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New World Beginnings 33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1769. Expansion. Norsemen from Scandinavia ~ A.D. 1000 Christian Crusaders – A.D. 1000-1300 Marco Polo’s return from China – 1295 Portuguese technology and exploration – 1400s. NorseMen. ‘Stumbled’ upon present day Newfoundland No desire to expand - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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New World Beginnings33,000 B.C. – A.D. 1769
EXPANSION
•Norsemen from Scandinavia ~ A.D. 1000
• Christian Crusaders – A.D. 1000-1300
•Marco Polo’s return from China – 1295
• Portuguese technology and exploration – 1400s
NORSEMEN• ‘Stumbled’ upon present day
Newfoundland
• No desire to expand• Lack of a strong nation-state
• Settlements abandoned• Archaeological evidence
suggests fighting with Natives
• Discoveries were mostly forgotten
THE CRUSADES
• A series of military campaigns designed by the Roman Catholic Church during the Middle Ages to restore Christian access to the Holy Land from Muslims.
• Eight separate movements from 1096-1270
• Helped open up trade with Asia
MARCO POLO• Italian explorer
• Journies reinforced trade desires in Asia
PORTUGUESE EXPLORATION
• Development of the caravel
• Exploration into southern Africa• Until then, Africa south of the
Sahara Desert was relatively unknown
• Set up trading posts• Gold – estimated that 2/3 of
European gold came from Africa
• Began African slave trade
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
• Italian sailor
• Sailed for Spain
• Objective – to find a more
suitable route to Asia
* Did not land on Plymouth Rock
“ONE OF THE MOST SUCCESSFUL FAILURES IN HISTORY”
• Columbus is largely responsible for the globalization of the world
• Europe • markets (and demand)• capital• technology
• Africa• labor
• The Americas• raw materials• precious metals• fertile soil
The Planting of English America1500 – 1733
INITIAL NORTH AMERICAN COLONIZATION• French (Quebec) – 1608
• Spanish (Santa Fe) – 1610
• English (Jamestown) – 1607• Slow to compete (Protestant Reformation – 1530s)• Elizabeth (1558)• Protestantism becomes dominant• Rivalry with Spain
EARLY ENGLISH FAILINGS
•Newfoundland•Humphrey Gilbert•Died 1583
•Roanoke•Walter Raleigh (1585)•Colony vanishes
DOWNFALL OF SPAIN
•Philip II – Enemy of Protestantism•Defeat of Spanish Armada – 1588•Height of power
•English victory Naval dominance in the Americas•Nationalism / “National Destiny”
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fGjOsfV3ar8
JAMESTOWN
• Joint-Stock Company• Virginia Company of
London• Charter from James I
• Jamestown (1607)• “He who shall not work
shall not eat.”• John Smith
• Pocahontas
ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME PROFITABLE
• Tobacco• John Rolfe
• Precursor to Antebellum South• Crop was hard on the soil• Economy relied on a single item• Promoted plantation system• Labor concerns Slavery • 300 black slaves +/- in 1650• Slaves = 14% of population by 1700
IMPACT ON NATIVES• Wars with the Powhatan• 1610-1614• 1622• Continuous raids
• 1644-1646
• Population of Natives in Virginia• 1669 ~ 10% of initial population encountered in 1607• 1685 ~ None
• Disease, disorganization, and disposability
MARYLAND• Settled by Lord Baltimore (1634)
• Financial Profit (2nd plantation colony)• Refuge for fellow Catholics
• Early tensions• Protestants v. Catholics
• Baltimore allowed freedom of worship• Hoped for tolerance for Catholics
• Act of Toleration (1649)• Guaranteed tolerance to all Christians (death to non-Christians)
THE CAROLINAS
• Carolina• Given to eight nobles by Charles II
1670• Hoped to provide food to West
Indies• Connection brought slavery to
colony• Created Native slave trade
• Goal: also to export wine, silk, olive oil
• Rice emerges as main crop• Charleston becomes busiest
seaport in South
• Early struggles with Spanish Floridians• Religious motivation
• NORTH Carolina• Combination of Virginians and
current populations• Mostly poor farmers (Tobacco)
• Did not fit with ‘aristocracy’ of their neighbors
• Officially separate from South Carolina in 1712
GEORGIA
• Officially founded in 1733• Savannah – largest settlement
• Buffer zone between Spanish Florida and English Carolinas• Only colony to receive subsidies from English government
• Became a safe haven for debtors• “The Charity Colony”• Led initially by James Oglethorpe• Religious tolerance for non-Catholic Christians
Settling the Northern Colonies1619 – 1700