“The politics of a state lies on its geography”Napoleon Bonaparte

“saxelmwifos politika mis geografiaze gadis”napoleon bonaparte

geopolitikis cneba

geopolitika, rogorc mecniereba aRmocenda XIX-XX saukuneebis

mijnaze. termini "geopolitika" pirvelad gamoiyena Svedma mecnierma

rudolf Celenma, romelmac aRniSna, rom geopolitika aris doqtrina,

romelic saxelmwifos ganixilavs, rogorc geografiul organizms an

sivrciT fenomens (movlenas). misi ganmartebiT geopolitika saxelmwifos

geografiuli gonia.

geopolitikis mravali ganmarteba gvxvdeba. erT-erTis mixedviT

geopolitika aris mecniereba dedamiwisa da politikuri procesebisurTierTobebis Sesaxeb.

sxva ganmartebis mixedviT geopolitika aris mecniereba, romelic

swavlobs saxelmwifos sagareo politikis formirebaSi geografiuli,ekonomikuri da sxva faqtorebis gavlenas.

orive ganmartebidan Cans, rom geopolitika swavlobs saxelmwifos

gare samyarosTan mimarTebaSi da misi mTavari amocanaa gamoikvlios

saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis sivrciTi aspeqtebi.

sxvagvarad, geopolitika aris saerTaSoriso sivrciT aRWurveli

Zalaufleba.

XIX s-is bolos da XX s-is dasawyisSi paralelurad mimdinareobda

ori erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli geopolitikuri skolis, kerZod

germanuli organicizmis da anglo-amerikuli geostrategiis

Camoyalibeba.

organicizmis skolis damaarsebeli da geografiuli determinizmis

mimdinareobis fuZemdebeli iyo germaneli geografi fridrix ratceli.1

is Tavisi msoflmxedvelobiT evoluciis darviniseuli Teoriis

mimdevari iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, msoflios istoriis ganxilvisas igi

emxroboda im ideas, rom ama Tu im xalxis xasiaTze da Tvisebebze

gadamwyvet rols geografiuli garemo TamaSobda.

1 fridrix ratceli (1844-1904). politikuri geografiis sulisCamdgeli. avtorimonografiebisa: “politikuri geografia”, "dedamiwa da sicocxle”, “SedarebiTidedamiwaTmcodneoba", "xalxTmcodneoba", "politikuri geografia", "antropogeografia".

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fridrix ratceli dedamiwas ganixilavs, rogorc erTian cocxal

organizms, romelic mudmivad icvleba. msoflios istoria misi azriT

dasabams iRebs im momentidan, rodesac adamianma daiwyo zRvis aTviseba.

supersaxelmwifoebad is ganixilavda im qveynebs, romlebic zRvaze

batonobdnen, kerZod romi, espaneTi, inglisi. ratceli, aseve did

yuradRebas uTmobda msoflios klimatis zegavlenas xalxTa

ganviTarebaSi. man gamoyo adamianze klimatis zemoqmedebis sami ZiriTadi

faqtori:

adamianis sulier da fizikur mdgomareobaze gadamwyvetzegavlenas axdens sinaTle, siTbo, naleqebi, temperatura, qarebi.

igi Tvlida, teniani hava adunebs adamians, im dros rodesac

mSrali klimati nervul sistemas aRizianebs. amis gamo,

ratcelis azriT gansxvavebuli xasiaTi aqvT, frangebs,

romlebis cxovroben provansSi (xmelTaSuazRvispireTi) da

bretonels (atlantis okeanis sanapiro), Tundac texasels da

kaliforniels.

klimati, Tvlida ratceli ganapirobebs xalxTa gadasaxlebas.kontinenturi hava adamianebs momTabare cxovrebisaken ubiZgebs,

magram sakmarisia isini moxvdnen zRvis havis pirobebSi, rom Tavs

anebeben momTabareobas da iqve saxldebian.

klimatze damokidebulia meurneobis tipi. islandiaSi, sadacmemcenareoba ver ganviTardeba mosaxleobam xeli mihyo

mecxvareobas da meTevzeobas. amerikis samxreT StatebSi, sadac

modis Tambaqo da bamba ganviTarda monaTmflobeloba.

aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom fridrix ratceli mniSvnelovan

dazustebas akeTebda zemoT aRniSnul wesis mimarT. igi miiCnevda, rom

rac ufro maRali ganviTarebis stadiaze imyofeboda xalxi, miT ufro

naklebi mniSvneloba eniWeboda klimatis zegavlenas meurneobis tipze an

gansaxlebis adgilze. temperaturuli cvalebadobebi dadebiT zegavlenas

axdens adamianTa organizmze, im dros, rodesac tropikuli klimati

(weliwadis nebismier dros aq erTnairi temperaturaa) adunebs da

amZimebs adamians.

naSromSi “xalxTmcodneoba" germaneli mecnieri aviTarebs Teziss

imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianebis cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebi:

Sroma, qorwineba, gadaadgileba da sxva mniSvnelovanwilad aris

damokidebuli im klimatur-geografiul garemoze, sadac isini cxovroben.

cxovrebis wesis meore mniSvnelovan faqtorad ratceli asaxelebs

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kulturas. igi Tvlis, rom sadac ufro maRalia sazogadoebrivi

warmoebis kultura, miT ufro maRalia mosaxleobis raodenoba da

simWidrove.

ratceli miiCnevda, rom veluri xalxebi ganwiruli arian

daRupvisaTvis ori mizezis gamo, kerZod TviTlikvidaciisa da ufro

maRali kulturis zemoqmedebis gamo. es orive faqtori erTdroulad

moqmedebs. misi azriT, rom kultura ufro Tavisufals xdis adamians,

ers. amasTan, igi dasZenda, rom adamianis, eris bunebis zemoqmedebisagan

mTliani ganTavisufleba arasdros moxdeba. rac ufro maRalia

kulturis done, miT ufro naklebad aris damokidebuli adamiani, eri

bunebriv procesebze da miT ufro harmoniul kavSirSia igi bunebasTan.

Zalze mniSvnelovania, imis aRniSvna, rom fridrix ratceli Zalze

frTxilad ekideboda geografiuli determinizmisa da organicizmis

Teoriuli debulebebis idealizacias. is mianiSnebda, rom saxelmwifos

cocxal organizmTan Sedareba mxolod analogiaa da sxva araferi.

albaT, amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rom ratcels arasdros

SeumuSavebia politikuri rekomendaciebi (Glassner: 1993: 224).

rudolf Celeni2 (Rudolf Kjellén) Tavs ratcelis mimdevrad Tvlida.geopolitikas Celeni miiCnevda politologiis nawilad. Celens miaCnda,

rom geopolitika aris mecniereba saxelmwifos, rogorc sivrceSi

ganviTarebul geografiuli organizmis Sesaxeb.

Celenis mTavari Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom saxelmwifo cocxali

organizmia emTxveva ratcelis analogiur ganmartebas. Tavis naSromSi

"saxelmwifo, rogorc cxovrebis forma" Celeni aRniSnavda: “saxelmwifo

aris adamianis cxovrebis calkeuli mxareebis xelovnuri konglomerati,

romelic Sekowiwebulia kanonTa safuZvelze. mas istoriuli fesvebi

sakmaod Rrmad aqvs gadgmuli, xolo realobaSi misTvis, rogorc

adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tendencia zrdisaken”. (Source)Celenma wamoayena ekonomikuri ganviTarebis avtarqiulobis idea. is

amtkicebda, rom Zlieri saxelmwifo ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT

maqsimalurad TviTuzrunvelyofili unda yofili. Tu, qveyana garkveuli

2 rudolf Celeni (1864-1922) - Svedi politologi, upsalas universitetis profesori.1899 w. erT-erT Sevedur JurnalSi gamoqveynebul statiaSi man pirvelma ixmara termini“geopolitika”. misi umniSvnelovanesi naSromebia “saxelmwifo, rogorc organizmi” (1916

w.) da “saxelmwifo, rogorc cxovrebis forma”.

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nedleulis deficits ganicdida, am SemTxvevaSi, mas es danaklisi

koloniuri an vasaluri teritoriebis xarjze unda Seevso.

Celenma gaaanaliza ra kapitalizmis, kerZod saxelmwifo-

monopolisturi kapitalizmis ganviTarebis procesi da pirveli msoflio

omis Sedegebi ivarauda, rom germaniaSi adgili eqneboda

parlamentarizmis likvidacias da diqtaturis Camoyalibebas. gamodis,

rom germaniaSi nacizmis gamarjveba man didi xniT adre iwinaswarmetyela.

ratcelisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic saxelmwifos dabali

ganviTarebis biologiur organizmebs adarebda, Celens miaCnda, rom

saxelmwifo maRalganviTarebuli organizmia, romelic rogorc

nebismieri moazrovne biologiuri arseba ibrZvis arsebobisaTvis. am

brZolaSi, Celenis azriT moqmedebs bunebrivi gadarCevis principi, e.i. man

geopolitikaSi socialuri darvinizmis principi Semoitana. Celenis

azriT buneba mimdinareobs brZola arsebobisaTvis, xolo politikaSi –brZola sivrcisaTvis.

Celeni ratcelis msgavsad miiCnevda, rom saxelmwifos brZola

sivrcisaTvis aris gamowveuli bunebrivi motivaciiT. Tu saxelmwifom ar

gaifarTova sasicocxlo sivrce, maSin is aRmoCndeba sxva saxelmwifos

agresiis subieqti. ers, Celeni ganixilavda, rogorc saxelmwifos suls

da miuTiTebda, rom erovnuli homogenuroba xels uwyobda saerTo

kulturis, identobisa da faseulobebis Camoyalibebas (Chapman, 2011: 17).CelenisTvis saxelmwifos arsebobis umTavres pirobaa Zala. misi

azriT, Zala ufro mniSvnelovania vidre kanoni, radgan, Tu kanonis ukan

Zala ar dgas is ver aRsruldeba. saxelmwifo unda ganaxorcielebdes

aqtiur policiur funqcias. es idea disonansSi modioda im droisaTvis

sakmaod popularul liberal-demokratiul ideebTan. kerZod, liberali

demokratiis mixedviT saxelmwifo emsaxureba xalxis keTildReobis

ideas da ara piriqiT, ris gamoc saxelmwifos policiuri funqciebi

sakmaod SezRuduli unda iyos. sxvaTaSoris, Celenis idea saxelmwifos

gadametebuli policiuri uflebebis Sesaxeb mogvianebiT ganaxorcieles

bolSevikebma, rac saboloo jamSi imaSi gadaizarda, rom saxelmwifo ki

ar arsebobda xalxisaTvis, aramed piriqiT - xalxi saxelmwifosaTvis.

germaniis magaliTze, Celenma ganaviTara idea kontinenturi

saxelmwifos Sesaxeb. misi azriT, evropaSi RerZis funqcias germania

asrulebda. mas upirispirdebodnen safrangeTi (aseve kontinenturi tipis

saxelmwifo) da sazRvao supersaxelmwifo inglisi. amis mizezad, Celens

is faqti esaxeboda, rom germaneli (rusebis msgavsad) eri axalgazrdaa,

xolo ingliselebi da frangebi ki Zveli erebi arian.

