Aoraki/Mount CookAoraki/Mount CookEvolutionEvolution

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GlaciersGlaciers Notes on what a glacier is + how a Notes on what a glacier is + how a

glacier formsglacier forms SIHC\SIHC\AorakiMCAorakiMC glaciers.docglaciers.doc Glacial recipeGlacial recipe SIHC\glacier formation 1.docSIHC\glacier formation 1.doc Drawing on page 8 of El Bible Drawing on page 8 of El Bible

Discussion of Key terms.Discussion of Key terms.

TermsTerms Neve (accumulation zone) = The area Neve (accumulation zone) = The area

where the ice accumulates.where the ice accumulates. Bedrock = The rock that lies below the Bedrock = The rock that lies below the

snow. In MC what will it be?snow. In MC what will it be? Ablatation Zone = Area where the snow is Ablatation Zone = Area where the snow is

beginning to be melted away and lost beginning to be melted away and lost (area below the firn line)(area below the firn line)

Moraine = Material that gets transported Moraine = Material that gets transported then deposited by the glacier.then deposited by the glacier.

Precis Sketch DrawingPrecis Sketch Drawing Divide your picture of MC on page 9 Divide your picture of MC on page 9

into 8ths with doted ruled lines.into 8ths with doted ruled lines. In your book draw a similar area In your book draw a similar area

once again divided into 8ths.once again divided into 8ths. Now using the intersection of the Now using the intersection of the

lines you have ruled in our diagram lines you have ruled in our diagram draw an accurate precis sketch of draw an accurate precis sketch of MC.MC.

How glaciers moveHow glaciers move These rivers of ice flow at around These rivers of ice flow at around

100,000 times slower than water and 100,000 times slower than water and they do so at different speeds.they do so at different speeds.

So how do they move? Ice Skater eg So how do they move? Ice Skater eg on Youtube.on Youtube.

Notes on how a glacier movesNotes on how a glacier moves SIHC\How Glaciers SIHC\How Glaciers move.docmove.doc

ImagesImages

ImagesImages

Jason dwarfed by a SeracJason dwarfed by a Serac

Glacier featuresGlacier features Crevasse: This is an umbrella term to Crevasse: This is an umbrella term to

describe a number of different describe a number of different features. A Crevasse is a crack in the features. A Crevasse is a crack in the ice created by tension.ice created by tension.

Often crevasses are 70 metres deep.Often crevasses are 70 metres deep. Transverse Crevasse = Go from one Transverse Crevasse = Go from one

side of the glacier to the other.side of the glacier to the other.

More featuresMore features Longitudinal crevasse found near the Longitudinal crevasse found near the

terminus or end of the glacier. The terminus or end of the glacier. The show the glacier is spreading show the glacier is spreading outwards.outwards.

Marginal crevasse which point 40 Marginal crevasse which point 40 degrees upstream.degrees upstream.

Bergschrund = A deep crevasse Bergschrund = A deep crevasse formed at the cirque.formed at the cirque.

PicturesPictures

Moraine and TillMoraine and Till Till = Rock debris carried by glaciers.Till = Rock debris carried by glaciers. Moraine = The feature created by Moraine = The feature created by

deposited till. Moraine shows where deposited till. Moraine shows where glaciers once were.glaciers once were.

Lateral Moraine = Found at the Lateral Moraine = Found at the edges of glaciers. Debris usually edges of glaciers. Debris usually originates from rockfalls and originates from rockfalls and avalanches. Tasman glacier has avalanches. Tasman glacier has impressive lateral moraines.impressive lateral moraines.

More MorainesMore Moraines Medial Moraines = Formed by lateral moraines Medial Moraines = Formed by lateral moraines

coming together when a tributary glacier flows coming together when a tributary glacier flows into a main glacier.into a main glacier.

Surface Moraines = Occur most at the terminus of Surface Moraines = Occur most at the terminus of a glacier because ice melt exposes them. a glacier because ice melt exposes them.

Eglacial Moraine and subglacial moraine = These Eglacial Moraine and subglacial moraine = These are carried within and under the glacier. The are carried within and under the glacier. The greatest bulk of the debris is carried by these.greatest bulk of the debris is carried by these.

Terminal moraine = The remains of a moraine Terminal moraine = The remains of a moraine that has receeded.that has receeded.

