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AP Biology Exam Review(2002-2003)
Body Systems
Connective tissue
Human digestive system
Digestive enzymes
Small intestine
Open vs. closed circulatory system
Blood pressure
Counter current exchange in gills
Controllingbreathing Medulla
oblongata
Autonomic nervous system
Carbonic acid (changes in pH)
Hemoglobin = heme group, able to bind oxygen
Blood CO2 transport
Immune system overview
Lymphatic system
Clonal selection
Cytotoxic and Helper T cells
Humoral vs. Cell-mediated
Humoral immunity
Antibody specificity – epitopes
Ectotherm
Temperature control
Osmoregulation
Control Detecting
increase in blood pressure triggers excretory actions
Calcium regulation
Chemical signalling
Endocrinesystems Hypothalamus
controls the pituitary gland
Pituitary gland controls the majority of hormones.
Hypothalamus control
Glucose homeostasis
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
Maleanatomy Testes –
produces sperm
Testes held in scrotum
Female anatomy
Sperm anatomy
Oogenesis
FSH LH Estrogen Progestero
ne
Menstruation
Placental circulation
Inducing contractions
Egg
Mammalian fertilization
Blastocyst (blastula – hollow ball)
Gastrulation (gastrula – cells dive into center)
Human embyonicdevelopment
Embryonic Germ Layers
Neuron
Membrane potential
Nervous system
Action potential Depolarize – inside of
axon more positive
Hyperpolarize – inside of axon less negative
Refractory period – “recovery” period to reestablish resting potential
Synapse - neurotransmitters