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Animal BehaviorChapter 51

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Why study behavior?

________________________________________— the study of behavior

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Ethologypioneers in the study of animal behavior

Niko TinbergenKarl von Frisch

1941 | 1973

Konrad Lorenz

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What is behavior?

Behavior

Defined as observable and coordinated

________________________________________to environmental

________________________________________.

Result of ________________________________________&

________________________________________factors

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What is behavior? Innate Behaviors

________________________________________, “instinctive”

________________________________________& consistent

“Built-in”, no “learning curve”

Despite different environments,

all individuals exhibit the behavior

Ex. early survival, reproduction, ________________________________________,

________________________________________

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Evolutionary perspective Learned behaviors

Modified by

______________________________________ Variable, changeable

change with experience & environment Flexible with a complex & changing environment Ability to learn is inherited, but the behavior

develops during animal’s lifetime

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Levels of Behavioral Analysis Proximate causes

______________________________________ stimulus & mechanism

______________________________________ &

______________________________________ interaction

Sensory motor mechanisms

“______________________________________” &

“______________________________________” questions

male songbird what triggers

singing? how does he

sing? why does he

sing?

male songbird what triggers

singing? how does he

sing? why does he

sing?

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Levels of Behavioral Analysis

Ultimate causes

______________________________________ significance

how does behavior

contribute to survival

& ______________________________________

“______________________________________ ” questions

how does daylength influence breeding? why do cranes breed in spring?

how does daylength influence breeding? why do cranes breed in spring?

Courtship behavior in cranes what…how… & why questions

Courtship behavior in cranes what…how… & why questions

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Innate Behaviors-developmentally fixed Taxis Kinesis Migration FAP Animal Signals & Communication

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Innate Behaviors-Taxis Automatic response ______________________________________ or

______________________________________ from a stimulus. Automatic movement toward

(______________________________________ taxis) or

from ______________________________________ (negative taxis) a stimulus

phototaxis Chemotaxis

Examples: Trout are and swim upstream so as not to be swept away.

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A change in the activity ______________________________________ in response to a stimulus.

______________________________________ directed, unlike taxis. Example:

Sow bugs are more active in dry areas and less in humid ones; this keeps them in moist environments.

Innate Behaviors- Kinesis

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Innate behavior: Fixed action patterns (_______) Unlearned

Usually carried to ______________________________________ once started

Triggered by a ______________________________________

male sticklebacks exhibit aggressive territoriality

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Fixed Action Patterns (FAP)

Do humans exhibit Fixed Action Patterns? The “eyebrow-flash”

Digger wasp

Human babies always smile at a

mask with two dark spots for

eyes.

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Fixed Action Patterns Examples

Male stickleback fish will show aggression toward any shape that has a red area.

attack on red belly stimuluscourt on swollen belly stimulus

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Figure 51.3 Classic demonstration of innate behavior

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Complex Innate behaviors Migration

“migratory restlessness” seen in birds bred & raised in captivity Migration is learned, but how to learn them is innate

______________________________________ navigation- by sun, stars, Earth magnetic fields

Monarchmigration

Sandpiper

ancient fly-ways

Bobolink Golden plover

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Examples of Migration

______________________________________ butterflies from our area migrate to Mexico in the fall and the next generation flies north in the spring.

Snow ______________________________________ fly 2,700 km from James Bay, Canada to Louisiana nonstop in 60 hours.

The green sea turtle migrates 2,200 km across the Atlantic ocean from the east coast of South America to Ascension Island (10 km across) every 2-3 years where the adult females lay eggs.

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Biological Rhythms & Clocks

______________________________________ Rhythms “Sleep, wake cycle”

Humans~about 24 hours long

______________________________________ the normal clock is 24.2 hrs Mutant flies have cycles of 19 & 28 hrs.

______________________________________—active during the ___________

______________________________________—active during hours of _______

______________________________________—having greatest activity during

____________________ hours or at ______________________________ or both

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Biological Rhythms & Clocks Lunar cycles Ex.

