AP US HISTORYHow to get through it??

We will survey US History from exploration to the Present.

WHAT??33,000 BC to Present = We have to move fast

So what do we do????

Syllabus please……….OK…NOW HOW?

  "PERCI" the examination of the POLITICAL, ECONOMIC,

RELIGIOUS,   CULTURAL, and INTELLECTUAL characteristics of

a group of people.

THIS IS A “SURVEY” OF US HISTORY!!!

OH……READ, READ, AND THEN……READ SOME MORE!

THE AMERICAS 50,000 B.C. to 1607

•Humans (PALEO-INDIANS) got to the Americas (30000 years ago) during the Ice Age) when nomads traveled from Siberia across a land bridge. •BERINGIA, which emerged when the formation of the glaciers lowered sea level) where the Bering Strait now is.

•By 7000 BC people had reached the tip of South America and Beringia had been claimed by the ocean, cutting off contact with Asia.

•PALEO-INDIANS: These people were NOMADIC hunters who traveled in a TRIBE.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMSDEVELOPED BY PALEO-INDIANS: (3500 BC )       1. Nomadic: poor soil & inadequate rainfall some small groups remained hunters and gatherers, woolly mammoth was a favorite target.

2. Agricultural: Earliest record of DOMESTICATION of plants (maize, squash, beans) comes from central Mexico…and eventually spreads into SW America. (7000 years ago).         3. Mixed: Combo of agriculture with hunting, gathering, fishing.

Problems:• Tribes in Plains migratory due to lack of

resources• Tribes in East were mixed (agricultural/hunter

gatherer) & established permanent villages).• MULTIPLICITY: Many Indian tribes w./ different

languages, cultures, political, and economic systems.

• DISCOURAGED UNITY AND WOULD PREVENT ORGANIZING AGAINST A COMMON ENEMY )

COMMON CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN GROUPS • POLITICAL: CONSENSUS rather than

autocratic rule, which would later make it difficult for colonial and U.S. leaders to make binding agreements with an entire tribe since no one chief represented the whole.

• RELIGION: POLYTHEISTIC, NATURE was

an essential element.

ARRIVAL OF EUROPEANS IN AMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS

SOUTH AMERICA:• Incas of Peru conquered by the Spanish in 1532.

•MAYAS (300-900): height of civilization past when Europeans came but still existed as a people.

•AZTECS (1325-1521) inhabited central Mexico. They collected tribute from conquered peoples, including people, for the purpose of human sacrifice.

• Conquered by Spaniards under CORTES and his conquistadores in 1521.

• The Aztec leader, MONTEZUMA, was killed. (Reasons for fall of Aztec Empire: smallpox, aid to Spanish from other tribes, superior technology of Spanish.)

THE AMERICAS ON THE BRINK OF "DISCOVERY"

• 100 million in the Americas in 1492. • Most in Mesoamerica and S. America. • 10 million Native Americans in US &

Canada.

Mesoamerica

MEANWHILE….

In the rest of the world!!!!

WESTERN EUROPE IN THE 15TH. CENTURY

    POLITICS: • Nation States: monarchs ruled,

aristocrats supported.• NATION-STATES: ENGLAND,

FRANCE, SPAIN, PORTUGAL     ECONOMY:• Agricultural (small farming

villages).• Farming done by men• Hunting a sport for aristocrats.   SOCIAL ORDER: • Men dominated ~ religion

(Christianity), government, education, and family. (PATRIARCHY)

EUROPEAN AGE OF EXPLORATION

(Why???)

       1. The RENAISSANCE: (14th./15th. cent.) stimulated intellectual curiosity, optimism, and adventure.

2. The CRUSADES: (11th -14th. cent.) spices, silk, medicines, perfumes, promoted a desire for trade.

   3. The RISE OF NATION-STATES: NATIONALISM and competition for trade and wealth.

THE “PLAYERS”

   a. ENGLAND (Tudors)~ 1485 by Henry VII

   b. FRANCE (Valois) ~ Philip VI in 1328.

  c. SPAIN Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile

4. TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS• PRINTING PRESS (Gutenberg - 1440's) & sharing of ideas • CARAVEL maneuverable ship, could sail against the wind.     • COMPASS & PORTOLANO collection of sailing maps

• LATEEN SAIL triangular sail made ship more maneuverable.

5. STORIES Crusaders, traders, and adventurers (Italian MARCO POLO~1295)

6. MAJOR TRADE ROUTES • controlled by Muslims (1453 conquered Constantinople)

and Italians. • Western Europeans needed another route to the East

• eliminate the "middlemen" to reduce prices and maximize profits.

• Desired products included spices, silk, dyes, perfumes, jewels & gold.

7. RELIGION: spread CHRISTIANITY to the heathens.  8. MERCANTILISM: Economic Theory

• strong nation should have colonies to serve as sources of raw materials and markets for finished

products, encouraged exploration.

*****ECOMIENDA: (Spanish Economic Policy)the system, instituted in 1503, under which a Spanish soldier or colonist was granted a tract of land or a village together with its Indian inhabitants (slaves).

