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Time and the Fossil Record

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Where are fossils found? Sedimentary Rock made of sand, dust,

mud= Sandstone, Limestone and Shale.

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Types of Fossils Premineralization: Petrified forest Natural Casts and molds Trace Fossils: Nests, Leaves,

Footprints Amber-preserved fossils: Amber Preserved remains: Ice

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Fossils

Radiometric Dating

AP Biology 2007-2008

Origin of Life

“…sparked by just the right combination of physical events & chemical processes…”

“…sparked by just the right combination of physical events & chemical processes…”

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Bacteria Archae-bacteria

AnimaliaFungiProtista Plantae

4500

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

500

1500

0

1000

Formation of earth

Molten-hot surface ofearth becomes cooler

Oldest definite fossilsof prokaryotes

Appearance of oxygenin atmosphere

Oldest definite fossilsof eukaryotes

First multicellularorganisms

Appearance of animalsand land plants

Colonization of landby animalsPaleozoic

Mesozoic

Cenozoic

Mill

ion

s o

f y

ears

ag

o

AR

CH

EA

N PR

EC

AM

BR

IAN

PR

OT

ER

OZ

OIC

The evolutionary tree of life can be documented with evidence.The Origin of Life on Earth is another story…

The evolutionary tree of life can be documented with evidence.The Origin of Life on Earth is another story…

AP Biology

What is Life? First we have to define LIFE…

organized as cells respond to stimuli regulate internal processes

homeostasis use energy to grow

metabolism develop

change & mature within lifetime

reproduce heredity

DNA / RNA adaptation & evolution

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The Origin of Life is Hypothesis Special Creation

Was life created by a supernatural or divine force?

not testable Extraterrestrial Origin

Was the original source of organic (carbon) materials comets & meteorites striking early Earth?

testable Spontaneous Abiotic Origin

Did life evolve spontaneously from inorganic molecules?

testable

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Conditions on early Earth Reducing atmosphere

water vapor (H2O), CO2, N2, NOx, H2, NH3, CH4, H2S

lots of available H & its electron no free oxygen

Energy source lightning, UV radiation,

volcanic

low O2 = organic molecules do not breakdown as quickly

low O2 = organic molecules do not breakdown as quickly

What’s missingfrom that

atmosphere?

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Water vapor

Condensed liquid with complex, organicmolecules

CondenserMixture of gases("primitiveatmosphere")

Heated water("ocean")

Electrodes discharge sparks

(lightning simulation)

Water

Origin of Organic Molecules Abiotic synthesis

1920Oparin & Haldane propose reducing atmosphere hypothesis

1953Miller & Urey test hypothesis formed organic

compounds amino acids adenine

CH4

NH3

H2

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Stanley Miller

University of Chicago

produced-amino acids

-hydrocarbons-nitrogen bases-other organics

It’s ALIVE!

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Bubbles…Tiny bubbles…

Origin of Cells (Protobionts) Bubbles separate inside from outside

metabolism & reproduction

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Origin of Genetics RNA is likely first genetic material

multi-functional codes information

self-replicating molecule makes inheritance possible natural selection & evolution

enzyme functions: ribozymes regulatory molecule transport molecule

tRNA & mRNA

Dawn of natural selection

ribozyme

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Key Events in Origin of Life Key events in

evolutionary history of life on Earth life originated

3.5–4.0 bya

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Prokaryotes Prokaryotes dominated life

on Earth from 3.5–2.0 bya

3.5 billion year old fossil of bacteria modern bacteria

chains of one-celledcyanobacteria

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StromatolitesFossilized mats of prokaryotes resemble modern microbial colonies

Lynn Margulis

AP Biology

Oxygen atmosphere Oxygen begins to accumulate 2.7 bya

reducing oxidizing atmosphere evidence in banded iron in rocks = rusting makes aerobic respiration possible

photosynthetic bacteria (blue-green algae)