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pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebisa da versalis xelSekrulebis

dadebis Semdeg rudolf Celenma Camoayaliba globaluri geopolitikis

ganmsazRvreli sami geografiuli faqtori: teritoriuli zrda,

teritoriuli mdgradoba da gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba.

Celenis azriT, inglisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo gadaadgilebisa

(Zlieri flotis gamo) da teritoriuli zrdis SesaZlebloba (didi

raodenobis koloniebi), magram mis teritoriebs aklda mdgradoba,

radgan inglisis koloniebi gabneuli iyo mTel msoflioSi.

sapirispirod, ruseTs gaaCnda teritoriuli mdgradoba, radgan misi

koloniebi birTvis (metropolis) garSemo mdebareobdnen, garda amisa

ruseTi flobda uzarmazar teritorias, magram mas ar gaaCnda Tbil

zRvebze gasasvleli, Sesabamisad SezRuduli iyo gadaadgilebaSi.

1917 w. germanul enaze gamoica Celenis monografia “saxelmwifo,

rogorc organizmi”. am droisTvis ukve naTeli iyo, rom germania oms

agebda. miuxedavad amisa, Celenis ideebi saxelmZRvanelod iqca omis

Semdegomi periodis germaneli revanSistebisTvis. organicizmis,

Celeniseuli xedva popularuli gaxda 1920-30-iani wlebis iaponiasa da

italiaSic (Glassner: 1993: 224-225).

organicizmis Teoriis paralelurad, did britaneTsa da aSS-Si

viTardeboda geostrategiis samecniero-praqtikuli skola. misi

mamamTavri iyo amerikeli alfred meheni (Alfred Mahan)3. geograf-deterministebisgan gansxvavebiT mehenma yuradReba ara imdenad

saxelmwifos arsisa da ganviTarebis Seswavlas dauTmo, aramed

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Taviseburebebis kvlevas da amerikis

mTavrobisTvis Sesabamisi politikuri rekomendaciebis SemuSavebas.

meheni Tavis kvlevebSi mivida daskvnamde, rom msoflioSi

gadamwyveti gavlenis mopoveba mxolod sazRvao superZalisTvis aris

xelmisawvdomi. misi azriT, vaWrobis da biznesis ganviTarebisTvis

sakmarisi ar iyo mxolod satransporto flotis arseboba. aucilebeli

iyo Zlieri samxedro flotiliis Seqmna da misi meSveobiT msoflios

sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi samxedro placdarmebis daarseba. mehenma

Camoayaliba 6 faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs qveynis Talosokratiul

e.i. sazRvao siZlieres. es faqtorebia:

3 alfred meheni (1840-1914 ww.) iyo sazRvao istorikosi, mwerali da aSS-is sazRvaoZalebis admirali. man dawera 20-mde wigni, romelTa Soris umTavresia “sazRvao Zalisgavlena msoflios istoriaze: 1660-1783 ww.” da “sazRvao Zalis gavlena msofliosistoriaze: safrangeTis revolucia da imperia, 1793-1812 ww”.

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geografiuli mdebareoba. gaaCnia, Tu ara qveyanas zRvaze(okeaneze) gasasvleli. rac ufro met zRvaze (okeaneze) gadis

miT ukeTesia. mniSvnelovania, rom qveyana mdebareobdes ZiriTad

sanaosno gzebTan, sxva SemTxvevaSi am gzebis siaxloves mas

samxedro bazebi unda gaaCndes.

sanapiros bunebriv-geografiuli xasiaTi. rogoria qveynissanapiro zolis konfiguracia? ramdeni mdinare Caedineba

zRvaSi? radmenad gamosadegia es mdinareebi sanaosnod?

sasurvelia, rom sanapiro zoli SeWril-SemoWrili iyos

ubeebiT, yureebiT, sruteebiT da is daqsaqsuli iyos

navigaciisTvis gamosadegi mdinareebiT. mniSvnelovania, rom

bunebrivi landSafti qmnides sanapiro zolis samxedro

Tavdacvis xelsayrel pirobebs.

sanapiro zolis sigrZe. grZeli sanapiro zoli kargiameTevzeobis da vaWrobis ganviTarebisTvis, magram is rTuli

dasacavia gareSe agresiis SemTxvevaSi.

mosaxleobis raodenoba. mosaxleobis ricxovnoba qveynissazRvao siZlieris pirdapirproporciulia.

erovnuli xasiaTi. xalxi mowodebuli unda iyos naosnobisganviTarebisTvis.

mTavrobis pozicia. qveynis mTavroba unda avlendes keTilnebas naosnobas ganviTarebis saqmeSi. qveynis xelisufleba

prioritets unda aniWebdes Talosokratiuli saxelmwifos

mSeneblobas (Glassner, 1993: 225).

meheni Zalze didi yuradRebas uTmobda aziaSi mimdinare movlenebis

analizs. jer kidev XIX s-is bolos is mivida daskvnamde, rom ruseTi

Seecdeboda CineTze da aqedan gamomdinare, wynari okeanis mTel

aRmosavleT sanapiroze kontrolis mopovebas. man, aseve

iwinaswarmetyvela, rom ruseTs am ideis xorcSesxmaSi did

winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen didi britaneTi, germania, aSS da iaponia.

mehenma aRiareba moipova, aramarto, rogorc Teoretikosma, aramed,

rogorc praqtikosmac. misi politikuri rekomendaciebi moicavda Zalze

mniSvnelovan geostrategiul aspeqtebs. meheni daJinebiT urCevda amerikis

mTavrobas, rom SemoierTebina havais kunZulebi, gavlena moepovebina

karibis zRvis auzis qveynebze, gaeyvana srute, romelic daakavSirebda

atlantisa da wynar okeaneebs. prezident Teodor ruzveltis

administraciam gaiTvaliswina da ganaxrocila misi ramdenime

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rekomendacia. alfred mehenis naSromebi didi popularobiT sargeblobda,

ara marto aSS-Si, aramed iaponiaSi, germaniaSi da did britaneTSi.

geostrategiis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli iyo

helford makinderi (Halford Mackinder)4. is mehenze gacilebiT axalgazrdaiyo da misi moRvaweobis wlebi sarkinigzo transportis bums daemTxva.

rkinigzis swrafma ganviTarebam mniSvnelovnad Secvala ZalTa balansi

sazRvao (Talosokratiul) da saxmeleTo (Telulokratiul) qveynebs

Soris am ukanasknelis sasargeblod. makinderi, mehenis msgavsad, sazRvao

siZlieris apologeti iyo, magram, rogorc Wkviani mecnieri, is droulad

mixvda, rom XIX saukune ukve istorias Cabarda da axal saukuneSi

sazRvao saxelmwifoebs upiratesobis SenarCunebisaTvis daWirdebodaT

Tvisebrivad axali geopolitikuri xedvisa da strategiis SemuSaveba.

makinderma, rogorc geografma yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom XX

saukuneSi, saxmeleTo, upirveles yovlisa sarkinigzo transporti

saSualebas miscemda mTel rig qveynebs, rom maqsimalurad aeTvisebinaT

maT xelT arsebuli mineraluri da sxva saxis resursebi. am mxriv,

makinderis azriT, yvelaze didi potenciali evrazias gaaCnda. garda

amisa, makinderi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda regionis (qveynis) mdebarobas.

is amtkicebda, rom centraluri mdebareoba aris yvelaze xelsayreli

geografiuli mdebareoba. cneba "centraluri mdebareoba" fardobiTia.

naSromSi "dedamiwis geografiuli RerZi" (1904 w.) makinderma dedamiwa

dayo geopolitikur zonebad (teritoriebad). misi azriT, dedamiwis

geografiul RerZs warmoadgenda evraziis kontinenti. mogvianebiT

makinderma gadasinja pirvandeli koncefcia, garkveuli cvlilebebi

Seitana masSi da rac mTavaria “geografiuli RerZis” nacvlad ixmaratermini “parTlendi”, romelic dRemde farTod gamoiyeneba. harTlendimakinderis mixedviT evraziis centrSi mdebarobs da am mdebareobis gamo

aris yvelaze xelsayreli teritoria, saidanac SesaZlebelia globaluri

gavlenis mopoveba.

4 helford makinderi (1861-1947 ww.) – ingliseli lordi. oqsforis universitetisgeografiis profesori da londonis ekonomikis skolis direqtori. 1920-1922 ww. -inglisis parlamentis wevri, xolo 1920-1945 ww. - didi britaneTis imperiuli sanaosnokomitetis Tavmjdomare. misi avtorobiT Seiqmna umniSvnelovanesi monografiebi, maTSoris: “istoriis geografiuli RerZi” (1904w.), "demokratiuli idealebi da realobebi"(1919 w.) da “sferosebri msoflio da mSvidobis mopoveba” (1943 w.).

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makinders miaCnda, rom ukanaskneli ori aTaswleulis manZilze

harTlendi, rogorc geopolitikuri zona cvlilebas ganicdida.

feodalur epoqaSi harTlendi moicavda central azias, saidanac

xdeboda barbarosuli tomebis mier "civilizebuli" xalxebis dapyroba.

