AP US History Notes- 1A

Hominids originate in Africa

Peopled the rest of the world

Land bridge connecting Russia to Alaska

[Mayas; Aztecs; Incas]

Inca- city built by natives- Macchu Pichu- grew tubers (roots) in terraced farms- dried them to keep- allowed them to settle down

Mayas- just north of the Incas- traded with other tribes- had agriculture, mathematics- had priests, chief, laborers, slaves from other tribes

All had sophisticated societies

[Native Americans]

Some fairly mobile

South West- Anasazi- built towns into cliffs

[European exploration]

Norse “discovered” America to pillage

Renaissance in Europe- domesticated animals, agriculture, feudal system, growing populations, medicine, plagues, conscription, massive wars, inquisition, reformation

Info about the Far East from Marco Polo inspires explorers and rulers to reach there

Grueling journey inspired Columbus and others to try going west rather than around Africa to reach the east

When Columbus found north America,(1492*) he thought he was in India

Born in Italy, worked for Spain

Arrived in the Caribbean in what became Hispaniola

Spanish “motto” in the new world- for God and Gold

In his diary, Columbus believed that the natives would be easy to subjugate

Left some men behind, situation turned bad

Amerigo Vespucci- made maps- America from his name

[exchange]

Exchange of ideas, food, animals, illness

Europeans- potatoes, beans, tomatoes, turkeys, llamas, corn

Indians- rice, coffee, horses, olives, wheat

Indians had no immunity from animal-bourne disease- smallpox- native population devastated

[John Cabot]

1497- first Englishman in North America- discovered Newfoundland

Spanish armada forestalled further European colonization efforts for +- 100 years

[Spanish explorers]

Spain makes a focused attempt to colonize the new world

Encomienda system- large plantations run by Encomenderos (Spanish landlords)

Subjugated Indians- were forced to attend church and give up their own religions

Juan de Onate- 1598 encomendero near santa fe- had thousands of natives in his control- Indians had to pay tribute(taxes) to the Spanish in the form of food etc- were brutally punished if they did not comply

Indian rebellions- small rebellion against Juan- battle of Acoma- Spanish cut off a foot from each indian captured- angered the natives

1680- Pope’s Rebellion- forced the Spanish out of New Mexico for a while- 17000 indians in the rebellion- Spanish returned in larger numbers and defeated the native army- natives- pueblo, Navaho, apache

[Other European Efforts at Colonization]

La Salle- first European to explore the entire Mississippi River

During the 1500s Spanish ships carried materials back to Spain

English and French hired men to act as privateers against the Spanish

Sir Francis Drake- sea dogges

Late 1500s 1584-1587 Sir Walter Raleigh sent several expeditions to Roanoke (first attempted English colony in the New World) John White, the governer, returned to England, returned 3 years later to find the people gone and the word ‘Croatoan’ written on a post

Virginia Dare- first English child born in the new world

[Settling the Chesapeake]

Jamestown- first permanent English colony (successful) in the new world in 1607

Several non-inheriting young English nobles formed a joint-stock company called the Virginia company after Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. Sail to the new world and form a colony named Jamestown- found the Powhatan Indians.

Capt. John Smith- head of the colony- Pocahontas

According to John Smith, he and his men were set upon by Indians- made them think he was magic because of his compass- they decided to kill him- says Pocahontas, daughter of the chief, saved his life

Colony goes through hard times- does some trade with the Indians, colonists tried to kill John Smith as he gave a policy that no work, no eat

Tobacco saves Jamestown- became major cash crop- John Rolfe- marries Pocahontas

Efforts to increase population at Jamestown- First Slaves come to Jamestown 1619 on a Dutch ship

Remforms of 1618- 1619

a. Headwright policy- if you pay for your own passage to America, you get 50 acres of land upon arrival- if you pay for servants, you get and additional 50 acres (sometimes 50 per servant, sometimes 50 total)

b. Relaxed legal code- you get all the rights of a landowning noble

Indentured Servants- take out debts in exchange for their service

1619- 1st slaves arrive in Jamestown from a Dutch ship

[Maryland]

1624- Sir George Calvert, Cecilius Calvert- haven for Catholics- Lord Baltimore- got a charter and some land as the king owed him a favor- created a colony as a haven for Catholics- died shortly after, never made it to the new world- son, Cecilius, new Lord Baltimore, took over

Second Major colony- Plymouth- The pilgrims- called Separatists- wanted to break away from the church of England to create a new church- spiritual leader was

William Bradford- travelled to the new world on the Mayflower- on the voyage, the church members wrote a document with the rules they would live by- first example of consensual government in what is now the US- Encountered the Wampanoag Indians- Squanto- about half of the pilgrims died in the first year- the Indians taught them how to grow corn and live off the land in exchange for

[Massachusetts Bay]

1630- Puritans- want to return the church to its purest form- came to America- spiritual leader- John Winthrop- became governor- came on the Arbella- gave sermon “A Model of Christian Charity”- more common name “City on a Hill”- city going to be a “light for the world”-

“the Great Migration”- 80000 people migrate to the new world

[Rhode Island]

Colony founded by dissident puritans

Roger Williams- asked to leave Massachusetts Bay colony because he believed in the separation of church and state and no forced worship, rather than return to England, went south to establish Providence- 1st permanent settlement in Rhode Island

Anne Hutchinson- preaching “covenant of grace”- was banished to Rhode Island- preached in her home- had a stillborne baby after being banished

[Indians in New England]

100,000- had rocky relations with Europeans- tribes were both mobile and sedentary

Pequots- got tired of European interference- rebelled against Europeans led by Sassacus in 1637- Treaty of Hartford in 1638

Chief Metacom (King Philip) 1675- alliance and brief rebellion- finished in 1676

Renewed Settlement

Charles II restored to the throne- renewed zeal for New World settlement

[The Carolinas]

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina- written by John Locke- total religious tolerance- embrace ethnic pluralism- 8 men given charter to start a colony- called the Lords Proprietors- 3 types of colony- royal, proprietary, and charter- owned by king, owned by individuals, owned by companies- became a royal colony in 1719

[Middle Atlantic Colonies]

North about exploiting natural resources, south about agriculture, middle about both

New Jersey, New York, Pensylvania, Delaware

1600’s, Dutch hire Henry Hudson, English Explorer, to lead an expedition to the new world- establishes a colony in New York- bought Manhattan for $24- English “invade”, take the colony with little loss of life- Charles II grants the colony to brother, duke of York

Iroquois- federation of five tribes- much warfare with the Europeans

[Pennsylvania Colony}

King gives William Penn the land that will become Pennsylvania- Quaker colony- founded around the society of Friends- pacifists- would quake during worship- Penn also owned Delaware- two colonies, for a time, were both governed by the same man

[Georgia Colony]

Last colony founded in 1732- one of the founders was James Oglethorpe wanted to set it up as a philanthropic experiment- wanted to move the English poor to the New World so they could have new lives- also founded as a Military buffer against the Spanish in Florida

Spanish- never brought women French- mostly in small groups English- built large market economies and brought women

