AP Human Geography Exam Review (Units 1-4)

7/24/2019 AP Human Geography Exam Review (Units 1-4)

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Unit 1Explain major geographical concepts - location, place, human environment interaction,

movement, regionalization, and globalization.

GLOBALIZATION:

The expansion of cultural, political, and economic processes to the point that theybecome global in scale and impact (is a set of processes and outcomes)

Globalization connects the world by moving things from local scales to global

scales where they dont just affect a certain area, but they affect the whole world

PLACE:

Place is the description of what we see and how we experience a certain aspect of

the Earths surface.

Place defines and refines what we are

Place refers to the unique characteristics of a particular location

Can be described in terms of physical characteristics - mountains, rivers,climate, topography, and vegetation

Can be described in terms of human characteristics - human designed

cultural features (Land use, architecture, religion, food, transportation, and

communication)

MOVEMENT (SPATIAL INTERACTION):

Movement describes the interconnectedness of places

How well areas are connected determines their importance in the world -

transportation allows places to be more connected

Movement refers to mobility of people, goods, and ideas

Chicago used to be a large railroad hub, and now it has a very large

international airport which allow transportation of goods, people and ideas

HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION:

This theme refers to the relationship between humans and their natural

environment

Describes how people modify or alter the environment to fit individual or

societal needs - the reversal of the Chicago river is a good example

because humans didnt want sewage ending up in Lake Michigan so they

made it go the other way instead

Humans cannot live in the five toos - too hot, too cold, too wet, too dry, and too

hilly

any of these conditions can make the hand inhabitable for humans unless

there is better technology to cope with these areas

Humans can use technology to alter their environments and make these

areas habitable


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LOCATION:

Location refers to the geographical position of something on Earths surface

Location allows geographers to make each place unique because everything has

its own location

There are two ways to express location

Relative location:gives the location in reference to another feature on the

Earths surface.

Absolute location:gives latitude and longitude coordinates

REGION:

Links places together using any criteria the geographer chooses

Examines distribution of different phenomenon on Earth

Three types of regions

Formal regions: regions where anything and everything inside shares a

specific characteristic - ex. anyone in the U.S.

Functional regions: around a certain point or node they are most intense

around the center but lose their characteristics the farther the distance from

the focal point (distance decay) - ex. radio stations

Perceptual/vernacular: exist primarily in an individuals perception or

feelings - ex. the American Southwest

Understand how changing scale and aggregation can influence interpretation of maps.

Scale is the relationship of the size of the map to the amount of area it represents on the

planet Small scale maps show more area in less detail

Large scale maps show less area in more detail

Scale can be written in 3 ways:

Word: One inch equals 100 miles

Line - this line measures the distance on a map and may be drawn out to 1

or 2 inches, the miles or kilometers will then be located along the line to

represent the scale of the map

Ratio: 1:24,000

Scale also refers to the spatial extent of something Aggregation is the level/detail at which things are revealed on a map

Aggregation and scale influence interpretation of maps because patterns change at

different scales so geographers have to take many scales into account when examining

certain phenomenon. Scale can also make certain things seem more or less important

Size of item usually indicates strength - big items have large importance small

items have less importance - items will look bigger or smaller at different scales


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Compare different types of regions and the regionalization process.

The regionalization process involves grouping similar characteristics of different places

into regions so they are a more manageable unit of study

The region is a conceptual unit that is bounded based on whatever feature a particular

geographer wants to include within a particular region. These features can be either

physical or cultural.

Regional geography is concerned with the study of regions and the characteristics of

those particular regions that make them different from other places on Earths surface.

Regional geography looks at the unique characteristics of particular places without

generalizing the processes occurring within those regions beyond their boundaries.

There are three types of regions

Formal regions: regions where anything and everything inside shares a specific

characteristic

Anyone in the U.S. is in the formal region of the U.S.

