AP Physics B Review Powerpoint

8/8/2019 AP Physics B Review Powerpoint

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` SOHCAHTOA


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Whats the difference between distance anddisplacement?

` Distance is the total amount an object hastraveled.

` Displacement is the objects change in position


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A rock is thrown straight upward from the edge ofa 30 m cliff, rising 10 m then falling all the waydown to the base of the cliff. Find the rocks

displacement. An infant crawls 5 m east, then 3 m north, then 1

m. What is the infants DISTANCE andDISPLACEMENT

An athlete runs exactly once around the track, atotal distance of 500 m. Find the runnersdisplacement for the race


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S = d/t, or V = x/t

If the infant in the previous example takes 20

seconds to complete his journey, find themagnitude of his average velocity.

Is it possible to move with constant speed but notconstant velocity? Is it possible to mov e with

constant velocity but not constant speed?


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a = v/t

` A car is traveling in a straight line along a highway

at a constant speed of 80 miles per hour for 10seconds. Find its acceleration.

` Spotting a police car ahead, a driver of a car slowsfrom 32 m/s to 20 m/s in 2 seconds. Find the

cars average acceleration


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tvvx o ! 21

2

2

1 attvx o !

atvv o !

avv o 222!


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` The area under a velocity vs. time graph equalsthe displacement.


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` Page 23-24


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` Gravity is 10 m/s2

` y = at2


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A rock is dropped from an 80 m cliff. How long does ittake to reach the ground? 4s

A baseball is thrown straight upward with an initialspeed of 20 m/s. How high will it go? 20m

One second after being thrown straight down, anobject is falling with a speed of 20 m/s. How fast willit be falling 2 seconds later? -40 m/s

If an object is thrown straight upward with an initialspeed of 8 m/s and takes 3 seconds to strike theground, from what height was the object thrown? 21m


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X-motion is INDEPENDENT of Y-motion

An object is thrown horizontally with an initial speed of

10 m/s. It hits the ground 4 seconds later. How fardid it drop in 4 seconds? -80m From a height of 100 m, a ball is thrown horizontally

with an initial speed of 15 m/s. How far does it travel

horizontally in the first 2 seconds? 30m A rolling ball falls off a lab desk with a velocity of 2

m/s. The height of the lab desk is 1 m. How far awaydoes the ball land?


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Any push or pull is called a force (N)

- Tension

- Gravitational force- Air resistance- Normal force- Frictional force- Electrostatic force- Nuclear forces


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` Law of Inertia A body at rest wants to stay atrest or a body in motion wants to stay in motionunless acted upon by an outside force


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` F = ma

` Force is measure in Newtons (kgm/s2)


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` For every action, there is an equal but

opposite reaction


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What net force is required to maintain a 5000 kgobject moving at a constant velocity of magnitude7500 m/s?

How much force is required to cause an object ofmass 2 kg to have an acceleration of 4 m/s2? 8 N

An object feels two forces; one of strength 8 N pullingto the left and one of strength 20 N pulling to the right.If the objects mass is 4 kg, what is its acceleration? 3

m/s2

A book whose mass is 2 kg rests on a table. Find themagnitude of the force exerted by the table on thebook. 20 N


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` A can of paint with a mass of 6 kg hangs from arope. If the can is to be pulled up to a rooftop witha constant velocity of 1 m/s , what must the

tension in the rope be? 60N

` What force must be exerted to lift a 50 N objectwith an acceleration of 10 m/s2? 100 N


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Parallel to the surface and opposite the directionof the intended motion

1) Static friction the force that resists movementFs = sFN

2) Kinetic friction the force that acts on a movingobject

Fk = kFN


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` A crate of mass 20 kg is sliding across a woodenfloor. The coefficient of kinetic friction between thecrate and the floor is 0.3

Determine the strength of the friction force acting on thecrate. 60 N If the crate is being pulled by a force of 90 N (parallel to

the floor), find the acceleration of the crate. 1.5 m/s2


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A block slides down a frictionless, inclined planethat makes a 30 degree angle with the horizontal.Find the acceleration of this block. 5 m/s2

