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APA Referencing system.
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Page 33 of 40
American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Guide
Introduction:
Explicit indication of the sources of information and ideas is one of the characteristics of academic and
professional writing. Explicit referencing of sources distinguishes academic and professional writing from
other types of writing. Academic and professional writers show where they got the information or ideas
for their texts through internationally accepted referencing system such as APA and Harvard.
The “APA style” is a generic author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments,
project reports, thesis, dissertations and other publications. There are many styles which follow the
author-date convention, including the Harvard style and the Chicago Manual of Style. This guide is based
on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual which is recommended to follow by the
IPM.
What is referencing?
Referencing is a standardized way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have
used in your assignments, project thesis, dissertations and other publications which allows the sources
to be identified.
Why referencing?
Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to follow up
what you have written and more fully understand the cited author’s work. Accordingly referencing is
important due to the following reasons.
To respect intellectual property
To strengthen arguments by indicating the source of ideas
To demonstrate knowledge of the field in which you are writing
To establish your voice in your academic writing
To meet marking criteria
To avoid accusation of plagiarism
Page 34 of 40
Please Note that APA emphasizes to prepare your list according to the concept of references not to the
concept of bibliography. The difference between these two concepts will be taught to you by the
relevant lecturer in charge. Thus, the following two are the most important matters to be concerned.
1. In-text citations – That is to insert citations at the appropriate place in the text of your
document and that should be according to author-date style. Page numbers must also be
included if you directly quote, paraphrase a passage or if you want to direct the reader to a
specific page. What is a quotation and paraphrasing will be taught by your relevant lecturer.
2. List of References – That is to include a reference list which includes all in-text citations at the
end of your research project report.
The following matters are important in preparing your list of references. Further explanations
regarding the following points will be given by your lecturer.
It should be arranged alphabetically by author.
If you have more items (articles, books, chapters etc.) published by the same author, list the
items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication.
Each reference should appear on a new line.
It should be indented so that the author can clearly stand out.
References should not be numbered.
Page 35 of 40
The following tables indicate how to put in-text citations and prepare the list of reference for the
most common types among different types of sources you find.
In-text and References relating to book: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer)
Type In-text Reference
One author Stone (1991) or
Stone (1991, P.44)
confirmed that
Stone, J. R. (1991). Human resource management. Australia:
John Wiley & Sons.
Two to five
authors
(Torrington & Tan,
1994) or Torrington &
Tan (1994) stated that
Torrinton, D. & Tan, C. H. (1994). Human resource
management for South East Asia. Singapore: Prentice
Hall.
Six or more
authors
(Bannister et al., 2005)
or
Bannister et al. (2005)
explains …….
Bannister, B. J., Chan, A. W., Mak, W. M., Ng, C. W., Bennett,
R. & Stone, R. J. et al. (1995). Managing human resources
In Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Pitman.
Multiple
work by the
same author
(Willmott, 2004, 2006) Willmott, W.F . (2004). Rocks and landscapes of the national
parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane: Geological
Society of Australia, Queensland Division.
Willmott, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the national
parks of Central Queensland. Brisbane: Geological Society
of Australia, Queensland Division.
(Order chronologically from earliest in the reference list)
Multiple
works by the
same
author,
published in
the same
year
(Patel, 2002a, 2002b) Patel, J. (2002a). Learning Styles and Reflective Practice: The
Pedagogy of Individualized Instruction. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Patel, J. (2002b). Signification and Psychology in
Education: A Case Study of Theory in Practice.
London: Rutledge.
(Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list)
Page 36 of 40
Book by an
organization
or institution
(Queensland Health,
2002) or
Queensland Health
(2002) recommends
that….
Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for the
management of type 1 diabetes in children and
adolescents. Brisbane: Queensland Health
Editions (Clark, 1992) or
Clark (1992) stated
that........
Clark, R. (1992). Australian human resources management:
Framework and practice (2nd ed.). Sydney: McGraw Hill.
Edited book (O’Neill & Kramar, 1995)
or O’Neill & Kramar
mentioned that………
O’Neill, G. L. & Kramar, R. (Eds.). (1995). Australian human
resources management. Melbourne: Pitman.
Electronic
book
(Pettinger, 2002) Pettinger, R. (2002). Global organizations. Oxford: Capston
Publishing. Available from NetLibrary database.
Book
Chapter in
an edited
book
(Helber, 1995) or
Helber (1995) compares
Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for new
markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.), Island tourism:
Management principles and practice (pp. 105-113).
Chichester, England: John Wiley.
Chapter
from an
electronic
book
(Scott, 2005) Scott, D. (2005). Colonial governmentality. In J. X. Inda (Ed.)
Anthropologies of modernity (pp.21-49). Retrieved from
Wiley Inter Science database.
Dictionary or
Encyclopedia
(Wolman, 1989) Wolman, B.B. (1989). Dictionary of behavioral science
(2nd ed.). San Diego: Academic Press.
Page 37 of 40
In-text and references relating to journal articles: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer)
Type In-text Reference
One author (Sweeney, 1979) or
Sweeney (1979) stated
that………
Sweeney, J.H. (1979). A new look at promotion from within.