Firnline and equilibrium line = Transition between Firnline and equilibrium line = Transition between the neve and melt zones.the neve and melt zones.

Melt-water featuresMelt-water features Surface Moraines at Tasman glacier are 1-2 Surface Moraines at Tasman glacier are 1-2

metres deep. They cover sinkholes or moulins.metres deep. They cover sinkholes or moulins. A moulin starts as a small pothole that eventually A moulin starts as a small pothole that eventually

deepen to join up with melt-water conduits that deepen to join up with melt-water conduits that form the glacial plumbing system. On Tas glacier form the glacial plumbing system. On Tas glacier Moulins have expanded into large grey circular Moulins have expanded into large grey circular lakes.lakes.

These systems eventually find their way to the These systems eventually find their way to the base of the glacier and they get dischard base of the glacier and they get dischard themselves into the fluvialglacial system carrying themselves into the fluvialglacial system carrying rock flour. The amount they discharge is rock flour. The amount they discharge is enormous at present the outwash gravels are enormous at present the outwash gravels are 500-1000 metres deep.500-1000 metres deep.

IcefallsIcefalls Icefalls occur at Tasman glacier Icefalls occur at Tasman glacier

above the glacier. This is called the above the glacier. This is called the Hochstetter icefall.Hochstetter icefall.

Icefalls usually occur just below the Icefalls usually occur just below the neve.neve.

ActivityActivity Create your own mountain and glacier Create your own mountain and glacier

system.system. Your Mountain can be called whatever you Your Mountain can be called whatever you

want (within reason) and each glacier or want (within reason) and each glacier or glacial feature can be called what you glacial feature can be called what you want (within reason).want (within reason).

On an a4 sheet of paper you are to create On an a4 sheet of paper you are to create this glacier and accuratly add to it the this glacier and accuratly add to it the different features glaciers create.different features glaciers create.

Surface ProcessesSurface Processes Either created by abrasion or plucking.Either created by abrasion or plucking. Abrasion = ScrapingAbrasion = Scraping Plucking = Pulling of rocks from bedrock.Plucking = Pulling of rocks from bedrock. Small Scale features: Striations, Polished Small Scale features: Striations, Polished

rock, pot holesrock, pot holes Created by glacier running across the rock Created by glacier running across the rock

and either scraping or smoothing. Pot and either scraping or smoothing. Pot holes created by the glacier plumbing holes created by the glacier plumbing system.system.

Large Scale FeaturesLarge Scale Features When Glaciers move they carve out the When Glaciers move they carve out the

landscape they travel over. Due to the landscape they travel over. Due to the mass material they move they create u mass material they move they create u shaped valleys. Rivers don’t carve out as shaped valleys. Rivers don’t carve out as much and therefore only create v-shaped much and therefore only create v-shaped valleys.valleys.

U-shaped valleys often get damned up by U-shaped valleys often get damned up by terminal moraine which creates finger terminal moraine which creates finger lakes. Lakes Tekapo, Pukaiki and Ohau are lakes. Lakes Tekapo, Pukaiki and Ohau are finger lakes. finger lakes.

ConituedConitued The Cirque: Where the The Cirque: Where the

neve/accumulation zone was. Often neve/accumulation zone was. Often contains a small lake called a tarn.contains a small lake called a tarn.

Roche Moutonee: Foliage hill Roche Moutonee: Foliage hill provides an eg of this. It is a hill provides an eg of this. It is a hill under the glacial ice. One side is a under the glacial ice. One side is a smooth gradual slope the other is a smooth gradual slope the other is a rough plucked cliff side.rough plucked cliff side.

ContinuedContinued Hanging Valleys: Created by tributary Hanging Valleys: Created by tributary

glaciers not cutting as deep a path as the glaciers not cutting as deep a path as the main glacier therefore hang above.main glacier therefore hang above.

Arete: South ridge at MC provides a good Arete: South ridge at MC provides a good example of this. It is a ridge between two example of this. It is a ridge between two crique’scrique’s

Col: A pass where 2 Cirques converge. Col: A pass where 2 Cirques converge. Tuckett Col is a good example of this.Tuckett Col is a good example of this.