WHO GOES THERE?????PORTUGUESE

EXPLORATION

PRINCE HENRY THE NAVIGATOR• opened a school for

navigators(1420). • The concept: follow the

coast of Africa looking for a passage to the east

• TRADING POSTS (West African)1441 began SLAVE TRADE

• Africa becomes a source of slave labor for plantation agriculture.

• (1471) Gold Coast was discovered (1/10 world's gold production).

BARTHOLOMEW DIAS • The first to reach the

tip of Africa (1488).• Named it the Cape of

Storms (Later Cape of Good Hope).

VASCO DA GAMA • The first to round the

Cape of Good Hope &sail to India (1498).

• Only 44 out of the 170 men who set out returned.

SPANISH EXPLORATION• Queen Isabella (finally) finances voyage of COLUMBUS

(of Genoa) Genoa and Portugal denied)

• NINA, the PINTA, and the SANTA MARIA (1492)• Purpose: Find a western route to the riches of the Far East.

• Reaches San Salvador (Bahamas) ~ Thinking he reached the Indies, called the natives "Indians".

• First voyage Columbus discovered Hispaniola(Haiti) and Cuba.

• 4 trips to the New World (discovered the Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Trinidad, Venezuela & Central America.

AN EQUITABLE SETTLEMENT• Spain & Portugal cut a deal for New World.

• POPE ALEXANDER THE VI (1493) • LINE OF DEMARCATION divided undiscovered lands

between Spain and Portugal. • The Line ran through the Cape Verde Islands

(Senegal).• Lands east of →Portugal. • Lands west of →Spain. • (1494)Pope presided over the TREATY OF TORDISILLAS

• moved the Line 375 miles to the West so that Portugal controlled Africa and eventually Brazil and Spain controlled the rest of the New World.

DECLINE OF SPAIN

• Most powerful nation in the world • (1400's to the mid-1500's) after 1588…..

Spain ↓   England ↑

British Trade post -1500

Reasons included:

1. INFLATION: massive amounts of gold & silver led to rampant Inflation. Many Spanish businesses collapsed.

2. WARS: Monarchs had spent lavishly in wars against the Dutch and the English

3. KINGLY LUXURIES: Monarchs had spent much on personal luxuries & was in debt to foreign creditors.

4. RECONQUISTA: Spain had spent heavily on the completion of freeing Spain from the Moors (African Muslims.

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE EUROPE GAVE THE NEW WORLD: • Diseases smallpox (greatest killer); influenza;

measles; chicken pox; cholera; yellow fever; malaria = native populations - 90% loss of life in the 100 years following Columbus's arrival

• Horses = changes life of Plains Indians - caused the western tribes to concentrate almost totally on the buffalo as a source of food.

THE NEW WORLD GAVE EUROPE:

• syphilis (1493); foods: corn, squash, potatoes, sweet potatoes; tobacco (Indian Weed); pelts.

• AP US HISTORY ASSIGNMENT #1 COLONIES COMPARED

Assignment #1

• What were Native American societies like prior to European exploration?

• What motivated European explorers to embrace the unknown?

• Existing Cultures:• •The Americas prior to early explorers and colonial settlement• -Plains • Southwest • Pacific NW • Algonquian • Iroquois • Aztecs, Mayas and Incas

Items to Compare:

• Native cultures of the Americas • -Geography-Religion/spirituality • Economics • Government system • Traditions• Culture (arts, music, literature) • Interactions among different native cultures

COLONIAL GROWTH 1640 - 1700COLONIAL GROWTH 1640 - 1700

Colonies Develop According to their Colonies Develop According to their regional interestsregional interests

PERIOD OF SALUTARY NEGLECTPERIOD OF SALUTARY NEGLECT: : From Jamestown thru English Civil War From Jamestown thru English Civil War

British(1630 1668) too busy to interfere.British(1630 1668) too busy to interfere. The American colonies grew without much The American colonies grew without much

hindrance - this freedom would be hindrance - this freedom would be constricted beginning after the Civil War constricted beginning after the Civil War and more so during the Restoration. and more so during the Restoration. (1607-1660) (1607-1660)

ENGLISH ECONOMIC POLICIESENGLISH ECONOMIC POLICIES: :

THE NAVIGATION ACTS: requiring colonial THE NAVIGATION ACTS: requiring colonial trade to be done exclusively via English built trade to be done exclusively via English built ships. ships.

English need to raise revenue after the Civil English need to raise revenue after the Civil War, War, American trade as a source of income (taxes).American trade as a source of income (taxes).

Parliament enacts laws so England can get Parliament enacts laws so England can get $$

→colonial trade →colonial trade

MERCANTILISTMERCANTILIST economic policies: economic policies:

nations become economically self-nations become economically self-sufficientsufficient

maintain a favorable balance of trademaintain a favorable balance of trade use colonies for raw materials & a use colonies for raw materials & a

market for goods. market for goods.

COLONIALIST COLONIALIST RESPONSE:RESPONSE:

To escape taxes colonial merchants resort To escape taxes colonial merchants resort to to SMUGGLINGSMUGGLING. .