Chapter 2:

Ways of Life in Colonial America

[Shape of Early America]

English colonies were the most diverse of the colonies- especially the middle colonies- people from all over Europe

Most of the colonists were under 25 years old- most poor or without inheritance- mainly lower class

Slash and Burn agriculture was very popular

Europeans hunted many species to near extinction

Land was cheap and marriage was earlier (around 20 instead of 25)- 2 more pregnancies- lower death rates- land and food were abundant

Average age in the u.s. during GW presidency was 16

Deferential- to leave something to another- major decisions were left to the rich and powerful

Women’s roles- women had little status- had to obey husbands- expected to be housewives

Things women could not do- vote, own land, go to school, file for divorce, hold powerful positions, preach, make legal contracts

[the southern colonies]

Society and economy-

Hot climate led to great agriculture- exported tobacco, lumber, naval stores, grew many cash crops

North Carolina- lots of tar

Used headwright system- lots of labor required- led to high numbers of indentured servants and later slaves

Slavery started in Jamestown

Several small rebellions- small acts, but sometimes organized- pretended to be stupid to get out of work

Handful of large rebellions- main one in the colonial period was the Stono Uprising in South Carolina in 1739- the slaves who were killed had their heads cut off and had them placed on mileposts as a warning against further rebellion- put down by local militia

The south was the least diverse of the colonies- the gentry (upper class) were the slave owners- owned plantations with a large house- the majority of the whites in the south were very poor

[new England]

Cool and heavily forested- heavily populated

Triangular trade- new world sent raw materials to Europe- Europe sent manufactured goods, Africa sent slaves

As new religions move to the new world, the puritans begin to feel threatened by new peoples moving near them- creates socioeconomic stress (social and economic)

Salem witch trials 1692- momentary hysteria that the devil was at work in the colonies- Ann Putnam- girls were playing, but were believed to be possessed- Tituba was accused of bewitching the girls- admitted to it- over ten months, anyone who

defied traditional puritan roles was accused of being a witch- even spread to non-puritans- many questionable circumstances- 20 people killed- the governor’s wife and the president of Harvard, Samuel Willard, were accused, this ended the trials

Society and Economy in the Middle colonies- had aspects of both the northern and the southern colonies- were the most diverse of the colonies- both farmed and fished, had occasional headwright policies

Social and intellectual features

Upper class- merchants and professionals

Middle class- skilled laborers, minor merchants

Lower class- menial laborers

Travel was primitive and difficult

Taverns or inns were an important feature in travel as night travel was risky- information travelled through the taverns and ships- taverns were the single most important avenue for info exchange and recreation

1690- there were 54 taverns in Boston alone

The Enlightenment- 17th century

Natural laws were re-discovered (Newton, Copernicus, others)

2 reactions- God doesn’t exist and God is even greater

John Locke- “Essay of Human Understanding”- tabula rasa- blank slate- reason must be applied and virtue must be central to ensure a good society

Enlightenment came to Europe in the 1700’s- Ben Franklin was a great example

Brought about the idea of non-church centered education for the commoners- led to common education in reading, writing, and arithmetic- south was too rural for mass education

The church started the first mass movement in the Americas in the first great awakening- Jonathan Edwards- minister- many ministers tried to scare people back to church by speaking of hell- came up with a sermon called “sinners in the hands of an angry God”

George Whitefield- catalyst of the great awakening “New Birth”

The churches began to emphasize learning and education to compete with science- many churches split due to differing beliefs

More denominational schools-

Already in existence- yale, Harvard, William and mary

New- Princeton, kings college

Only non-church college was the University of Pennsylvania

Unitarian church formed- an intellectual church- almost deist- for the upper class educated

Universal church – same as Unitarian but for the lower class

3 things that both enlightenment and great awakening emphasized-

Education, power of individual choice (come back to God, or choose reason and virtue to create a good environment), led to a resistance to established authority (less deference)

Chapter 3:

Imperial Perspective

English administration of the colonies

No systematic policy for most of the 1600’s

Civil war in England 1642- 1649- restoration of Charles II led to increased colonial interest

King reasserted control- considered the colonists to have the same responsibilities of citizens without the same rights

Mercantilism- bring the riches of colonies to the home country- mother country exports more than it imports

Lords of trade- acted as import officers to enforce the tax laws

James II creates dominion of New England to better enforce the laws

Edmond Andros sent by James to lead the dominion

People grew tired of James II, as he wasn’t proving to be a good king

William of Orange takes over the throne with his wife Mary

Pass the bill of rights and toleration acts

Bill of rights gave more rights to all English citizens

Toleration acts affirmed religious toleration

Navigation acts still in effect

John Locke responds to criticism about the English overthrowing their king with “Two Treatises on Government”

a. Refutation of the divine right of kingsb. Contract theory of government- the king has a responsibility to rule fairly-

said that all people had the natural rights to life, liberty, and property

William and Mary refine the Navigation acts to require colonial governors to oversee the enforcement of the acts

Board of Trade worked to subject the colonies to more royal control

Salutary neglect- 1721-1742- a period when the British were deliberately lenient in ruling the colonies (first half of 1700’s)

Late 1600’s- governors were chosen by the king, meaning governors had a large amount of control- governors acted almost as dictators

During salutary neglect- the assemblies began to regain their old powers- 2 main ones were the power of the purse string and the power to initiate legislation

Self-government became a habit in the colonies

Bacon’s Rebellion- heavy increase in population along the coast- the Indians got pissed as the settlers destroyed the countryside- they started killing any settlers coming too far west

Nathanial Bacon’s overseer was killed were killed by the Doeg Indians- bacon gathers an “army” to strike back at the Indians- killed some Indians from the Susquehannock tribe- killed Indians regularly- William Berkley- governor of Jamestown and Virginia- Berkley orders Bacon to stop, but Bacon refused- Bacon rode into Jamestown and imprisoned Berkley and burned part of Jamestown- Jamestown raised a militia and captured Bacon and his men and executed 23 of them and took away the land of the rest- Berkley called back to England by king

Spanish policies- Spanish control south and central America and the Caribbean

Spanish colonies were faltering

a. Unrest in Mexico as the region lacked gold and silverb. Focused on conquest and religious conversionc. Rarely sent womend. Built forts, not economies

The French- began colonization in Canada and west of the Mississippi

Were mostly trappers and traders- married Indian women and lived like the Indians

French used propaganda to turn the Indians against the English

The Colonial Wars

7 years war in Europe (lasted 9 years in Americas)

Called French and Indian war in America- *started in 1754, ended in 1763*

The French are building a large number of forts to stop English western migration

George Washington sent to the French to warn them- was defeated and fled back to the colonies- French won the first few battles

Ben Franklin sets up the Albany Plan- called for representatives from all the colonies to be sent to Albany “Albany Congress”- didn’t work as the plan sounded like a creation of a new monarchy and parliament

Back to the War- Begins badly for the Brits, one success in 1755- Indian tribes joined both sides, but most sided with the French- war ended at the Battle of Quebec- French expected the Brits to attack over the Plains of Abraham, but the Brits attacked from behind and defeated the French, Brits led by general Wolfe- George III was the king of England- French extremely upset