Glacial transportationGlacial transportation Glaciers act as massive conveyor Glaciers act as massive conveyor

belts. They transport both fine and belts. They transport both fine and large material down the glacial large material down the glacial system. Around the terminus system. Around the terminus products of glacial transportation are products of glacial transportation are ever present. The Tasman glacier ever present. The Tasman glacier used to extent much further and used to extent much further and material found at the snout of this material found at the snout of this glacier showed where it used to flow glacier showed where it used to flow to.to.

Human Modification of the Human Modification of the environment.environment.

Copy in the glacier system and explain it Copy in the glacier system and explain it briefly underneath.briefly underneath.

Glaciers work on the equation of Glaciers work on the equation of accumulation vs. ablation. This is called accumulation vs. ablation. This is called the Mass budget.the Mass budget.

This is how Humans have affected This is how Humans have affected glaciers. Global warming has heated the glaciers. Global warming has heated the earth which has meant that less snow is earth which has meant that less snow is being deposited in the neve and more is being deposited in the neve and more is being melted. This affects the glaciers being melted. This affects the glaciers ability to erode, transport and deposit.ability to erode, transport and deposit.

ContinuedContinued Copy in paragraph written in italics.Copy in paragraph written in italics. When Answering these Questions be sure to include your question When Answering these Questions be sure to include your question

within the answer!!!!within the answer!!!! Using text explain the following terms: downwasting, ablation, Using text explain the following terms: downwasting, ablation,

accumulation.accumulation. How much of its volume is Tasman glacier losing each year?How much of its volume is Tasman glacier losing each year? Describe what you think a trimline is.Describe what you think a trimline is. How much has the Tasman glacier dropped since 1895?How much has the Tasman glacier dropped since 1895? At the Muellar glacier why don’t the melt waters breach the At the Muellar glacier why don’t the melt waters breach the

moraine.moraine. What glacier mentioned has a terminus that hasn’t receeded yet.What glacier mentioned has a terminus that hasn’t receeded yet. How much has the temp at mount cook risen since the 1900’sHow much has the temp at mount cook risen since the 1900’s How has El Nino affected glaciers in the neighbouring regions?How has El Nino affected glaciers in the neighbouring regions?

Humans and GlaciersHumans and Glaciers Global Warming created by the Global Warming created by the

Greenhouse affect has led to some Greenhouse affect has led to some recession in glaciers. This combined recession in glaciers. This combined with El Nino, La Nina and the with El Nino, La Nina and the Southern Oscillation has meant the Southern Oscillation has meant the amount caused by Humans is difficult amount caused by Humans is difficult to tell.to tell.

ClimateClimate Air Pressure: Air Pressure always moves Air Pressure: Air Pressure always moves

from areas of high pressure to low from areas of high pressure to low pressure. pressure.

Wind: The movement of air from low Wind: The movement of air from low pressure to high pressure.pressure to high pressure.

Precipitation: Moisture in the atmosphere Precipitation: Moisture in the atmosphere rain, hail snow, fog. Precipitation occurs rain, hail snow, fog. Precipitation occurs when air is forced to rise and therefore it when air is forced to rise and therefore it cools and condenses to dew point.cools and condenses to dew point.

RainfallRainfall There are three different types of rainfall: There are three different types of rainfall:

Frontal when two fronts collide, convection Frontal when two fronts collide, convection when a water source gets evaporated and when a water source gets evaporated and orographic.orographic.

Orographic rainfall is the focus for Mt. Orographic rainfall is the focus for Mt. Cook.Cook.

This is because the Southern Alps act as a This is because the Southern Alps act as a massive barrier to the moisture laden massive barrier to the moisture laden westerly winds that flow from the Tasman westerly winds that flow from the Tasman sea.sea.

ClimateClimate The west coast of New Zealand The west coast of New Zealand

receives 7600mm of rainfall receives 7600mm of rainfall annually.annually.

The area to the east of the SIHC is The area to the east of the SIHC is the driest in the country because of the driest in the country because of the rain shadow provided by the the rain shadow provided by the southern alps.southern alps.

Vegetation (DW)Vegetation (DW) The levels of vegetation at Aoraki Mt. The levels of vegetation at Aoraki Mt.

Cook differ vastly. At the top of the Cook differ vastly. At the top of the 3754m peak there is no vegetation. 3754m peak there is no vegetation. To the west at the foothills there is To the west at the foothills there is temperate rainforest and to the East temperate rainforest and to the East there is grasslands what is the there is grasslands what is the reasoning for these differences?reasoning for these differences?

