Apa Referencing Skills

7/31/2019 Apa Referencing Skills

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ELL

2.2 Academic Writing

Referencing Skills

DPLI GSTT (TESL) SR2012

1adapted by Janice Low YL


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PLAGIARISM Definition:

Using someones ideas or words as your own

Why do I need to avoid plagiarism?

Morally wrong

Harsh punishment

Why do students plagiarise?

Intense pressure to complete task

Time constraint

Last resort

ignorance adapted by Janice Low YL 2


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Penalties for Plagiarism

Intentional or unintentional, the consequences aregrave:

1. Zero awarded on the assignment

2. Failing the course

3. Suspension

4. Expulsion

adapted by Janice Low YL 3


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Types of Plagiarism

Copy and Paste Word Switch

Style

Metaphor Idea



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Other forms of plagiarism

Copying a paper

Buying a paper

Not citing your source Peoples words

A little of this, a little of that.



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How to avoid plagiarism

Dont cut and paste unless necessary

Create a separate file for internet materials

Recheck for any form of copying Ask a friend to review



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How Do I Know

When to Cite?

If the idea didnt come directlyfrom your own mind, it has to

be cited!!



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Reference Citations in Text

A Citation gives credit for other peoples ideas and

words that are used in an essay or research paper.

Purpose:

1. It gives the source of a direct quotation.

2. It gives the credit for another persons ideas, even if

expressed in your own words.

3. It gives the source of diagrams, tables and figures.4. It shows that your work is thorough and accurate.



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What do I need to include in my

citation?

1. Authors name

2. Year

3. Page number

NOTE: Although the page numbers are only required

when directly quoting a source, authors are

encouraged to provide them, especially when it would

help an interested reader locate the information orrelevant information in a long or complex text. Page

numbers are not required when paraphrasing.



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The TWO ways of Citing

Information

1. Stating authors name in text, and

2. Stating the authors name in parentheses at theend of your citation

Examples:

Crystal (2004) defines grammar as the structural

foundation of our ability to express ourselves.

In a recent study on structural grammar, (Crystal,2004, p. 45)



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Quotations (less than 40 words)

- Incorporate short quotations (fewer than 40 words)in the text, enclosed with double quotation marks.

Example:

Richards and Rodgers (2001) argued that Communicative LanguageTeaching may cause anxiety among teachers accustomed to seeing

error suppression and correction (p. 168).

OR

The Communicatived Language Teaching may cause anxiety amongteachers accustomed to seeing error suppression and correction

(Richards and Rodgers, 2001, p.168).



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Quotations (more than 40 words)

Display a quotation of 40 words or more in a free

standing block and omit the quotation marks. Start

the block quotation on a new line and indent it five

spaces from the left margin (as if it were a new

paragraph). Subsequent lines should be flush with

the first line (indented five spaces), and the entire

quote must be double spaced.



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Example:

Gladstone and Johnson (1995) found the following:

It should be remembered, too, that a certain amount of

aggressive behavior is natural to young children as part

of their experience in growing up. For one thing, theaggressive skills are more easily acquired than are the

mental and social skills which take longer and more

effort to develop. (p. 36)

What is another way that this could have been cited?



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The other way

Your own text would start here.

It should be remembered, too, that a certain amount of

aggressive behavior is natural to young children as part of their

experience in growing up. For one thing, the aggressive skills

are more easily acquired than are the mental and social skills

which take longer and more effort to develop. (Gladstone and

Johnson, 1995, p. 36)

Your own text would continue here

and would go on

*remember that your quotation is still double spaced!*



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Can you tell me why the [A] in the

following quotation is in square

brackets?

[A] certain amount of aggressive behavior is

natural to young children as part of theirexperience in growing up (Gladstone &

Johnson, 1995, p.36).



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Square BracketsSquare brackets are used when adding your own words to a

direct quote.Examples:

[A] certain amount of aggressive behavior is natural to youngchildren as part of their experience in growing up (Gladstone& Johnson, 1995, p.36).

Miele (1993) found that the placebo effect, which had beenverified in previous studies, disappeared when [only the firstgroups] behaviors were studied in this manner. (p.276).

Can you tell me why placebo effect is in singlequotations in the last example?



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Ellipsis

Use ellipsis () within a sentence to indicate

that you have omitted material from the

original source.

Example:

She stated, The placebo effectdisappeared when

behaviors were studied in this manner (Miele, 1993,

p.276), but she did not clarify which behaviors were

studied.



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Ellipsis contd

Use four points (.) to indicate any omission

between sentences. The first point indicates the

period at the end of the first sentence quoted, and the

three ellipsis points follow.Example:

In discussing the historical relation between politics and the press, William

L. Rivers (1987) notes, Presidential control reached its zenith under

Andrew Jackson.For a time, the United States Telegram and theWashington Globe were almost equally favored as party organs, and there

were fifty-seven journalists on the government payroll (p.7)



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Works by Two Authors

If the authors names are stated within the text

of your work, join the names with an and. If

the authors names are not in the text of your

paper then join them with an ampersand (&)

Example:As Nightlinger and Littlewood (1993) demonstrated.

has been shown (Nightlinger & Littlewood. 1993, p.324).



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Works by Three or More Authors

When a work has three, four or five authors, cite all authorsthe first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations,include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.

Example:

(first citation)ex. Waterman, Zee, Rosen, Glover, and Rock (1994) found

(subsequent citation)

ex. Waterman et al. (1994) found

*subsequent citations of the same source in the same paragraphdo not need the year.

ex. Waterman et al. found



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When a Work has Six or More

Authors

Cite only the surname of the first authorfollowed by et al. and the year for the first

and subsequent citations.



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The Reference List

A reference list is an alphabetical list of books and

other sources consulted during the preparation and

writing of a paper.

Purpose:1. It shows the kind of research done for the paper.

2. It shows the sources you have examined so that a

reader can check your findings.3. It provides the readers with a list of sources to refer

to.



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Format of Reference List

1. Reference lists are placed on a separate page at the end ofthe paper.

2. References are not numbered.

3. Entries are listed alphabetically by author; the title is used ifno author is given. When authors number seven or more,

abbreviate the seventh and subsequent authors as et al.4. Start each entry flush with the left margin; indent subsequent

lines one half inch (five spaces or one tab); and double spacethe entire entry.

5. A reference list must include only those references cited in

the text; all references appearing in the text must be includedin the reference list.



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Format of reference list contd

6. Use only initials for the first and middle names even if the fullname is given.

7. In titles of books and articles, capitalize only the first word of

the title, the first word following a colon or dash, and all

proper nouns.8. In titles of periodicals, capitalize all significant words.

9. Italicize the titles of books and periodicals.

10. Only one space after ALL punctuation.



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Format of Reference List cont

11. Publishers Location

- give the city and state (USA)

- outside of the USA, give the city, state or province, and the

country.

- if the publisher is a university and the name of the state is

included in the name of the University, do not repeat the name

of the publishers location.

7. Date of Publication, then (pp. 225-226)

- If no date is available, write n.d. in parentheses.



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Online Sources

Online Periodicals

Author, A.A., Author, B.B., & Author, C.C. (2000) Title of article.

Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source.

EXAMPLE:

Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimizehealth and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. RetrievedNovember 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Online Document

Author, A.A. (2000) Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source.

EXAMPLE:

Macfarlane, E. C. (2000). Children and literacy development. RetrievedOctober 11, 2005, from http://reading.indiana.edu/ieo/digests/d89.html


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Apa Referencing Skills