S

uppose the same block slides down the sameinclined plane with a coefficient of kinetic friction of0.3. Find the acceleration of the block


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Ac = v2/r Fc = mv2/r Anything pointing towards the center of the circle is

positive, anything pointing away is negative

An object of mass 5 kg moves at a constant speed of6 m/s in a circular path of radius 2 m. Find theobjects acceleration and the net force responsible forits motion. 18 m/s2 ; 90 N

An athlete who weighs 800 N is running around acurve at a speed of 5.0 m/s with a radius of 5.0 m.Find the centripetal force acting on him & whatprovides the centripetal force? 400 N & static friction


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A roller-coaster car enters the circular loop portionof the ride. At the very top of the circle, the speedof the car is 15 m/s, and the acceleration points

straight down. If the diameter of the loop is 40 mand the total mass of the car is 1200 kg, find themagnitude of the normal force exerted by the trackon the car at this point. 1500 N

How would the normal force change if the car wasat the bottom of the circle? 25,500 N


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` = FrsinCounterclockwise Torque is positiveClockwise Torque is negative


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` What is the net torque in the following picture? 5.6Nm


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` W = Fdcos

` A crate is moved along a horizontal floor by a

worker whos pulling on it with a rope that makes a30 degree angle with the horizontal. The tensionin the rope is 69 N and the crate slides a distanceof 10 m. How much work is done on the crate by

the worker? 600 J


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A box slides down an inclined plane with an angleof 37 degrees. The mass of the block is 35 kg, thecoefficient of kinetic friction is 0.3, and the length

of the ramp is 8 m.

1. How much work is done by gravity? 1690 J2. How much work is done by the normal force? 0 N3. How much work is done by friction? -671 J4. What is the total work done?


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KE = mv2

The energy an object possesses due to its motion

A

pool cue striking a stationary billiard ball (m =0.25 kg) gives the ball a speed of 2 m/s. If theaverage force of the cue on the ball was 200 N,over what distance does this force act? 0.0025 m


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` PE = mgh` The energy an object possesses due to its

position

` A 60 kg stuntwoman scales a 40 m tall rock. Whatis her gravitational potential energy? If she wereto jump off the cliff, what would her final velocity

be? 24,000 J; 28 m/s


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Ei = Ef KEi + PEi = KEf+ Pef

A ball of mass 2 kg is gently pushed off the edge of a

table that is 5 m above the floor. Find the speed of theball as it strikes the floor. 10 m/s

A box is projected up a long ramp with an incline of 37degrees with an initial speed of 10 m/s. If the surface

of the ramp is frictionless, how high up the ramp willthe box go? What distance along the ramp will itslide?


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` A skydiver jumps from a hovering helicopter thats3000 m above the ground. If air resistance can beignored, how fast will he be falling when his

altitude is 2000 m? 140 m/s` Wile E. Coyote (m = 40 kg) falls off a 50 m high

cliff. On the way down, the force of air resistancehas an average strength of 100 N. Find the speed

with which he crashes into the ground. 27 m/s


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The rate at which work is done P = W/t orP = Fv

Amover pushes a large crate (m = 75 kg) from theinside of the truck to the back end (distance of 6m), exerting a steady push of 300 N. If he movesthe crate this distance in 20 s, what is his poweroutput? 90 W

What must be the power output of an elevatormotor that can lift a total mass of 1000 kg and givethe elevator a constant speed of 8.0 m/s? 80,000W or 80 kW


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p = mv F = p/t = mv/t Momentum is also conserved

A golfer strikes a golf ball of mass 0.05 kg and thetime of impact between the golf club and the ball is1 ms. If the ball acquires a velocity of magnitude

70 m/s, calculate the average force on the ball.3500 N


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J = Ft

An 80 kg stuntman jumps out of a window thats 45 mabove the ground.

1. How fast is he falling when he reaches the ground?30 m/s

2. He lands on an air bag, coming to rest in 1.5s. Whataverage force does he feel while coming to rest? -1600 N

3. What if he had instead landed on the ground (impacttime 10 ms)? -240,000 N


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Elastic Collisions Kinetic Energy is conserved Inelastic Collisions Kinetic Energy is not conserved.