Results of the War- Treaty of Paris in 1763- England received all French possessions East and North of the Mississippi River, also purchased Florida from Spain, Spain received all French territory west of the Mississippi- French ended up with next to nothing in the colonies

Effects on the Colonies- 900 Boston men died- caused the population of Boston to stagnate-many orphans and widows- England incurred huge debt- large army and navy left in the colonies- a sense of nationalism begins in the colonies

Colonists felt superior to the British army as they were trained by the Indians in guerilla warfare

Chapter 4- From Empire to Independence

English have a huge new empire in the new world- Indians are upset- England hugely in debt

British politics- George III was a member of the Whig party, originally believing the people needed more power, switch of opinion when he became king- nepotism- hiring family and friends to do important jobs, even if they weren’t skilled

British pass the Proclamation act of 1763- stated that the colonists could not enter a large portion of the captured territory

Daniel Boone led many colonists into the territory

George Grenville- Prime minister

Left British Army stationed in the Colonies

Colonists would have to help pay for the debt incurred in the war

Created Vice-Admiralty courts to enforce navigation acts (salutary neglect ending)

Sugar act of 1764- halved the taxes on sugar, but the colonists could only buy sugar from English traders

Currency act of 1764- paper money no longer valid- led to large economic slump in the colonies due to complaints from English merchants

Quartering Act of 1765- colonists had to supply and provide homes for the British army

Stamp tax of 1765- February, took effect in November- anything printed had to have an official stamp with a small tax

Colonial reaction- understood mercantilism- colonists complained about taxation without representation- parliament responded with “virtual representation”, saying that parliament had their best interest in mind- many protest groups, especially the Sons of Liberty- burned many effigies of stamp agents and ransacked their homes- called criminals by the crown- people in the colonies began preparing for the stamp acts with stamp squares on printed goods- instead of the British stamps, put skull and crossbones stamps- boycotted British goods, their one way to leverage the British- became a badge of honor in the colonies-

Marquis of Rockingham

New prime minister

Sympathetic to the colonists and merchants- parliament repealed the stamp act, but they feared that the colonists would think they won, so passed the Declaratory act- saying that Parliament had the right to pass taxation acts whenever they wanted to- did it to save face

Charles Townshend

New prime minister

Was called very intelligent but tactless

Decided to drop the hammer on the colonies- decided to suspend the New York assembly- no more legislation

Passed the Revenue act- extra taxes on common imports i.e. glass, lead, paper, paints, tea, etc.

Created the Board of Customs Commissioners to stop smuggling- hq in Boston

Created even more vice-admiralty courts- guilty until proven innocent

Colonists Reactions- colonists even more upset, more protests, more boycotts

John Dickinson- wrote “Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer”, saying that the Brits had the right to regulate commerce, but not to tax to raise revenue- was actually a lawyer

Boston Massacre-

March 1770, colonists protest in front of the customs office in Boston- British soldiers stationed there to keep the peace- colonists get rowdy- Brits had orders not to fire, but someone fired anyway- 4 killed, 9 wounded, one died later- soldiers accused of murder and put on trial- John Addams defended the soldiers in trial- two of the soldiers guilty of manslaughter, but the rest were set free- Paul Revere makes a provocative engraving of the massacre to upset the colonists further- caused the British to back off, led to 2 years of relative calm

Tories ( pro- British people) – Crispus Attucks- considered the first person to die for American freedom- was an escaped slave- was a mulatto (part black/ part white)

Parliament repeals the Townshend acts (except tea to save face) to calm the colonists

Some colonists in the frontier were already fighting the British due to land disputes

1772- a British patrol ship ran aground and the colonists burned it (called the Gaspee)

Comities of correspondence- comities that were tasked to share information with other colonies

Lord North- new prime minister

Given orders to raise revenue for the East India Company

Bumper crop of tea in India- huge amounts of tea not being sold

Lowered tax on tea, but set a tea monopoly to sell tea to the colonists

Led to the Boston tea party- Sons of Liberty dress up like Indians and dump 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor

George III enraged- “Submit or Triumph”

British respond with coercive acts

Brits close the Boston port till the tea is paid for on June 1, 1774

British officials were to be put on trial in Britain

New stronger quartering act (have to keep soldiers in home)

No elective positions- officials appointed by governor

No town meetings without a British official being present

Colonists called them the “Intolerable Acts”

Final straw was the Quebec Act- no assembly in Canada- Catholic Church given a privileged position- colonists felt the French were being given preferential treatment

Jefferson and Va colony have a “day of prayer” on June 1- governor dissolves Virginia assembly

The assemblymen went to the local tavern and drew up a resolution for a Continental Congress to represent all the colonies. Decided that all the colonies should meet in Philadelphia on September 5, 1774- 55 delegates sent- 12 colonies represented (no Georgia)- several resolutions written- Suffolk Resolves- Intolerable acts null and void- no imports or exports to Great Britain

Declaration of American rights- ok to regulate commerce, but not to determine need for troops in colonies

Sent documents to George III

Decided to meet again in May 1775

British declare Massachusetts to be in rebellion

New England can’t trade with other colonies

British officers, led by Major John Pitcairn ordered to go to Lexington to arrest Hancock and Adams and then Concord to confiscate colonist’s weapons

Paul Revere, William Davis, and Prescott warn the colonists about the approaching British

Brits encounter some colonists on the way to Lexington, someone fires, 8 Americans killed, 10 wounded

Colonists quickly learn about the attack and gather

British retreat and come under attack by colonists

Second continental congress- may 10, 1775, Brits under siege by militia- George Washington asked by congress to become general- congress adopt Mass. Militia as the continental army

Mass. Militia surrounds Boston

$2 million dollars printed to pay for the war- colonies would pay back based on population (larger pop= pay more)

Battle of Bunker Hill- June 17, 1775- Bunker hill chosen, but ended up on Breed’s Hill

Colonists take up position on top of hill, Brits surround hill, they are led by Generals Clinton, Burgoyne, and Howe- Brits engage in a frontal assault- colonists open fire, Brits retreat after heavy casualties- Brits try a second time, colonists open fire, Brits retreat again- Brits try a third time- colonists run out of ammunition and Brits take the hill- Brits start taking the colonists more seriously- Famous quote- colonial commander says “Don’t shoot until you see the whites of their eyes!”

Significance of battle

Brits more cautious

Congress encourages enlistment

Colonies divided between Patriots and Loyalists

Continental Congress writes more documents to attempt to retain peace

Olive Branch petition- professed loyalty

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms- “Our cause is just, our union is perfect”

King declared the colonists to be “in open rebellion”

1775- 1776- Brits prepare for war and hire Hessian mercenaries

Washington arrives in Boston after Bunker Hill

British officials leaving in droves, meaning they have to basically reconquer the continent

Thomas Pain, a member of the sons of liberty, writes “Common Sense”- criticizes Parliament and the King, “In the blood of the slain, the weeping voice of nature cries, ‘Tis Time to Part!!!’”