Functional regions: Defined by connections and interactions that occur between a

central place and its surrounding area. They are most intense around the center but

lose their characteristics the farther the distance from the focal point (distance

decay)

Radio stations

Economic, cultural, and recreational activities around large cities (Also

transportation)

Perceptual/vernacular: exist primarily in an individuals perception or feelings

and are based on cultural or physical characteristics people perceive as being

unique within a particular place The American Southwest

The midwest

The deep south

Analyze how traits diffuse.

Relocation diffusion: Physical spread of trait through migration of people(sometimes

called migration diffusion)

Expansion diffusion: The spread of trait from a central node or a hearth through various

means Hierarchical: Spreads as a result of a group, usually the social elite where they

spread ideas or patterns in a society

Contagious - usually associated with the spread of disease but another example is

the Internet

Stimulus - takes part of an idea to create an innovative product


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Analyze the characteristics of MDCs and LDCs.

In both MDCs and LDCs, the average income of a woman is lower than a man.

In LDCs, there are less women attending schools, but in MDCs, the rate of

literacy is very similar between women and men

A low female literacy is the cause of the low population of women working to

make the economy and culture of places.

The GDI shows that in MDCs, the gender gap is greater than the one in LDCs

because women live much longer than men in MDCs

In MDCS, better healthcare and sanitation allows people to live longer compared to

people in LDCs

Greater natural increase in LDCs makes it more difficult for a country to provide public

services, ultimately not allowing people to be as productive as they can.

Geographers cannot use the crude death rate to determine a societys level of

development because the diffusion of medical technology (from MDCs) reduced

incidence of diseases in LDCs.

More MDCs have a high population of the elderlies (with high mortality rates) and a low

population of children with low mortality rates.

MDCs have a higher literacy rate, life expectancy, more developed infrastructure, low

infant mortality rate, and a low or negative population growth. LDCs have the opposite

MDCs tend to be core or semi-periphery countries so jobs require more

education/knowledge

People stay in school longer because they need education to get good jobs


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Other things to know from unit 1:

The modern period of geography

Environmental determinism popular in 19th and 20th century

Cultures are a result of where they exist

Warmer climates - relaxed towards work

Temperate climates - motivated, intelligent, culturally advanced

Contemporary geographers prefer possibilist approach

Humans are not product of environment but can modify it to fit need

GPS and GIS are very important to modern geography

6 essential elements in geography (Not to be confused with 5 themes of geography)

The spatial world: All places are linked in some way - some more than others

Places and regions: Places and regions are linked by commonalities

Physical systems: Barriers prevent movement - could include natural disasters

Human systems: anything humans have done to modify Earth

Environment and society: How can humans use land to their advantage

Uses of geography: Allows us to think spatially about earth

Site refers to the internal, physical characteristics of a place

Types of maps

Mental maps: Maps people form of an area when they pass a familiar location its

a map that the person believes to exist but it doesnt necessarily exist

Choropleth maps: Puts data into a spatial format with different areas shaded in

different colors to represent different statistics

Circle maps: Different sized circles on different areas to represent differentnumbers

Dot maps: More dots in areas with higher density of phenomena being measured

Isoline maps: Concentric circles closer in areas with higher density and more

spread out in areas with lower density


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Map distortion

Distortion will always occur since information is put onto a two-dimensional map

conveying a three dimensional object

The larger the scale, the less distortion while the distortion is greatest on

small-scale maps - maps of cities have very little distortion

The further that one goes from the equator, the greater distortion on the map

Equal-area projection keeps the size or amount of area intact but distort shapes

the Goodes-Homolosine projection breaks up the globe into continents and

separates the oceans

Conformal maps distort area but keep the shapes intact

Lambert conic

Mercator

4 types of maps create different types of distortion

Cylindrical: Maintains direction, loses distance - Mercator (Top left)

Planar: Examines from one point usually a pole - Azimuthal (Top right)

Conic: Maintains distance loses direction (Bottom left)

Oval: Combination of conic and cylindrical - Mollweide (Bottom right)


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Unit 2Analyze and evaluate the DTM.

