AP Biology 2007-2008

DNA Replication

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proteinRNA

The “Central Dogma”

DNAtranscription translation

replication

Flow of genetic information in a cell

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Watson and Crick1953 article in Nature

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Structure of DNA Watson & Crick

developed double helix model of DNA other leading scientists working on question:

Rosalind FranklinMaurice WilkinsLinus Pauling

1953 | 1962

Franklin Wilkins Pauling

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Base pairing in DNA Purines

adenine (A) guanine (G)

Pyrimidines thymine (T) cytosine (C)

Pairing A : T

2 bonds C : G

3 bonds

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Double helix structure of DNA

“It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” Watson & Crick

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Directionality of DNA You need to

number the carbons! it matters!

OH

CH2

O

4

5

3 2

1

PO4

N base

ribose

nucleotide

This will beIMPORTANT!!

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The DNA backbone Putting the DNA

backbone together refer to the 3 and 5

ends of the DNA the last trailing carbon

OH

O

3

PO4

base

CH2

O

base

OPO

C

O–O

CH2

1

2

4

5

1

2

3

3

4

5

5

Sounds trivial, but…this will be

IMPORTANT!!

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Anti-parallel strands Nucleotides in DNA

backbone are bonded from phosphate to sugar between 3 & 5 carbons DNA molecule has

“direction” complementary strand runs

in opposite direction

3

5

5

3

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Bonding in DNA

….strong or weak bonds?How do the bonds fit the mechanism for copying DNA?

3

5 3

5

covalentphosphodiester

bonds

hydrogenbonds

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Models of DNA Replication Alternative models

become experimental predictions

conservative semiconservative

Can you designa nifty experiment

to verify?

dispersive

1

2

P

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Copying DNA Replication of DNA

base pairing allows each strand to serve as a template for a new strand

new strand is 1/2 parent template & 1/2 new DNA semi-conservative

copy process

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DNA Replication Large team of enzymes coordinates replication

Let’s meetthe team…

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Replication: 1st step Unwind DNA

helicase enzyme unwinds part of DNA helix stabilized by single-stranded binding proteins

single-stranded binding proteins replication fork

helicase

I’d love to behelicase & unzip

your genes…

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DNAPolymerase III

Replication: 2nd step

But…We’re missing

something!What?

Where’s theENERGY

for the bonding!

Build daughter DNA strand add new

complementary bases DNA polymerase III

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energy

ATPGTPTTPCTP

Energy of ReplicationWhere does energy for bonding usually come from?

ADPAMPGMPTMPCMPmodified nucleotide

energy

We comewith our own

energy!

And weleave behind a

nucleotide!

Youremember

ATP!Are there other ways

to get energyout of it?

Are thereother energynucleotides?

You bet!

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Energy of Replication The nucleotides arrive as nucleosides

DNA bases with P–P–P P-P-P = energy for bonding

DNA bases arrive with their own energy source for bonding

bonded by enzyme: DNA polymerase III

ATP GTP TTP CTP

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Adding bases can only add

nucleotides to 3 end of a growing DNA strand need a “starter”

nucleotide to bond to

strand only grows 53

DNAPolymerase III

DNAPolymerase III

DNAPolymerase III

DNAPolymerase III

energy

energy

energy

Replication energy

3

3

5B.Y.O. ENERGY!

The energy rulesthe process

5

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energy

35

5

5

3

need “primer” bases to add on to

energy

energy

energy

3

no energy to bond

energy

energy

energy

ligase

3 5

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Limits of DNA polymerase III can only build onto 3 end of

an existing DNA strand

Leading & Lagging strands

5

5

5

5

3

3

3

53

53 3

Leading strand

Lagging strand

Okazaki fragments

ligase

Okazaki

Leading strand continuous synthesis

Lagging strand Okazaki fragments joined by ligase

“spot welder” enzyme

DNA polymerase III

3

5

growing replication fork

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DNA polymerase III

Replication fork / Replication bubble

5

3 5

3

leading strand

lagging strand

leading strand

lagging strandleading strand

5

3

3

5

5

3

5

3

5

3 5

3

growing replication fork

growing replication fork

5

5

5

5

53

3

5

5lagging strand

5 3

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http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/dna-replication-advanced-detail

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DNA polymerase III

RNA primer built by primase serves as starter sequence

for DNA polymerase III

Limits of DNA polymerase III can only build onto 3 end of

an existing nucleotide

Starting DNA synthesis: RNA primers

5

5

5

3

3

3

5

3 53 5 3

growing replication fork

primase

RNA

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RNase H and DNA polymerase I removes sections of RNA

primer and replaces with DNA nucleotides

But DNA polymerase I still can only build onto 3 end of an existing nucleotide strand

Replacing RNA primers with DNA

5

5

5

5

3

3

3

3

growing replication fork

RNase H / DNA polymerase I

RNA

ligaseligase

ligase

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Loss of bases at 5 ends in every replication chromosomes get shorter with each replication limit to number of cell divisions?

DNA polymerase III

All DNA polymerases can only add to 3 end of an existing nucleotide strand

Chromosome erosion

5

5

5

5

3

3

3

3

growing replication fork

DNA polymerase I

RNA

Houston, we have a problem!

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Repeating, non-coding sequences at the end of chromosomes = protective cap limit to ~50 cell divisions

Telomerase enzyme extends telomeres can add DNA bases at 5 end different level of activity in different cells

high in stem cells & cancers -- Why?

telomerase

Telomeres

5

5

5

5

3

3

3

3

growing replication fork

TTAAGGGTTAAGGGTTAAGGG

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Replication fork

3’

5’

3’

5’

5’

3’

3’ 5’

helicase

direction of replication

SSB = single-stranded binding proteins

primase

DNA polymerase III

DNA polymerase III

DNA polymerase I

ligase

Okazaki fragments

leading strand

lagging strand

SSB

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DNA polymerases DNA polymerase III

1000 bases/second! main DNA builder

DNA polymerase I 20 bases/second editing, repair & primer removal

DNA polymerase III enzyme

Arthur Kornberg1959

Thomas Kornberg??

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Editing & proofreading DNA 1000 bases/second =

lots of typos!

DNA polymerase I proofreads & corrects

typos repairs mismatched bases removes abnormal bases

repairs damage throughout life

reduces error rate from 1 in 10,000 to 1 in 100 million bases

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Fast & accurate! It takes E. coli <1 hour to copy

5 million base pairs in its single chromosome divide to form 2 identical daughter cells

Human cell copies its 6 billion bases in about an hour, instead of months (if had 1 origin of replication) & divides into daughter cells remarkably accurate only ~1 error per 100 million bases ~30 errors per cell cycle

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1

2

3

4

What does it really look like?

AP Biology 2007-2008

Any Questions??