Declaration of Independence- Thomas Jefferson does one draft- July 1776

July 2nd agreed to - 4th document signed - based on Locke’s contract theory of government

Causes of Revolution-

Unfair trade regulation- navigation acts

Restrictions on western lands- proclamation act

Tax controversy- stamp act

Debt to British merchants- currency act

Fear of Anglican bishops

Growth of national consciousness

Ideological enlightenment (whiggery)

Abrupt shift from merchantilism to imperialism in 1763

Gigantic failure of British statesmanship

Chapter 5- Revolutionary War

1776- independence declared

Most early battles near N.Y.

British were winning early battles, moral of the colonists weakening, Thomas Pain writes The American Crisis to restore moral –“These are the times that try men’s souls.”

Several famous battles- xmas night- Washington crossed the Delaware River and defeated the surprised Hessians

3 groups in colonies- patriots, loyalists (tories), fence-sitters (included greedy merchants)

Goods confiscated from farmers to supply the army- over 250 million printed- supplies scarce

The Winter at Valley Forge (winter 1777)

October 1777, turning point in the Revolutionary War- battle of Saratoga- American general Gates defeats British general Burgoyne-due to the victory, France decided to provide aid to the colonies

Franco-American treaties

Treaty of amity and commerce- trade agreements and loaning money

Treaty of alliance- if France joined, both sides would fight until Independence was won

Neither would conclude a separate peace

Guaranteed each other’s possessions in America

Lexington and Concord called “shot heard ‘round the world”

War in the South-

1778- Brits decide to take the war to the South

Lord Cornwallis- Commander of British army in the south- Brits take Savannah Georgia in Nov. 1778- would attempt to go along the coast and move north to defeat the colonists- May 1780- Cornwallis captures Charleston S.C.- primary general of southern continental army- Nathaniel Green- given orders to slow down the British- militia attacked the British in small groups and drew them into the mountains

Banastre Tarleton- never took prisoners, was savage in battle- called “Bloody Tarleton”

Francis Marion- “The Swamp Fox”- harassed the British from the swamps- famous militiaman

Battle of King’s Mountain- turning point of the war in the South

Through most of the war, Cornwallis had no respect for the militia- thought they had no discipline

Battle of cowpens- colonists send the militia up in the center of their line- British charge and militia retreat and pull the Brits into a trap

Cornwallis retreated and hoped to be pulled out by the British navy from the coast- sets up and fortifies himself in Yorktown- main American armies converge- American navy- led by John Paul Jones- “I have not yet begun to fight”- had been disrupting british shipping

French fleet under admiral deGrasse sneaks into Chesapeak- when the British navy arrived, they retreated when they saw the French ships- Oct 17 1781- Cornwallis surrenders in Yorktown as he realizes that he will not escape

Feb 7 1782- House of Commons votes for peace with Rockingham as Prime Minister

Peace of Paris 1783- ended the war and assured American independence

Peace negotiations

Us representatives- John Jay, John Addams, Ben Franklin, and others

11/30/ 1782- preliminary treaty with brits- violated Franco-American treaty

Final treaty- 1. American independence

2. France and Spain would recognize Gibraltar as British territory

3. western boundary of the US would be the Mississippi river

4. northern boundary generally along the Great Lakes, but several border disputes as the boundaries are not fully fixed

5. Florida returned to Spain

6. America gets fishing rights off of Newfoundland

Brits got 2 concessions

1. British merchants would have no legal impediments for collecting debts from Americans (good luck)

2. US would “earnestly recommend” the restoration of property to Loyalists who had left

Were mostly face-saving for Brits

Ramifications of the war

How to prevent any future imperialistic rule with a democratic/republican rule?

Many of the states began writing constitutions

Followed certain ideas

1. Republican ideals2. Contract theory of govt.3. Sovereignty of the people4. Separation of powers5. Natural rights6. A balanced political body animated by civic virtue

Much experimentation

Declaration of independence sent and Continental Congress took over govt.- passed the Articles of Confederation (and Perpetual Union) to limit the power of the

Congress (called the Confederation congress) could only ask the colonies for money and later settle land issues

Impact on American citizens

1. Lower classes unleash frustration2. Less deference3. More participation for ordinary citizens4. Voting restrictions loosened5. Much western land given to veterans as war bonuses

SlavesEvery state except for Georgia voted to cease the Atlantic Slave Trade (S.C. later reopened it)Many slaves obtained their freedom from the British or Americans for fighting in the war, but many remained slavesIn the North, emancipation doctrines were quickly passedSlavery kept in the south for cheap laborManumission (freeing slaves) was illegal in the South, but this was loosened after the war

WomenTook on the roles of men during the warMany women espoused equality of sexesAbigail Addams said to John Addams- ‘Remember the Ladies’ in the new lawsThos. Jefferson- “The tender breasts of ladies were not formed for political convulsion”No gains for women in most statesReligion-Complete freedom of religionPluralistic and voluntary rather than monolithic and state-supportedNew sense of nationalism

EducationSeveral state run universitiesState supported school system- republican virtueWealthy taxpayers though “vulgar masses”- delayed some school systemsFed a national “divine mission” to make America a “city on a hill”, democratic, not religious

Chapter 6- Shaping a Federal Union (book chapter 9)1777- 1788- “critical period”, at war, deep in debt, easy prey, many responsibilities, but a weak central govt., bad economy

People didn’t want a strong central govt.- currently had the power to borrow money and settle land disputesExecutive departments began to be formed- eg Robert Morris- Secretary of FinanceNo courts and no power to tax, no power to charter banks (had to be a unanimous vote to change the articles)Currency was effectively worthless and economy was in tattersLand west of the Appalachians owned by the individual states, not the federal govt.- land later given to the govt.Jefferson suggested self govt. for territories- American colonies could become full states

1. Ordinance of 1784- population requirement for self govt.2. Ordinance of 1785- agreed to divide the lands west of the Appalachians and

divide it into “townships” of 6 mile by 6 mile squares- govt. decided that the minimum amount of land that could be bought at a time would be 1 square mile at one dollar an acre (over $600 needed just to buy land)- favored rich “speculators”- those who hope to make money off of land at a later date- small section of land in every townships where the profits were guaranteed to support schools

3. Northwest ordinance/ ordinance of 1787- Ohio river valley- considered one territory- replaced the ordinance of 1784- any territory that wishes to become a full state must undergo a period of colonial tutelage- congress would appoint one governor, one secretary, and three judges- specifically said that there would be no slavery in the northwest territory

Western lands in the south-

Colonies held the land for a while

Rapid settlement after the war

Indian treaties were made

Farmers suffered due to the loss of slave labor

Brits closed the Caribbean to US

Merchants suffered

1783- British trade resumed, but economy was shaky as money went to foreign markets

Diplomatic problems

1. Britaina. Still held forts in the northwest

b. Influenced the Indians to kill American settlersc. Loyalists were persecuted by the Americansd. Abuse ended in 1787