Tavdapirvelad amiT dakavebuli iyvnen alanebi da hunebi, xolo

mogvianebiT monRolebi. makinderi akeTebs daskvnas, rom evropuli

civilizaciis formireba moxda am barbarosuli tomebis winaaRmdeg

brZolis procesSi da, Sesabamisad evropis ganviTarebaze gadamwyveti

zegavlena swored aziam iTamaSa.

didi geografiuli aRmoCenebis Semdeg msoflioSi Seicvala ZalTa

balansi. wina planze gamovidnen sazRvao saxelmwifoebi: portugalia,

espaneTi, holandia, safrangeTi, inglisi. XX saukunis dasawyisidan kvlav

icvleba msoflios geopolitikuri balansi da mTavar rols politikur

procesebSi isev kontinenturi saxelmwifoebi TamaSobdnen. harTlendis

sazRvrebi gaizarda, radgan sazRvao saxelmwifoebs ar SeeZloT didi

kontinenturi teritoriebis kolonizacia. amis gamo harTlendis

teritoria izrdeba da vrceldeba aRmosavleT evropidan wynar okeanemde.

harTlendi, romelsac sxvanairad "centralur materiksac" uwodebdnen,moicavda aRmosavleT evropis nawils (ruseTis evropuli nawili),

kavkasias, centralur azias, cimbirs da aRmosavleT azias. harTlends

esazRvreboda teritoria, romelsac makinderma uwoda "Sida

naxevarmTvare" (dasavleT evropa, axlo aRmosavleTi, samxreT da samxreT-

aRmosavleT azia). da bolos, "gare naxevarmTvare" ("msoflio kunZuli"),

romelic moicavda orive amerikas, didi britaneTs, iaponias, afrikas da

okeaneTs.

XX saukunemde, zemoT naxsenebi samive zonis qveynebs Soris

erTgvari balansi arsebobda, radgan teqnologiis da gansakuTrebiT

satransporto saSualebebis ganviTarebis done jer ar iZleoda didi

teritoriebis dapyrobisa da maTi gakontrolebis saSualebas. magram XX

s. samrewvelo bumma, rac upirveles yovlisa axali tipis satransporto

saSualebebis Seqmnaze aisaxa, mniSvnelovani zegavlena iqonia msoflioSi

mimdinare politikur procesebze. makinderi miiCnevda, rom an situaciaSi

gaZlierdeboda ori kontinenturi saxelmwifo: ruseTi da germania. imis

gamo, rom ruseTi flobda did geografiul sivrces da bunebriv

resursebs misi perspeqtiva gansakuTrebuli iyo. makinderi fiqrobda, rom

momavali brZola msoflios batonobaze ruseTsa da ingliss Soris

warimarTeboda. es ideebi makinderma Camoayaliba mis axal naSromSi

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"demokratiuli idealebi da realobebi", romelic 1919 wels Seiqmna. am

naSromSi vxvdebiT koncefcias, romelic mogvianebiT aforizmad iqca:

is vinc flobs aRmosavleT evropas, "centralur materiksac"daeufleba;

is vinc gabatonebulia centralur materikze, msofliokunZulzec gabatondeba;

is vinc marTavs msoflio kunZuls, mTel msofliosdaepatroneba.

1924 w. makinderma wamoayena hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac

harTlends dabalanseba xelewifeboda mxolod Sua (midlendis) okeanes,

ase uwodebda is CrdiloeT atlantikas. mas miaCnda, rom dasavleT

evropelebi da amerikelebi warmoadgendnen erTa erTobas, xolo maTi

gansaxlebis areals (sabWoTa kavSiridan wynari okeanis dasavleT

sanapiromde) man uwoda dasavluri civilizaciis mTavari geografiuli

sacxovrisi (habitati).

1943 wels makinderi aqveynebs monografias, sadac asaxulia is

realobebi, romlebic meore msoflio omis mimdinareobisas gamoikveTa.

man harTlendis axali sazRvrebi daadgina, rolebic daemTxva sabWoTa

kavSiris sazRvrebs. misi azriT, uaxloes momavalSi msoflio

harTlendsa da gare naxevarmTvaris saxelmwifoebs Soris axali

dapirispirebis mowme gaxdeboda. am dapirispirebis beds mniSvnelovnad

gadawyvetda is, Tu vis miemxroboda "Sida naxevarmTvare" (Glassner, 1993:226-227).

makinderis Teoriis ZiriTadi Tezisebi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes

Semdegnairad:

geografiul faqtorebs uSualo zegavlena aqvT istoriismsvlelobaze;

geografiuli mdebareoba mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebssaxelmwifos siZlieresa Tu sisustes;

teqnikur progress koreqtivebi Seaqvs saxelmwifoTa"moqmedebis arealebis" geografiaSi; am progresis Sedegebi

gansxvavebulia qveynebis mixedviT.

evrazia warmoadgens globaluri politikuri procesebiscentrs.

makinderis naSromebma didi roli iTamaSa geopolitikuri azris

ganviTarebis mxriv. miuxedavad amisa, naTlad Cans maTi susti mxareebic.

10

ingliselma mecnierma jerovnad ver Seafasa aSS-is potenciali da ar

miiCnevda mas momaval msoflio liderad. globaluri Zalauflebis

msjelobisas is gansakuTrebul aqcents sazRvao Zalebze akeTebda,

amasTan, mxedvelobidan gamorCa sahaero siZlieris mniSvneloba.

makinderi, Tavisi epoqis pirmSo iyo da mis msoflmxedvelobaSi

geografiuli determinizmis ideebi dominirebs.

makinders sicocxleSive bevri kritikosi yavda. maT Soris

gamoirCeoda nikolas spiqmeni5 (Nicolas Spykman). iyo amerikeli mecnieri,romelic moRvaweobda am saukunis pirvel naxevarSi. spiqmenisaTvis

geopolitika iyo ara mecniereba, aramed efeqturi saerTaSoriso

politikis SemuSavebis analitikuri xerxi.

spiqmeni Tvlida, rom makinderna gadaafasa momTabare tomebis

zegavlena "Sida naxevarmTvaris" (Rimland) formirebaze. es ukanasknelispiqmenis azriT TavisTavad Camoyalibda. spiqmeni, aseve ar eTanxmeboda

makinders harTlendis sakiTxSic. is amtkicebda, rom harTlendi

Camoyalibda sazRvao zolidan wamosuli politikuri impulsebis

xarjze da ara piriqiT. spiqmeni makinderisagan gansxvavebiT Tvlida, rom

harTlends flobs is vinc flobs rimlends da ara piriqiT.

spiqmenma Camoayaliba saxelmwifos geopolitikuri siZlieris

gansazRvris 10 Semdegi kriteriumi:

teritoriis sidide; sazRvrebis xasiaTi; mosaxleobis raodenoba; finansuri siZliere; ekonomikuri ganviTarebis done; wiaRiseuli simdidreebi; eTnikuri erTgvaroba; socialuri integraciis done; politikuri stabiluroba; erovnuli xasiaTi.

5 nikolas spiqmeni (1893-1943 ww.) – daibada niderlandebSi. daamTavra berklisuniveristeti. 1920 w. gaxda ielis universitetis saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTaprofesori. misi cnobili naSromebia: “amerikis strategia msoflio politikaSi” (1942 w.)da “mSvidobis geografia” (1944 w.)

11

garda amisa, spiqmenma geopolitikaSi Semoitana termini "Sidaokeane", rac igivea, rac Sida zRva. misi azriT atlantis okeane Sidaokeanes warmoadgenda im aliansisTvis, romelsac man atlantikuri

kontingenti uwoda. masSi Semaval qveynebs aerTianebdaT (da dResacaerTianebT) dasavleT evropul liberalur ideologiaze aRmocenebulisaerTo kultura da demokratiuli Rirebulebebi da, aqedan gamomdinare

saerTo samxedro-politikuri miznebi. spiqmenis mixedviT atlantikuri

kontingentis goni dasavleT evropa da amerikis aRmosavleT sanapiro

iyo, upirveles yovlisa, ki niu-iorki, xolo am aliansis mamoZravebeli

Zala ki - aSS. spiqmenma iwinaswarmetyvela, rom momavalSi evropis roli

msoflios politikaSi daknindeboda da igi amerikis samxedro-

politikuri da ekonomikuri danamati gaxdeboda.

spiqmeni politikaSi Zalis gamoyenebis momxre iyo da miiCnevda, rom

atlantikurma kontingentma CrdiloeT afrikisa da aziis sanapiro zoli

rkalSi unda moaqcios da is Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi moaqcios.

geopolitikaSi amas anakondas strategias (meTods) uwodeben (Rix, 2010:41).

“xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis” principis realizaciaSi mniSvnelovani

roli iTamaSa amerikelma geografma da diplomatma aizia boumenma6 (IsaiahBowman). makinderisgan gansxvavebiT mas sjeroda, rom “msoflio wesrigis”saukeTeso saSualebas mravalricxovan saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobroba

warmoadgenda. is mxars uWerda erTa ligis Seqmnas, radgan miaCnda, rom

swored supranacionalur organizacias xelewifeboda zogadad

saxelmwifoTa, maT Soris patara da ganviTarebadi qveynebis, aseve

eTnikuri umciresobebis uflebaTa dacva. versalis (parizis) 1918 wlis

kongresze boumeni mniSvneloavn figuras warmoadgenda, radgan is iyo

prezident vudrou vilsonis mTavari mrCeveli teritoriul sakiTxebSi.

parizis saboloo dokumentSi amerikis delegaciis poziciam

mniSvnelovani asaxva hpova, raSic lomis wili aizia boumens miuZRoda.

XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi safuZveli Caeyara germaniis

geopolitikur skolas. am skolis damaarsebeli da ideuri xelmZRvaneli

6 aizia boumeni (1878-1950 ww.) – kanadaSi dabadebuli amerikeli mecnieri da saxelmwifomoRvawe. amerikis geografiuli sazogadoebis direqtiri. 1918 w. parizis kongreszeamerikis delegaciis wamyvani specialisti teritoriul sakiTxebSi. II msoflio omisdros aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentis mrCeveli teritoriul sakiTxebSi. misi yvelazemniSvnelovani naSromia “axali msoflio-problemebi politikur geografiaSi” (1921 w.).

12

iyo geografi da generali karl haushoferi (Karl Haushofer). samecnieroliteraturaSi es skola dRemde germanuli transkrifciiT, kerZod

“Geopolitik” moixsenieba. amas ZiriTadi mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, romhaushoferis da misi mimdevrebis TanamSromlobam germaniis nacistur

mTavrobasTan uaRresad uaryofiTi daRi daasva am skolas. ufro metic,

meore msoflio omis Semdeg geopolitika crumecnierebad gamocxadda da

amaSi “damsaxureba” swored germanuli “Geopolitik” warmomadgenelbmiuZRviT.