Formal protestFormal protest was lodged in London was lodged in London Colonials claimed laws were killing the Colonials claimed laws were killing the

economy by prohibiting trade with other economy by prohibiting trade with other countries. countries.

The price of tobacco fell as production The price of tobacco fell as production increased and colonists could not legally increased and colonists could not legally find new markets. find new markets.

COLONIAL COLONIAL

REGIONS:REGIONS:

NEW ENGLANDNEW ENGLAND GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT: (theocracy) : (theocracy) imposing Blue Laws and sumptuary imposing Blue Laws and sumptuary

(REGUALTING) laws upon the populace. (REGUALTING) laws upon the populace. Each colony had a royal governor, an Each colony had a royal governor, an

appointed council, an Elected assembly. appointed council, an Elected assembly. (two-house legislature) (two-house legislature)

Town meetings provided information, Town meetings provided information, discussion & maintained local government. discussion & maintained local government.

WASPS age 21 owning land exercised WASPS age 21 owning land exercised political power (voting). political power (voting).

Early Alliances:Early Alliances:

The The New England ConfederationNew England Confederation: : (1643) Plymouth, Mass. Bay Colony, (1643) Plymouth, Mass. Bay Colony, Conn. Colony & New HavenConn. Colony & New Haven

Defense against the Indians, French, Defense against the Indians, French, Dutch & inter-colonial problems Dutch & inter-colonial problems

The The Dominion of New England Dominion of New England ((1686): 1686): Kings policy inKings policy in Mass, N.H.,Conn. R.I, parts Mass, N.H.,Conn. R.I, parts

of N.Y. & N.J.of N.Y. & N.J. SIR EDMUNDSIR EDMUND ANDROS (ANDROS (governor) -governor) -

given immense power.given immense power. Plan: have New England fall into line Plan: have New England fall into line

with English policy. with English policy. Assemblies dissolved; governor could Assemblies dissolved; governor could

make laws and levy taxes with little make laws and levy taxes with little interference. interference.

Declared the Anglican Church to be the Declared the Anglican Church to be the established church. established church.

ECONOMYECONOMY

Most people self-Most people self-sufficient farmers. sufficient farmers.

Fur trade & migrants Fur trade & migrants key for New England key for New England economy of migrants. economy of migrants.

Both dry up & Both dry up & economic system economic system collapsed by 1640. collapsed by 1640.

Triangular Trade (1643)Triangular Trade (1643)

NEW WAYS TO MAKE MONEYNEW WAYS TO MAKE MONEY

PROBLEMS…..PROBLEMS….. Pirates:Pirates:

Large volume of trade = piracy Large volume of trade = piracy  BuccaneersBuccaneers roamed the Caribbean and roamed the Caribbean and

the Indian Ocean.the Indian Ocean. Colonial merchants aided them by Colonial merchants aided them by

buying their loot. buying their loot. Pirate Captain William KiddPirate Captain William Kidd arrested & arrested &

executed in England in 1701. executed in England in 1701.

    RELIGIONRELIGION

   Puritanism dominated in Mass., Puritanism dominated in Mass.,

Conn., and NHConn., and NH ReReligion was all important.ligion was all important. Freedom of worship was only for Freedom of worship was only for

Congregationalists. Congregationalists. Church and State were almost one. Church and State were almost one. The state was expected to support the The state was expected to support the

established church. established church.

Other religions?Other religions? R.I. ~ Baptists, originating with Roger R.I. ~ Baptists, originating with Roger

Williams. Williams. (Religious toleration existed here). (Religious toleration existed here).

Puritan Ethic:Puritan Ethic: hard work, frugality, hard work, frugality, energy, self-sufficiency, & stubborn.energy, self-sufficiency, & stubborn.

PURITAN ↓ = COMMERCIAL PURITAN ↓ = COMMERCIAL BOOM ↑BOOM ↑

Puritan ministers Puritan ministers (Increase Mather) (Increase Mather) preached preached jeremiadsjeremiads (sermons) decrying (sermons) decrying New England's new New England's new commercial commercial orientation. orientation. Few had experienced Few had experienced

the gift of God's grace, the gift of God's grace, saving faithsaving faith, so full , so full membership in the membership in the Congregational Church Congregational Church was denied.was denied.

Puritans Decline???Puritans Decline??? End of 16th century End of 16th century

- women comprise - women comprise majority of majority of congregation congregation

Fear of dying in Fear of dying in childbirth made childbirth made women more women more spiritually aware. spiritually aware.

Cotton MatherCotton Mather: : the the role of women as role of women as submissive to their submissive to their husbands, watchful husbands, watchful of their children, and of their children, and attentive to religious attentive to religious duty. duty.

SALEM WITCH HUNT(1692-1693) SALEM WITCH HUNT(1692-1693) Why?Why?

Political upheaval, challenges to Political upheaval, challenges to

Puritan control, Indian wars & class issues.Puritan control, Indian wars & class issues.

Crisis ended when teenage girls Crisis ended when teenage girls

accused the most respected (Governorsaccused the most respected (Governors

wife) in the community.wife) in the community.

The ruling elite began to question The ruling elite began to question

their truthfulness. their truthfulness.

