l5 Apa Citation

8/3/2019 l5 Apa Citation

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American Psychological

Association (APA)


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Two important features:

1. In-text citations within the body

2. References separate sheets at the end of thepaper


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Requires page numbers for direct quotations

p. - single page

pp. - more than one page


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IN-TEXT CITATIONS


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1. Paraphrased or Summarized Source

People from the Mediterranean prefer an elbow-toshoulder distance from each other (Morris, 2005).

Morris (2003) notes that people from theMediterranean prefer an elbow-to-shoulder distancefrom each other.


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2. Source of a Short Quotation

A recent report of reductions in SAD-relateddepression in 87 percent of patients (Binkley,

2001, p. 203) reverses the findings of earlier studies.

Binkley (2001) reports reductions in SAD-relateddepression in 87 percent of patients (p. 203).


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3. Source of a Long Quotation (40 or more words)

Two or more utterances might have the sameunderlying sentences, but they can have quitedifferent interpretations in context:

Interpreting what a speakers utterance meansinvolves a fair amount of intelligent guessworkfor the hearer and considerably more knowledgethat comes from simply knowing the meanings

of individual words and how they combine toform sentences. (Bonner, 2001, p. 72)


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4. One Author

Pragmatics is concerned with the full complexity oflinguistic behavior. From that perspective, there isno way of addressing, for instance, issues ofcognition without taking society and culture intoaccount, nor are there ways of addressing issues ofculture abstracted from their cognitiveunderpinnings and implications (Coles, 1999).


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5. Two Authors

It has been shown repeatedly in the literature thatsecond language learners fail to achieve nativecommunicative competence even at a ratheradvanced stage of learning (Krait & Cooper, 2001).

Krait and Cooper (2001) cite that second languagelearners fail to achieve native communicative

competence even at a rather advanced stage oflearning.


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6. Three, Four, or Five Authors

FIRST REFERENCE:

Pragmatics is the study of communicative action inits sociocultural context (Elliot, Kerber, & Co, 2001).

SUBSEQUENT REFERENCE:

Elliot et al. (2001) define pragmatics as the study ofcommunicative action in its sociocultural context.


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7. Six or More Authors

The study of pragmatics explores the ability oflanguage users to match utterances with contexts in

which they are appropriate (Smith et al., 2005).

*** in all in-text reference including the first***


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8. Author(s) with two or more works in the same year

Cline (2001b) cites that second language learnersoften struggle to communicate appropriately, even

when they have a high level of general languageproficiency. Language learning methodologists andresearchers in this field of study would be (Cline,2001a, 2001c).


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9. Two or More Authors with the same name

R.A. Smith (1997) and C. Smith (2003) both confirmthese results. These results have been confirmed

independently (C. Smith, 2003; R.A. Smith, 1997).


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10. Work with a Group or Corporate Author

Exposing learners to pragmatics in their secondlanguage likewise helps them to expand theirperception of the target language and those whospeak it (American Association of Linguists [AAL],2006).

*** In subsequent citations, use AAL alone.***


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11. Work Listed by Title

The theories of speech acts and conversationalimplicatures provide insights into person-to-personinteractions (Theories of Speech Acts, 2004).

***If no author is named, write first few words of thetitle of the work.***


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12. Reference to an Online Source

(Andersom, 2003, para. 14)

(Riggs, 2002, Introduction, para. 3)

***If online source doesnt have page nos., use theparagraph number.

** If you cant decipher page or paragraph no., cite aheading and a paragraph number after it, if possible.


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REFERENCE LIST


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References

Title: References

Centered

Without quotation marks Not italicized

Not underlined

Use hanging indent style This makes source names and dates more

prominent.


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Example: BOOKS

Wood, P. (2007). Diversity: The invention of a

concept. San Francisco: Encounter Books.


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Example: JOURNAL ARTICLES

Shuter, R. (1999). A field study of non-verbal

communication in Germany, Italy, and the

United States. Communication Monographs,44, 202-210.