Personnel Journal, 58(08), 531-535.
Two authors Schafer & Kang (2008) Schafer, J.L. & Kang, J. (2008). Average causal effects from
nonrandomized studies: A practical guide and simulated
example. Psychological Methods. 13, 279-313.
Three to six
authors
(Skenderian, Siegel,
Crano, Alvaro, & Lac,
2008)
Skenderian, J, Siegel, J. T., Crano, W.D., Alvaro, E.E. & Lac, A.
(2008). Expectancy change and adolescents' intentions to
use marijuana. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors. 22,
563-569.
More than
six authors
(Galea et al., 2008) Galea, L.A., Uban, K. A., Epp, J.R., Brummelte, S., Barha, C.K.,
Wilson, W. L. et al. (2008). Endocrine regulation of
cognition and neuroplasticity: Our pursuit to unveil the
complex interaction between hormones, the brain, and
behaviour. Canadian Journal of Experimental
Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie
expérimentale. 62, 247-260.
Article from
electronic
data base
(Wharton, 1996) Wharton, N. (1996). Health and safety in outdoor activity
centres. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor
Leadership, 12(4), 8-9. Retrieved November 10, 2007,
from ABI/INFORM Global database.
Page 38 of 40
In-text and references to web pages: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer)
Type In-text Reference
With one
author
(Atherton, 2005) Atherton, J. (2005). Behaviour Modification. Retrieved
February 5, 2009, from
http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/
behaviour_mod.htm
No author (Behaviour
modification, 2007)
Behaviour modification. (2007). Retrieved February 5, 2009,
from http://www.educational-
psychologist.org.uk/behaviour.html
No date (Society of Clinical
Psychology, n.d.)
Society of Clinical Psychology. (n.d.) About Clinical Psychology.
Retrieved January 28, 2009, from
http://www.apa.org/divisions/div12/aboutcp.html
Cooperate
author
(Queensland Health,
2008) or
As stated by
Queensland Health
(2008)……….
Queensland Health. (2008). Healthy start in life. Retrieved
March 10, 2009, from
http://www.health.qld.gov.au/ph/documents/
saphs/hsil_full_doc.pdf.
In-text and references relating to lecture notes: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer)
Type In-text Reference
Course
handouts/Lecture
notes – print
(Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint
slides]. Unpublished manuscript, BESC1001, University
of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
Lecture notes –
Online
(Johnson, 2008) Johnson, A. (2008). Week three: Foucault [Powerpoint
slides]. Retrieved from BESC1001, University of
Queensland Blackboard Online:
http://www.elearning.uq.edu.a
Page 39 of 40
In-text and references relating to thesis: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer)
Type In-text Reference
Retrieved from
personal or
institutional
website
(Axford, 2007) Axford, J.C. (2007). What constitutes success in Pacific
island community conserved areas? (Doctoral
dissertation, University of Queensland, 2007).
Retrieved from
http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:158747
Retrieved from
data base
(Sheehan, 2007) Sheehan, L. R. (2007). Destination management
organizations: A stakeholder perspective. Retrieved
from Proquest Digital Dissertations. (AAT NR25719)
In-text and references relating to conference papers: (Further guidelines will be given by your
lecturer)
Type In-text Reference
Published paper (Bohrer, Zielke &
Freiburg, 1995)
Bohrer, S., Zielke, T., & Freiburg, V. (1995). Integrated
obstacle detection framework for intelligent cruise
control on motorways. Paper presented at IEEE
Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Detroit, MI:
Piscataway.
Unpublished
paper
(Bowden & Fairley,
1996)
Bowden, F.J. & Fairley, C.K. (1996, June). Endemic STDs in
the Northern Territory: estimations of effective rates
of partner change. Paper presented at the scientific
meeting of the Royal Australian College of
Physicians, Darwin.
Page 40 of 40
In-text and References relating to Newspapers and Magazines: (Further guidelines will be given by
your lecturer)
Type In-text Reference
Newspaper
article with
Author
(Cook, 2002) Cook, D. (2002, January 28). All in the mind. The Age, p. 8.
Newspaper
article without
author
(Meeting the needs,
2001)
Meeting the needs of counselors. (2001, May 5). The
Courier Mail, p. 22.
Magazine article (Marano, 2008) Marano, H.E. (2008, March-April). Making of
aperfectionist. Psychology Today, 41, 80-86.
Electronic
newspaper or
magazine article
(Sandy, 2009) Sandy, A. (2009, January 22).Cheaper to fly than hire a bike
in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from
http://www.news.com.au/couriermail/story/
0,23739,24949645-952,00.html
In-text and References relating to indirect citation: (Further guidelines will be given by your lecturer)
Type In-text Reference
Indirect citation
or
secondary source
Miller (cited in Agrios
2005) found …
… it was found (Miller,
cited in Agrios 2005).
Agrios, G.N. (2005). Plant pathology (5th ed.) Burlington,
Massachusetts: Elsevier Academic Press.
(Cite the source where you found the citation)