2. Spaina. Southern boundaryb. Spanish governor closed the mouth of the Mississippi river to American

trade to try to force Floridan border dispute- huge diplomatic issue

Trade issues

Wanted to protect American Infant Industry

Major currency shortage- inconsistent laws

Merchants wanted stronger central government

Demand for paper money-main issue was the currency shortage

7 states began issuing their own currencies

Majority of population were farmers

Farmers overtaxed- losing land and property

Shays’ Rebellion

Farmers in Mass.- taxed to pay war debt- owed money to Boston creditors- no relief from legislature- go to Springfield arsenal to steal weapons to threaten creditors- were driven off by militia- the next year- Mass legislature omitted direct taxes, lowered court fees, many exemptions- led to a demand for stronger central govt from upper class due to fear

Adopting the Constitution

Federalists wanted to revise the Articles of confederation

First meeting, Annapolis only 3 representatives showed up

Second meeting in Philadelphia- 55 delegates from 12 colonies- no RI- Ben Franklin called the meeting an “Assembly of Demigods”

Mostly upper class, average age 42

Only 2 “small” farmers

Most had been in the Continental Congress

Washington presided- Franklin (was 81)- James Madison

Adams and Jefferson were representing US in Europe

Basic Ideas

a. Govt. derives power from the peopleb. Must protect from the tyranny of the majorityc. People must have choiced. Checks and balancese. Stronger govt essentialf. All power subject to abuseg. Most people naturally selfish

Two plans submitted

1. Virginia Plan- two houses with representatives based on population2. New Jersey Plan- equal representation

Convention Decisions-

1. New document and govt.- levy taxes, regulate commerce- raise army and navy- laws binding on citizens

2. Must deny certain powers to states- cant issue money3. Can’t make treaties or wage war4. Levy tariffs

Decided on a Bicameral govt- two houses

Major issues of dispute- Great Compromise

Two houses- House of Reps and Senate

Issue of slaves for tax and representation- 3/5 compromise- each slave counts as 3/5 of a man

Atlantic Slave Trade- reopened until Jan. 1, 1808

Women’s rights- irrelevant

House of Reps- one house by popular vote every two years

Senate- 6 years staggered terms- not elected by people

President

Fear of a king

Powers- veto congress- veto overridden by 2/3 of both houses- president becomes commander in chief- could make treaties with 2/3 senate approval- appoint judges, diplomats etc with senate approval- makes annual report to nation

Limited powers- cannot declare war or peace- could be impeached with 2/3

Electoral College to elect president- equation for electors

Judicial branch

Fight for Ratification- must have 9 states

Federalists- wanted a stronger central govt- usually better educated, usually citydwellers

Anti-Federalists- fearful of a stronger central govt- lower class

Anti-Federalists decided to add a bill of rights for the first ammendment

1788- First round of elections

Chapter 7: The Federalists

Washington and Adams

1789- government “starts”

80% of the population was farmers- only 3 cities with more than 5000 people

New govt. met March 4, 1789 in New York City

Cabinet- state- Jefferson

Treasury- Hamilton

Foreign Affairs- Jay

First occurrence in Congress-

Madison pushes through a bill of rights

Hamilton’s Vision of America

Revenue- financial aid to businesses- farmers grew angry

Established public credit (made us a sound economy)- assumption- federal govt. assumed ALL state debts

Congress agreed that after 10 years a new capital would be built halfway between North and South

National Bank and 10 million dollars- govt. prints 2 mil and 8 mil invested from private citizens

Jefferson and Adams argued that the 10th said that they had no right- Hamilton replied that it was an “implied” power- tax placed on alcohol to raise money- also proposed a nation mint and national currency- some backlash- produced a report

called “Report on Manufactures” to propose extensive aid to manufacturing- advantages of aid-

1. Diversification of labor2. Greater use of machinery3. Help with unemployment4. Promote immigration5. Encourage diversity in business

Farmers angry- Hamilton responded that it would increase buyers for farm products

Tariff proposal

1. Protect manufacturing2. Restraints on exports of raw materials3. $ to encourage new industry4. Inducements for inventions5. Encourage internal improvement- infrastructure

Results- began payment of war debt, enhanced value of Continental Dollar, secured credit, attracted foreign investment, prosperity, but also TIED GOVT. TO THE WEALTHY

Political parties at first considered bad- divided the country

Most famous anti-federalists- Madison and Jefferson

Crises: foreign and domestic

Washington reelected- 1792

French Revolution (republicanism)- Napoleon goes to war- US still tied to France in previous treaties

Washington’s- Neutrality Proclamation- half the country favors the British- other half favors the French

Great Britain passes the “Orders in Council” in 1793- greatly expanded the definition of contraband- Britain would confiscate American cargo and even whole ships- John Jay goes to Britain to negotiate- 4 requests- abandon forts in nwt, repay for shipping losses, compensate for slaves, commercial trade resumed with W/ Indies

Jay’s Treaty- 7 months later- Britain would evacuate the nw and pay for shipping losses, but America would have to agree to the definition of Neutral Rights, Britain gets favored nation status in trade, Americans would have to pay their debts- treaty

passed in Congress by one vote- Washington was afraid that the world would see America as a French puppet, making America weak and at the mercy of France

Crisis in the north west territory

Brits and Indians attack Americans- ended at treaty of Greenville

Whiskey Rebellion- penn farmers rebel due to alcohol tax- would go into town and attack tax collectors- General Henry Lee (Lighthorse Harry) and 13000 men- put down the rebellion- 20 captured and 1 died in prison

People begin to come to the support of the anti-federalists

Pinckney’s Treaty with Spain- Spain losing power in N. America- resulted in Pinckney’s treaty, 31st parallel northern border of Florida- reopen the Mississippi river

New Land Policy

2 major viewpoints

1. Sell land for revenue (Federalists)2. Give land to settlers (anti-federalists)

Federalists won

Prices and minimum amounts of land decreased gradually

1796- people want Washington to continue as president, Washington refuses

Farewell Address- tired of polarized factions, “no permanent alliances”/”no entangling alliances”

Election of 1796- Federalists select Adams as candidate and Pinckney as vp

Anti-federalists(democratic republicans)-select Jefferson and Aaron Burr as vp

Adams-71 electoral votes, Jefferson 68 electoral votes- Adams president, Jefferson VP

France is upset with America due to Jay’s treaty and begins raiding American ships, “contraband”

XYZ affair- 3 American diplomats sent to France- French officials called X, Y and Z

France Suggested-

1. $12,000,000 loan2. $250000 gift to French diplomats3. Apology from Adams for mean comments

Treaty with France renounced “war” with France- Adams uses the excuse to enlarge the navy and army

Peace and Convention of 1800

French minister Talleyrand wanted peace- Adams sends 3 diplomats

1. France would pay 20,000,000 for confiscated goods and ships2. Formal cancellation of 1778 treaty of Alliance

Alien and Sedition acts of 1798

Originally- 5 years before you can become a citizen

After acts- 14 years to become a citizen

President could throw aliens out of the country or imprison them if they were a threat- alien act and alien enemy act