Grunion swarm from April-June when the spring tides occur

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Biological Rhythms & Clocks What controls the biological clock?

No single mechanism—an ______________________________________ of a

number of ______________________________________ processes

The ______________________________________ gland is thought to play a role in the timing system of rats, birds and some other vertebrates.

In mammals, regions of the ______________________________________ are involved.

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Biological Rhythms & Clocks How much is internal and how much is governed by external clues?

Answer: There is usually a strong ______________________________________ (internal) component, but

an ______________________________________ (external) cue is necessary to keep the behavior properly timed in the real world.

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Animal Signals & Communication An action by a sender that influences the behavior of a receiver.

Does not have to be ______________________________________ Ex. bat sound pulses influence moth evasive behavior.

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Communication: Chemical Works both day and night

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Social interaction requires communication __________________________

______________________________________ signal that stimulates a response from other individuals

Ex. Female moths secrete chemicals which attract males. Cheetahs and other cats mark their territory with

______________________________________ ,

______________________________________ , and anal gland secretions. alarm pheromones sex pheromones

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Pheromones

Spider using moth sex pheromones, as allomones, to lure its prey

Female mosquito use CO2 concentrations to locate victims

marking territory

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Communication: Auditory

______________________________________ than chemical and also effective both night and day.

Can be modified by loudness, pattern, duration, and repetition. Ex. Male crickets have calls and birds may have one song for courting,

another for distress, and still another for marking territories. Humpback whales have complicated songs. Nonhuman primates have up to 40 different vocalizations.

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Communication by song Bird song

species identification & mating ritual mixed ______________________________________ &

______________________________________ critical learning period

Insect song mating ritual & song innate, genetically

controlled

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Communication: Tactile Occurs when one animal

______________________________________ another. Ex. A male leopard nuzzles a female’s neck to calm her and to

stimulate her willingness to mate.

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Honey bee communication dance to communicate location of food source

______________________________________ dance Discovered by Karl von

______________________________________ in the 1940s. Waggle dance indicates both distance to and direction of food.

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Communication: Visual Most often used by species that are active during the

_____________________________________. Contests between males involve threat postures and possibly

prevent fighting. Ex. Male birds often put on courtship dances to attract females. Much human communication is nonverbal such as smiling,

blushing, body posture.

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Learned Behavior: Modified behaviors by experience

Habituation Imprinting Associative learning

Classical conditioning Operant conditioning

Cognition

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Learning: Habituation Loss of response to

______________________________________

“______________________________________ ” effect

______________________________________ in response to repeated occurrences of stimulus

enables animals to disregard unimportant stimuli ex: falling leaves not triggering fear response in baby

birds

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Innate & Learning: Imprinting Learning to form social attachments at a specific ___________________________

(_________________________ )

______________________________________ both learning & innate components

Konrad ______________________________________ spent time with geese hours after hatched

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Figure 51.9 Imprinting: Konrad Lorenz with imprinted geese

Konrad Lorenz

ImprintingImprinting

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Conservation biologists have taken advantage of imprinting by young whooping cranes as a means to teach the birds a migration route. A pilot wearing a crane suit in an Ultralight plane acts as a surrogate parent.

Conservation

Wattled crane conservation

teaching cranes to migrate

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Associative learning Learning to associate

a stimulus with a consequence

______________________________________ conditioning

BF ______________________________________

Trial & error learning

Associate ______________________________________ with

______________________________________ or

______________________________________

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Associative learning Classical conditioning

______________________________________ conditioning

Associate ______________________________________ with

______________________________________ or

______________________________________

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Operant Conditioning •Gradual strengthening of stimulus-response connections.•Examples:

• Teaching an animal a trick by rewarding correct behavior with affection or food.

• B.F. Skinner’s experiments

• ____________________________________________connect sugar treat with pressing a

____________________________________________.

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Operant conditioning ____________________________________________ box

mouse learns to associate behavior (pressing lever) with reward (food pellet)

B. F. Skinner

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Critical period

As a brood parasite, the Cuckoo never learn the song of their species as a nestling. Song development is totally innate.