Stage 1: Hunter gatherers

High birth and death rates (low population change)

Stage 2: Agricultural societies - first agricultural revolution High birth rate because children are needed on farms and no change from stage 1

Plummeting death rates due to increased sanitation and sustained food supply

Stage 3: Industrial societies

Plummeting birth rates because children arent needed to work on farms

Death rate continues to drop because of medical advances including vaccinations

Stage 4: Tertiary societies

Population stops to grow due to women having babies later since they are in the

workforce and increased access to birth control/abortions

Stage 5: The existence of stage 5 is argued but some say it is when population starts todecline

Countries cannot move backwards unless there is a horrific calamity- nuclear war


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Analyze and explain Earths population distribution.

Arithmetic density: population vs. total land in a country

Arithmetic density doesnt give a very accurate idea of population because some

land in uninhabitable but arithmetic density doesnt take that into account

Physiological density: Population vs. amount of arable land

Physiological density is a better indicator of population in a country because areas

like Egypt can have major population problems but a small arithmetic density

The areas of largest population in the world from largest to smallest are: East Asia, South

Asia, Southeast Asia, Europe, and the NE United States (Megalopolis).

The megalopolis is the area on the east coast stretching from Boston to

Washington D.C. and it holds about 17% of U.S. population on 2% of its land

Some areas of the world are facing population crises

Japan: TFR is very low and although they have a large population, when the

working class becomes elderly, there wont be enough people to support them

Sub-Saharan Africa/ India/ other LDCs: Population is exploding because people

are having large amounts of children since some may not survive. Medical

technology from MDCs allows people to survive longer so population increases.

some religions forbid birth control or favor boys so people will keep having kids

until they have a boy

Western Europe: TFR is very low so many countries like Germany depend on

immigration to keep population at replacement level


9/22

Explain and analyze population pyramids.

Population pyramids are used to identify a populations age and sex ratio (the number of

males compared to females and elderly vs. young).

Stage 2: Many young being born and very few old people - Top left

Stage 3: Population still growing but not as much as stage 2 - Top right

Stage 4: Relatively stable zero population growth - Bottom left

Stage 5: Many more old than young - Bottom right

Population pyramids use demographic data to determine future population. By analyzing

birth and death rates, one can predict future population assuming that the governmental

structure and cultural customs remain the same.

LDCs have a wider base because the majority of the population of an LDC is under the

age of 15. There are also very few elderly people owing to the lack of sanitation and

medical care.

MDCs population pyramids do not look like pyramids. Families become smaller since

there are fewer children. The largest components of the population is in the middle and

the middle age bulge is moving upward, reflecting the age of the population and

declining TFR. (ex. Italy, France, Sweden)


10/22

Analyze push/pull factors and Ravensteins laws.

Ravensteins laws

Every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration.

The majority of migrants move a short distance.

Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.

Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.

Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.

Economic push factor

People think about emigrating from places that have few job opportunities or low

average income/GDP per capita. Because of economic restructuring, job prospects

often vary from one country to another, or within regions of the same country.

Economic pull factor:

People immigrate to places with better jobs. They would want to go to an area

with valuable resources that may attract engineers/other technological professions

or high paying unskilled jobs. A new industry may lure factory workers,

technicians, and scientists.

Cultural push factor:

Forced international migration was caused by slavery and political instability in

history (Slave trade). Wars have also forced large-scale migration of ethnic

groups in the 20th and 21st centuries in Europe and Africa. Another push factor

would be the fear of prosecution and these people would be refugees: people who

have been forced to migrate from their homes and cannot return for fear of

persecution.

Cultural pull factor: Political conditions can also act as pull factors, especially the lure of freedom.

People are attracted to democratic countries that encourage individual choice in

education, career, and place of residence. After Communists gained control of

Eastern Europe in the late 1940s, many people in that region were pulled toward

the democracies in Western Europe and North America.

Environmental push factor:

Migrants are pushed from their homes by adverse physical conditions. Many

people are forced to move by water-related disasters because they live in a

vulnerable area, such as a floodplain. A lack of water can also push people fromtheir land (drought conditions).