1924 w. haushoferma daarsa yovelTviuri Jurnali “Zeitschrift furGeopolitik”, sadac ibeWdeboda pronacisturi publikaciebi, reportaJebi,rukebic ki. “Geopolitik” warmoadgenda skolas, romlis ZiriTadidaniSnuleba iyo nacionalur-socialisturi ideebis da germaniis mier

warmoebuli dapyrobiTi omebis mecnieruli argumentacia. sinamdvileSi am

skolas bevri araferi akavSirebda samecniero saqmianobasTan. is ufro

saagitiacio-propagandistul centrs SeiZleba SevadaroT. haushoferma

Tavis naSromebSi gamoiyena, erTi mxriv, ratcelisa da Celenis

organicizmis, meroe mxriv, mehenisa da makinderis geostrategiis

koncefciebi da isini nacistur-Sovinisturi ideebiT gaazava (Glassner, 1993:228). “Geopolitik”-is skolis warmomadgenelTa naSromebsa da publikaciebSigansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoboda ratcelis sasicocxlo sivrcis da

Celenis avtarqiulobis konceftebs.

karl haushoferma ganavrco "rkinis kaizeris" oto bismarkis ideebi.

haushoferi, rogorc bismarki Tvlida, rom germaniis kavSirs iaponiasa da

ruseTTan gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eqneboda sazRvao saxelmwifoebTan

dapirispirebaSi. haushoferma da misi skolis warmomadgenlebma

SeimuSaves "didi sivrcis" Teoria. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, msoflioSi

arsebobda ori dapirispirebuli Zala: anglo-amerikuli da kontinenturi

(ruseTi, iaponia, germania). pirveli Zala cdilobda gafarToebuliyo

geografiuli paralelebis mimarTulebiT - dasavleTidan

aRmosavleTisaken. xolo meore Zala Seecdeboda gafarToebas

CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken. haushoferi varaudobda, rom amerika

Seecdeboda aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi eqspansias da germaneli

mecnieris azriT kontinenturi saxelmwifoebi amas win unda aRdgomodnen.

germanias, kerZod unda gaevrcelebina Tavisi gavlena afrikaze, ruseTs -

axlo aRmosavleTsa da centralur aziaze, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleT

aziaSi iaponiis mecadineobiT unda Camoyalibebuliyo usafrTxoebis

zona. aSS-s geopolitikuri gavlena gavrceldeboda centralur da

samxreT amerikaze.. haushofers miaCnda, rom aRniSnuli ideebis

13

raliazaciisTvis aucilebeli iyo moskovi-berlini-tokios kontinenturi

blokis Seqmna.

“Geopolitik” germaniis garda mxolod iaponiaSi iyo popularuli. sxvaqveynebSi misdami damokidebuleba, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi indeferentuli,

umetesad ki mkacrad uaryofiTi iyo. “Geopolitik”-is skola daiSalanacisturi germaniis dacemaTan erTad.

XX saukunis meore naxevarSi geopolitikuri Teoriebisa da

koncefciebis SemuSavebaSi imZlavres anglo-amerikuli skolis

warmomadgenlebma, romlebmac ganaviTares makinderisa da spiqmenis ideebi.

germanuli geopolitikuri skolis warmomadgenlebi meore msoflio omSi

germaniis damarcxebis gamo CrdilSi moeqcnen. aman gamoiwvia

kontinenturi evropis geopolitikuri azris dasusteba. aRsaniSnavia, rom

wina saukunis 50-iani wlebis Suamde evropaSi adgili ar hqonia

ramdenadme Rirebuli geopolitikuri koncefciis an doqtrinis

SemuSaveba-realizacias. amiT SesaniSnavad isargebla amerikam da evropas

Tavs moaxvia Tavisi geopolitikuri kursi. amis naTeli dadasturebaa

Crdilo-atlantikuri aliansis (nato) Seqmna.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg amerikis geostrategiis samecniero

skolam gansakuTrebuli aqcenti sahaero siZliereze gaakeTa. am

mimarTulebis pionerad miCneulia cnobili amerikeli mfrinavi,

gamomgonebeli, biznesmeni da moazrovne aleqsander de severski (Alexanderde Seversky).7 jer kidev 1940-ian wlebSi de severski gamovida sahaerobazebis masobrivi mSeneblobis ideiT. mas miaCnda, rom amerikas da

kanadas sahaero Tavdacvis ZiriTadi xazi unda gadiodes ara atlantis an

wynari okeaneebis sanapiroebze, aramed Crdilo yinulovani okeanis

sanapirosTan. aseTi daskvnis argumenti efuZneboda im geografiul faqts,

rom ruseTidan aSS-mde umoklesi gza CrdiloeT polusze gadis. am

rekomendaciis safuZvelze aSS-ma da kanadam alaskisa da CrdiloeT

kanadis teritoriaze Seqmnes haersawinaaRmdego saradaro da saaviacio

bazebis sameSeloniani sakmaod ZviradRirebuli sistema (Glassner, 1993: 250).

7 aleqsander de severski (1894-1974 ww.) – diabada ruseTSi. mfrinavad msaxurobdaruseTis flotSi. 1917 wlis ruseTi socialisturi revoluciis Semdeg sacxovrebladamerikaSi gadavida. 1927 w. gamoigona bombdamSenis pirveli avtomaturi samizne. rogorcmfrinavs, damyarebuli aqvs araerTi sahaero rekordi. iyo aviokompania “Republican AviationCorporation” damaarsebeli da mflobeli. mis kalams ekuTvnis monografiebi: “gamarjvebismiRweva sahaero Zalis meSveobiT” (1942 w.) da “sahaero siZliere: gadarCenis mTavarisaSualeba” (1950 w.).

14

de severski amtkicebda, rom sahaero Zalebis zrdasTan erTad aSS-s

aRar dasWirdeboda mcire omebis warmoeba da ucxoeTSi ganlagebuli

ZvradRirebuli samxedro bazebis SenarCuneba. misi azriT amerikas unda

ezruna ufro TavdacviTi, vidre Semtevi samxedro sistemis Seqmnaze.

Tumca, misi “amerikuli cixesimagris” koncefciam amerikeli

politikosebis da samxedroebis mxardaWera ver moipova (iqve: 251).“civi omis” pirobebSi evropam TandaTanobiT auRo alRo axal

realobebs da mivida im daskvnamde, rom dadga kardinaluri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dro, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi is msoflio

politikuri arenis periferiaze aRmoCndeboda. axali evropuli ideebi

germaniasa da safrangeTSi aRmocenda. 1951 w. Seiqmna qvanaxSirisa da

foladis evropuli gaerTianeba (qfeg) (ECSC – European Coal and SteelCommunity). masSi gawevriandnen germaniis federaciuli respublika (gfr),belgia, niderlandebi, luqsemburgi, safrangeTi da italia. 1954 w.

germaniis kanclerma konrad adenauerma wamoayena erTiani evropis idea.

is miuTiTebda, rom evropas mxolod am gziT SeeZlo SeenarCunebina

Tavisufleba da usafrTxoeba. ukve 1957 w. qfeg-is qveynebma daarses

evropis ekonomikuri Tanamegobroba (EEC – European Economic Community). amiTsafuZveli Caeyara evrokavSiris Seqmnis ideas. safrangeTSi evropuli

integraciis ideis ganviTarebasTan izrdeboda anti-amerikuli ganwyobebi.

prezident Sarl de golis iniciativiT safrangeTi nato-dan gamovida

(de-faqto 1959 w., de-iure 1966 w.) da daiwyo damoukidebeligeopolitikuri kursis realizacia. safrangeTma gaaZliera urTierTobebi

sabWoTa kavSirTan da germaniasTan. de gols miaCnda, rom momavalSi

atlantikidan uralamde unda Camoyalibebuliyo erTiani evropuli

sivrce. ase Caisaxa “evropuli kontinentalizmis” koncefcia.paralelurad viTardeboda amerikuli geopolitikuri skola. “civi

omis” warmoeba moiTxovda axali geostrategiis SemuSavebas. 1960-ian

wlebSi amerikeli geopolitikosebi pirobiTad or jgufad gaiyvnen. maTi

erTi nawili miiCnevda, rom aRmosavleTze (igulisxmeboda

“socialisturi banaki” da gansakuTrebiT sabWoTa kavSiri) gamarjveba

SesaZlebeli iqneboda masTan radikaluri dapirispirebis (samxedro

dapirispirebis CaTvliT) gziT. mecnierTa meore nawili ki gamodioda am

ori ideologiuri sistemis daaxlovebis anu konvergenciis ideiT.

amukanasknelis momxreebma Seqmnes axali doqtrina, romelic cnobilia

“geopolitikuri mondializmis” anu “axali msoflio wesrigis”saxelwodebiT. imavdroulad, evropaSi prioritetuli gaxda

“kontinentalizmis” da “axalma memarjveneobis” ideologia.

15

zemT aRniSnul periodSi nikolas spiqmenis mimdevrebma ganavrces

maTi maswavleblis naazrevi da masSi garkveuli koreqtivebi Seitanes.

amerikelma politologma sol koenma (Saul Cohen)8 msoflio dayo oTxSemdeg geopolitikur regionad:

zRvispira regionebi, mkveTrad gamoxatuli sazRvao orientaciiTda, romlebsac gaaCniaT floti da portebi;

kontinenturi birTvi, romelic daSorebulia sazRvaoregionebisagan;

uwyveti sartyeli zRvispira regionebisa, romlebsac ar gaaCniaTCamoyalibebuli sazRvao orientacia;

sxva, geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT damoukidebeli regionebi.

henri kisinjerma (Henry Kissinger),9 cnobilma amerikelma diplomatmada mecnierma, gamoiyena koenis idea, romlis mixedviTac evraziaSi

arsebobs “uwyveti sartyeli sazRvao regionebisa, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT

Camoyalibebuli sazRvao orientacia” da Camoayaliba axali koncefcia.

misi azriT, amerikis sagareopolitikuri strategia mowodebuli unda

yofiliyo, rom gaerTianebina evraziis danawevrebuli sazRvao zoli da

igi sakuTari kontrolisaTvis daeqvemdebarebina. amerikas

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqcia im saxelmwifoebisaTvis,

romlebic harTlendisaken ixrebodnen an neitralur politikas

ganaxorcielebdnen. es rTuli amocana iyo, radgan civi omis periodSi

amerikis administracia sagareo politikaSi ZiriTadad “Sekavebis

politikis” principebiT xelmZRvanelobda, romelsac yovelTvis dadebiTi

Sedegebi ver mohqonda, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebTan

mimarTebaSi. kisinjeris rCeviT prezidentma riCard niqsonma ufro

moqnili gaxada amerikis sagareopolitikuri meTodebi. kerZod, man

mimarTa “maTraxisa da Taflakveris” politikas. es imas niSnavda, romerTi qveynis winaaRmdeg amerikas SeeZlo ganexorcielebina saomari

moqmedebebi, magram sxvasTan (mag., CineTTan) ganaviTarebda ekonomikur

8 sol koeni – amerikeli geografi. harvardis, Semdeg hanter kolejis profesori. quinzkolejis moqmedi sapatio prezidenti. geopolitikis sferoSi misi cnobili naSromebia:“geografia da politika danawevrebul msoflioSi” (1974 w), “msoflio sistemisgeopolitika” (2002 w.) da “geopolitika: saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa geografia” (2008w.).9 henri kisinjeri – amerikeli mecnieri da diplomati. daibada germaniaSi 1923 w.nobelis premiis laureati (1973 w.). aSS-is prezidentebis niqsonisa da fordisadministraciaSi msaxurobda saxelmwifo mdivnis erovnuli uSiSroebis mrCevlispostze. misi yvelaze cnobili naSromia: “diplomatia” (1994 w).