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Example: Electronic and Online Sources

Marcus, H. F., & Kitayamo, S. (1991). Culture and the

self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and

motivation.Psychological Abstracts, 78.

Retrieved October 2, 2005, from the PsycINFOdatabase (Item 1991-23978-001).

**If theres an item or accession number, place it inparentheses.


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Navera, D. Remembrance of things future: Themystery of time. The New York Times.Retrieved December 11, 2005, from

http://www.nytimes.com

***Dont put a period after a URL.


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REFERENCE GUIDELINES

FOR PRINT SOURCES


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1. Book by One Author

Newton, I. (2003). Pink houses and family taverns.

Bloomington: Indiana University Press.


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2. Book by Two Authors

Edin, K., & Litton, M. (2005). Promises I can keep:Why poor women put motherhood before

marriage. Berkeley: University of CaliforniaPress.


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3. Books by Three or More Authors

** 3-6 authors: include all authors names

** more than 6 authors: use only first SIX namesfollowed by et al.

Smith, H.J., King, I.O., & Wilter, P.T. (2005). Use of

pragmatics in conversations. East Lansing:

Michigan State University Press.


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4. Two or More Books by the Same Author

Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory

in practice. New York: Basic Books.

Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multipleintelligences for the 21st century. New York:Basic Books.

***arrange references by the same authorchronologically, with the earlier date of publicationlisted first


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5. Book by a Group of Corporate Author

**cite full name of the corporate author first. If authoris also the publisher, use the wordAuthor as thename of the publisher.

American Psychological Association. (2003).Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (5th ed.).

Washington, DC: Author.


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Boston Womens Health Collective. (1998). Our

bodies, ourselves for the new century. New York:Simon & Schuster.


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6. Book with No Author Named

The Chicago manual of style (15th ed.). (2003).

Chicago: University of Chicago Press.


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7. Book with an Author and an Editor

Brown, M.I. (2002). Pragmatic competence and

linguistic values (R.J. Dunn, Ed.). New York:Norton.


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8. Work in Several Volumes or Parts

Christley, R. (Ed.). (2002). Artificial intelligence:

Critical concepts (Vols. 1-4). London:Routledge.


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9. Second or Subsequent Edition

Gibaldi, J.L. (2003). MLA handbook for writers of

research papers (6th ed.). New York: ModernLanguage Association.


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10. Anthology or Edited Book

Purdy, A.O., & Ruppert, S. (Eds.). (2003). Nothing

but the truth: An anthology of Native Americanliterature. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall


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11. Unpublished Dissertation or Essay

Byers, F. (1998). The insurgence of television as a

performance text. Unpublished doctoraldissertation, University of Toronto, Ontario,

Canada.


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12. Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination

Adler, L., & Johnson, W.I. (2005). The psychology of

women.Journal of the AmericanPsychoanalytic Association, 46, 361-364.


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13. Article in a Journal that Pages Each Issue Separately

Higgins, E.A., & Fish, Y. (2006). Rethinking research

writing: Public literacy in the composition

classroom. WPA: Writing Program

Administration, 26(3), 119-131.

*** Give the volume number, italicized with thejournal title. Give the issue number in parentheses;dont italicize it and leave no space before it.


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ONLINE SOURCES


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1. Books retrieved on databases on the Web

Adams, G. (1981). The education of Henry Ford. NewYork: Hougton Mifflin. Retrieved December 4,

2004, from the Project Bartleby database:

http://www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/159

Chopin, K. (1998). The awakening. Retrieved

December 12, 2005, from the PBS database:http://www.pbs.org/katechopin/library/awake


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2. Article in a Periodical on the Web

Parrott, A.C. (2001). Does cigarette smoking causestress?American Psychologist,54, 817-820.

Retrieved December 7,2005, fromhttp://www.apa.org/journals/amp/amp5410817

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