As a brood parasite, the Cuckoo never learn the song of their species as a nestling. Song development is totally innate.

Sensitive phase for optimal

_______________________________________________ some behavior must be learned during a

receptive time period

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Classical conditioning Ivan ______________________________________dogs

connect reflex behavior

(____________________________________________ at sight of food)

to associated stimulus (ringing ____________________________________________)

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Learning: Cognition Ability for

____________________________________________

system to store, perceive, and process information

tool use

problem-solving

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Social Behavior Some animals are largely solitary and join with a member of the

opposite sex only for

____________________________________________; others pair, bond and cooperate in the raising of offspring.

Still others form a society in which members are organized in a

____________________________________________ manner.

____________________________________________— a group of individuals of the same species that cooperate in an adaptive manner; e.g. bee hive, flock of birds, wolf pack, school of fish.

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Social behaviors Interactions between individuals

develop as evolutionary adaptations Result in survival and reproductive success Agonistic behaviors Dominance hierarchy Cooperation Altruistic behavior

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Social behaviors

____________________________________________ behaviors Threatening & Submissive rituals

symbolic, usually no harm done

ex: ____________________________________________, competitor aggression

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Social behaviors

____________________________________________ hierarchy

social ranking within a group

___________________________________ order

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Dominance Hierarchies

A ____________________________________________ ranking animal has greater access to

____________________________________________ than a lower ranking animal.

Decided by ____________________________________________ during which one animal gives way to another.

Once established, little or no time is wasted in fighting. Dominant male mate more often with the females.

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Territoriality-- Protecting an area against other individuals. Male songbirds sing to signify their territories and other males know to stay

away. The song also alerts females to presence of a male. May be adaptive—tends to reduce conflict, to control

____________________________________________ growth, and to ensure the

most efficient use of ____________________________________________ by spacing organisms throughout a habitat.

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Social behaviors

Pack of African dogs hunting wildebeest

cooperatively

White pelicans “herding” school of fish

Cooperation

working ____________________________________________ in coordination

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Social behaviors Altruistic behavior

____________________________________________

____________________________________________ fitness but

____________________________________________ fitness of others in a

____________________________________________

___________________________________selection increasing survival of close relatives passes

these genes on to the next generation

How can this be of adaptive value? Belding ground squirrel

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Examples of Altruistic Behaviors In social insects such as bees, only the queen

bee and her mate reproduce.

A female chimp often mates with several males in a group because they are all related and share genes in common.

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Mating & parental behavior Genetic influences

changes in behavior at different stages of mating pair bonding competitor aggression

Environmental influences modifies behavior

quality of diet social interactions learning opportunities

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Social Behavior & Reproduction

__________________________________________________________________has favored mechanisms that promote successful reproduction.

Behavior is thus adaptive—behavioral traits can evolve.

____________________________________________ competition among males has contributed to the evolution of large

____________________________________________, brilliant breeding

____________________________________________, antlers, etc.

Known as ____________________________________________ __________and the traits are called secondary sexual characteristics.

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Social Behavior & Reproduction Courtship rituals may be long and elaborate. May serve as a sign signal to trigger nest

building and ovulation. Male spiders offer food. Female praying mantis eats head of male

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Behavior: Nature or Nurture?

Behavior is also shaped by

____________________________________________ influences

(____________________________________________). Studies of human twins have been used to help determine to what

extent behavior is inherited. Identical twins come from a single

____________________________________________. Fraternal twins are derived from two different fertilized eggs.

Fraternal twins, even when raised together, do not have similar behaviors.

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Identical twins raised separately are sometimes very similar; for example, the German twins raised in Germany and the Caribbean both liked sweet liqueurs, stored rubber bands on their wrists, read magazines from back to front, dipped buttered toast in their coffee, and had similar personalities.

Data seems to show that about 50% in human personality traits are due to polygenic inheritance and 50% are due to environmental influences.

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Any Questions??