who hadfast reaction times and those with slow reactiontimes, you could call the first group the "fast reactiontime group" and the second the "slow reaction timegroup.“








When you use terms such as "the elderly" or "theamnesiacs," the people lose their individuality.

One way to avoid this is to insert an adjective(e.g., "elderly people," "amnesic patients").

Another way is to mention the person first andfollow this with a descriptive phrase (e.g.,

"people diagnosed with amnesia"), although itcan be cumbersome to keep repeating phraseslike this.

***Information adopted from Purdue Owl,

https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Prepared by Ayde Enriquez-Loya 16





MLA Thesis

• a statement of what youpropose to argue and prove

• the answer to an unaskedquestion.

• a statement of your purpose,direction, stance, and yourargument

• a statement that lets thereader know what youintend to do and how youwill do it.

APA Thesis

• “one-sentence (oroccasionally a two-sentence)statement of your centralidea;”

• “your thesis will express not just your opinion but yourinformed, reasoned answerto that question, given thecurrent state of research inthe field” (Hacker &Sommers 622).




Define a specific topic. (State your topic).

Take an interpretative stance on that topic. (Let thereader know how you’ve interpreted something)

Use precise language. (Stay away from vague language)

Use active verbs. (There is an emphasis on…vs…Jonesemphasizes)




1. is a contract with your reader, and2. it outlines the body of the paper as well as its

methodology, and

3. it gives you a chance to narrow down yourtopic, and4. it establishes your purpose for the entire piece.Each thesis statement will require differentmaterial depending on the type of assignment.For specifics about your thesis statement, refer tothe Lessons for each type of assignment we areworking on.




Citing Sources Signal introductory phrases

In-text Citation

Citation

Quoting

Summarizing

Paraphrasing Synthesizing


Use all of theseto both

strengthenyour paper and

avoidplagiarism






To tell readers where your information was

found

To give credit to the authors you have used tobuild your argument/research.

To avoid plagiarism




Initially, all sources (quoted, summarized, and

paraphrased) must be properly introduced

using first and last name, date of publicationin parentheses, university/research

affiliations, and/or title of article. After that,

any reference to the author and/or the

source, must include a signal phrase of

author’s last name and date of publication in

parentheses.




Always introduce the author you will be

quoting, summarizing or paraphrasing by

their full name initially and other importantinformation.

Greg Jones (1997) in his article “The End of Academia,” argues...

After that, you may refer to them by their lastname only.

Jones (1997) argues that...




Use in-text citations for the paraphrasing of

others works, quotations, or any idea that

does not belong to you exclusively must beproperly indicated and documented.

Authors included in the in-text citations must

be included in the List of References and vice

versa.




If you use the author(s) name in the

sentence with the information, you only

need to include the page number. For example:

Mitchell (1999) suggests that soy milk

can reduce the amount of caloric intake(p.25).




If you don’t use the author(s) name in

the sentence your in-text citation should

include the author(s) last name andpage number.

For example: Studies have shown that the rate of poverty has

increased by 59 percent in the last ten years (Jones,1999, p.34).




Visit Purdue Owl at the following website:

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/5

60/02/ Or check out the information in your

manuals.


http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/02/







Two authors

(Jones & Smith, 1978, p.25)

Three to Five Authors… First time: List all authors…

(Jones, Smith, Lopez, Martin, & Sung, 1999,

p. 30)

Each subsequent time: List the first author and et.al. For example:

(Jones et al., 2011, p. 25-9)




Six or more authors Use the first authors name followed by et.al.,

(Jones et.al., 1989, p.25).

Unknown author Use the title of the piece

(“The Death of Democracy,” 2001, p.5)

For more examples, look in your manual orPurdue Owl:http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/03/









All APA documents must have 1 inch margins allaround.

“References” must be centered at the top of the

page. Do not bold, italicize, or underline title. All citations must be in alphabetical order. The second line of a citation must be indented 5

spaces (hanging indent). Always start on a new page. Insert a page break at

the end of your paper.




In the reference list: Titles of Books and Journals are Italicized OR Underlined.

Don’t do both.

Titles of Articles, chapters, or other shorter pieces are notitalicized, underlined, or put in quotation marks.