NEW ENGLAND PEOPLENEW ENGLAND PEOPLE

Settlements: towns surrounded by small farms. Settlements: towns surrounded by small farms. Built around a square village green Built around a square village green

(church at one end & court house at the other end). (church at one end & court house at the other end).

New England (healthy climate) New England (healthy climate)

families were large and long-livedfamilies were large and long-lived

(many had grandparents living).(many had grandparents living).

10 yrs. was added to average 10 yrs. was added to average

life expectancy. life expectancy.

N.E. People cont.N.E. People cont. A woman married early, many pregnancies, no A woman married early, many pregnancies, no

property rights.property rights. Parents had more control over their adult children's Parents had more control over their adult children's

lives lives due to communal land grant system (sons dependent due to communal land grant system (sons dependent on their on their fathers). fathers).

Daughters required a dowry to get married. Daughters required a dowry to get married. Parents needed their children's labor.Parents needed their children's labor.

Boston N.E. Biggest City ~ End Boston N.E. Biggest City ~ End of the 17th. Centuryof the 17th. Century

Population quadrupled mostly due to rising birth rate. Population quadrupled mostly due to rising birth rate.

Competition for land forced expansion Competition for land forced expansion into surrounding regions & forced some into surrounding regions & forced some to learn new skills rather than move. to learn new skills rather than move.

Better sortBetter sort believed the believed the meanermeaner sortsort to defer to them. to defer to them. The few blacks mostly employed The few blacks mostly employed as domestic servants. as domestic servants.

RELATIONS WITH THE INDIANSRELATIONS WITH THE INDIANS

MassachusettsMassachusetts: : 50 yr. treaty broken when the colonists 50 yr. treaty broken when the colonists

believed the Indians "wasted" the land. believed the Indians "wasted" the land. King Philip's WarKing Philip's War led to the end of the led to the end of the

Indian alliance. Indian alliance. Indians were captured and sold into Indians were captured and sold into

slavery in the West Indies. slavery in the West Indies.

Other colonies….Other colonies….   ConnecticutConnecticut: :

Pequot War 1636 (we Pequot War 1636 (we destroy our former allies)destroy our former allies)

Beaver Wars (1640's-Beaver Wars (1640's-90's): 90's):

Iroquois & Dutch vs. Huron Iroquois & Dutch vs. Huron & French = Iroquois & French = Iroquois victory, later neutrality victory, later neutrality treaty.treaty.

Most brutal wars in No. Most brutal wars in No. America and realigned the America and realigned the tribal geography of North tribal geography of North America, and destroyed America, and destroyed several large tribal several large tribal confederacies!!!confederacies!!!

    

                        

                                        

                                  

                                    

                                        

                            

                                

                                                                  

Algonquian tribes

Iroquoian tribes

By 1800

EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Literacy important due to Literacy important due to

the Puritans & the Bible. the Puritans & the Bible. Primary schools →pop. 50 families. Primary schools →pop. 50 families. Grammar schools → pop.100 families. Grammar schools → pop.100 families.

New England PrimerNew England Primer the standard text. the standard text. HarvardHarvard (1636) for ministry. (1636) for ministry.

  REACTION TO THE GLORIOUS REACTION TO THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION: :

In 1688, James II (catholic) was In 1688, James II (catholic) was overthrown (bloodless) and fled tooverthrown (bloodless) and fled to France. Replaced by his daughter France. Replaced by his daughter Mary & William IIIMary & William III

Colonists imprisoned colonial Colonists imprisoned colonial Governor Andros (Dominion of New Governor Andros (Dominion of New England) proclaimed their loyalty to William England) proclaimed their loyalty to William and Maryand Mary

New monarchs believed New monarchs believed (like those before them) the colonies had to be controlled. (like those before them) the colonies had to be controlled.

Massachusetts became a royal Massachusetts became a royal colony. colony.

A new charter issued in 1691 A new charter issued in 1691 removed the requirement of removed the requirement of Puritanism for voting. Puritanism for voting.

Parliament said the 1689 Parliament said the 1689 English Bill English Bill of Rightsof Rights did not apply to the did not apply to the American colonists.American colonists.

THE SOUTHERN COLONIESTHE SOUTHERN COLONIES

GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

Colonies had a royal governor, Colonies had a royal governor,

council, & elected assembly council, & elected assembly

Counties rather than town dueCounties rather than town due

to distances between plantations & farms.to distances between plantations & farms.

County judges and sheriffs County judges and sheriffs

ran local governments. ran local governments.

Southern Rules…Southern Rules…

White males age 21 and over owningWhite males age 21 and over owning

a minimum amount of land exerciseda minimum amount of land exercised

political power, including voting. political power, including voting.

Virginia House of BurgessesVirginia House of Burgesses

1619 /1619 /Maryland House of Maryland House of

DelegatesDelegates 1635 1635

Slave codes begin to be written Slave codes begin to be written

late 17th. century. late 17th. century.

ECONOMYECONOMY

Prospered when things were Prospered when things were

good →disaster when things were notgood →disaster when things were not

South was dependent onSouth was dependent on

England & the other colonies for England & the other colonies for

goods and foodstuffs.goods and foodstuffs.

