Chapter 1Nation-state The modern form of political society that combines centralized gov't with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. "No dense concentrations of population or complex nation-states...existed in North America..."

Matrilinear the form of society in which family line, poewr, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side. "...many North American native peoples, including the Iroquois, developed matrilinear cultures...."

Primeval Concerning the earliest origin of things "...the whispering, primeval forests...."

Saga A length story or poem recounting the great deeds and adventures of a people and their heros. "...their discovery was forgotten, except in Scandinavian saga song."

Confederacy An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. "The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political and organizational skills...."

Middlemen In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. "Muslim middlemen exacted a heavy toll en route."

Caravel A small vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails

Plantation A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crop and usually employing coerced or slave labor.

Ecosystem A naturally evolved network of relations among organisms in a stable environment.

Demographic Concerning the general characteristic of a given population, including such factors as numbers, age, gender, birth and death rates, and so on.

Conquistador A Spanish conqueror or adventurer in the Americas.

Capitalism An economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets.

Encomienda The Spanish labor system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them.

Mestizo A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

Province A medium sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire.

Great Ice Age A cold period marked by episodes of extensive glaciation alternating with episodes of relative warmth.

Christopher Columbus Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China.

Vasco de Gama A Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. In 1498 Vasco de Gama sailed from Portugal to India, which is where the term "Indies came from when the Europeans sailed through the same waters.

"Three Sister" Farming the three main agricultural crops of various Native American groups in North America: squash, maize (corn), and climbing beans.

Conquistadores A conqueror, especially one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century.

Chapter 2Nationalism Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state. Indeed England now had . . . a vibrant sense of nationalism . . ."

Primogeniture The legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. laws of, primogeniture, decreed that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates."

Joint-stock companies an economic arrangement by which a number of investors pool their capital for investment. Joint-stock provided the financial means. Charter A legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose, and spelling out the attending rights and obligations. "...the Virginia Company of London received a, WHAT, from King James I of England...."

Census An official count of population, often also describing other information about the population. "...an official revealed that only about two thousand Indians remained in Virginia...."

Feudal Concerning the decentralized medieval social system of personal obligations between rulers and ruled. Absentee proprietor Lord Baltimore hoped that...Maryland... would be the vanguard of a vast feudal domain."

Indentured servant A poor person obligated to a fixed term of labor"...it depended for labor in its early years mainly on white indentured servants....

Toleration Originally, religious freedom granted by an established church to a religious minority. "Maryland's new religious statue guaranteed, toleration, to all Christians."

Squatter A frontier farmer who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement. The newcomers, who frequently were, squatter, without legal right to the soil..."

Matriarch A respected, usually elderly, female head of a household or extended clan. A single long-house might shelter a woman's family...with the oldest woman being the honored matriarch."

Melting-pot Popular term for an ethnically diverse population that is presumed to be "melting" towards some eventual commonality. "The hamlet of Savannah, like Charleston, was a melting-pot community."

Protestant Reformation (16th century) the Protestants attempt to edit/amend/reform the Catholic church/belief into the Protestant belief

Roanoke Island an island on the coast of North Carolina that was colonized in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh but quickly failed

Spanish Armada in 1588 Spain tried to over throw England as well as force the Catholic religion down their throats but failed. this was the beginning of the decline of the Spanish empire

Primogeniture only the oldest sons in a family was eligible to inherit landed estates (a piece of land that makes money/profit and the owner doesn't have to do anything)

Joint-Stock Company a mixture of partnership and corporation. many different people/businesses could buy shares of a company. the company would be owned by thousands of different people rather than a group of one

Charter a legal document like America's Declaration of Independence but for England

Jamestown a place named after King James I near James River where the Virginia Company settled for some time

First Anglo-Powhatan War (1614) battles between Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia

Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646) another attempt to drive out Virginia settlers. resulted in a peace treaty declaring the separation of Whites and Indians in areas of settlement

Act of Toleration (passed in 1649)toleration of Christians but death penalty to those who didn't believe Jesus Christ was all powerful (atheists, Jews)

Barbados slave code in 1661 this law gave masters/owners almost complete control over their slaves

Squatters no legal right to soil, often new commers

Tuscarora War (1711-1713) a war between the Tuscarora Indians and European settlers in Newbern, North Carolina. the Tuscarora Indians lost

Yamasee Indians a tribe defeated and dispersed by the South Carolinians

Buffer territory that helped reduce conflict between two colonies/nations. a roadblock

Iroquois Confederacy the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondages, Cayugas, and Senecas located in Mohawk Valley (currently: New York)

Chapter 3 John Calvin Elaborated on Martin Luther's idea of Protestant Reformation. He said that God is all seeing and all knowing and all good and people are bad and bay sinners.