Present titles in full and include all authors’ names.

Invert author’s names. Alison Jones = Jones, Alison.

Basic Ruleshttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/05/







Running Head: TITLE OF PAPER 8

References

Author’s Name. (Date of Publication). Title of Book. Location:

Publisher.

Jones, Alison. (1999). Why I Wrote this Book . New York: Penguin.

Notice that it is

also doublespaced and it

starts on a newpage. InsertPage Break.






After selecting our research paper

topics/questions, its important to get a better

understanding of the issues in question. We are not experts, but have access to their

research.

Bring in evidence/support (research data)

Provide clarifications, definitions,

explanations, and testimonies from leading

experts





Synthesizing

Summarizing

Paraphrasing

Quoting



This consists of using quotation marks toinclude the exact words, phrases, and evenideas of another person.

Documentation is always required. Limit your use of quotations. Deciding when to quote:

Provide direct examples and/or evidence Convey information concisely and accurately

When the direct quotation will add credibility toyour argument





• Special/specific terminology

• Direct explanation from a credible source

• Longer chunks of definitional information

Place the exact wordsfrom your source in

quotation marks.

• Introduce your sources to your readers by providing a limitedamount of information about the author(s).

• No floating quotesProperly introduce

• Explain the content of the text

• What it means and why its significant

Integrate the

quotation

• APA

• MLA

• Chicago, etc.

Document

(in-text citation)



Small Quotes of Specific Terminology:

Another problem affecting autistic individuals

is the “absence of imaginative pursuits” andthis suggests that autistic individuals lack a

capacity for pretend play and instead engage

in repetitive behavior (Frith, 1989, p.71).

Frith, U. (1989). Autism explaining the enigma. BasilBlackwell, Oxford.




Larger/Block Quotes of More Thorough Information (40 or morewords in APA):The test of memory consisted of “one cued-recall question abouteach critical detail” (Weingardt, 1997, p. 74). After this test they

were given warning instructions that stated:For some of the questions, the detail in question wasnot mentioned in the story at all (that is, you saw thecorrect answer in the slide show, but the detail inquestion was not mentioned in the story). For otherquestions, the detail was mentioned, but it was

described inaccurately (that is, you saw the correctanswer in the slide show, but an incorrectanswer was mentioned in the story). (Weingardt,1997, p. 74)

Weingardt found that participants remembered the suggesteddetails without being able to distinguish its source.




Paraphrasing allows use to take a section of atext and put into your words.

Paraphrasing allows you to better integrate the

information with your ideas. Documentation is always required. Deciding when to paraphrase:

When the information is rather field specific or withtoo much jargon and you wish to simplify it for your

readers To condense a large chunk of information

To fully integrate the new information with thealready established points in your paper





Read

Process Information

Write

Revisit

Revise



Summarizing allows you to cover large amounts ofinformation and focus on what you consider mostsignificant and/or relevant to your argument.

Summarizing allows you to take entire articles,stories, and/or even novels and condense them into afew sentences or paragraphs.

Documentation is always required. Deciding when to summarize:

When there is a lengthy amount of information that needsto be provided and/or briefly explained

When every detail is not essential to your argument, butan broad understanding of the entire piece is needed





Read

Annotate

Process Information

Identify Main Points

Scan & Sum Up Main Points

Combine

Write

Revisit

Revise



Synthesizing allows you to bring lots of informationfrom a lot of different sources into one place.

Synthesizing allows you to integrate sources in such away that you are able to compare, contrast,

differentiate, summarize and condense information from and between different sources.

Documentation is required for every source yousynthesize.

Deciding when to synthesize: When its important to provide a wide survey of

information from different sources When its important to show the wide breadth of research

on a particular topic





Gather Sources

Read Each Source

Annotate Each Source

Narrow Down Your Focus

Arrange

Write

Revisit

Revise






Refer to the Purdue Owl website to

get more detailed information on how to cite

individual sources.http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/56

0/01/

If you pursue a degree in the social

sciences, I would suggest youpurchase a writing handbook or an

APA Manual.




Documents

APA Style and Formatting_Introduction Citation and Integrating Sources_Updated 9 2 14(1)(1)