Used to keep the Federalists strong

Madison and Jefferson grew angry- get Virginia and Kentucky to pass resolutions stating that “States could nullify federal acts if they damage the state”

Election of 1800

Federalist become unpopular due to Adams passing so many acts

Feds choose Adams again

Democratic republicans choose Jefferson and Burr

Jefferson- friends of common man

Limited govt. - states’ rights

Jefferson and Burr tied for votes

Jefferson becomes president and Burr becomes vice president

“Revolution” of 1800- first time a political part ceded to an opposition party

Nov.-March Federalists push to try to hold on to power

The night before Jefferson takes office, Federalists pass Judiciary act of 1801- created new courts and positions and Federalists assigned to these positions

Called the midnight appointments

March 1801

Jefferson walked and rode to his inauguration

Famous quote- “we are all federalists, we are all anti-federalists”

William Marbury- sued the govt. for his job- Madison represents the govt. – goes to supreme court- judicial review is the constitutional right of the Supreme Court to check the constitutionality of a federal law

Jefferson left the federal bank alone, repealed the alcohol tax, and reduced the army and navy

1803- Louisiana purchase- Spain has ceded Louisiana to France- France sold it to the US- Talleyrand suggests a price of $15 million- Jefferson calls it a treaty as he doesn’t have a constitutional right to buy land- no real definitive boundary- Jefferson hires Lewis and Clark to explore Louisiana- the two call themselves corps of discovery- Sacagawea was Shoshone- head west- go beyond the boundary and go to the Pacific ocean- Claimed Oregon by the “right of discovery and exploration”

After the Louisiana purchase, federalists realized that their party was over due to the large number of farmers coming in to Louisiana- Essex Junto- led by Thomas Pickering- several federalists talk with Aaron Burr to break away from the union with Pennsylvania and New York- Hamilton and Burr have a duel after defacing each other in the press- Burr kills Hamilton and is wanted for murder

Election of 1804- Jefferson wins overwhelmingly (162 votes to 14 votes)- Democratic-republican party sometimes called the “Jeffersonian” party- some of the party members don’t like the policies and decide to break away- led by John Randolph and called “Tertium Quid”- nothing happened however

Burr runs to Florida, and later to Louisiana- is later pardoned by the Supreme Court and reinstalled as vp

War in Europe

1805- “Battle of Trafalgar”- Britain controls the seas- Napoleon controls the land- 1806- British Orders-In-Council- French Berlin and Milan Decrees- any ship landing in a French port is subject to search and seizure- US effectively cannot trade in Europe without harassment- Brits had begun impressing American sailors into the British navy who were believed to have been deserting British sailors-mostly correct- Leopard- Chesapeake affair- off the coast of Virginia- Leopard pulls up- Americans refuse, British ship opens fire- Americans surrender and the British come over and seize 4 sailors

Congress passes the embargo act- stops all trade in and out of the US- nicknamed the “O Grab Me” act- wreaked havoc with American economy for a year and a half- everyone angry- Madison elected in 1808- convinces congress to

pass the Non-Intercourse act, resuming trade- would not trade with Britain or France, but would trade with others- would resume trade with the first country to apologize and repeal their acts in Macon’s Treaty #2- Madison declares war on Britain on June 18, 1812- causes-

1. Neutral rights2. Impressment3. Indian problems (Tecumseh- had been uniting the Indians in the Northwest

and attacking the US- General William Henry Harrison defeated the Indians at Tippecanoe- had been working with the British)

4. Wanted new land in Canada5. National pride (war hawks in congress- Henry Clay)

US not ready for war- National bank had expired in 1811- couldn’t afford war- Republicans hadn’t maintained the army, but navy was slightly better, with 16 good ships- British were busy in Europe fighting Napoleon- many of the naval battles took place in the Great Lakes- America won many of them- Tecumseh killed

War in the South- Andrew Jackson becomes a war hero after defeating the Creek Indians

British plan

Invade from the north, blockade coast, invade from New Orleans

British army sails up the Chesapeake and burn Washington DC- Fort McHenry- Francis Scott Key arranging a prisoner exchange, Americans hold the fort

Battle of New Orleans- Jackson sent there after Jean Lafitte warns the US of impending invasion by British- January 1815

Two weeks before in Ghent, Belgium, both sides agree to a status quo- Federalists tired of the war- The Hartford Convention- Federalists decide to secede before learning of the treaty-went to Washington- were considered traitors- effectively ended the Federalist party

Aftermath- considered the “second war for independence”- American industry built up due to lack of trade- Republicans- army and navy not too bad, banks and tariffs not so bad- Feds begin arguing for a stricter construction of the Constitution

Chapter 9- Nationalism and Sectionalism

South and North slowly splitting apart

Madison reelected in 1812

3 major economic issues after the war

1. National bank?- congress recharters the bank in 1816 (second bank of the United States)

2. Tariffs- put in place to protect American industry (tariff of 1816)3. Internal improvements – (infrastructure)- who should pay?

Republicans said that the govt. should not get involved- Jefferson signs off on “Cumberland road”, aka ‘National Road”- would connect Ohio- built over several decades- eventually taken all the way to Saint Lewis- only major Federal project for decades

Stronger country after the war

1816- Madison’s secretary of state James Monroe becomes president (federalist party in tatters)- decided to go on tour around parts of the country- reporters following him- a reporter referred to it as an “era of good feelings” due to patriotism and the singular party

More agrarian south and a more industrial north

Rush- Bagot agreements- issue of British on American soil- Brits agreed to remove all fortifications from the Canadian border and American territory

Convention of 1818- agreed that the northern border of us at 49th parallel

Acquisition of Florida- secretary of state was John Quincy Adams- Jackson sent to deal with more Indians in Northern Florida- Jackson claimed Adams had sent him to pressure Spain in Florida- Jackson crosses the border and basically invades Spanish Florida- treaty signed with Spain- Adams- Onis Treaty (Transcontinental treaty of 1819)- Sabine river , red river, Arkansas river, and to the 42 parallel to the pacific would be the border of the Louisiana purchase

1819 end of the era of good feelings

Panic of 1819- bumper crop of cotton in India- price of cotton falls hugely- Southern US economy goes downhill, easy credit- many banks overextended causing banks to start closing- Missouri Compromise- 11 free states, 11 slave states- Missouri would be a slave state and Maine would be a free state-, the southern border of Missouri (36.30 parallel) would mark the highest point for slave holding states in the Louisiana purchase

Thomas Jefferson says- “Firebell in the night”- called the issue of slavery would be the death knell of the union

Judicial Nationalism

Marbury v. Madison

1819- McCulloch v. Maryland- Maryland was trying to tax the profits of the National bank in Maryland- Supreme Court sided with the govt., so no taxing of the national bank

1824- Gibbons v. Ogden- national govt. had the right to regulate inter-state trade

Nationalist Diplomacy-

Monroe Doctrine- Spain weakening in Latin America- US worried about Britain invading Spanish colonial land- 4 parts