TobaccoTobacco was the dominant was the dominant

crop in Virginia, Maryland, &N. Carolina. crop in Virginia, Maryland, &N. Carolina.

Mo Money…..Mo Money….. RiceRice was grown in Ga. and was grown in Ga. and

Rice & Indigo in S.C. Rice & Indigo in S.C.

Supply of indentured servants Supply of indentured servants ↓due to better conditions in ↓due to better conditions in England and little opportunity England and little opportunity for landless whites for landless whites

By1670 the large-scale By1670 the large-scale importation of black slaves importation of black slaves began. began.

Waterways (many) the main Waterways (many) the main avenue of transportation avenue of transportation =few roads =few roads

RELIGIONRELIGION: :

Anglicanism Anglicanism (Episcopal Church) (Episcopal Church) Church . Church .

Maryland had a Maryland had a large minority of large minority of Catholics. Catholics. 1649 1649 Act of Act of

Toleration Toleration =tolerance for all =tolerance for all Christians, death for Christians, death for those who denied those who denied Jesus (Jews, atheists)Jesus (Jews, atheists)

PEOPLE:PEOPLE:

75% of 17th century migrants 75% of 17th century migrants indentured servants. indentured servants.

Completed Indentured Completed Indentured servant contracts = servant contracts = "freedom dues“"freedom dues“

Known as Known as freeholdersfreeholders once once

they owned land.they owned land. 75% were men aged 15-24.75% were men aged 15-24. Few women remained single, Few women remained single,

many men did not marry at all. many men did not marry at all.

Families were few, small, and Families were few, small, and short-lived. short-lived.

PROBLEMS:PROBLEMS: Climate unhealthy, epidemics Climate unhealthy, epidemics

common common

Malaria was the most Malaria was the most common, followed by common, followed by dysentery, influenza, & dysentery, influenza, & typhoid fever Diet & food typhoid fever Diet & food preservation increased health preservation increased health problemsproblems

Salting, drying, and smoking Salting, drying, and smoking were the only preservation were the only preservation methods available. methods available.

Ten years was subtracted Ten years was subtracted from the average life from the average life expectancy.expectancy.

POWER BASE: POWER BASE:

Tidewater" elite & were the most Tidewater" elite & were the most influential     influential     

Charleston was the largest city. Charleston was the largest city.

EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Wealthy tutors or Wealthy tutors or New England New England boarding schoolsboarding schools

Most had little Most had little formal educationformal education

William and Mary William and Mary (1693)education of (1693)education of Anglican clergy. Anglican clergy.

THE INDIANSTHE INDIANS

Anglo-Powhatan WarsAnglo-Powhatan Wars in Virginia, 1610-1614, in Virginia, 1610-1614, 1622-1646 1622-1646

Bacon's RebellionBacon's Rebellion 1676 1676 Nathaniel Bacon & the backwoodsmen angry at Nathaniel Bacon & the backwoodsmen angry at

coastal elite of Jamestown and Governor Berkeley. coastal elite of Jamestown and Governor Berkeley. Governor's lack of action against the Indians Governor's lack of action against the Indians

frontier raiders & his fur trade with the Indians. frontier raiders & his fur trade with the Indians. Rebels burned Jamestown but the rebellion was Rebels burned Jamestown but the rebellion was

put down after the sudden death from dysentery put down after the sudden death from dysentery of Bacon.of Bacon.

Treaty (1677)with the Indians opened more Treaty (1677)with the Indians opened more territory to white settlement.territory to white settlement.

RESPONSE TO THE RESPONSE TO THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

Maryland and the Protestant Association overturned the Maryland and the Protestant Association overturned the government of the Catholic proprietor. government of the Catholic proprietor.

William and Mary didn’t like the overthrow of the rule of a William and Mary didn’t like the overthrow of the rule of a royally-approved leader. royally-approved leader.

Approved the action because it was anti-Catholic. Approved the action because it was anti-Catholic. Could not “legally” practice Catholicism until after the Could not “legally” practice Catholicism until after the

American revolutionAmerican revolution

Ending the reign of James II, the religiously tolerant king of England

No More Catholics

THE MIDDLE COLONIESTHE MIDDLE COLONIES

GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

Colonies had a governor, council, and Colonies had a governor, council, and an elected assembly.an elected assembly.

White land owning males age 21 and White land owning males age 21 and over exercised political power, over exercised political power, including voting. including voting.

THE ECONOMYTHE ECONOMY

Large farms Large farms growing diversified growing diversified crops dominated. crops dominated.

Called Bread Called Bread Colonies due Colonies due growth of wheat, growth of wheat, barley, oats & rye, barley, oats & rye, many orchards & many orchards & much livestock. much livestock.

RELIGIONRELIGION: :

Religious diversity Religious diversity was observed. was observed.

Pennsylvania & Pennsylvania & New Jersey ~ New Jersey ~ Quakers. Quakers.

New York ~ Dutch New York ~ Dutch Reformed Church. Reformed Church.

Delaware ~ Delaware ~ Lutherans. Lutherans.

PEOPLEPEOPLE

Diversity both Diversity both racial and ethnic. racial and ethnic.

PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia

was the major city. was the major city.

Other things……Other things……   RELATIONS WITH THE INDIANSRELATIONS WITH THE INDIANS

Occasional conflicts along the frontier. Occasional conflicts along the frontier. Penn  dealt fairly & purchased land from the Delawares Penn  dealt fairly & purchased land from the Delawares

EDUCATIONEDUCATION VariedVaried

RESPONSE TO THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTIONRESPONSE TO THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Leisler's Rebellion Leisler's Rebellion ~ New York Militia leader takes ~ New York Militia leader takes

control. control. William and Mary were not amused. William and Mary were not amused. Leisler was hanged for treason. Leisler was hanged for treason.

Colonial GovernmentColonial Government COLONIAL GROWTH COLONIAL GROWTH

1700-17701700-1770

POWER STRUGGLEPOWER STRUGGLE

Triad:Triad: Royal Governor, Royal Governor, Appointed Council, and Appointed Council, and Elected Assembly Elected Assembly

Colonists Colonists distrusted distrusted governor & his governor & his council council

Colonists try to get Colonists try to get more power for the more power for the colonial assemblies colonial assemblies ((people’speople’s protectors).protectors).

Power of the purse Power of the purse ~ assemblies ~ assemblies controlled controlled governors pay!governors pay!

PARTISANSHIPPARTISANSHIP

Court PartiesCourt Parties: : supported royal supported royal policypolicy

OOppositionpposition or or country country interestsinterests: : supporter of supporter of autonomy autonomy

King George1763

MILITIASMILITIAS

Colonies recruited Colonies recruited militias for militias for protection and protection and order.order.

Militia mustered on Militia mustered on village greens village greens (military & (military & social).       social).      

ZENGER CASEZENGER CASE

John Peter Zenger 1733 John Peter Zenger 1733 (newspaper printer) (newspaper printer) attacks corrupt attacks corrupt governor of NYgovernor of NY

1734 arrested for libel, 1734 arrested for libel, his attorney argued that his attorney argued that he had printed the truthhe had printed the truth

Not guilty verdict 1st. Not guilty verdict 1st. victory for freedom of victory for freedom of the press in the the press in the colonies. colonies.

REGULATOR MOVEMENTSREGULATOR MOVEMENTS

1760‘-70’s (S.C & 1760‘-70’s (S.C & N.C) Scotch-Irish N.C) Scotch-Irish protests eastern protests eastern political political domination. (Andy domination. (Andy Jackson)Jackson)

TAVERNSTAVERNS Cradles of Cradles of

democracy sources democracy sources of information, of information, gossip, & agitation. gossip, & agitation.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTSECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS Initially dependant on overseas demand for Initially dependant on overseas demand for

American products.American products.

Growing colonial population created an internal Growing colonial population created an internal demand for merchandise.demand for merchandise.

Small colonial manufacturing (largest Small colonial manufacturing (largest iron making)iron making)..

By 1775 the colonies were producing more iron than By 1775 the colonies were producing more iron than England. England.

↓↓ Rise in the standard of livingRise in the standard of living for property-owning for property-owning

Americans. Americans.

PARLIAMENTPARLIAMENT

English continued to try to impose mercantilist English continued to try to impose mercantilist policies.policies.

MolassesMolasses ActAct (1733) restricted trade with the (1733) restricted trade with the French West Indies. French West Indies.

American responded by smuggling & bribing American responded by smuggling & bribing customs officials customs officials

    NEW ENGLANDNEW ENGLAND 1750’s inter-colonial postal service began1750’s inter-colonial postal service began Land shortage:Land shortage:

Land Inheritance greatly-divided or to the Land Inheritance greatly-divided or to the oldest son only. oldest son only.

Many became wage laborers or migrated Many became wage laborers or migrated westward. westward.

Commerce (Triangular Trade) important in New Commerce (Triangular Trade) important in New England.England.

THE SOUTHTHE SOUTH

Economic stratification Economic stratification TidewaterTidewater - slave ownership↑ , need for white labor ↓ - slave ownership↑ , need for white labor ↓

Poor whitesPoor whites - tenant farmers, overseers, day laborers. - tenant farmers, overseers, day laborers.

Chesapeake -Chesapeake - tobacco planters (1745) switched to tobacco planters (1745) switched to wheat & corn since due to ↑ prices & tobacco prices ↓ = wheat & corn since due to ↑ prices & tobacco prices ↓ = demand for slaves ↓ = slaves sold to Lower South or demand for slaves ↓ = slaves sold to Lower South or allowed to buy their freedom. allowed to buy their freedom.

MIDDLE COLONIES -MIDDLE COLONIES -Commerce became more Commerce became more important / NYC surpasses Philadelphia. important / NYC surpasses Philadelphia.

LAND CLAIMSLAND CLAIMS

Competition Competition

for land east for land east

of the of the

Appalachians Appalachians ↑ ↑

as supply↓as supply↓

New JerseyNew Jersey

New Jersey farmers New Jersey farmers - (1746) w./- (1746) w./ royal royal lands grants lands grants clashed w/ clashed w/ East East Jersey proprietorsJersey proprietors (claimed the land) (claimed the land) & demanded $ & demanded $ ((quitrents) quitrents) . .

