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Quick Write: Describe when a stereotype has caused you to have a wrong impression about someone, or caused someone else to have a wrong impression about you. Has this wrong impression changed your behavior or the behavior of the other person? What advice would you give to others when forming impressions about people?
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AP Psychology 8-10% of AP Exam
Social Cognition AP Psychology 8-10% of AP Exam Quick Write:
Describe when a stereotype has caused you to have a wrong
impression about someone, or caused someone else to have a wrong
impression about you. Has this wrong impression changed your
behavior or the behavior of the other person? What advice would you
give to others when forming impressions about people? Social
Psychology how thoughts and feelings influence behavior toward
others, and how the behavior of others influences peoples thoughts
Social Cognition mental processes associated with the ways people
perceive and react to other individuals and groups Social
Influences on the Self
Self-concept the beliefs we hold about who we are and what
characteristics we have Self-esteem the evaluations we make about
how worthy we are as human beings Self Comparison Leon Festinger
people make two types of comparisons:
Temporal Comparison Considering your present condition in relation
to how you were in the past Social Comparison Evaluating yourself
in comparison to others - using others as a basis for evaluating
your attributes Social Comparison Reference Groups categories of
people to which you see yourself as belonging and to which you
compare yourself Downward social comparison strategy of choosing
someone as the target of comparison to oneself who is not as good
on some dimension of importance Upward social comparison comparing
yourself to people who do much better Social Identity Our beliefs
about the groups to which we belong, and thus is a part of our
self-concept A group identity helps people to feel part of a larger
whole (may foster an us versus them mentality) Self-Schemas Mental
representations of peoples beliefs and views about themselves
Unified self-schemas regard their attributes as stable across every
situation and role Differentiated self-schemas regard their
attributes as changing in different roles or situations Impressions
First Impressions quickly formed, difficult to change, long-lasting
influence People are confident about their judgment Easier to
remember Forming Impressions schemas create a tendency to infer a
great deal about a person on the basis of limited information
Lasting Impressions difficult to change, long-lasting influence
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Basis = Without our awareness, schemas cause us to subtly lead
people to behave in line with our expectations 4 steps: Adopting an
attitude concerning a person Behave as though your attitude is
correct Others react to your attitude Your prophecy comes true, not
because you were right, but because your behavior/attitude caused
the prophecy to come true Attribution The process people go through
to explain causes of behavior People tend to attribute behavior in
a particular situation either to: Personal or Dispositional
Attribution (primarily internal) causes Situational Attribution
(primarily external) causes Biases in Attribution
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AkWTCXDCVvc
Fundamental Attribution Error: a tendency to over-attribute others
behaviors to internal factors, such as personality traits False
Consensus Effect tendency to overestimate the number of people who
feel how you feel Self-serving bias tendency to take credit for
success (internal) but to blame failure on external causes Sources
of Attributions
Harold Kelleys 3 Elements: Consensus the degree to which other
peoples behavior is similar to that of the individual. Ex: if it is
similar, it has high consensus. If it is dissimilar, it has low
consensus Consistency the degree to which the behavior occurs
repeatedly in a situation. Ex: if it always occurs, it has high
consistency. If it occurs intermittently, it has low consistency
Distinctiveness the extent to which similar stimuli draw the same
behaviors from the individual. Ex: if it is highly predictable,
then it has low distinctiveness. If it is not predictable, it has
high distinctiveness. An internal attribution is most likely when
there is low consensus, high consistency, and low distinctiveness.
Attributions Attitudes The tendency to think, feel, or act
positively or negatively towards objects in our environment 3
Components: Cognitive set of beliefs about attributes of the
attitude object Affective feeling about the object (emotional) a
like or dislike Behavioral involves a way of acting toward the
object 3 Components of Attitude Forming Attitudes Modeling
(Bandura, Skinner) children learn from their parents what one
should believe and feel about certain objects Classical
Conditioning (Pavlov) people are more likely to form a positive
attitude toward an object when it is paired with stimuli that
elicit good feelings Mere-exposure effect attitudes toward an
object tend to become more positive as people are exposed to that
object more often Prejudice and Stereotypes
Stereotypes Perceptions, beliefs, and expectations a person has
about members of some group schemas about the entire groups of
people Prejudice undeserved, usually negative attitude toward an
individual based on his or her membership in some group
Discrimination action (based on prejudice attitude) Out-group
homogeneity members of the in group see themselves as better than
the out groups Contact Theory bring hostile groups together and
give them a common goal = prejudice will be reduced David Duez
Video Lecture Link
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q_A_HqxgTHU