Two balls roll toward each other. The red ball has a

mass of 0.5 kg and a speed of 4 m/s just beforeimpact. The green ball has a mass of 0.2 kg and aspeed of 2 m/s. After the head-on collision, the redball continues forward with a speed of 2 m/s. Find thespeed of the green ball after the collision. Was the

collision elastic? 3.0 m/s; no


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F = Gm1m2 / r2

G = 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 / kg2

` Given that the radius of the earth is 6.37 x 106

m,determine the mass of the earth. 6.1 x 1024 kg` An artificial satellite of mass m travels at a

constant speed in a circular orbit of radius R

around the earth (mass M). What is the speed ofthe satellite? GM/R


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` F = -kx` The stiffer the spring, the greater the k` Force and acceleration are greatest when

displacement is greatest.

` A 12 cm long spring has a spring constant of 400N/m. How much force is required to stretch the

spring to a length of 14 cm? 8 N


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` PEelastic = kx2

` PE is maximized when spring is at the endpoints,KE is minimum

` PE is 0 when spring is passing through x=0(equilibrium) and KE is maximum


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` A 0.05 kg block oscillates on a spring whose force(spring) constant is 500 N/m. The amplitude ofthe oscillations is 4.0 cm. Calculate the maximumspeed of the block. 4 m/s

` A 2.0 kg block is attached to an ideal spring with aforce constant of 500 N/m. The amplitude is 8.0cm. Determine the total energy of the oscillatorand the speed of the block when its 4.0 cm from

equilibrium. 1.6 J; 1.1 m/s


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` T = 1/f` T = 2m/k` w = 2f, 2/T, k/m

` A block oscillating on the end of a spring moves from

is position of maximum stretch to maximumcompression in 0.25 s. Determine the period andfrequency. 0.5 s; 2 Hz

` A student observing an oscillating block counts 45.5cycles in one minute. Determine its frequency and

period. .758 Hz; 1.32s


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` A 2.0 kg block is attached to a spring whose

spring constant is 300 N/m. Calculate thefrequency and period. 1.9 Hz; 0.51 s

` A block is attached to a spring and set intooscillatory motion and its frequency is measured.

If this block were removed and replaced by asecond block with the mass of the first block,how would the frequency of the oscillationscompare? f increases by a factor of 2


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` KE is maximum at the equilibrium position

` Frequency nor period depends on the amplitudefor any object in SHM

L

g

T!

T2


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` A simple pendulum has a period of 1s on Earth.What would its period be on the moon, where g is1/6th of the earths value?2.4s


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` p = m/v` specific gravity = psubstance / pwater (1000 kg/m3)

` A cork has a volume of 4 cm3 and weighs .01 N.What is the specific gravity of the rock? 0.25


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` P = F/A` 1 atm = 101,300 Pa (1.013 x 105 Pa)

` A vertical column made of cement has a basearea of 0.5 m2. If the height is 2 m, and the sp.Gravity of cement is 3, how much pressure doesthis column exert on the ground? 6 x 104 Pa


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` Fg = pvg` Pliquid = pgh (depends only on density and depth)` Ptotal = Patm + Pliquid

` What is the gauge pressure of a swimming pool ata point 1 m below the surface? 1 x104 Pa


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` What happens to the gauge pressure if we doublethe depth below the surface of a liquid? Whathappens to the total pressure? Gauge pressureincreases by a factor of 2; Total pressureincreases by less than a factor of 2

` A flat piece of wood of area 0.5 m2 is lying at thebottom of a lake. If the depth of the lake is 30 m,what is the force on the wood due to thepressure? 2 x 105 N


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` The net upward force of an object in a liquid iscalled the buoyant force.