16

TanamSromlobas. Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT kisinjerma gamoiyena

“realuri politikis” (“Realpolitik”)10 anu “politikuri realizmis”midgomebi, romelsic aSS-is sagareo politikaSi manamade naklebi

yuradReba eqceoda. “Realpolitik”-is Zlieri mxare imaSi mdgomareobs, rommisi ganxorcielebis dros naklebi yuradReba eqceva politikur moralsa

da ideologiur faseulobebs. “politikuri realizmis” mTavari amocanaamiRweul iqnas qveynis erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare konkretuli

mizani, Tundac es ewinaaRmdegebodes qveynis ZiriTad ideologiur

principebs. amgvari politika SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas moklevadian

perspeqtivaSi romelime miznis miRwevis TvalsazrisiT. “realuri

politikis” grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi gamoyeneba safrTxes uqmnis qveynisfaseulobaTa sistemas (realuri politikis erT-erTi istoriuli

magaliTi aRwerilia # CanarTSi, ix. gv.).

amasTan, kisinjeri ar iviwyebda birTvuli Sekavebis politikasac.

kerZod, misi rekomendaciiT, msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi amerikis

samxedro bazebis, maT Soris atomuri iaraRis ganlagebisas

mxedvelobaSi unda yofiliyo miRebuli am saxelmwifoebis geografiuli

da geopolitikuri Taviseburebani.

mniSvnelovania, rom “civi omis” periodSi atlantizmis mimdevrebmaswrafad auRes alRo samecniero-teqnikuri revoluciis axal miRwevebs,

rac aisaxa kosmosuri da saaviacio teqnikis ganviTarebaze. am dargebis

miRwevebma kiTxvis niSnis qveS daayena zRvaze dominirebis aucileblobis

idea, radgan Sor manZilze moqmedi axali balistikuri raketebis

gamoyenebis pirobebSi mravalricxovani flotiliis arseboba azrs

kargavda. “atlantistTa” sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom maT SesaniSnavadgamoiyenes teqnikis axali miRwevebi da isini Talosokratiuli ideebis

samsaxurSi Caayenes. im dros, rodesac Telurokratiuli sabWoTa kavSiri

pasiuri samxedro Tavdacvis mSeneblobiT iyo dakavebuli, aSS-m Seqmna

kosmosuri lazeruli samxedro sistema, romlis meSveobiTac gadamwyvet

samxedro upiratesobas miaRwia. am upiratesobam ganapiroba amerikis “civ

omSi” warmateba, rasac moyva jer “perestroika”, xolo mogvianebiTsabWoTa kavSiris teritoriuli daSlac.

1990-ian wlebSi atlantizmis Teoriam amerikaSi axali ganviTareba

miiRo “neoatlantizmis” Teoriis saxiT. am samecniero mimarTulebis

10 termini “Realpolitik” XIX s.-is SuaSi samecniero xmarebaSi Semoitana germanelmamecnierma ludvig fon roSem (Ludwig von Rochau). am mimarTulebis didi motrfiale iyonikolas makiaveli. realuri politikis praqtikuli gamoyenebis didostatad miiCnevagaerTianebuli germaniis pirveli kancleri oto fon bismarki.

17

mamamTavrad iTvleba cnobili amerikeli mecnieri samuel hantingtoni

(Samuel Hantington).11 naSromSi “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” man gaanaliza,erTi mxriv, dasavleT-aRmosavleTisa da, meore mxriv, sazRvao da

kontinenturi saxelmwifoebis urTierTobebi. hantingtoni mivida im

daskvanmde, rom “atlantistebis” da “evrazielebis” dapirispireba

civilizaciuri xasiaTisaa. misi azriT, dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs

Soris arsebobs mniSvnelovani kulturuli gansxvavebebi. kerZod, is

aRniSnavda, rom dasavluri civilizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia

liberaluri demokratia, sabazro ekonomika, individualizmi, adamianis

uflebebis primati, im dros, rodesac aRmosavleTisTvis niSandoblivia

koleqtivizmi, tradicionalizmi, paternalizmi da a.S. hantingtonis

azriT, dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris dapirispireba momavalSi kidev

ufro gamwvavdeba, radgan am ukanasknelSi gaizrdeba religiuri da

civilizaciuri faqtorebis roli.

aRniSnuli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, hantingtonis rekomendaciiT,

dasavleTma unda gaataros rigi RonisZiebebisa, rac uzrunvelyofs mis

dominirebas, kerZod:

gaafarTovos TanamSromloba amerikasa da dasavleT evropasSoris;

ar dauSvas sxvadasxva geopolitikuri centrebs Soris iseTiTanamSromloba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba dasavleTis

winaaRmdeg;

mxardaWera aRmouCinos dasavlur civilizaciasTan im erebisintegrirebas, romlebic masTan axlos arian kulturuli

orientaciiT;

win aRudges lokaluri konfliqtebis globalur omebSigadazrdas;

xeli Seuwyos dasavluri institutebis gaZlierebas msofliosmasStabiT;

11 samuel hantingtoni (1927-2008 ww.). 18 wlis asakSi warCinebiT daamTavra ielisuniversiteti. doqtoris xarisxi moipova harvardis universitetSi. akademiuri saqmianobadaiwyo kolumbiis universitetSi, xolo 1963 wlidan sicocxlis bolomde muSaobdaharvardis universitetis profesorad. misi cnobili naSromebia: “mesame talRa:demokratizacia XX saukunis bolos” (1991 w.), “civilizaciaTa Sejaxeba” (1991 w.),“kultura moqmedebaSi: rogor ayalibeben Rirebulebebi sazogadoebriv progress” (2000w.).

18

SezRudos islamuri da konfuciuri saxelmwifoebis samxedroeqspansia sxva regionebSi.

atlantizmis paralelurad viTardeboda mondializmis koncefciebi.

kacobriobis gaerTianebis idea didi xania arsebobda, Tumca koncefciis

saxe am ideam XX saukuneSi miiRo. daaxloebiT 150 wlis win frangma

mecnierma kontma wamoayena kacobriobis sruli integraciis idea.

kontamde 4 wliT adre marqsma da engelsma daaxloebiT aseTive azri

Camoayalibes “komunistur manifestSi”, im gansxvavebiT, rom isini

gaerTianebas sTavazobdnen mxolod muSaTa klass: "proletarebo yvela

qveynisa SeerTdiT" – ase JRerda maTi lozungi. axali globaluri

civilizaciis formireba araordinaruli idea iyo, romelic

gulisxmobda msoflio xalxebis gaerTianebas saxelmwifoTa

teritoriuli sazRvrebis moSlisa da erTiani saerTaSoriso mTavrobis

Camoyalibebis gziT.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg mondialisturi ideebis SemuSaveba

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSic daiwyo. am koncefciis ganxorcielebaze

muSaoben sxvadasxva mondialisturi organizaciebi, upirveles yovlisa

“bildelburgis jgufi”. 1973 w. am jgufis liderebma Camoayalibes

“sammxrivi komisia”. orive organizacias cnobili amerikeli bankiri

devid rokfeleri xelmZRvanelobda. mondializmis proeqtis finansur

centrebs, araoficialuri informaciiT, warmoadgenen msoflio banki da

saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi. yvela am organizaciis mizani iyo

mondializmis ideebis ganviTareba da ganxorcielebisaTvis xelSewyoba.

komisiis inteleqtualurma centrma, romelsac zbignev bJeJinski (ZbigniewBrzezinski),12 xelmZRvanelobda Camoayaliba ramdenime varianti erTianmsoflio sistemaze gadasvlisa da am sistemaSi amerikis wamyvani rolis

Sesaxeb. erT-erTi varianti iTvaliswinebda konvergencias, e.i. Serwymas,

SeerTebas. konvergenciis Teoriis fuZemdeblad iTvleba rusuli

warmoSobis amerikeli sociologi pitirim sorokini. 1970-ian wlebSi es

Teoria gadaamuSaves kisinjerma da bJeJinskim. axali midgomis mixedviT

12 zbignev bJeJinski – amerikeli mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe. daibada 1928 w.poloneTSi. jons hofkinsis univeristetis profesori. 1977-81 ww. aSS-is prezidentisjimi karteris administraciaSi msaxurobda saxelmwifo mdivnis erovnuli uSiSroebismrCevlia postze. avtori mravali cnobili naSromisa, maT Soris: “didi Cavardna: XXsaukuneSi sabWoTa kavSiris dabadeba da sikvdili” (1989 w.), “didi saWadrako dafa:amerikis batonoba da misi geostrategiuli imperativebi” (1997 w.), “arCevani: msofliobatonoba an globaluri lideroba” (2004 w.).