Anne Huchinson Was accused of heresy for antinomianism. Was banished to Rhode Island where all but tone of her family members were killed by Indians.

Roger Williams Founded Rhode Island after leaving Massachusetts for making a break from the church and challenged the legality of the Bay Colony Contract. He established a complete toleration for all religions.

Henry Hudson An english explorer and found the Hudson River in 1609 wanting to find a water route to cut the continet.

William Bradford A self-taught scholar and Pilgrim leader against the settlement of non-pligrims who may corrupt their society.

Peter Stuyvesant Last government of New Amsterdam before the British took over. He was at odds with the colonists at all times.

William Laud An archbishop under the rule of Charles I who looked down upon the Bay Colony Puritans who didn't want to break away but remove impurities.

Thomas Hooker This reverend and his wife took many people with them as they left the Bay Colony for Hartford.

William Penn Founded Pennsylvania as a haven for persecuted Quakers allowing equality for everyone who lived there.

John Winthrop The first governor of Massachusetts and helped the colony prosper.

Metacom Massasoit's son who made a pan-Indian alliance leading him to attack English settlements in 1675.

John Cotton A minister in Massachusetts who came to Boston in order to escape persecution of the Church of England for being a Puritan. (Hint: Jacky Faber Book 2 Rev. Mather)

Gustavas Adolphus King of Sweden during the 30 Years War and tried to colonize in Delaware but they failed. They also contributed the log cabin.

William and Mary Protestant royal replacement of Catholic James II during the Glorious Revolution.

Massasoit A chief of the Wampanoag tribe who made peace with the Pilgrims during the first Thanksgiving.

Martin Luther Spoke out about the corruption of the Catholic Church and sparked the beginning of the Protestant Revolution.

Michael Wigglesworth A strong Puritan clergyman who wrote called "Day of Doom" about the fate of the damned.

Squanto Wampanoag Indian who was the first to really help the clueless Pilgrims settlers of Plymouth. He had taught English when he was onboard an English ship.

Freemen An adult male who belonged to a Puritan congregation.Visible Saints Those who publically proclaimed their experience of conversion and were expected to lead godly lives.

Conversion A religious turn to God.Covenant A religious agreement that one holds to God or themselves or their community.

Antinomianism If you were going to be saved by God already then there was no point in living a holy and religious life.Sumptuary laws Also konw as Blue Laws, these lawes were designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality.Passive resistance nonviolent action or opposition to authority in accord with religious morals or beliefs.Pilgrim A group of separatists and extremist Puritans who settled in Plymouth.Calvinism A religious denomination created by John Calvin following the ideas of Martin Luther in the Protestant Reformation.

Navigation Laws England wanted to increase nautical power so they didn't let colonies trade with anyone but them.

Great Migration Massachusetts movement of Puritans in Massachusetts and creating dozens of planned and orderly towns.

Glorious Revolution Overthrow of Catholic James II and crowning of Protestant William and Mary in England.

Puritans A religious group who wanted to purify the corrupt Catholic Church and Church of England.General Court A Puritan representative assembly where only freemen could vote.

Dutch West India Company Less powerful but related to the Dutch East India Company. It worked in the Varibbean and ports in Africa.

Separatists A very small group of extreme Puritans who wanted to completely split from the Church of England.

Mayflower Compact First form of self-government in the colonies setup by Pilgrims in Plymouth Rock before leaving for the colonies.

Church of England Anglican denomination part Catholic and part Protestant created by Henry VIII.Congregational church Everyone gets a vote (very democratic). Used in Puritan congregations.