` Archimedes Principle - The strength of the

buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluiddisplaced by the object.FB = pvg

Vsub = pobjectVtotal pfluid


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` If pobject < pfluid , then the object will float

` A brick with a specific gravity of 2 and volume of

1.5 x 10-3 m3, is dropped into a swimming poolfull of water. Explain why the brick will sink. Whenthe brick is lying on the bottom of the pool, what isthe magnitude of the normal force on the brick?S

pecific gravity is greater than 1; 15N


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` A glass sphere of specific gravity 2.5 and volumeof 10-3 m3 is completely submerged in a largecontainer of water. What is the apparent weightof the sphere while immersed? 15 N


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` f = Av` A1v1 = A2v2 (flow speed increases when the pipe

narrows or inversely proportional)

` A pipe carries water. At one point in the pipe, theradius is 2 cm and the flow speed is 6 m/s. What isthe flow rate? What is the flow speed where thepipes radius changes to 1 cm? 7.5 x 10-3 m3/s; 24m/s

` If the diameter of the pipe increases from 4 cm to 12cm, what will happen to the flow speed? 1/9 theflowrate


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` States that energy is conserved for fluid flowP1 + pgy1 + pv12 = P2 + pgy2 + pv2


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` The pressure is lower where the flow speed isgreater (airplanes, hurricanes).


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` Celsius to Fahrenheit9/5C + 32 = F

` Fahrenheit to Celsius

(F-32)5/9 = C` Celsius to KelvinC + 273 = K


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` Q = mcT (how much heat is added of removedin the system to change the temperature)

` Q = mL (changing phases)

` Sp. Heat of water = 4186 J/kg C

` Rate of heat transfer

L

TkA

t

Q (!


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TLL o(!( E

A brass rod 5 m long and 0.01 m in diameterincreases in length by 0.05 m when itstemperature is increased by 500C. A similarbrass rod of length 10 m has a diameter of 0.02 m.

By how much will this rods diameter increase if itstemperature is increased by 1000C? 4 x 10-4 m


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` An aluminum rod (p = 2.7 x 103 kg/m3 has a radiusof 0.01 m and an initial length of 2 m at atemperature of 20C. Heat is added to raise itstemperature to 90C. Its coefficient of linearexpansion is = 25 x 10-6/C, the specific heat is 900J/kgC, and a thermal conductivity of k = 200 J/s

mC. What is the mass of the aluminum rod? 1.7 kg What is the amount of heat added to the rod? 107,100 J What is the new length of the rod? 0.0035 m If we were to use this rod to transfer heat between two

objects one side being at 20C and the other side at 90C,what would the rate of heat transfer be? 2.2 J/s


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` P = F/A (Pa)


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` Pv = nRT` Speed of molecules of a gas

` In order for the average speed of the molecules ina given sample of gas to double, what must

happen to the temperature? Since v isproportional to square root ofT, the temperaturemust quadruple

m

kTvrms

3

! MRT

vrms3

!


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` A cylindrical container of radius 15 cm and height30 cm contains 0.6 mole of gas at 433 K. Howmuch force does the confined gas exert on the lidof the container? 35 N


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` Zeroth Law Heat flows from the warmer object tothe cooler one until they reach thermal equilibrium.

` First Law

W = -PVx Work is positive when work is done ON the system (volume

id decreaseingx Work is positive when work is done ON the surroundings

(volume is increasing)

WQU !(


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THE SECOND LAW OFTHERMODYNAMICS:

THE LAW OFENTROPY

Heat flows spontaneously from a substance at ahigher temperature to a substance at a lowertemperature and does not flow spontaneously in thereverse direction.


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CH QWQ !

HH

C

H

C

Q

W

T

T

Q

Qe !!! 11


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` A heat engine draws 800 J of heat from its hightemperature source and discards 450 J of exhaustheat into its cold-temperature reservoir. Howmuch work does this engine perform and what isits thermal efficiency? 350 J; 44%

` An inventor proposes a design for a heat enginethat operates between a heat source at 500C anda cold reservoir at 25C with an efficiency of 2/3.Whats your reaction to the inventors claim?


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4 types of thermal processes

An isobaric process is a process that occurs atconstant pressure.

An isochoric process is a process that occurs at

constant volume.

An isothermal process is a process that occurs atconstant temperature.

An adiabatic process is a process during which noenergy is transferred to or from the system as heatat.


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` Consider two small spheres, one carrying acharge of +1.5nC and the other a charge -2.0 nC,separated by a distance of 1.5 cm. Find the

electric force between them. -1.2 x 10-4

N

2

21

r

qqkF !