19

unda Seqmniliyo axali kulturul-ideologiuri civilizacia, romelic

SeiTvisebda kapitalizmisa da socializmis ideebs. Tumca, komunisturi

blokis da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg konvergenciis Teoriamac

dakarga Tavisi aqtualoba.

komunisturi blokisa da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg

msoflioSi situacia radikalurad Seicvala. specialistebi da

politikosebi iZulebulni gaxdnen gadaexedaT mondializmis jer kidev

ganuxorcielebeli ideebisTvis. Sedegad, axali mondialisturi

konceptebi praqtikulad erTdroulad iSva, rogorc amerikaSi, aseve

evropaSi.

aSS-Si popularuli gaxda axali mondialisturi koncefcia

“samyaros dasasrulis” Sesaxeb, romlis avtoria amerikeli politologifrensis fukuiama. misi azriT, XX s.-is bolos msoflioSi damyarda

amerikuli wesrigi, romelic efuZneba Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikas da

liberalur-demokratiul Rirebulebebs. fukuiamas azriT, sabWoTa

kavSiris da socialisturi sistemis arseboba kapitalisturi samyaros

ganviTarebas racionalur marcvals aniWebda. komunisturi ideologiis

damarcxebis Semdeg ki msoflio ganviTareba iracionalur relsebze

gadavida. kerZod, daiwyo axali etapi msoflios Tanamegobrobis

ganviTarebaSi, rac gulisxmobda mis srul integracias Tavisufali

bazrisa da demokratiis garSemo. fukuiama amtkicebs, rom msoflio

mravalpolaruli gaxdeba da mis marTvaSi wamyvan rols iTamaSebs

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romlebic msoflio mTavrobis rols

Seasrulebs.

zogierTma evropelma mecnierma gaiziara fukuiamas ideebi da

ganavrco isini. frangma mecnierma Jak atalim, romelic prezident

fransua miteranis mrCeveli iyo, Camoayaliba “geoekonomikis” koncefcia.

am koncefciis mixedviT msoflioSi Camoyalibdeba sami mZlavri

ekonomikuri centri: amerikuli (moicavs orive amerikas), evropuli

(evrokavSiris teritoria) da wynari okeanis (iaponia, CineTi, singapuri,

taivani da a.S.). es centrebi gadainawileben msoflios ekonomikuri

gavlenis mxriv da maT Soris adgili ar eqneba aSkara dapirispirebas.

atalis azriT, swored geoekonomika da ara geopolitika gaxdeba axali

msoflio wesrigis ganmsazRvreli faqtori.

atalis ideebi ganaviTara italielma mecnierma karlo santorom.

fukuiamasagan gansxvavebiT is miiCnevs, rom msoflio mravalpolaruli

ar iqneba. orpolaruli msoflios dangreva, santoros azriT, msoflios

civilizaciur kataklizmebamde miiyvans, kerZod gaizrdeba erovnuli

20

TviTSegneba da gabatondeba nacionalizmi, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT

evropaSi, ruseTSi, “mesame samyaros” qveynebSi. amas Sedegad moyveba didi

qveynebis rRveva, lokaluri da regionuli omebi da amis Sedegad

msoflio miva erTiani mTavrobis Seqmnis ideamde. aRsaniSnavia, rom

santoro erTdoulad iziarebs, rogorc hantingtonis, aseve fukuiamas

ideebs.

mTlianobaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom neomondializmisa da

neoatlantizmis msoflmxedvelobebi, miuxedavad bevri gansxvavebebisa,

erTnairad ganixilavs msoflios momavals, sadac centraluri adgili

ukavia msoflio mmarTvelobis Semnis sakiTxs. XVIII s.-Si aRmocenebuli

es idea jer kidev Camoyalibebis procesSia. misi mTavari mamoZravebeli

Zalaa globalizacia, xolo xelSemSleli – eri-saxelmwifoebi.

1990-iani wlebidan moyolebuli geografiul da sxva socialur

mecnierebebSi mtkiced moikida fexi amerikuli poststruqturalizmis

pirmSom - kritikulma geopolitikam.

kritikuli geopolitika gamodis im sabaziso konceftidan, romadamianebs droTa ganmavlobaSi uyalibdebaT garkveuli codna,

warmodgenebi, ideebi geografiuli adgilebis Sesaxeb. es ideebi

zegavlenas axdens da ganapirobebs kidec maT qcevas da arCevans.

kritikuli geopolitika amtkicebs, rom adgilebTan mimarTebaSi

politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miReba aris ara marto politikosebis da

saxelmwifo moRvaweebis prerogrativa, aramed Cveulebrivi adamianebis

uflebac. geopolitikis kritikuli frTis warmomadgenlebi miuTiTeben,

rom moqalaqeebi da maTi gaerTianebebi sul ufro da ufro intensiurad

axdenen aRniSnuli uflebis realizacias.

zogadad, kritikuli geopolitikis warmomadgenlebi akritikeben

klasikuri geopolitikis Teoretikosebs imis gamo, rom am ukanasknelebs

politikuri movlenebis ganmsazRvrel Zalad bunebriv–geografiuli

faqtorebi miaCndaT. “klasikosebis” mixedviT politikuri procesebi

viTardeba bunebis kanonebis, e.i. geografiuli determinizmis logikis

safuZvelze. saxelmwifo ganixileba, rogorc socialuri organizmi,

romelic ibadeba, viTardeba, e.i. ierTebs axal teritoriebs an piriqiT,

sxva saxelmwifos nawili xdeba, iSleba, “kvdeba” (wyvets arsebobas).

klasikuri geopolitikis mixedviT gamodis, rom nebismieri politikuri

movlena, mag. omi gamowveulia bunebriv-geografiuli kanonebiT da ara

politikuri liderebis gadawyvetilebebiT. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT

21

klasikuri geopolitika praqtikulad ugulvebelyofs sivrcis socialur

warmoSobasa da Sinaars.

wina TavebSi aRiniSna (ix. gv. ##), rom dRevandeli geopolitika

gamoirCeva, rogorc saxelmwifo, aseve arasamTavrobo aqtorebis

simravliT. bevr SemTxvevaSi imis dadgenac ki Znelia, Tu romeli aqtori

ra rols TamaSobs. ufro metic, Zneli gansasazRvria ama Tu im

geopolitikur procesSi visi rolia ufro mniSvnelovani, samTavrobo Tu

arasamTavrobo organizaciebis. amis gamo, amerikeli mecnieri kolin

flinti Tanamedrove geopolitikuri procesebis daxasiaTebisas iyenebs

termins “uwesrigo (areuli) geopolitika” (“Mess Geopolitics”) (Flint, 2006:208).

kritikuli geopolitikis warmomadgenlebi akritikeben klasikur

geopolitikas, imis gamo, rom es ukanaskneli cdilobda daexata

gaubraloeburi suraTi saerTaSoriso sistemis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb.

gavixsenoT, rom XIX s.-is bolos da XX s.-is daswyisSi gamoCnda bevri

Teoria, romelic aRwerda, Tu rogor unda waremarTa politika ama Tu im

qveyanas saerTaSoriso sistemaSi misi adgilisa da rolis damkvidrebis

mizniT. kritikuli geopolitikosebi cdiloben xazi gausvan amgvari

midgomas sisustes. isini amtkiceben, rom mcdeloba dainaxo msoflios

politikis ganviTarebis modeli mxolod Seqmnili situaciebis aRweris

safuZvelze, e.i. situaciuri codnis (Situated knowledge) gamoyenebiTaraswori daskvnebis gamotanamde migviyvans.

postmodernistebi aRniSnaven, rom Tanamedrove geopolitikis

amocanaa im resursebis, qmedebebis da reprezentaciebis identificireba,

romlebic ganapirobeben teritoriis kontrols. isini xazs usvamen, rom

teritoriis gakontroleba ufro farTo movlenaa, vidre saxelmwifos

mier ganxorcielebuli praqtikuli qmedeba, Tundac omi.

kritikuli geopolitika dResdReobiT warmoadgenilia ramdenime

mimarTulebiT:

- formaluri geopolitika ganixilavs akademiur da saeqsperto

seqtorebSi SemuSavebul Teoriebsa da midgomebs;

- praqtikuli geopolitika dakavebulia samTavrobo institutebisda misi calkeuli warmomadgenlebis moRvaweobisa da maTi

gancxadebebis analiziT;

- popularuli geopolitika swavlobs masobrivi kulturis

(masmedia, literatura, xelovneba da sxva) im produqcias,

romelic dakavSirebulia sazogadoebrivi azris formirebasTan

22

saerTaSoriso arenaze an sxva qveynebSi mimdinare politikuri

procesebTan mimarTebaSi;

- struqturuli geopolitika ikvlevs globalizaciis calkeuli

procesebis zegavlenas Tanamedrove geopolitikuri

koncefciebis SemuSavebaze.

garda amisa, Tanamedrove geopolitikaSi (zogadad politikaSi)

gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia reprezentacias (Representations). is undagavigoT, rogorc geopolitikuri an sagareopolitikuri miznebisa da

amocanebis sajaro warmodgena da maTi “pi-ari”. xSirad, reprezentacia

gansxvavebulad warimarTeba qveynis SigniT da sagareo mimarTulebiT.

saxelmwifos marTvis xelovnebis (Statemanship) kuTxiT erTmaneTisgan undaganvasxvavoT qmedeba da reprezentacia. mag., am saukunis dasawayisSi aSS-

is da misi mokavSireebis samxedro operacia eraysa da avRaneTSi aris

qmedeba, xolo brZola “globaluri terorizmis” anu “borotebis RerZis”

winaaRmdeg aris reprezentacia (Flint, 2006: 16). qvemoT mocemuliareprezentaciis erT-erTi magaliTi erayis Tanamedrove istoriidan.

CanarTi #

erayis xelisuflebis mier mier kuveitis okupaciis da aneqsiis

reprezentacia

msoflioSi dResdReobiT 21 arabuli qveyanaa. maT Sorisaa

respublikebi da monarqiebi, federaciebi da unitaruli qveynebi,

sekularuli da Teokratiuli reJimebi. miuxedavad, aseTi daqsaqsulobisa

arabTa erTobisa da solidarobis sakiTxi yovelTvis iyo zogadarabuli

ideologiis erT-erTi centraluri sakiTxi.

Tanamedrove arabuli nacionalizmi orgvaria. pirveli efuZneba

arabTa politikur gaerTianebas. am ideologiis sulieri mamamTavari iyo

egviptis prezidentis gamal abdel naseris (1954-70 ww.), romelic

cdilobda praqtikuli nabijebi gadaedga am mimarTulebiT. naseri

miiCnevda, rom arabTa erToba aucilebelia amerikuli, franguli da

britanuli agresiis Sekavebis da isrelis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi, aseve

arabTa miwaze mSvidobisa da keTildReobis damkvidrebisTvis. naseris

azriT, arabuli erTianoba unda ganxorcielebuliyo samoqalaqo

faseulobebis da ara tradiciuli islamis safuZvelze. am procesis

nawilad unda ganvixiloT egviptisa da siriis gaerTianeba, romelic

mxolod sami weli gagrZelda.