VegetationVegetation Life is hard for plants to survive at Aoraki Life is hard for plants to survive at Aoraki

Mt. Cook.Mt. Cook. The climate is cold and blusteryThe climate is cold and blustery The soil is thin and infertileThe soil is thin and infertile The landscape is steepThe landscape is steep The alitude is highThe alitude is high Plants need to be resilient to survive these Plants need to be resilient to survive these

conditionsconditions What would be the issues with each of the What would be the issues with each of the

points above for plants?points above for plants?

vegetationvegetation

The temperatures at Mt. Cook drop around a The temperatures at Mt. Cook drop around a degree every 200 metres.degree every 200 metres.

This inhibits the plants that can grow and This inhibits the plants that can grow and the process of plants growing at different the process of plants growing at different heights is called altitudinal zonation.heights is called altitudinal zonation.

At Aoraki Mt. Cook there is over 400 At Aoraki Mt. Cook there is over 400 different species of plants.different species of plants.

At the lower altitudes (up to 1300m) the At the lower altitudes (up to 1300m) the temperate rainforest grows. This includes temperate rainforest grows. This includes species of podocarps like: Kahikatea.species of podocarps like: Kahikatea.

Higher upHigher up From 1300-1900m asl smaller shrub From 1300-1900m asl smaller shrub

like plants dominate these include:like plants dominate these include: Spear grass, Mt. Cook lily the worlds Spear grass, Mt. Cook lily the worlds

biggest lily, Snow tussocks, biggest lily, Snow tussocks, vegetable sheep.vegetable sheep.

Above 1900m 14 different types of Above 1900m 14 different types of Lichens have been found.Lichens have been found.

Cultural perspectives and Human Cultural perspectives and Human activity in the SIHCactivity in the SIHC

Culture is an important Culture is an important geographic idea and is simply geographic idea and is simply defined as a ‘common way of life’defined as a ‘common way of life’

Cultural perspective = perceptionCultural perspective = perceptionHow people view things How people view things

differently.differently.

Land Use SIHCLand Use SIHC AgricultureAgriculture Intensive farming – is it an option in the SIHC? Intensive farming – is it an option in the SIHC?

Why/why not?Why/why not? Farmers in the SIHC have developed a farming Farmers in the SIHC have developed a farming

system known as system known as extensive pastoralismextensive pastoralism Farms are characteristically large and carry few Farms are characteristically large and carry few

sheep because of the difficult environment sheep because of the difficult environment Sheep are the main animal grazed, for wool Sheep are the main animal grazed, for wool

production rather than meatproduction rather than meat Fodder crops are grown to feed livestock in winter Fodder crops are grown to feed livestock in winter

when grass growth slows down or is under snow.when grass growth slows down or is under snow.

Farmers cultural perspective would be considered Farmers cultural perspective would be considered economiceconomic

The major impact on the natural landscape The major impact on the natural landscape caused by extensive pastoralism is the caused by extensive pastoralism is the accelerated soil erosion caused by burning accelerated soil erosion caused by burning pastures and overgrazing by stockpastures and overgrazing by stock

Grazing animals accelerate soil erosion by Grazing animals accelerate soil erosion by removing vegetation, thereby loosening the soil removing vegetation, thereby loosening the soil and making erosionand making erosion

How else might the landscape be affected?How else might the landscape be affected?

ViticultureViticulture In Central Otago, viticulture has also In Central Otago, viticulture has also

become a very popular form of intensive become a very popular form of intensive farming. farming.

What is viticulture?What is viticulture? The growing of grapes for making wineThe growing of grapes for making wine The hot summers and low rainfall of the The hot summers and low rainfall of the

region make it well-suited for grape-region make it well-suited for grape-growinggrowing

How would vintners affect the natural How would vintners affect the natural landscape?landscape?