Environmental pull factor:

Florida attract migrants, especially retirees, who enjoy swimming and lying on the

beach in warm weather conditions. Regions with warm winters attract migrants

from harsher climates and vice versa.


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Other info about migration/refugees:

Refugees voluntarily leave for fear of death/persecution but forced migrants are forced by

to government to move

Internally displaced persons (IDPs) have been removed from their homes but havent left

their countries

Places with most IDPs from greatest to least: Syria, Colombia, Iraq, Sudan,

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Top 5 countries of origin for refugees from greatest to least

Syria, Afghanistan, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan

To 5 host countries for refugees from greatest to least

Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Iran, Ethiopia

Most asylum applications since 2011 from greatest to least

Germany, France, Sweden, Turkey, Italy

Germany has so many because they support immigration since their population is

declining

Syrian civil war has been going on since March 15th 2011

Over half of Syrians left their homes - 4 million out of country, 7 million IDPs

2 events caused most refugees to leave - chemical weapon allegations in March

2013 and the bridge to Iraq being completed in September 2013

Many refugees are children who cant work so it is putting huge strains on host

countries

Push factors of different countries:

Syria: Ethnic groups fighting, suppressive government, Al Quaeda

Afghanistan: Taliban - government cant get control, crumbling economy Somalia: No government for 20+ years - fighting between warlords, Al Shabab

Sudan: Split to south and north - shared revenues/border disputes, ethnic tensions

Top three countries migrants are leaving and where they are moving:

India - U.S.A, U.A.E

Bangladesh - India, U.A.E, Saudi Arabia

Mexico - U.S.A

Top country to country migration excluding U.S.

India - U.A.E: Large muslim population, more jobs and money

Bangladesh - India: Higher GDP, close proximity, similar culture/language Bangladesh - U.A.E: Labor jobs, more jobs related to tech, more money

Top migration to U.S.

Mexico: Close proximity, less violence, more economic opportunities

China/India: Increase in skilled jobs, college, economy

Philippines: U.S. controlled until 1947- economic/political ties


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Unit 3Compare folk and popular culture.

Pop culture is influenced by everyone around the world but folk culture is influenced by

people in a certain area

Pop culture diffuses quickly but folk culture diffuses slowly In pop culture the producers (celebrities/ other role models to many people) are not the

same as the consumers (regular people) but in folk culture the producers are the

consumers.

Pop culture is heterogeneous and folk culture is homogeneous

Folk culture spatial divergence, and pop culture has spatial convergence

Describe how popular culture diffuses.

Through teens, popular culture diffuses through hierarchical and contagious diffusion.

With the use of social media, teens are influenced and will start setting trends. Once thetrend dies out, another one will take its place. Celebrities also have influence over teens.

Popular culture diffuses through mass communication.

Evaluate cultural regions.

Different regions around the world have specific culture traits

Certain regions have predominant religion, language, and ethnicity

In the U.S there is a distinct distribution of religion

New England - Catholic

Upper Midwest - Lutheran

South - Baptist

Utah area - Mormon

Language families also have specific regions where they are dominant around the world

Indo-European is most common and widespread language family around the

world

English is the most common lingua franca

Specific places are made up of many cultural traits that make it unique


13/22

Identify and explain the distribution of language families.

Indo-European

diffused through Europe, Western Hemisphere, India, Southwestern Asia

Sino-Tibetan

diffused through mainland China, Taiwan, Singapore

Afro-Asiatic

diffused through Northern Africa, the Middle East

Niger-Congo

diffused through Southern Africa

Analyze the ways in which languages and dialects change and evolve.

Languages change through language convergence/language divergence.

Language convergence is a process where new languages are formed from the

consistent spatial interaction of peoples with different languages. It is the opposite

of language divergence.

Language divergence is a process where new languages are formed when a

language breaks into dialects due to a lack of spatial interaction among speakers

of the language and continued isolation eventually causes the division of the

language into discrete new languages.

ex. The Spanish and Portuguese

Languages can become extinct when there is a halt in interaction between the extinct

languages and the languages that are continued. Extinct languages are found in isolated

areas with the elderly because when they die, they take the language with them.