23

arabuli nacionalizmis meore mimarTuleba asaxavs dRevandel

realobas. arabTa dayofa or aTeul saxelmwifod ganpirobebuli iyo

istoriuli garemoebebiT. arabebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi iyvnen

osmaleTis imperiis nawili, Semdeg maTze gabatondnen britanelebi,

frangebi da italielebic ki. arabul samyaroSi erovnul-

ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraoba sxvadasxvagvarad mimdinareobda, amdenad

gasakviri ar unda iyos is faqti, rom arabTa calkeul jgufebs

sakuTari, rig SemTxvevebSi gansxvavebuli interesebic ki CamouyalibdaT.

arabuli kulturuli identobis katalizatorad iqca israelis

saxelmwifos Seqmna da Semdgomi periodis ebraul-arabuli omebi. 1967 da

1973 wlebis israelis samxedro warmatebebis Sedegad rigma arabulma

saxelmwifoebma israelTan samSvidobo xelSekrulebebi gaaforma. am

faqtebma, garda imisa, rom Selaxa arabTa Tavmoyvareoba, aseve uaryofiTi

zegavlena iqonia arabul erTianobaze.

zemoT aRniSnul periodSi ori aTeulidan mxolod ori arabuli

qveyana – erayi da siria - avlenda Riad mtrul damokidebulebas aSS-sa

da israelis mimarT. orive qveyanaSi gabatonebuli iyo “baasis”13

ideologia. is warmoadgenda nacionalizmisa da socializmis sinTezs.

baasistebi mxars uWerdnen sekularuli, modernistuli saxelmwifos

Camoyalibebas da uaryofdnen islamuri fundamentalis gzas. anti-

amerikuli ritorika iqca erayis ZiriTad geopolitikur kodad,

gansakuTrebiT sadam huseinis xelisuflebis saTaveSi mosvlis Semdeg. es

ukanaskneli Seecada erayi eqcia arabuli samyaros liderad. 1980 w.

erayma omi daiwyo iranTan, romelic 8 weli gagrZelda. aRsaniSnavia, rom

am omSi amerikelTa simpaTiebi erayis mxareze iyo, radgan erTi wliT

adre iranelma islamistebma daamxes Sah mohamed reza fehlevis pro-

amerikuli reJimi. erayma am omSi ver miaRwia ramdenadme mniSvnelovan

warmatebas da sadamma gadawyvita, rom aucilebeli iyo STambeWdavi

geopolitikuri Sedegis momtani qmedebis ganexorcieleba.

erayi da kuveiti osmaleTis imperiis nawili iyo, sanam me-19

saukunis bolos didma britaneTma kuveitze de faqto proteqtorati ardaawesa. am regionSi britanelTa politikis mTavar prioritets

sparseTis yuris kontroli warmoadgenda, im mizniT, rom aq ar

gabatonebuliyo germania, romelic pirvel msoflio omSi osmaleTis

samxedro-politikuri mokavSire iyo. germanias Cafiqrebuli qonda

13 “baas” – arabuli socialisturi aRorZinebis partiis Semoklebuli saxelwodeba.

24

rkinigzis mSenebloba baRdadidan basramde, rac mas saSualebas miscemda

erayis navTobi sparseTis yuris gavliT evropaSi gaetana. amis sapasuxod,

britanelebma ganaxorcieles kuveitis sazRvrebis imgvari demarkacia,

rom basras satransporto mdebareoba naklebad mniSvnelovani da

mimzidveli gaxda. ase Seiqmna kuveitis Tanamedrove saxelmwifo.

sadam huseins kuveitis istoriis Sesaxeb sxva miTi qonda

momzadebuli. is Seecada msoflio Tanamegobroba daerwmunebina, rom

kuveiti istoriuli erayis Semadgeneli nawili iyo, romlis centric iyo

qalaqi basra. es sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda, magram istoriis

falsificireba erayis mmarTvelisTvis saWiro iyo kuveitSi SeWris

dasabuTebisTvis.

realurad ki, erayis mier kuveitis okupacias da aneqsias

geopolitikuri da geoekonomikuri mizezebi qonda. kuveiti msoflioSi

navTobis erT-erTi msxvili mwarmoebelia. misi navTobis sabadoebis

xelSi Cagdeba iranTan omiT dasustebu;l erays didi ekonomikur mogebas

moutanda. garda amisa, erayi daepatroneboda sparseTis ubis im nawils,

saidanac xdeba navTobis transportireba msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi,

rac aamaRlebda mis geopolitikur mniSvnelobas. da bolos, sadami

pirvel realur nabijs gadadgamda arabuli samyaros liderobis

mosapoveblad.

aRniSnuli mizezebi, cxadia Riad ar gacxadebula. piriqiT, sadam

huseinma kuveitis okupaciis erT-erT mizezad daasaxela palestinis

sakiTxis mogvarebis survili. misi gancxadebiT, palestinelebi

msoflioSi yvelaze daCagrul ers warmoadgendnen, romelTa miwebi da

suvereniteti sionistebma miiTvises. sadamma wamoayena ultimatumi,

romlis mixedviTac erayi manmade ar datovebda kuveits, sanam ar

aRdgeboda palestinuri saxelmwifo da israeli ar daubrunebda mas

warTmeul teritoriebs. am moTxovnis gasamyareblad, erayelebma

israelis teritoriis ramdenime saraketo ieriSic ki ganaxorcieles.

miuxedavad imisa, rom erayma am konfliqtSi sastiki marcxi iwvnia,

zemoT aRniSnulma reprezentaciam Tavis saqme gaakeTa da sadam huseinis

avtoriteti arabTa Soris mniSvnelovnad amaRlda. bevrma is gmiradac ki

Seracxa, romelmac, maTi azriT didi vaJkacoba gamoavlina imiT, rom

amerikul da sionistur Zalebs daupirispirda.

warmodgenili magaliTi imis naTeli ilustraciaa, Tu rogor

SeiZleba erovnuli an religiuri ideebiT manipulireba geopolitikuri

da ekonomikuri miznebis miRwevisTvis. samwuxarod, msoflios

politikuri istoria reprezentaciis araerT aseT magaliTs icnobs.

25

wyaro: Flint, 2006: 94-99

mocemuli magaliTi sagulisxmoa ramdenime TvalsazrisiT.

upirveles yovlisa, aSS-is administraciam ver gaiTvaliswina

kulturuli (religiuri, eTnikuri) Rirebulebebis Zlieri roli

erovnuli (am SemTxvevaSi civilizaciuri) mobilizaciis saqmeSi. Tumca,

es ar mTavari. mniSvelovania is, rom amerikelma politikosebis

geopolitikuri xedva ver gascda “klasikuri geopolitikis” naazrevs.

mTlianobaSi, kritikuli geopolitikis warmomadgenlebi miiCneven, rom

amerikis gadauWreli problema imaSi mdgomareobs, rom is rCeba

klasikuri tipis imperiad da ar surs sakuTari Tavis gardaqmna.

msoflio ki swrafad icvleba da moiTxovs axlebur da kritikul

azrovnebas.

26

geopolitikuri epoqebi

kacobriobis ganviTarebis istoria SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc

geopolitikur epoqaTa Tanmimdevruli cvla. yovel geopolitikur epoqas

gaaCnia misTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZalTa balansi, gavlenaTa sferoebi,

sagareopolitikuri interesebi, sazRvrebis cvlileba da a.S.

Tanamedrove geopolitikuri epoqebi saTaves XVII s.-dan, kerZod

vestfaliis xelSekrulebidan Caeyara. 1648 w. dadebulma samSvidobo

xelSekrulebam14 wertili dausva kaTolikeebsa da protestantebs Soris

30-wlian omebs saRvTo romis imperiaSi. yvelaze mniSvnelovania, rom am

xelSekrulebam biZgi misca evropaSi axali samarTlebriv-politikuri

wesrigis damyarebas, ramac, Tavis mxriv ganapiroba Tanamedrove

saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa sistemis formireba. vestfaliis sistemam

daakanona saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis axali samarTlebrivi principebi,

maT Soris:

- gaaTanabra kaTolikeebisa da protestantebis religiuri

statusi. Sesabamisad, gauqmda evropaSi adre moqmedi principi

“religiur aRmsareblobas gansazRvravs xelisufleba”.

- gauqmda germaniis imperatoris uzenaesobis statusi saRvTo

romis imperiis teritoriaze. amieridan, am imperiaSi Semavali

yvela qveynis monarqi Tanaswori uflebebiT sargeblobda.

- Seicvala saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqtebis cneba. Tu,

manmade aseTad monarqi iTvleboda, amieridan evropuli

samarTlis subieqti suverenuli saxelmwifo gaxda.

- xazgasmuli iyo, rom saxelmwifo misdami rwmunebul

teritoriaze srulad ganaxorcielebda sakuTar iurisdiqcias,

rac niSnavda saxelmwifo suverenitetis principis saerTaSoriso

aRiarebas.

- Seicvala damokidebuleba aliansebisa da koaliciebis Seqmnas an

gauqmebasTan dakavSirebiT. saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobebSi

manamade arsebuli sixiste warsuls Cabarda. axal pirobebSi

evropul saxelmwifoebs saSualeba miecaT mokavSireebi SeerCiaT

14 vestfaliis samSvidobo xelSekruleba moicavda or dokuments, romlebicoficialurad gaformda 1648 wlis 15 maiss da 24 oqtombers, Sesabamisad osnabriuksa damiunsterSi. orive SemTxvevaSi kaTolikur qveynebs warmoadgenda saRvTo romis imperia,xolo, protestantul qveynebs, Sesabamisad SvedeTis samefo da safrangeTi.

27

maTi erovnuli interesebidan gamomdinare (Peace of Westphalia.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_ Westphalia).

