AP European History Name:____________________ Chapter 18: Toward a New World-view Period:__________ Complete the graphic organizer as you read Chapter 18. DO NOT simply hunt for the answers; doing so will leave holes in your understanding of the text. Be sure to include details regarding political/diplomatic, cultural/intellectual and social/economic themes. I. The Scientific Revolution

What was “modern science”? What was the significance? What are the various viewpoints?

a. Scientific Thought in 1500

Explain the “Aristotelian” view of the universe:

How did Aristotle’s ideas impact thinking about physics and motion?

Why were Aristotle’s ideas so accepted, especially by the Church?

Explain the “Great Chain of Being”:

b. The Copernican Hypothesis Who was Ptolemy? What were his beliefs? What was the Copernican Hypothesis? How did it challenge accepted beliefs?

c. From Brahe to Galileo: identify the contributions of each of the following astronomers: Tycho Brahe Johannes Kepler Galileo Galilei

Why did the trial of Galileo have such great importance for reformers of the era?

d. Newton’s Synthesis What was the significance of Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (1687)? Explain the law of universal gravitation, and its importance:

e. Causes of the Scientific Revolution: How did each contribute to the Scientific Revolution? Medieval Intellectual Life The Renaissance Nautical Navigation

Francis Bacon Rene Descartes Religion

f. Some Consequences of the Scientific Revolution

1.

2.

II. The Enlightenment Define and explain the three central concepts of Enlightenment thinking:

a. The Emergence of the Enlightenment

How did each of the following connect the scientific revolution to the new outlook on life? Bernard de Fontenelle Religious Truth

Pierre Bayle John Locke and tabula rasa

b. The Philosophes and the Public What is a philosophe? Why did the Enlightenment reach its highest development in France? 1) 2) 3) What is the difference between “the public” and “the people”? How did the philosophes spread their information to the public? Why was this necessary?

Describe the major works and contributions of the following individuals (provide plenty of info): Baron de Montesquieu Voltaire

Madame du Chatelet Denis Diderot

c. The Later Enlightenment: Explain the contributions of the following philosophes. Baron Paul d’Holbach David Hume Marquis de Condorcet

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Basic Ideas Long-Term Impacts (i.e., Romanticism) Political Theory

d. Urban Culture and Public Opinion

How did the Enlightenment influence the interest in books?

What was the salon? How did it help to spread Enlightenment ideas? How did women help to influence the Enlightenment? Be sure to include Madame Geoffrin. III. The Enlightenment and Absolutism What was enlightened absolutism? Why did the philosophes focus on enlightening the monarchs rather than the general population?

Describe each of the following monarchs. How were each of them enlightened absolutists? Frederick II of Prussia

“_____________________ the ____________”

Catherine the Great of Russia Maria Theresa

& Joseph II of Austria

a. Absolutism in France After 1715, how did the French monarchy begin to lose control over the nobility?

b. The Overall Influence of the Enlightenment Evaluate the overall influence of the Enlightenment on France: Evaluate the overall influence of the Enlightenment on eastern and east-central Europe: What conclusion have most historians come to, in regard to answering the question as to why absolutists would embrace reform?

IV. The Document-Based Question (DBQ) a. Please read the “Introduction” on page A-2 (at the end of the textbook). Keep that in mind as you examine the documents on

page A-10. DBQ 5: Toward a New World View

Question: How did the new world-views of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries affect the way Europeans thought about society and human relations?

Document Document 1: Rene Descartes, Discourse on Method

Document 2: John Locke, Some Thoughts Concerning Education

Document 3: Catherine the Great, Decree on Serfs

Document 4: Mary Wollstonecraft, A Vindication of

the Rights of Woman Summary

Point of View

Write a thesis statement that specifically addresses the above question:

In the space below, outline how you would answer one of the following Free Response Essay Questions

1. Analyze the ways in which European monarchs used both the arts and the sciences to enhance state power in the period circa 1500–1800. 2. Analyze the ways in which the ideas of seventeenth-century thinkers John Locke and Isaac Newton contributed to the ideas of eighteenth-century

Enlightenment thinkers. 3. Analyze how Galileo, Descartes, and Newton altered traditional interpretations of nature and challenged traditional sources of knowledge. 4. Assess the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and philosophy in the period 1550 to 1750. 5. Compare and contrast the goals and major policies of Peter the Great of Russia (1682-1725) with those of Frederick the Great of Prussia (1740-

1786).

Partitions of PolandPage 620

On each map, color Austria, Russia, Prussia & Poland