Lingua Francas are common tongues people use to communicate with others who do notspeak their native tongue. Sometimes languages can become extinct because it is more

practical for people to use lingua francas

Pidgin languages are new languages that form when people who do not speak the same

native tongue try to communicate and they can turn into creole languages which are

permanent languages

Compare the major world religions.

Monotheistic or polytheistic:

Christianity, Islam, Judaism are monotheistic Hinduism is polytheistic

Ethnic: Person is born into the faith and members do not convert others

Hinduism

Judaism

Taoism

Universalizing: members actively try to convert others in this religion


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Christianity

Islam

Buddhism

Buddhism

Hearth in Nepal

376 million followers

Influential in China, India, SE Asia, Korea, Japan, Sri Lanka

Hinduism

Hearth in Pakistan

1 billion followers

Influential in India and Nepal

Christianity

The worlds largest religion

Hearth in Jerusalem

Over 2 billion followers

There are 3 main sects of Christianity: Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox

Europeans brought their religion with them to almost all the areas they colonized.

Influential in Americas, Europe, South Africa, and Australia

Over 1 billion people are professed Roman Catholics

Islam:

Second largest religion in the world but fastest growing (Approaching 2 billion)

Hearth in Saudi Arabia

Followers are called Muslims

Majority of Muslims live in the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Southeast Asia Extended its borders along trade routes, reaching Southeast Asia from Saudi

Arabia. It also extended to western China and most of Central Asia, and northern

Africa.

Indonesia has the largest population of Muslims.

Judaism:

Hearth in Israel

Jewish symbol is the Star of David

13.1 million followers

The majority of the worlds Jewish population lives in the US The majority of the Jews in the US live in larger urban areas on the East Coast

The place most associated with Judaism is Israel

Israel was founded as a homeland for the Jewish populations after WWII in 1948

this area was formerly occupied by Palestine, which caused tensions

between the Jewish population and Palestinians living in the occupied

areas (Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and the West Bank)


15/22

Analyze the ways religion has had an effect on the cultural landscape.

Christianity

religious architecture is focused on the cross located on churches (ex. Notre

Dame, Canterbury Cathedral)

In many European towns, churches were built in the center of towns and homes.

Islam

religious architecture is centered around mosques

many mosques have several minarets (usually the tallest structure in an Islamic

community)

Judaism

Synagogues

Hinduism

Temples

Buddhism

Pagodas


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Unit 4Apply characteristics of a state to ___.

The characteristics of a state are:

has space of territory with recognized boundaries

has a permanent population has economic activity and an organized economy - regulates foreign and domestic

trade and issues money

has a transportation system

has a government which states exercises control over the territory

has external recognition by other states

Explain the development of the Modern State System.

The modern state system is the idea that states are tied to a territory with specific

boundaries Boundaries define states

Where people live doesnt determine where a state is

The idea started in Europe and spread through colonialism

Now the whole world uses the modern state system

Describe different types of states.

Compact: Approximately equidistant from the center of the country (country may be in

the shape of a circle or square)

Uruguay in South America

Poland in Europe

Elongated: Are at least twice as long as they are wide: they are long and skinny

Nepal

Gambia

Chile

Panama

Fragmented: Country is in pieces that are not attached to each other (usually islands)

Indonesia (more than 13,000 islands)

exclave - an area separated from its state by another state (ex. Alaska)

Perforated: Has an entire state completely inside of its borders

Only 2 perforated states in the whole world: South Africa and Italy

Prorupted: has a protrusion extending out from its main base (proruptions were often

drawn by colonizers to ensure their access to raw materials or water transport).

Thailand

Namibia


17/22

Evaluate the effects of varying shapes of states.