Hydro-electric powerHydro-electric power There are many hydroelectric power schemes There are many hydroelectric power schemes

located in the SIHC, where the rivers are fed located in the SIHC, where the rivers are fed each year by melting snow from the Southern each year by melting snow from the Southern Alps. The annual snow-melt usually provides Alps. The annual snow-melt usually provides enough power for much of the nationenough power for much of the nation

The cultural perspective = sustainable The cultural perspective = sustainable perspective perspective

The largest hydroelectric schemes in the SI The largest hydroelectric schemes in the SI are the Waitaki Valley Scheme and the Clyde are the Waitaki Valley Scheme and the Clyde Project on the Clutha RiverProject on the Clutha River

TourismTourism The SIHC is one of the fastest growing regions in NZThe SIHC is one of the fastest growing regions in NZ Resorts in Q’Town Resorts in Q’Town provide jobs provide jobs bring $ to the region bring $ to the region Cold winter temps. are an advantage to tourist operators Cold winter temps. are an advantage to tourist operators

Cardrona, Coronet Peak, Treble Cone Cardrona, Coronet Peak, Treble Cone Tourism is carried out from an economic perspectiveTourism is carried out from an economic perspective Ecotourism involves nature-based attractions that are Ecotourism involves nature-based attractions that are

developed with local communities for sustainable developed with local communities for sustainable tourismtourism

What issues might tourism create? What issues might tourism create?

Aoraki Mt. Cook the legendAoraki Mt. Cook the legend Aoraki plays an important part in the creation Aoraki plays an important part in the creation

stories of Te Waipounamu – the South Island. stories of Te Waipounamu – the South Island. Aoraki, along with his brothers, is believed to Aoraki, along with his brothers, is believed to have brought his waka down from the skies to have brought his waka down from the skies to visit Papatuanuku. As they tried to return home visit Papatuanuku. As they tried to return home failed and the waka fell back into the water and failed and the waka fell back into the water and turned onto its side. As the brothers scrambled to turned onto its side. As the brothers scrambled to the higher side of the canoe, they were turned to the higher side of the canoe, they were turned to stone. They remain there today as the mountains stone. They remain there today as the mountains of the Southern Alps, with Aoraki being the of the Southern Alps, with Aoraki being the tallest.tallest.

Spiritual Perspective.Spiritual Perspective.

Ngai Tahu perspectiveNgai Tahu perspective For Ngai Tahu, traditions such as the legend For Ngai Tahu, traditions such as the legend

of Aoraki represent links between the world of of Aoraki represent links between the world of the gods and Maori today. These stories are the gods and Maori today. These stories are part of their identity and history and shape part of their identity and history and shape the attitudes and beliefs they hold towards the attitudes and beliefs they hold towards AorakiAoraki

To Ngai Tahu, Aoraki is tapu. It represents the To Ngai Tahu, Aoraki is tapu. It represents the most sacred of ancestors from whom Ngai most sacred of ancestors from whom Ngai Tahu descend. In particular, the summit and Tahu descend. In particular, the summit and the melt waters that flow from Aoraki are the melt waters that flow from Aoraki are sacred, since Maori do not believe it is sacred, since Maori do not believe it is appropriate to climb onto the head of an appropriate to climb onto the head of an ancestor. ancestor.

Ngai Tahu SettlementNgai Tahu Settlement In 1997, the Crown agreed to return Aoraki to In 1997, the Crown agreed to return Aoraki to

Ngai Tahu. Ngai Tahu responded giving the Ngai Tahu. Ngai Tahu responded giving the mountain back to all the people of NZmountain back to all the people of NZ

Topuni of Aoraki/Mt Cook = protection Topuni of Aoraki/Mt Cook = protection Topuni Topuni derives from Ngai Tahu tikanga derives from Ngai Tahu tikanga

(custom), where a chief extends his protection (custom), where a chief extends his protection over a person by placing a cloak (topuni) over over a person by placing a cloak (topuni) over him or herhim or her

This can been extended over an area or placeThis can been extended over an area or place DOC has been asked by the Govt. to promote DOC has been asked by the Govt. to promote

certain principles: certain principles:

Encouragement of respect of Ngai Encouragement of respect of Ngai Tahu’s association with AorakiTahu’s association with Aoraki

To promote these principles DOC will…To promote these principles DOC will…- Provide all visitors with information about Provide all visitors with information about

the Ngai Tahu values and the existence of the Ngai Tahu values and the existence of the topuni over Aorakithe topuni over Aoraki

- Provide education material to all climbers Provide education material to all climbers and guides explaining that to Ngai Tahu, and guides explaining that to Ngai Tahu, standing on the very top of the mountain standing on the very top of the mountain does not respect its topuni status does not respect its topuni status

- Ensure the removal of all rubbish and Ensure the removal of all rubbish and wasteswastes