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First Eukaryotes Development of internal membranes

create internal micro-environments advantage: specialization = increase efficiency

natural selection!

infolding of theplasma membrane

DNA

cell wall

plasmamembrane

Prokaryoticcell

Prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotic

cells

Eukaryoticcell

endoplasmicreticulum (ER)

nuclear envelope

nucleus

plasma membrane

~2 bya

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Endosymbiosis

Ancestral eukaryotic cell

Eukaryotic cellwith mitochondrion

internal membrane system

aerobic bacterium mitochondrion

Endosymbiosis

Evolution of eukaryotes origin of mitochondria engulfed aerobic bacteria, but

did not digest them mutually beneficial relationship

natural selection!

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mitochondrion

chloroplast

Eukaryotic cell withchloroplast & mitochondrion

Endosymbiosis

photosyntheticbacterium

Endosymbiosis Evolution of eukaryotes

origin of chloroplasts engulfed photosynthetic bacteria,

but did not digest them mutually beneficial relationship

natural selection!

Eukaryoticcell with

mitochondrion

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Evidence structural

mitochondria & chloroplasts resemble bacterial structure

genetic mitochondria & chloroplasts

have their own circular DNA, like bacteria functional

mitochondria & chloroplasts move freely within the cell

mitochondria & chloroplasts reproduce independently from the cell

Theory of Endosymbiosis

Lynn Margulis

AP Biology

How did diversity continue to increase?

Sexual Reproduction. Genetic variation. How?

Independent assortment Segregation Crossover Natural selection

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How did multicellular life emerge? Paleozoic era: Life moved on to land.

544- 248 million years ago. 90% marine and 70% of land species became extinct. First vertebrates and early plants. Amphibians common Cambrian explosion: period in which

animal life evolved quickly Carboniferous period: coal came from

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Cambrian explosion Diversification of Animals

within 10–20 million years most of the major phyla of animals appear in fossil record

543 mya

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What was the Mesozoic era known for?

248-65 million years ago. Age of the Reptiles: Dinosaurs, birds,

flowering plants, first mammals, sharks, bony fish Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous Mass extinction from meteorite strike?

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The Chicxulub impact crater in the Caribbean Sea near the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico indicates an asteroid or comet struck the earth and changed conditions 65 million years ago

The Chicxulub impact crater in the Caribbean Sea near the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico indicates an asteroid or comet struck the earth and changed conditions 65 million years ago

Cretaceous extinction

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What was the Cenozoic era known for?

65 million years ago to present. Tertiary period: Monotremes and

placental mammals evolved Quaternary period (1.8 million years ago

to present. Echidna

Echidna

Echidna Echidna Echidna

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Diversity of life & periods of mass extinction

Cambrian explosion

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Primate evolution: When, What, Where?

65 mya Cretaceous period. Mammals with flexible hands and feet,

eyes forward, large brains, arms can rotate in a circle

Prosimians: oldest primate group: lemurs, tarsiers

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What came next? Anthropoids:

New world monkeys: Native to America, live in trees. Prehensile tails.

Old world monkeys: Trees and ground feeders. Larger brains.

Hominoids: Apes: Orangutans, Chimps, gorillas Hominids: Opposable thumb, walk upright

(bipedal). All human species (including extinct groups). 100,000 yrs ago= modern humans. Genus: Homo. Homo habilis 1st.

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Classifying Life Molecular data

challenges 5 Kingdoms Monera was too diverse

2 distinct lineages of prokaryotes

Protists are still too diverse not yet sorted out

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3 Domain system Domains = “Super” Kingdoms

Bacteria Archaea

extremophiles = live in extreme environments methanogens halogens thermophiles

Eukarya eukaryotes

protists fungi plants animals

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KingdomProtista

KingdomFungi

KingdomPlantae

KingdomAnimalia

KingdomArchaebacteria

KingdomBacteria

AP Biology 2008-2009

Any Questions??

Is there life elsewhere?Does it look like life on Earth?