1. Europe should not consider the American Continents viable for colonization2. Difference in the ideologies would be a threat to American peace and way of

life3. US would not interfere with existing colonies4. US would stay out of European affairs

British upset

Election of 1824- 3 major people run for president- John Q. Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson- Anti-feds become the Democrats, Feds become the Republicans

Tariff of 1828- Calhoun proposes high tariff- passes- Tariff of Abominations

Election of 1828- Jackson appealed to large portion of the population- suffrage extended to all white males- 4x turnout at voting booths- Jackson wins by landslide

Jackson nicknamed “Old Hickory”

Jackson wins election

Chapter 10- Age of Jackson

New political culture- economic and population booms

“Spoils System”- since Jackson had won the election, he could do what he wanted

Political rivalry- Martin Van Buren (Sec. of State) and John C. Calhoun (vice president) - both wanted to succeed Jackson as president

Peggy Eaton Affair- wife of John Eaton, a Senator from Tennessee- rumors from Calhoun’s wife said that she was having an affair with her first husband- Jackson tells Calhoun to get his wife to shut up

Internal improvements- Jackson believed that the feds had no business funding internal improvements

Nullification Issue- South Carolina in economic depression- tries to nullify the abomination tariff- South on edge due to numerous slave rebellions- Jackson says

“Our Union, it MUST be preserved.” Calhoun responds with “Our Union, NEXT TO OUR LIBERTY, most dear.”

Nullification Crisis- SC legislature passes a Nullification Ordinance- right to nullify a federal law if it hurts them- Calhoun reigned from the Vice presidency- Jackson convinces congress to partially lower the tariff- congress responds with the Nullification Ordinance, saying that it was seditious to ignore federal law and sends army to SC- congress lowers tariff again at Jackson’s request, and pass the force bill, giving Jackson the right to use force to keep SC under control- SC nullifies the force bill to save face, and then repeals the Nullification Ordinance

Racial Prejudice- slavery and Indian subjugation still around- attorney-general- Roger B. Taney- racist bigot- a lawsuit brought before him by a slave- Taney says that it is OK to discriminate against them and throws the slave out by saying that non- whites have no rights- says that the Missouri compromise is illegal and that it is illegal to outlaw slavery

Indian Removal Act- trying to move the Indians into Oklahoma- 1830

Cherokee Problems- Cherokee in Georgia and NC discover gold- goes before supreme court- Marshall and Court rule that the Indians are sovereign and Indians get to keep the gold- Jackson replies- try to enforce it- 1838- Cherokee and several other Southern tribes were forcibly relocated- Trail of Tears- 1/3 of the Indians died of starvation and freezing to death

Bank Controversy

1832 Election- Bank of the US a big issue- charter to expire in 1836- Jackson was against the bank- Nicholas Biddle was president of the Bank- Congress passed a bill to expand the charter, but Jackson vetoes

Election of 1832- three major events- first 3rd party candidate- Anti-masonic Party (secretive fraternal order)- first Nominating convention- formal convention allowing anyone with the right to vote to nominate presidential candidates- First detailed platform

Jackson running with Van Buren

Henry Clay nominated by Republicans

Jackson won 219 to 49

Jackson tells the Secretary of the Treasury to remove all funds from the National Bank and move them to state banks

Biddle ordered all state bank loans to be called in & paid in gold and silver- tried to bring about depression to show the importance of the National Bank

Congress passes the Specie Circular- Jackson required all land sales to be paid in gold and silver- didn’t work- Panic of 1837

Van Buren and the New Party System- republican party breaks up and forms the Whig party- call Jackson “King Andrew” to discredit him

Election of 1836- Democrats nominate Van Buren- Beat all 3 Whig candidates

Van Buren’s Administration- first president born after the creation of the US

Panic of 1837- economy =bad

Van Buren wasn’t helping the common man- did propose an independent treasury bill

Election of 1840- democrats – Van Buren

Republicans- William Henry Harrison- Clay tried again but lost again

Democrats joked that Harrison would drop out for $2000 and a barrel of cider- Republicans built on that, calling it the Log Cabin and Cider campaign, embracing the common man image- won 234 to 60- traditional Jeffersonian- widened class divisions- US still better off than the rest of the world

Chapter 11- market revolution

Cotton becomes extremely important- 1793- Eli Whitney cotton jinn 50x faster- slave dependence increased

Preemption act of 1830- squatters to precede surveyors into an area and then buy it cheaply after surveyed

Graduation act of 1854- unsold land gradually becomes cheaper

Transportation and the national economy

New roads and canals opened by states, and flatboats and ferries became popular- used to easily move goods

Steamboats became very popular- Robert Fulton invented first in 1807- Clermont

First manmade canal- Erie canal- connected the great lakes with manufacturing in the East

Mid-1800s railroads grow exponentially- private investors built them

Industrialization-

1840s- Charles Goodyear- vulcanized rubber

McCormick - reaper

Samuel Morse- telegraph- first real communication network- “lightning fast”

Goodyear- vulcanized rubber

Sewing machine changed fabric industry

Ice boxes and canning allowed easy food storage

True plumbing

Clocks

Emergence of Factory system

1822- Lowell- started in Lowell Massachusetts- first factory to combine two processes under one roof on large scale- young girls would move into factory dormitories and send money back home- factories effectively became large communities with small towns growing around them- 8x growth in manufacturing workers between 1820 and 1840

Second main manufacturing system- “family system”, aka Fall River system- hired whole immigrant families to work- essentially company towns- people effectively became indentured workers

Investment opportunities abound

Growth of cities- cities prosper and new ones grow- immigration huge- most northern labor used immigrants

Irish- fleeing English oppression and the potato famine- were willing to work for far less money- many lived in tenements- disliked for Catholicism

Germans- Heinrich Steinweg- piano factories

Levi Strauss- Jeans

Scandinavians

Chinese- took large part in the construction of railroads- major depression in China

Nativist reaction to immigration- strange languages and customs led to anti-immigrant feelings- anti- immigrant political parties- ‘American Party’- aka the ‘Know-nothing Party’

Labor organization- commonwealth vs hunt- labor unions becoming an annoyance to companies- so many companies banned unions- Supreme Court ruled that you could not discriminate against labor union members or ban them

Urban Labor Politics- states forced to offer free public education- debtors prisons closed- shorter work days

Chapter 12- Religion, romanticism, and reform (American Renaissance)

City on a hill- American sense of mission in the world- need to “Clean up” America

Deism became big in America

Massive splits in denominations

Methodists- would hire ministers to be responsible to multiple congregations- circuit riders

Western New York- Beecher “burned-over district”- people on fire with the Holy Spirit- Charles Grandison Finney- called the father of professional revivalism, inspired Beecher

Mormon Church- Joseph Smith- “visited by an angel, given golden tablets in unknown language, give seer stones allowing him to translate the plates, writing the book of Mormon”- believed in polygamy- effectively persecuted west till they arrived at the Great Salt Lake

Romanticism in America

Transcendentalism- started by Ralph Waldo Emerson- transcend reason and rationalism- achieve spiritual enlightenment, inner self