VermontVermont

1760’s - 1760’s - farmers farmers holding land grants holding land grants from NH clashed w. from NH clashed w. speculators who speculators who held title from NY held title from NY authorities.authorities.

New YorkNew York

Hudson River(1765 Hudson River(1765 – 1766) the – 1766) the PhilipsePhilipse family sued family sued migrants who migrants who squatted  on land squatted  on land apx.30 years. apx.30 years. Courts ruled against Courts ruled against

squatters, farmers squatters, farmers rebelled & rebelled & controlled region for controlled region for apx. 1 year.apx. 1 year.

RELIGIONRELIGION

NEW ENGLANDNEW ENGLAND

Congregationalism Congregationalism

(Puritans) was the established church.(Puritans) was the established church. Except Rhode Island which had complete Except Rhode Island which had complete

religious toleration.religious toleration. Ministry the most-honored profession yet Ministry the most-honored profession yet

less influential than in the 17th. century. less influential than in the 17th. century.

THE GREAT AWAKENINGTHE GREAT AWAKENING (1730's-40's) (1730's-40's)

Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards preached complete preached complete dependence on God's grace.dependence on God's grace.

George Whitefield (George Whitefield (Methodist) Methodist) (1738) preached divine omnipotence(1738) preached divine omnipotence & submission to the will of God would& submission to the will of God would result in a moment of conversion.result in a moment of conversion.

Established churches Established churches fought against the revivalist message. fought against the revivalist message.

Results:Results:

Orthodox authority ↓ Orthodox authority ↓ Number of churches ↑ - Number of churches ↑ -

(Baptist & Methodist)(Baptist & Methodist) Establishment of Princeton (1747), Establishment of Princeton (1747),

Columbia (1754), Brown (1764), Rutgers Columbia (1754), Brown (1764), Rutgers (1766), and Dartmouth (1769 - to train (1766), and Dartmouth (1769 - to train ministry.ministry.

Was the 1st. all-colonial religious Was the 1st. all-colonial religious movement/ helped to break down movement/ helped to break down sectional boundaries. sectional boundaries.

Princeton

PEOPLEPEOPLE

Pop.(1700) 300,000 - (1775) 2.5 Pop.(1700) 300,000 - (1775) 2.5 million in US. million in US.

1775 - ½ under 16 years of age. 1775 - ½ under 16 years of age. Greatest non-English migrants - Greatest non-English migrants -

Africans (20% of pop.)Africans (20% of pop.)

People Facts:People Facts: MIDDLE COLONIESMIDDLE COLONIES

(Lutheran) 1/3 of the pop. of PA (Lutheran) 1/3 of the pop. of PA 18th. century PA18th. century PA Dutch Dutch. .

Germans -Germans - 6% of the pop. 6% of the pop. THE SOUTHTHE SOUTH Scots-Irish Scots-Irish (Presbyterian Scots (Presbyterian Scots

→Northern Ireland to escape →Northern Ireland to escape Anglican discrimination. (7% of Anglican discrimination. (7% of colonial pop.) colonial pop.)

Most settled in rural MD,VA, & Most settled in rural MD,VA, & Carolinas. Were hardy, self-Carolinas. Were hardy, self-sufficient people - sufficient people - yeoman farmersyeoman farmers. .

The Scots (Jacobites - supporters of The Scots (Jacobites - supporters of James II) exiled between 1715 and James II) exiled between 1715 and 1745 settled in NC. 1745 settled in NC.

                                                            

Authentic 1700s Ulster Farmhouse

HEALTHHEALTH

Periodic plagues mainly smallpox & Periodic plagues mainly smallpox & diphtheria.diphtheria.

Drs. & clergy did not trust new Drs. & clergy did not trust new (1721) “inoculations”. (1721) “inoculations”.

STORMY RELATIONSSTORMY RELATIONS

STONO STONO REBELLION:REBELLION:SCSC (1739) (1739) 20 slaves Killed a 20 slaves Killed a storekeeper & several storekeeper & several planter families. planter families. Ultimately 100 slaves Ultimately 100 slaves

escaped to Spanish escaped to Spanish Florida for refuge, were Florida for refuge, were later captured & later captured & executed. executed.

Shocked whites & Shocked whites & resulted in stronger laws resulted in stronger laws regarding slaves regarding slaves

INDIANSINDIANS New England:New England:

few remained, had either been few remained, had either been slaughtered or moved west.slaughtered or moved west.

Middle Colonies: Middle Colonies: Iroquois ConfederacyIroquois Confederacy still strong in still strong in the western portion. the western portion. 11764 the Scotch-Irish Paxton Boys 764 the Scotch-Irish Paxton Boys marched on Phil. protesting Quaker marched on Phil. protesting Quaker lenient Indian actions. lenient Indian actions.

Southern Colonies:Southern Colonies: SC (1712) the colonist fought & defeated the SC (1712) the colonist fought & defeated the TuscarawasTuscarawas

(many sold into slavery).(many sold into slavery). SC (1715)with help form Cherokee allies defeated the SC (1715)with help form Cherokee allies defeated the

Yamasees. Yamasees.