Chapter 4Chesapeake Diseases Malaria, dysentery, typhoidTobacco It was popularly grown in the Chesapeake, it was very profitable, but it exhausted the soilWhite Slaves Chesapeake planters brought them to the region, they represented more than 3/4 of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th centuryNathaniel Bacon Led a rebellion of poor freemen in Virginia in 1676.Bacon's Rebellion Rebellion of freemen in Virginia in 1676. Participants were mostly single men frustrated about being unable to acquire land or find women to marry.William Berkeley Governor of Virginia during Bacon's Rebellion. Established friendy policies towards Indians. He was chased from Jamestown.Slave Codes in Colonial Times 1662- Made blacks and their children the property of their masters for life. Some made it a crime to teach a slave to read or write.Middle Passage Route through which slaves traveled in cramped ships to the Americas.Planters This small social group owned many slaves and large amounts of land. The group ruled the economy and monopolized political power.Small Farmers The largest social group. Owned small plots and had few slaves. They lived a hand-to-mouth existence.Landless Whites Members of this social group were luckless former indentured servants.Colonial South Colonial region in which few cities sprouted, and an urban professional class was slow to emerge. Life revolved around plantations.The Ringshout West African religious dance performed by shuffling in a circle while answering a preacher's shouts.West Coast of Africa Region of the world from which most black slaves came.Headright System Whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres of land.Freedom Dues In exchange for work, indentured servants received a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and possibly a small piece of land.Virginia Most populous colony at the beginning of the 18th century.Royal African Company Chartered in 1672, lost its monopoly on carrying slaves to the colonies in 1698.First American Colleges Harvard College - Founded 1636 and William & Mary 1693Farm/Plantation Gender Roles Women: cooked, cleaned, cared for children Men: cropped and cleared landUprising of Maryland Protestants End of the 17th century, sparked by resentment towards the upper class (Around the same time as Bacon's Rebellion)Leisler's Rebellion Bloody insurgence in New York City from 1689-1691 fueled by hostility between lordly landholders and aspiring merchantsNew England Farming/Life Poor soil on hard ground made farming difficult. Experts in shipbuilding and commerce based on fish and timber with sternness and self-reliance based on Calvinism and harsh climatesHalf-Way Covenant 1662. Gave partial membership to unconverted people into the Puritan church. It lessened the difference between the "elect" members of the church from the regular members and was made to increase attendanceSalem Witches 1692-Salem, Mass. Group of young women claimed to be bewitched by older women and the Devil. 20 women hanged. Ended 1693 and those convicted pardoned 1713.New England Family/Property When male died, church inherited the property. Puritans felt separate property titles went against unity of marriage by showing conflicting interests between husband and wife.Southern Family/Property Southern men often died young, so women often had separate property titles so that widows could take over the estate.Gullah African American language developed on the Sea Island of South Carolina's coast, mixing English and several African languagesNYC Slave Revolt 1712 Slaves rebelled in New York City, causing the death of 12 Whites and 21 BlacksIndentured Servants In exchange for working, they received transatlantic passage and eventual "freedom dues"

Black Populations By 1750, Blacks outnumbered whites in South Carolina and VirginiaMassachusetts Puritan center colony in New England, at the front of colonies attempting to abolish black slaveryGold and Silver Lace Ban In 1651, Massachusetts banned poorer people from wearing certain nicer materials

South Carolina Slave Revolt 1739-Along the Stono River, rebels tried to march to Spanish Florida, but were stopped by local militia

Chapter 5Philadelphia leading city of the colonies; home of Benjamin FranklinAfrican Americans largest non-English group in the coloniesScots-Irish group that settled the frontier, made whiskey, and hated the British and other governmental authoritiesPaxton Boys and Regulators Scots-Irish frontiersmen who protested against colonial elites of Pennsylvania and North CarolinaPatrick Henry eloquent lawyer-orator who argued in defense of colonial rightsMolasses Act attempt by British authorities to squelch colonial trade with French West IndiesAnglican Church established religion in southern colonies and New York; weakened by lackadaisical clergy and too-close ties with British crownJonathan Edwards brilliant New England theologian who instigated the Great AwakeningGeorge Whitefield itinerant British evangelist who spread the Great Awakening throughout the coloniesPhillis Wheatley former slave who became a poet at an early ageBenjamin Franklin "the first civilized American" Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. Wrote "Poor Richards Almanac."John Peter Zenger colonial printer whose case helped begin freedom of the pressQuakers dominant religious group in colonial Pennsylvainia, criticized by others for their attitudes toward IndiansBaptists nonestablished religious group that benefited from the Great AwakeningJohn Singleton Copley colonial painter who studied and worked in BritainPennsylvania Dutch corruption of a German word used as a term for German immigrants in PennsylvaniaRegulators rebellious movement of frontiersmen in the southern colonies that included future President Andrew Jackson"Jayle Birds" popular term for convicted criminals dumped on colonies by British authoritiesPraying towns term for New England settlements where Indians from various tribes were gathered to be ChristianizedLawyers a once-despised profession that rose in prestige after 1750 because its practitioners defended colonial rightsTriangular trade small but profitable trade route that linked New England, Africa, and the West IndiesTaverns popular colonial centers of recreation, gossip, and political debateEstablished term for tax-supported condition of Congregational and Anglican churches; but not of Baptists, Quakers, and Roman CatholicsThe Great Awakening spectacular, emotional religious revival if the 1730s and 1740s"New Lights" ministers who supported the Great Awakening against the "old light" clergy for rejected itColleges institutions that were founded in greater numbers as a result of the Great Awakening, although a few had been found earlierZenger Case case that established the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libelCouncil the upper house of a colonial legislature, appointed the crown or the proprietorPoor Richard's Almanac Benjamin Franklin's highly popular collection of information, parables, and advice