Compact:

Advantages: easy communication and transportation, easy to defend, centripetal

force

Disadvantages: a lack of resources since compact tend to be small

Elongated:

Advantages: transporting raw materials to industrial centers are easier because the

state is so narrow and more trading opportunities

Disadvantages: feelings of isolation and separatist movements

Fragmented:

Advantages: countries would have a hard time occupying and controlling the

whole country

Disadvantages: communication and transportation

Perforated:

Advantages: ethnic group of enclave has its own state

Disadvantages: enclave might get in the way of transportation and communication

Prorupted:

Advantages: access to raw materials, trading opportunities, access to water

Disadvantages: proruptions are fiercely fought over and isolation

Compare countries according to the world systems theory.

core - processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more

technology generate more wealth than periphery processes in the world economy ex. USA, Canada, Australia

high HDI levels, GDP per capita, professional and elementary occupations

most core countries are in Western Europe

semi-periphery - places where core and periphery processes are both occurring places

that are exploited by the core but in turn exploit in periphery

ex. Mexico, India

most semi-periphery countries are in South America, Eastern Europe, Central

Asia

periphery - processes that incorporate lower levels of education, low salaries, and lesstechnology, and generate less wealth than core processes in the world economy

ex. Mongolia, Nepal

most periphery countries are in Africa


18/22

Apply the concepts of centripetal + centrifugal forces at different scales.

Centripetal forces are forces that unite a nation together

Similar culture

Common enemy - people might not necessarily like each other but they have to

work together for protection

Centrifugal forces tear them apart.

Different religion, beliefs, languages, or ethnicities

Different ideas of where the country should go politically - Unite with

communists or European Union (Ukraine)

Apply the concept of balkanization to the former Yugoslavia.

Yugoslavia split into many smaller states

Ethnic tensions divided the state

Different religions were introduced to different areas increasing tensions

Low education levels and economic backwardness led to the attitude that each nation puts

themselves first with no consideration for the rest, leading to generally bad relations in

the desire for ethnically pure regions.

A collective presidency was rotated between the 6 republics after Tito died, and those

republics were not ethnically pure- not enough consideration given along ethnonational

lines.

Although new states were formed, they still werent ethnically pure so there were

problems with irredentism and annexation

Ethnic cleansing policies- second and third war shared this common trait ethnic

cleansing, which led to many refugees of the non dominant ethnic group being forced toleave their homes and migrate elsewhere. This changes the demographic composition of

regions and increased differences in culture which split the region even more

Kosovo was considered a self-governing province of Serbia in terms of the 1974

constitution, but Albanians were greatly oppressed and discriminated against by Serbians.

The Albanians started to set up their state organization and Kosovo became and

independent state

Identify + explain the issues that can occur when state + ethnic boundaries do not coincide.

When state and ethnic boundaries do not coincide, people may want to split into separatecountries which could lead to violence

States might want to annex areas of other states with their ethnicity so there may be

increased tensions with other states

Political unrest because different groups have different ideas of where the country should

go politically


19/22

Evaluate federal and unitary states.

Unitary state: an internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of

central government officials (highly centralized)

Advantages: citizens would be more familiar with its laws, quicker decision

Making, act as a centripetal force

Disadvantages: less ideas would be introduced, less individual control, traditional

roles, bad influence

Unitary states tend to be smaller in size

ex. United Kingdom

Federal state - an internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of

local government

Advantages: smaller areas can be reached out and fix smaller problems, other

ethnic groups can participate

Disadvantages: individuality can lead to separatist movements and devolution, has

to consider everyone because of diversity

Federal states tend to be larger in size

ex. the US

Explain redistricting and gerrymandering.

Redistricting: the drawing of a new electoral district boundary lines in response to

population changes

Gerrymandering: the designation of voting districts to favor a particular political party or

candidate

Evaluate the effects of gerrymandering.

Gives political advantage to a group of people so they stay in office longer

Upsets people and candidates of opposite party

Creates odd shaped districts/wards

Define different types of borders.

