American Psychological Association (APA)

Two important features:1. In-text citations – within the body2. References – separate sheets at the

end of the paper

Requires page numbers for direct quotations

p. - single pagepp. - more than one page

IN-TEXT CITATIONS

1. Paraphrased or Summarized Source

People from the Mediterranean prefer an elbow-to shoulder distance from each other (Morris, 2005).

Morris (2003) notes that people from the Mediterranean prefer an elbow-to-shoulder distance from each other.

2. Source of a Short Quotation

A recent report of reductions in SAD-related “depression in 87 percent of patients” (Binkley, 2001, p. 203) reverses the findings of earlier studies.

Binkley (2001) reports reductions in SAD-related “depression in 87 percent of patients” (p. 203).

3. Source of a Long Quotation (40 or more words)

Two or more utterances might have the same underlying sentences, but they can have quite different interpretations in context:

Interpreting what a speaker’s utterance means involves a fair amount of intelligent guesswork for the hearer and considerably more knowledge that comes from simply knowing the meanings of individual words and how they combine to

form sentences. (Bonner, 2001, p. 72)

4. One Author

Pragmatics is concerned with the full complexity of linguistic behavior. From that perspective, there is no way of addressing, for instance, issues of cognition without taking society and culture into account, nor are there ways of addressing issues of culture abstracted from their cognitive underpinnings and implications (Coles, 1999).

5. Two Authors

It has been shown repeatedly in the literature that second language learners fail to achieve native communicative competence even at a rather advanced stage of learning (Krait & Cooper, 2001).

Krait and Cooper (2001) cite that second language learners fail to achieve native communicative competence even at a rather advanced stage of learning.

6. Three, Four, or Five Authors

FIRST REFERENCE:Pragmatics is the study of communicative action in its sociocultural context (Elliot, Kerber, & Co, 2001).

SUBSEQUENT REFERENCE:Elliot et al. (2001) define pragmatics as the study of communicative action in its sociocultural context.

7. Six or More Authors

The study of pragmatics explores the ability of language users to match utterances with contexts in which they are appropriate (Smith et al., 2005).

*** in all in-text reference including the first***

8. Author(s) with two or more works in the same year

Cline (2001b) cites that second language learners often struggle to communicate appropriately, even when they have a high level of general language proficiency. Language learning methodologists and researchers in this field of study would be (Cline, 2001a, 2001c).

9. Two or More Authors with the same name

R.A. Smith (1997) and C. Smith (2003) both confirm these results. These results have been confirmed independently (C. Smith, 2003; R.A. Smith, 1997).

10. Work with a Group or Corporate Author

Exposing learners to pragmatics in their second language likewise helps them to expand their perception of the target language and those who speak it (American Association of Linguists [AAL], 2006).

*** In subsequent citations, use AAL alone.***

11. Work Listed by Title

The theories of speech acts and conversational implicatures provide insights into person-to-person interactions (“Theories of Speech Acts,” 2004).

***If no author is named, write first few words of the title of the work.***

12. Reference to an Online Source

(Andersom, 2003, para. 14)

(Riggs, 2002, Introduction, para. 3)

***If online source doesn’t have page nos., use the paragraph number.

** If you can’t decipher page or paragraph no., cite a heading and a paragraph number after it, if possible.

REFERENCE LIST

References

Title: References

Centered Without quotation marksNot italicizedNot underlinedUse hanging indent styleThis makes source names and dates more

prominent.

Example: BOOKS

Wood, P. (2007). Diversity: The invention of a concept. San Francisco: Encounter Books.

Example: JOURNAL ARTICLES

Shuter, R. (1999). A field study of non-verbal communication in Germany, Italy, and the United States. Communication Monographs,

44, 202-210.

Example: Electronic and Online Sources

Marcus, H. F., & Kitayamo, S. (1991). Culture and the

self: Implications for cognition, emotion, andmotivation. Psychological Abstracts, 78.Retrieved October 2, 2005, from the

PsycINFOdatabase (Item 1991-23978-001).

**If there’s an item or accession number, place it in parentheses.

Navera, D. Remembrance of things future: The mystery of time. The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2005, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com

***Don’t put a period after a URL.

REFERENCE GUIDELINES FOR PRINT SOURCES

1. Book by One Author

Newton, I. (2003). Pink houses and family taverns.

Bloomington: Indiana University Press.

2. Book by Two Authors

Edin, K., & Litton, M. (2005). Promises I can keep: Why poor women put motherhood before

marriage. Berkeley: University of California

Press.

3. Books by Three or More Authors

** 3-6 authors: include all authors’ names** more than 6 authors: use only first SIX

names followed by et al.

Smith, H.J., King, I.O., & Wilter, P.T. (2005). Use of

pragmatics in conversations. East Lansing:

Michigan State University Press.

4. Two or More Books by the Same Author

Gardner, H. (1993). Multiple intelligences: The theory

in practice. New York: Basic Books.

Gardner, H. (1999). Intelligence reframed: Multiple intelligences for the 21st century. New York: Basic Books.

***arrange references by the same author chronologically, with the earlier date of publication listed first

5. Book by a Group of Corporate Author

**cite full name of the corporate author first. If author is also the publisher, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.

American Psychological Association. (2003). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.).Washington, DC: Author.

Boston Women’s Health Collective. (1998). Our bodies, ourselves for the new century.

New York:Simon & Schuster.

6. Book with No Author Named

The Chicago manual of style (15th ed.). (2003). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

7. Book with an Author and an Editor

Brown, M.I. (2002). Pragmatic competence and linguistic values (R.J. Dunn, Ed.). New York:

Norton.

8. Work in Several Volumes or Parts

Christley, R. (Ed.). (2002). Artificial intelligence: Critical concepts (Vols. 1-4). London:

Routledge.

9. Second or Subsequent Edition

Gibaldi, J.L. (2003). MLA handbook for writers of

research papers (6th ed.). New York: Modern

Language Association.

10. Anthology or Edited Book

Purdy, A.O., & Ruppert, S. (Eds.). (2003). Nothing

but the truth: An anthology of Native American

literature. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall

11. Unpublished Dissertation or Essay

Byers, F. (1998). The insurgence of television as a performance text. Unpublished doctoral

dissertation, University of Toronto, Ontario,

Canada.

12. Article in a Journal with Continuous Pagination

Adler, L., & Johnson, W.I. (2005). The psychology of

women. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 46, 361-364.

13. Article in a Journal that Pages Each Issue Separately

Higgins, E.A., & Fish, Y. (2006). Rethinking research

writing: Public literacy in the compositionclassroom. WPA: Writing Program

Administration, 26(3), 119-131.

*** Give the volume number, italicized with the journal title. Give the issue number in parentheses; don’t italicize it and leave no space before it.

ONLINE SOURCES

1. Books retrieved on databases on the Web

Adams, G. (1981). The education of Henry Ford. New York: Hougton Mifflin. Retrieved December 4,

2004, from the Project Bartleby database:http://www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/159

Chopin, K. (1998). The awakening. Retrieved December 12, 2005, from the PBS database:

http://www.pbs.org/katechopin/library/awake

2. Article in a Periodical on the Web

Parrott, A.C. (2001). Does cigarette smoking cause stress? American Psychologist, 54, 817-820.

Retrieved December 7,2005, from http://www.apa.org/journals/amp/

amp5410817

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