Chapter 6 Samuel de Champlain French explorer who established Quebec in 1608, the "Father of New France"William Pitt British Prime Minister who lead the way to victory in the French and Indian WarGeorge Washington Virginia colonel who unsuccessfully attempted to overtake French forts in Pennsylvania in 1754Benjamin Franklin Delegate to the Albany Congress who lead a bold but unsuccessful campaign for unity among the colonistsWilliam Braddock British General who lost a series of battles in the Ohio Valley, opening up colonists to Indian attackPontiac Ottawa Chief who mounted an uprising in Detroit that failed but did temporarily halt colonial expansion westwardRobert De La Salle French explorer who claimed the Mississippi and surrounding territory for King Louis XIV in 1682New Orleans Major French port which established a trade link from the Mississippi to the West Indies and beyondCajuns French Americans who settled in Louisiana after fleeing persecution at the hands of the British in Nova ScotiaQuebec Capital of New France, established by Champlain in 1608Acadians French settlers in Nova Scotia who fled to America after being persecuted by the BritishIroquois Native American confederation from N.Y. who allied themselves with the French against the British and the American ColonistsCoureurs De Bois Successful French fur traders who resided in North AmericaEdict of Nantes Royal declaration that gave Protestants some religious freedom and helped usher in the age of French colonialismJames Wolfe British General whose daring siege on Quebec marked a decisive turning point in the French and Indian War.Antoine Cadillac Founded the city of Detroit and settled it as a French trading post

Proclamation of 1763 Statement published by the British crown at the end of the French and Indian War, forbidding Americans from colonizing west of the Appalachian MountainsSt. Lawrence River Important travel and trade route connecting Quebec and Montreal to the Atlantic Ocean.Fort Duquesne French fort in Pennsylvania that was the sight of a major defeat for the British in the French and Indian War.New France Area where the French established settlements in the 1600s, known today as CanadaTreaty of Utrecht 1713 document that ended the first two world wars and granted Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and Hudson BayLouisburg Key French fort located on Cape Breton Island that fell to the British during the French and Indian WarHuguenots French Protestants that were persecuted for their faith, many of whom settled in the American coloniesAlbany Congress Meeting of colonial representatives in upstate New York in 1755 to discuss strategies to defeat the Iroquois in battle

Seven Years' War Worldwide struggle between France and Great Britain for power and control of landWar of Jenkins's Ear Triggered when a British captain had his ear sliced off by Spanish authorities. The king then declared war on SpainWilliam Pitt English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778)

Montcalm Military officer at Qubec City to 14 Sept 1759. Defeated by the English at the Batlle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759.

Chapter 7Treaty of Paris (1763) The treaty that declared the end to the French and Indian War. Gave Louisiana to Spain; Florida, Canada, and the Ohio Valley to England; took all of France's land except for HaitiPontiac's War the war fought between the Indians and the British over the colonists suddenly settling in the Ohio River ValleyProclamation of 1763 The law that forbade colonists to settle in the Ohio River Valley. Angered the colonists and was ultimately ignoredNavigation Acts The British law that declared that colonists could only trade with EnglandStamp Act (1765) A tax on legal documents, newspapers, almanacs, wills, marriage licenses, diplomas, dice, playing cards, etc.Stamp Act Congress A meeting where delegates from nine colonies met to discuss the Stamp Act; sent a petition to King George III asking him to repeal the Stamp Act and agreed to boycott the goods it taxedSons of Liberty A group of men led by Samuel Adams and John Hancock who led boycotts and protests

Daughters of Liberty women who manufactured the British goods colonists boycottedTownshend Acts A tax passed by Charles Townshend, the British finance minister, taxing glass, lead, paper, and paintWrits of Assistance The legal document that enabled British soldiers to search colonial homes and ships for smuggled goods