EDUCATIONEDUCATION

Yale (1701) established.Yale (1701) established.

Franklin (1731) established first Franklin (1731) established first circulating library in Phil. & Univ. of PA circulating library in Phil. & Univ. of PA (1740) - 1st. non- denominational (1740) - 1st. non- denominational college. college.

HIGHER EDUCATIONHIGHER EDUCATION (18th. cent.) (18th. cent.)

EnlightenmentEnlightenment – –used reason to used reason to challenge commonly-held challenge commonly-held assumptions. assumptions. Prior to 1720's ancientPrior to 1720's ancient languages and theologylanguages and theology was the focus. was the focus. After 1720's courses After 1720's courses in mathematics, the naturalin mathematics, the natural sciences, law, & medicine sciences, law, & medicine introduced. introduced.

BASIC EDUCATIONBASIC EDUCATION

males:males: reading, writing, and figuring. reading, writing, and figuring.

GirlsGirls basics plus music, dancing, and basics plus music, dancing, and fancy needlework. fancy needlework.

DAILY LIFEDAILY LIFE

Household: (nuclear family) headed by white Household: (nuclear family) headed by white male, tasks gender associated.male, tasks gender associated. Women: food, cleaning laundry & clothes Women: food, cleaning laundry & clothes

production.production. Men: fields, harvesting, wood, animal care, & Men: fields, harvesting, wood, animal care, &

butcheringbutchering

FARM HOUSEHOLDSFARM HOUSEHOLDS

Seasonal Activities: men Seasonal Activities: men leisure in winter, women leisure in winter, women in summerin summer

Social time limited: Social time limited: Men: taverns location of Men: taverns location of

interactioninteraction Women: at child births, Women: at child births,

quilting parties, spinning quilting parties, spinning bees. bees.

Southerners: barbecues & Southerners: barbecues & week-long house parties week-long house parties Church & harvest Church & harvest

festivals, corn-husking festivals, corn-husking bees, barn raisings too.bees, barn raisings too.

URBAN LIFEURBAN LIFE

Rapid pace, noisier level & wealthy Rapid pace, noisier level & wealthy had a lot of leisure time. had a lot of leisure time.

More contact with the outside world More contact with the outside world (newspapers, traveling & theatre) (newspapers, traveling & theatre)

STATUS OF WOMENSTATUS OF WOMEN Married woman: Married woman: coverture (coverture ( became one became one

person with her husband) had few legal person with her husband) had few legal rights separate from her husband.rights separate from her husband.

Widows or never-married women could Widows or never-married women could legally run independent businesseslegally run independent businesses

STATUS OF CHILDRENSTATUS OF CHILDREN

The father set the rules and enforced The father set the rules and enforced discipline. discipline.

COLONIAL CULTURECOLONIAL CULTURE: (first half of : (first half of the 18th. cent.) the 18th. cent.)

Majority of the people of British America Majority of the people of British America were were illiterateilliterate..

Conversation was the primary means of Conversation was the primary means of

communication.communication.

Information traveled slowly & regions Information traveled slowly & regions

developed distinctive cultures due to developed distinctive cultures due to lack of interaction between them. lack of interaction between them.

CHURCH CHURCH ATTENDANCEATTENDANCE

Important - first book printed in the Important - first book printed in the colonies was the colonies was the Bay Psalm Book (Bay Psalm Book (1640).1640).

Holidays = additional Church attendance.Holidays = additional Church attendance.

Christmas in colonial America, strictly Christmas in colonial America, strictly religious, decorations & merriment religious, decorations & merriment considered "popery." considered "popery."

CIVIC FUNCTIONSCIVIC FUNCTIONS

Days of thanksgiving, feasting & prayer Days of thanksgiving, feasting & prayer declared by colonial governments. declared by colonial governments.

Militia men (16 to 60 yrs. Old) met once Militia men (16 to 60 yrs. Old) met once a month. a month.

Court and election days Court and election days

were important in the were important in the

Chesapeake. Voting wasChesapeake. Voting was

held in public followed held in public followed

by rum paid for by the candidate. by rum paid for by the candidate.

THE FINE ARTS & ARTISTSTHE FINE ARTS & ARTISTS PaintersPainters: John Trumbull 1756-1843; Charles Wilson Peale : John Trumbull 1756-1843; Charles Wilson Peale

1741- 1741- 1827; Benjamin West 1738-1820; John Singleton Copley 1827; Benjamin West 1738-1820; John Singleton Copley 1738-1815 1738-1815

PoetryPoetry: Phyllis Wheatley 1753-1784, free black from : Phyllis Wheatley 1753-1784, free black from Boston Boston

America's Renaissance ManAmerica's Renaissance Man: Benjamin Franklin 1706-: Benjamin Franklin 1706-1790, 1790, printer, scientist, statesman, diplomat, writer (printer, scientist, statesman, diplomat, writer (Poor Poor Richard'sRichard's AlmanacAlmanac) )

GEORGIANGEORGIAN was the prevailing architectural style. was the prevailing architectural style.