229

CmN1099.841 v!! ok TI

2212 mNC1085.8 v! S

I


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`

It is the surrounding charges that create the electric fieldat a given point.

The electrostatic force points in the direction of

attraction

The electric field always points away from the

positive charge and towards the negative charge.

oq

FE

TT!


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` E

lectric field does not depend on the sign of thetest charge

2r

qkE!


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` A charge q = +3.0 nC is placed at a location atwhich the electric field strength is 400 N/C. Findthe force felt by charge q. 1.2 x 10-6 N

` A dipole is formed by two point charges, each ofmagnitude 4.0 nC, separated by a distance of 6.0cm. What is the strength of the electric field at apoint midway between them? 8.0 x 104 N/C


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` An object of mass 5g is placed at a distance of 2cm above a charged plate. If the strength of theelectric field is 106 N/C, how much charge wouldthe object need to have in order for the electrical

repulsion to balance the gravitational pull? 5 x 10-8C


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` Electric Field Lines NeverCross` Always perpendicular to the surface and pointAWAY from the positive TOWARD the negative


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` Conductors permit the flow of excess charge;they conduct electricity well (metals) There can be no electrostatic field within the body of a

conductor. Why?

` Insulators do not conduct electricity well.Electrons do not flow well

` A solid sphere of copper is given a negativecharge. Discuss the electric field inside andoutside the sphere.


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o

AB

o

A

o

B

q

W

qq

!

EPEEPE


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o

AB

o

A

o

B

q

W

qq

!

EPEEPE


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` A positive charge q1 = 2 + 10-6 C is heldstationary, while a negative charge q2 = -1 x 10-8

C, is released from rest at a distance of 10 cmfrom q1. Find the kinetic energy change of charge

q2 when its 1 cm from q1. 0.016 J


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` Let Q = 2 x 10-8 C. What is the potential at aPoint P that is 2 cm from Q? 900 V

` How much work is done as a charge moves alongan equipotential surface? 0

BAo

AB

AB r

kq

r

kq

q

W

VV!

!

r

kqV !


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` Capacitors are storage devices for electricity.q = CV

` Parallel plate capacitors

d

A

Co

OI

!


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` A 10 nF parallel plate capactior holds a charge of50C on each plate. What is the electric potentialdifference between the plates? If the plates areseparated by a distance of 0.2 mm, what is the

area of each plate? 5000 V; 0.23 m2


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` Amount of voltage the battery produces


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` I = q/t (Amps, A)` The direction of the current is taken to be the

direction that a positive charge would move


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` Resistors are devices that control current` R = V/I (Ohms Law)` Notice that if the current is large, the resistance is

low. If the current is small, the resistance is high.` Resistivity:

A

LR V!

resistivity in units of ohmmeter


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` Awire of radius 1mm and length 2 m is made ofplatinum (resistivity = 1 x 10-7 m). If a voltage of9 V is applied between the ends of the wire, whatwill be the resulting current? 140 A


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IVP!

RIIRIP

2

!!

R

VV

R

VP

2

!

!


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` Combining Resistors Series (one after the other):

x Add as normal

Parallel (side by side):x Add as inverse

x Same voltage applied across each device

.!3

RRRRS

.!

321

1111

RRRRP


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` Calculate the equivalent resistance in the circuit


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` Combining Capacitors Series (one after the other):

x Add as inverse

Parallel (side by side):x Add as normal

` C = q/V

.! 321 CCCCP

.!

321

1111

CCCCS


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` Field lines travel away from the North poles andtravel toward the South poles.

XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX (into the page) (out of the page)


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` T

he magnetic force always remainsperpendicular to the velocity and is directedtoward the center of the circular path.

UsinvqFB

o

!


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` Right Hand Rule #1 (for positive charges) Thumb Direction particle is traveling Index Direction ofMagnetic Field Middle Direction ofMagnetic Force

` If the charge is NEGATIVE, the force is theopposite direction


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` Page 249


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` Page 251 UsinILBF !


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` Pg 255r

IB

o

T

Q

2!

AmT1047

v!

TQo


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In the drawing, one cycle is shaded in color.