Henry David Thoreau- lived in a cabin by himself to practice the art of simple living and high thinking- lived at Walden Pond- “live deliberately and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived”- wrote “Civil Disobedience”- many reform movements, literary renaissance

Popular press- advances in printing technology- hoe rotary press- 20000 sheets per hour- printing became cheap and books became far more widespread – led to cheap crappy books

Reform movements- education, temperance, prisons and asylums, women’s rights, utopia

Changes for education- states start offering teacher training, core curriculums, public school requirements

South lagged in schools due to rural population

Lyceum movement- started by ben franklin- public lectures

Education for women- first women’s college- Vassar New York

Oberlin College- Finney taught there, women could “attend”

Temperance

Most temperance groups were run by women

1833- American Temperance Union

Not very effective

Prisons and Asylums- original prisons meant to simply get wrongdoers out of society- slowly began to work to rehabilitate prisoners- one of the first was Auburn Penitentiary

Dorothea Dix- exposed horrible treatment in asylums- by 1860, almost every state would have state run asylums to ensure proper treatment

Women’s Rights

Women still denied the vote- college discrimination-

Catharine Beecher and the Cult of Domesticity- women should remain in the house, but they should have the right to be educated so they could educate their children

Seneca Falls Convention- Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton- considered the women’s declaration of independence- men thought they were “love-starved spinsters”, petticoat rebels- began the women’s movement

Susan B. Anthony- cause of women’s voting rights

Harriet Hunt- self-taught physician- eventually gynecology professor at London School of Medicine

Utopian community- “think tank”

Shaker community- Ann Lee Stanley- thought herself the female Jesus- practiced celibacy

Oneida Community- founded by Noyes in Vermont- “complex marriage”- everyone married to each other- selective mating to produce the “perfect offspring”- supported the community by making steel bear traps- eventually ended up making silverware

Robert Owens- New Harmony, Indiana-

Brook Farm- Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, many intellectuals

Chapter 13

1830’s and early 40’s- economic woes increase desire to explore west

Clay convinces Harrison to write his speech- Harrison speaks too long in the cold, gets pneumonia, and dies

Tyler takes over, first Whig in office- not a real staunch whig- Clay wants to institute the American system- high tariffs, national bank, federal improvements- Tyler refuses- entire presidential cabinet resigns- nicknamed “His Accidency- Daniel Webster only one who doesent resign

Clay still running whig party

Atlantic Slave Trade illegal since January 1, 1808

Several borders still unsettled- maine and minesotta

Manifest Destiny- destiny of America to move west

John O’Sullivan- newspaper editor- said it was America’s “manifest destiny” to overspread the continent

Mexican Revolution- declared independence in 1810 and got it in 1821

Several trails develop into the west

John Fremont- the “Pathfinder”- worked for American Topography corps

Oregon fever- many wanted to move west

4 main trails- Oregon Trail, California Trail, Santa Fe Trail, Overland Trail

By the 1830’s, more Americans in Texas and California than Mexicans

Santa Fe- Mexicans wanted to trade with US, and at first welcomed Americans

Trip was about 2000 miles- hard, disease- hard on women, had to work hard- indian attacks

Fort Laramie treaty- govt. would pay the Indians to leave settlers alone and Forts could be built along the trail

Donner Party- wagon train to go to California- left later than normal- were caught by winter in the Rockies- party of 80-100 people- party split, stuck, eat supplies, oxen, horses, no food, resort to cannibalism

American settlements in Texas- Stephen F. Austin

Santa Anna to Alamo- massacre the defenders

Sam Houston leads Texas army to intercept Santa Anna- catch Mexicans by surprise and defeat them

May conspiracies leading up to civil war

1844 election- James K. Polk democrat- “expansionist president”

Polk brings up Texas and wins the election (Clay didn’t mention Texas until he saw it succeeding) –typical Democrat- major expansionist- Congress signs off on annexing Texas just before Tyler leaves office- Texas becomes a state spring 1845- wanted Oregon too- threatened England with war -54.40 or fight-England concedes

Mexican War- Polk wanted to start a war with mexico but make it look like Mexico’s fault- Zachary Taylor- Old Rough and Ready- Taylor sets up in disputed terrirtory, so the Mexicans attack them- “American blood spilled on American soil!”- declared war on Mexico May 13, 1846

Northern Whigs don’t want the war to happen because new territory would be slave territory

Polk names Taylor head of Mexican invasion and tells him to take Mexico City

Californians declare independence- John Fremont is the senior American official and declares California to be recognized- American Navy secures ports- 300 US soldiers capture Santa Fe- Santa Anna strikes a bargain with Polk, but tricks him and continues with war- Winfield Scott takes over US army and engages in a naval invasion of Mexico, launching the attack on Mexico city through the port town of Veracruz with marines- Santa Anna goes to Cerro Gordo to face Scott- Scott ambushes Santa Anna- American army captures Mexico City in September 13, 1847- Mexico surrenders everything north of the Rio Grande- most of the casualties of the war died from dysentery

North saw this as a conspiracy to spread slavery

Chapter 14

American Colonization society- Liberia, Monrovia, sent 15 thousand blacks

Old South- seen as a “colonial economy” to the north- best for agriculture, high value in land- 3 classes- gentry, commoners, slaves- many diseases, hookworms, malaria, pellagra- code of honor

Many plantation owners would lease their slaves to factory owners during winter

Black society in the south

Many blacks in the South were free- some even owned slaves

William Lloyd Garrison- major abolitionist, wrote the Liberator, an abolitionist paper, and started New England anti-slavery society- met the Tappan Brothers- changed the name to American Anti-slavery society

Grimkey- grew up on plantation- broke with Garrison over immediacy and women’s rights

Brown aristocracy- William Ellison

Sojurner Truth- Aren’t I a Woman?

Frederick Douglas

Harriet Tubman- went south 19 times, freed 300 slaves

Chapter 7

Gag rule- 1836- 1844- all anti-slavery would be automatically tabled

Liberty party- want to end slavery

Defence of slavery- biblical- bible says slaves should obey their masters

Said they were inferior

Said they were profitable

George Fitzhugh- wrote Slaves Without Masters- Northern factory workers are effectively no better off than slaves

Chapter 15- crisis of the Union

Wilmot Proviso- slavery should not be allowed to be moved into the Mexican session

Others wished to continue 36-30

Lewiss Cass- let the people decide- popular vote

Oregon joins as a free state

Election 1848

Democrats- Cass

Whigs- Taylor

Free soil party- want slavery abolished and new territory to be free

Taylor wins and dies in office- Millard Fillmore

Gold Rush- 1849- 50 men for every woman in California

Clay compromises

California free

Texas and New Mexico act created new mexico territory (texas got $10 million

Utah act created Utah territory

New fugitive slave act- any northerner must help slave hunters or face jail time or get fined

Uncle Tom’s cabin

1852

Democrats- Franklin Pierce- motto- “We ‘Polked’ in ’44, we’ll ‘Pierce’ you in 52

Whigs- Winfield Scott