Geometric - using lines of longitude and latitude

Physical - natural features

Antecedent - exist before the human settlement of an area Subsequent - develop along with the development of the cultural landscape

Superimposed - political boundary that ignores the existing cultural organization on the

landscape (usually placed by a higher authority)

Relic - a relic on the landscape, does not exist any longer but its impact is still felt and

seen on the landscape


20/22

Analyze border disputes.

Definitional - arise from the legal language of the treatys definition of the boundary

Locational - arise when the interpretation of the border is questioned

Operational - when 2 countries next to each other disagree on a major issue involving the

border

Allocational - questions the use of the border, involves natural resource

Evaluate the effects of decolonization.

When governments leave a colony, new borders are often drawn up without regard to

preexisting ethnic boundaries

Groups who have had historic tensions are forced to live together under the same

government

Government begins falling apart and without a strong government, the states can no

longer stay together

Tensions and civil wars begin leading to long term political instability

Describe the origins of the Cold War.

After WW2 Soviet Union was very strong and started to gain land.

Countries were defeated after the war, a strong Great Britain and a strong Soviet Union

and a strong United States.

Soviet was scared that they were going to be invaded by the strong powers. (Wanted

eastern Europe to be friendly to them)

To get a heads up, they had satellite countries (buffer states). The countries around Russia

were satellite countries. There were differences of opinions that needed to be reconciled between the Soviet

Union, the US, and Great Britain.

The US didn't want to get involved in any internal affairs with anyone but wanted to give

people the right to vote.

Russia wanted to expand the US knew that Russia had an expansion tendency and didn't

want their government to diffuse.

The US wanted certain policies for countries that Russia did not. Russia viewed

themselves as highly flexible.

The US viewed the Soviet Union as a rival and thought that their policies will not lead tostability.


21/22

Compare geopolitical theories.

Heartland Theory (Mackinder) - suggests whoever owns Eastern Europe and Western

Asia has the political power and capital to rule the world since there is really no new land

to discover.

Hitler believed in the heartland theory which is why he invaded Eastern Europe

This theory was also accepted by the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Rimland Theory (Spykman) - believes that forming alliances is necessary to keep

Heartland in check. Heartland may control the land but the rimland will control sea.

The rimland was Euroasias coastal areas, areas that is key into domination of the

world

This theory was also influential during the Cold War.

Domino Theory (CIA) - when one country experiences rebellion or political disunity,

other countries around it will also experience turmoil as a result.

Vietnam

Describe how the Cold War affected geopolitics.

The Cold War affected geopolitics because it caused people to believe the

Heartland/Rimland theories more.

The US was concerned with the Soviet Union gaining more territory for world

domination and control to the world island in those geopolitical theories.

It caused the US to contain the spread of communism, not necessarily stop it so

communism would not spread to nearby states, like the domino theory.

The Cold War also created a concept of terrorism (against the Soviet Union at the time).

Results of the Cold War include the recreation of supranational organizations like NATO.Also, there was the Warsaw Pact creation and destruction because of the fall of the Soviet

Union.

Identify and explain the geopolitical issues surrounding Ukraine.

Ukraine is caught in the middle of a mess between Russia and western Europe

Eastern Ukraine wants to join forces with Russia

Western Ukraine wants to join the E.U.

Russia wants to annex Eastern Ukraine but then Nato would start a big war because they

dont want to expand The people in Eastern Ukraine arent getting aid from Ukraine because Ukraine doesnt

want to help people siding with Russia. Russia cant give aid because they would have to

admit they are expanding


22/22

Explain how and why states cooperate with each other.

States cooperate with each other by creating supranational organizations.

NATO was created to bolster an alliance made between states that support a

democratic form of government in order to politically and militarily safeguard the

values states (at the time, specifically against the Soviet Union)

States cooperate with each other for economic, political, and military (for protection

purposes) reasons

Identify unique states.

Monaco is a microstate.

Guadeloupe is a French colony.

Western Sahara: Doesnt have an official government

Singapore is a city state.

Hong Kong - special administrative unit of China

Guam, Puerto Rico, US Virgin Islands, American Samoa has no equal voting rights.

Documents

AP Human Geography Exam Review (Units 1-4)