The amplitude A is the maximum excursion of a particle of the medium fromthe particles undisturbed position.

The wavelength is the horizontal length of one cycle of the wave.

Theperiodis the time required for one complete cycle.

The frequencyis related to the period and has units ofHz, or s-1.

Tf

1!


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` Sound travels faster through solids, then liquids,then gases.

PP

fT

v !!Lm

Fv !

LONGITUDINALSOUND WAVES


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The area of condensation isthe region of compressionwith increased air pressure

The area of rarefaction isthe region behind thecondensation withdecreased air pressure


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` c = 3.00 x 108 m/s (speed of light)


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` Pg 313


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` Law of Reflection Incident angle is the same as the reflected angle

` n = c/v` Snells Law relates the angle of incidence and

the angle of refraction

`

If n2n1, light bends TOWARD the normal.

2211sinsin UU nn !


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` A beam of light in air is incident upon a piece ofglass striking the surface at an angle of 30degrees. If the index of refraction of the glass is1.5, what are the angles of reflection and

refraction? 60; 35


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` Critical Angle -The angle of incidence at whichthe angle of refraction is 90. No light is refractedout and the beam is refracted along the surface. If the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle,

no beams of light are refracted.

21

1

2sin nn

n

n

c"!U


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` Page 319


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` Focal length = R/2

Concave Mirrors


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` Concave Mirrors1. An incident ray parallel to the axis that is reflected

through the focal point2. An incident ray that passes through the focal point and

reflected parallel3. An incident ray that strikes the vertex is reflected at an

equal angle to the axis` Convex Mirrors

1. An incident ray parallel to the axis is reflected awayfrom the focal point

2. An incident ray directed towards the focal point isreflected parallel to the axis

3. An incident ray that strikes the vertex is reflected at anequal angle to the axis


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` Page 323


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` Page 324


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` MirrorEquation

` Magnification Equation

fdd i

111!

o

i

o

i

d

d

h

hm !!

Summary ofSign Conventions forSpherical Mirrors


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mirror.concaveaforis f

mirror.convexaforis f

mirror.theoffrontinisobjecttheifis o

d

mirror.thebehi disobjecttheifis o

d

image).(realmirr r t eoffrontinisobjectt eifis id

im e).(virtualmirrorthebehi diobjecttheifi id

obj t.uprightnfori m

obj t.inv rt dnforis m


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` An object of height 4 cm is placed 30 cm in front ofa concave mirror whose focal length is 10 cm. Wheres the image? 15 cm Is it real or virtual? real

Is it upright or inverted? inverted What the height? -2cm


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` An object of height 4 cm is placed in front of aconvex mirror whose focal length is -30cm. Wheres the image? 12 cm Is it real or virtual? virtual

Is it upright or inverted? upright Whats the height of the image? 2.4 cm


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` Converging lenses cause rays of light to convergeto a focal point.

` Diverging lenses cause rays of light to divergeaway from the focal point


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` Converging Lenses Incident ray parallel to the axis is refracted through the

focal point. Incident rays pass through the center point of the lens.

` Diverging Lenses An incident ray parallel to the axis is reflected away from

the focal point Incident rays pass through the center point of the lens.


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` Page 330


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` Page 331

Summary ofSign Conventions for Lenses (page 827)

lifif


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lens.onvergingforis f

lens.divergingaforis f

lens.theofleftthetoisobjecttheifis o

d

le .theofrightthetoiobjecttheifi o

d

image).(realle stheofrightthetoformedimageaforis id

image).(virtualletheofleftthetoformedimageafori id

i ge.uprightnfori m

i g .inv rt dnforis m


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` An object of height 11 cm is placed 44 cm in frontof a converging lens with a focal length of 24 cm Wheres the image? 53 cm Is it real or virtual? real

Is it upright or inverted? inverted Whats the height of the image? -13 cm


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` An object of height 11 cm is placed 48 cm in frontof a diverging lens with a focal length of -24.5 cm. Wheres the image? -16 cm Is it real or virtual? virtual

Is it upright or inverted? upright Whats the height of the image? 3.7 cm

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AP Physics B Review Powerpoint