Declaratory Act An act stating that Parliament would repeal the Stamp Act but still held the power to tax the colonists; a result of the Stamp Act boycottQuartering Act A law stating that colonists must allow British soldiers shelter and one meal a day, even during peace time

Boston Massacre The murder of five colonists by provoked British soldiers. These soldiers were defended by John Adams during their trial and eventually exoneratedTea Act Americans could only buy tea from England, not directly from India

Boston Tea Party When Patriots dressed as Indians, boarded British ships, and threw thousands of dollars of tea overboardIntolerable Acts Coercive Acts; laws passed as the colonists' punishment for the Boston Tea Party

First Continental Congress When delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies met to discuss the Coercive Acts, agreed to continue the boycott of British goods and organised militias in every colonySalutary Neglect The period of time where the king allowed the colonists freedom (religious freedom, etc.) as long as the colonies made England moneyCommittee of Correspondence A group of men who wrote letters and articles about the British oppression in the colonies. These articles unified the colonies against the British

Second Continental Congress Where delegates met to discuss Lexington and Concord. Developed the Olive Branch Petition declaring their loyalty to King George III but asking for the repeal of the Coercive Acts. They also organized the Continental Army and name George Washington its commander in chief

Depreciate To decrease in value, as in the decline of the purchasing power of money. dire need finally forced many of the colonies to issue paper money, which unfortunately depreciated.Protective Tariffs Taxes places on imported goods, often to raise prices and thus protect domestic producers. Manufacturers, workers, and farmers seek to ensure their prosperity through protective tariffs.Mortgage To pledge property to a creditor as security for a loan or debt. Virginia planters were forced to buy their necessities in England by mortgaging future crops.Admiralty Courts In British law, special administrative courts designed to handle maritime cases without a jury. Both [acts] provided for trying offenders in the hated admiralty courts.

Virtual representation The political theory that a class of persons is represented in a lawmaking body without direct vote. Elaborating the theory of virtual representation. Grenville claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, evenAmericans.Nonimportation Agreement Pledges to boycott, or decline to purchase, certain goods from abroad. More effective than the congress was the widespread adoption of nonimportation agreements.Mulatto A person of mixed African and European ancestry. Crispus Attucks [was] describedas a powerfully built runaway mulatto.Duty A customs tax on the export or import of goods. Parliamentrepeal[ed] the Townshend revenue duties.

Propaganda A systematic program or particular materials designed to spread certain ideas; sometimes but not always the term implies the use of manipulative or deceptive means. Their chief function was to spread propaganda.Boycott An organized refusal to deal with some person, organization, or product. this one called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Inflation An increase in the supply of currency relative to the goods available, leading to a decline in the purchasing power of money. Inflation of the currency inevitably skyrocketed prices.Desert To leave official or military service without permission. hundreds of anxious husbands and fathers deserted.

Chapter 8George Washington Virginian, patriot, general, and president. Lived at Mount Vernon. Led the Revolutionary Army in the fight for independence. First President of the United States.

William Howe During the summer of 1776, he led hundreds of British ships and 32,000 British soldiers to New York, and offered Congress the choice between surrender with royal pardon and a battle against the odds, and despite having far fewer troops, the Americans rejected the offer. Bunker Hill.

Nathaniel Greene Quaker-raised American general who employed tactics of fighting and then drawing back to recover, then attacking again. Defeated Cornwallis by thus "fighting Quaker".

Benedict Arnold He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and soon became a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. After becoming Commander of Philadelphia in 1778, he went heavily into debt, and in 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history.John Burgoyne British general in the American Revolution who captured Fort Ticonderoga but lost the battle of Saratoga in 1777 (1722-1792)

Charles Cornwallis Commanding general of the British forces that were defeated at Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution.Thomas Paine Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

Barry St. Leger Led British Army, tried to take Fort Stanwix but American Benedict Arnold drove him back.George Rogers Clark Leader of a small Patriot force that captured British-controlled Fort Vincennes in the Ohio Valley in 1779, secured the Northwest Territory for America. Audacious frontiersman, conceived idea of seizing forts by surprise. He floated down the Ohio River and captured Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes.

Richard Henry Lee Member of the Second Continental Congress who urged Congress to support independence; signer of the Declaration of Independence.Horatio Gates Burgoyne was forced to surrender his command to this American general on October 17,1777 at the battle of Saratoga.

