AP Biology Exam Review

Body Systems

Connective tissue

Human digestive system

Digestive enzymes

Small intestine

Open vs. closed circulatory system

Blood pressure

Counter current exchange in gills

Controllingbreathing Medulla

oblongata

Autonomic nervous system

Carbonic acid (changes in pH)

Hemoglobin = heme group, able to bind oxygen

Blood CO2 transport

Immune system overview

Lymphatic system

Clonal selection

Cytotoxic and Helper T cells

Humoral vs. Cell-mediated

Humoral immunity

Antibody specificity – epitopes

Ectotherm

Temperature control

Osmoregulation

Control Detecting

increase in blood pressure triggers excretory actions

Calcium regulation

Chemical signalling

Endocrinesystems Hypothalamus

controls the pituitary gland

Pituitary gland controls the majority of hormones.

Hypothalamus control

Glucose homeostasis

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

Maleanatomy Testes –

produces sperm

Testes held in scrotum

Female anatomy

Sperm anatomy

Oogenesis

FSH LH Estrogen Progestero

ne

Menstruation

Placental circulation

Inducing contractions

Egg

Mammalian fertilization

Blastocyst (blastula – hollow ball)

Gastrulation (gastrula – cells dive into center)

Human embyonicdevelopment

Embryonic Germ Layers

Neuron

Membrane potential

Nervous system

Action potential Depolarize – inside of

axon more positive

Hyperpolarize – inside of axon less negative

Refractory period – “recovery” period to reestablish resting potential

Synapse - neurotransmitters