John Paul Jones American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight."Thomas Jefferson Virginian, architect, author, governor, and president. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virginia. Third president of the United States. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia.Marquis de Lafayette He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in france but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

Admiral de Grasse operated a powerful French fleet in the West Indies. He advised America he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown. Rochambeau's French army defended British by land and Admiral de Grasse blockaded them by sea. This resulted in Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781. French general who was operating a powerful fleet and advised Americans that he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis on Yorktown.Patrick Henry a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)Comte de Rochambeau commanded a powerful French army of six thousand troops in the summer of 1780 and arrived in Newport, Rhode Island. They were planning a Franco - American attack on New York.John Jay United States diplomat and jurist who negotiated peace treaties with Britain and served as the first chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (1745-1829) one of three envoys who had explicit instructions from Congress to make no separate peace and to consult with their French allies at all stages of the negotiations

Ethan Allen a soldier of the American Revolution whose troops helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789)Abigail Adams Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.Richard Montgomery A formerly British General, he then led the colonists. He led a successful attack into Montreal, then on to Quebec. Montgomery's attack on Quebec failed and he was killed, thus, the whole invasion into Canada failed. Irish born general who pushed up the Lake Champlain route and capture Montreal.

King George III King of England, stubborn, stupid, levied taxes even though he knew colonist would hate it, poor ruler, passed Quartering Act (Intolerable Acts) , hated colonists, wanted to show who's in chargeMercenaries hired soldiersNatural Rights the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and propertyPrivateering Privately owned armed ships specifically authorized by congress to prey on enemy shipping. There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit. The privateers brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale.(American Revolution, 1775-1783)

Republicanism A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.Natural Aristocracy to maintain social hierarchy; meaning people rise to power based on natural talent not heredityPopular Consent The idea that a just government must derive its powers from the consent of the people it governs.Civic Virtue notion that democracy depended on unselfish commitment to the public goodSecond Continental Congress They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of IndependenceCommon Sense a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nationDeclaration of Independence the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Loyalists American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independenceTories LoyalistsPatriots Colonists who wanted independence from BritainWhigs Colonists

Treaty of Paris of 1783 The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland. It greatly upset the Canadians.

Bunker Hill a battle that took place on the strategic point of Breed's Hill. British victory on account of the depletion of American supplies. yet gave them confidence- It pushed Americans towards a final decision for war.

Battle of Saratoga Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain.

Battle of Yorktown Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781.

Hessians German soldiers hired by George III to smash Colonial rebellion, proved good in mechanical sense but they were more concerned about money than duty. German missionaries hired by the British to crush the rebellion that kill up everybody and were very brutal; did not care if they were killing loyalists, patriots, or people who were in the middle

Olive Branch Petition professed American loyalty to the crown and begging the king to prevent further hostilitiesCatherine the Great Russian who decided to create a Passive Hostility against BritainValley Forge where the Patriots spent the winter and had a German leader and Lafayette (French) help turn them into a real army

Saratoga Patriot victory where it was the only legit open army to army battle where the army beat the redcoats without the FrenchKing Louis XVI hesitated to offer help to the Americans buy they could protect the French West Indies and they already didn't like Britain

Loyalists the older generations that were loyal to the British king and fought patriots; wealthy conservative old men from NY, NJ and GA. least in New EnglandNative Americans joined loyalists because they were promised a limit to colonial settlements in the west

African Slaves joined British because they were promised freedom after one year of serving in the army; were used as manual laborNew York place where British used as a base for operationsBattle of Long Island British victory under General William Howe and Washington escapedTrenton Washington crosses Delaware River and surprises Hessians which made the Patriots win and have a huge morale boostPrinceton Moved away from Trenton to avoid being defeated by Cornwallis and caught some Redcoats that were outnumbered and off guard. Not a big deal, but the Patriots won and it made them feel special inside.

Paul Revere warns everyone that the British are coming but gets caught before he's doneSamuel Prescott after leaving an "inappropriate relationship," he takes the place of Paul Revere in warning that the British were comingWilliam Doss helped Samuel Prescott warn about the British coming

Richard Henry Lee introduced resolution declaring the colonies to be independentThomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of IndependenceJuly 2, 1776 when all voted for the Declaration of IndependenceJuly 4, 1776 the day the Declaration of independence was adoptedCanada Place that was supposed to be the 14th colony to the US and deprive Britain of a valuable base to striking the colonies; took a two pronged invasion of the countryQuebec Act the reason why the French Canadians did not want to be bothered and showed no desire to welcome the anti-Catholic invaders

Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill) Americans kill the most people and run out of artillery; British lose men (almost 1000 soldiers) but stay on the fort not a lose nor a win 161