“vestfaliis principebi” WeSmaritad revoluciuri iyo. rogorc,

wina TavSi aRiniSna misma praqtikulma ganxorcilebam mniSvnelovnad

ganapiroba Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba. garda amisa,

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi damkvidrda ZalTa balansis principi, romlismizani iyo, rom romelime qveynas (an qveynebis gaerTianebas) ar miscemoda

saSualeba gamxdariyo dominanti Zala saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi

saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi sxvasasxva saxis sistemebi arsebobs.

danarTSi #? mocemulia saerTaSoriso sistemebis tipologiis erT-erTi

magaliTi.

vestfaliis geopolitikuri epoqa erTob sicocxlisunariani

aRmoCnda. evropaSi ZalTa balansi praqtikulad ar darRveula Semdgomi

150 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

danarTi #

ZalTa balansi

ZalTa balansi politikuri realizmisa da neorealizmis sakvanZo

cnebaa. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis erT-erTma gamoCenilma

Teoretikosma morton kaplanma (Morton Kaplan) Seqmna saerTaSorisosistemaTa tipologia, romelSic warmodgenilia eqvsi Semdegi saxis

sistema:

ZalTa balansis sistema. am SemTxvevaSi, kaplanis azriT,warmodgenili unda iyos minimum xuTi supersaxelmwifo, sxva

SemTxvevaSi moxdeba misi transformacia bipolarul sistemad.

xisti bipolaruli sistema, romelSic moqmedebs oriurTierTdapirispirebuli koalicia (bloki). aseTi sistemis

pirobebSi saerTaSoriso politikur arenaze neitraluri an

miumxrobeli saxelmwifoebis da, rac mTavaria saerTaSoriso

organizaciebis roli praqtikulad minimumamdea dayvanili.

moqnili bipolaruli sistema, romelic warmodgenilia aramarto saxelmwifoebiT, aramed, aseve blokebiTa an koaliciebiT.

es sistema SeiZleba orgvari iyos, kerZod ierarqiuli, sadac

koaliciaSi gamokveTilia erTi lideri-saxelmwifos roli da

araierarqiuli, sadac koalicias ar yavs aSkara lideri.

28

universaluri sistema. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi wamyvanrols TamaSobs saerTaSoriso organizacia (dRevandeli

situaciiT - gaero). dadgenilia da mkacrad aris daculi

saerTaSoriso sistemis wesebi.

saerTaSoriso ierarqiuli sistema. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba,rom aRar arseboben eri-saxelmwifoebi da iqmneba erTiani

msoflio marTveloba (mondialisturi proeqti).

vetos sistema iTvaliswinebs, rom saerTaSoriso sistemisnebismier aqtors ufleba aqvs gamoiyenos vetos ufleba da

dablokos gadawyvetilebis miReba. aseTi sistema gamoiyeneba mag.,

gaeros uSiSroebis sabWoSi da euToSi (Kaplan, 1965: 21-50).

zemoT mocemuli tipologiidan saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis

istoria kargad icnobs pirvel ori sistemas. pirveli maTgani moqmedebda

mag., msoflio omebs Soris periodSi, xolo mere - “civi omis” epoqaSi.

danarCeni sistemebi Teoriuli xasiaTisaa.

napoleonis omebis (1792-1815 ww.) Semdeg saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis sistemaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda, rac

dafiqsirda venis kongresze (1814-15 ww.). aRsaniSnavia, rom venis kongress

sxvagvarad “evropul koncerts” uwodeben, rac mianiSnebs mis

mniSvnelobaze konkretulad evropis da zogadad msoflios politikur

istoriaSi.

venis kongresSi monawileoba miiRo yvela evropis yvela

mniSvnelovanma politikurma aqtorma, garda osmaleTis imperiisa.

pirvelad saerTaSoriso sistemis farglebSi Camoyalibda Zlieri

saxelmwifos anu supersaxelmwifos (Superpower) cneba. aseTebadaRiarebuli iyo is oTxi saxelmwifo, romelmac monawileoba miiRo

napoleon bonapartis damarcxebaSi, kerZod avstria, ruseTi, prusia da

didi britaneTi da, aseve safrangeTi, romlis saTaveSi burbonTa

dinastia dabrunda. sabolood gaformda mravalmxrivi diplomatia, ramac

saTave daudo evropis koleqtiur usafrTxoebas. SemdgomSi am

subkontinentze arsebuli mniSvnelovani problemebi ganixileboda da

SeZlebisdagvarad wydeboda saerTaSoriso konferenciebze, mag., parizis

(1856 w.), londonis (1871 w.), berlinis (1878 w.). amgvarma midgomam

saSualeba misca evropelebs ZalTa balansi I msoflio omamde

SeenarCunebinaT, Tumca XIX saukunis SuaSi ruseTs qonda mcdeloba es

29

balansi daerRvia. CanarTi # saSualebas gvaZlevs gavecnoT, Tu rogor

moxerxda aRniSnul periodSi evropaSi ZalTa Tanafardobis SenarCuneba.

venis kongresma SemoiRo diplomatiuri rangebi (elCi, konsuli da

a.S.). saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi dRemde moqmedebs am kongresis mier

miRebuli konvencia diplomatiuri xelSeuxeblobis Sesaxeb.

vestfaliisagan gansxvavebiT venis forumma dauSva, rom saerTaSoriso

urTierTobebis subieqti gamxdariyo ara marto saxelmwifo, aramed

saxelmwifoTa gaerTianeba (koalicia).

geopolitikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze didi mniSvneloba qonda im

faqts, rom venis kongresma daafiqsira msoflioSi Seqmnili axali

teritoriuli realobebi, sxva sityvebiT Seiqmna evropul saxelmwifoebs

Soris koloniebis danawilebis axali nusxa. venis kongresidan I

msoflio omamde periodi istoriul-politikur kvlevebSi ganxilulia,

rogorc venis geopolitikuri epoqa.

CanarTi #

yirimis omi: ZalTa balansis principi moqmedebaSi

venis kongresidan daaxleobiT samiode aTwleulis Semdeg ruseTi

Seecada daerRvia evropaSi arsebuli ZalTa balansi. ruseTis imperiam,

romelmac Tavisi sazRvrebi aRmosavleTiT wynar okeanemde gaafarTova,

moindoma dasavleTis mimarTulebiTac analogiuri manevri Caetarebina.

ruseTi gansakuTrebul mniSvenlobas aniWebda mis teritoriul eqspansias

Savi zRvis auzSi. dasustebuli osmaleTis imperiis damarcxebiT da

konstantinopolis aRebiT ruseTi moipovebda dardanelisa da bosforis

sruteebze kontrols. amis Sedegadadc Savi zRva gadaiqceoda ruseTis

Sida zRvad, rac mas saSualebas miscemda srulad gaekontrolebina

istoriuli “abreSumis gza”. ruseTs ufro Sors mimavali gegmebic qonda.

is, aseve lamobda balkaneTze fexis mokidebasac, sadac mis mokavSireebad

moiazrebodnen marTlmadidebeli slavi xalxebi – montenegroelebi,

serbebi da makedonielebi. garda amisa, mis gegmebSi Sedioda

teritoriebis gafarToeba samxreT kavkasiaSi, dunaispireTSi, baltis

zRvis auzSi da Soreul aRmosavleTSic (kamCatka). am Canafiqrebis

nawilis aRsrulebac ki, gansakuTrebiT Sav zRvasTan mimarTebaSi,

ruseTs aqcevda evropis, Sesabamisad msoflio hegemonad (Зайончковский,2002: 23-35).

ruseTis aRniSnuli geostrategiuli Canafiqri, cxadia, srul

winaaRmdegobaSi modioda didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis interesebTan,

30

romlebmac 1953 w. oqtomberSi osmaleTTan erTad ruseTs omi

gamoucxades, mas Semdeg, rac rusulma jarma daikava osmaleTis

daqvemdebarebaSi myofi moldaveTi da valaxia. ruseTs imedi qonda, rom

mis mier provocirebul omSi mas mxars dauWerdnen misi erTguli

mekavSireebi avstria da prusia. magram, es ukanasknelebi, iseve, rogorc

sxva evropeli erebi ruseTis evropaSi gabatonebis kategiriuli

winaaRmdegebi aRmoCndnen. avstriam da prusiam Tavidan neitraliteti

gamoacxades, xolo mogvianebiT britanelebTan da frangebTan

gaerTiandnen ruseTis winaaRmdeg omSi. TiTqos logikas iyo moklebuli

iyo imgvari aliansis Camoyalibeba, romelic gaaerTianebda tradilciul

mtrebs, erTi mxriv, frangebs, xolo, meore mxriv, germanelebs da

avstrielebs, magram am SemTxvevaSi amoqmedda realuri politikis

principebi. aRniSnuli gaerTianeba Sedga, radgan am saxelmwifoebma maTi

erovnuli interesebisTvis ufro did safrTxed miiCnies evropaSi ZalTa

balansis radikaluri cvlileba, kerZod ruseTis saxiT axali hegemonis

gamoCena (iqve: 134).

yirimis omi dasavleT evropelebisa da osmaleTis sruli

gamarjvebiT dasrulda. ruseTma dakarga garkveuli teritoriebi

kavkasiaSi, gasasvleli mdinare dunaize, proteqtorati moldovasa da

valaxiaze. rac mTavaria, parizis 1956 w. xelSekrulebiT ruseTs

CamoerTva Sav zRvaze samxedro flotis yolis ufleba.

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi bunebrivia ar monawileobda venis

kongresSi, magram, miuxedavad amisa Taviseburad gamoexmaura napoleonis

omebis dasasruls. amerika respublika iyo da is imperializmis, ufro

zustad kolonializmis winaaRmdeg gamodioda. is yovelTvis cdilobda

daesustebina evropuli imperializmi. amerikelebma isargebles evropaSi

omebiT gamowveuli politikuri qaosiT da mxari dauWires laTinuri

amerikis xalxebis erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel moZraobebs. 1922 w. aSS-ma

aRiara argentinis, Ciles, kolumbiisa da meqsikis damoukidebloba

(Blacksell, 2006: 156).1823 w. ivlisSi aSS-is saxelmwifo mdivanma jon quinsi adamsma (John

Quincy Adams) gaakeTa gancxadeba, rom amerika (igulisxmeba, rogorcCrdiloeT, aseve samxreT amerika) Caketili iyo evropuli

kolonizaciisTvis. “amerika amerikelebisaTvis” aseTi iyo am gancxadebis

suliskveTeba. adamsis es idea leitmotivad daedo amerikis prezidentis

jeims monros (James Monroe) 1923 w. 2 dekemebris yovelwliursaprezidento moxsenebas “amerikis mdgomareobs Sesaxeb” (“State of Union”)

31

kongresis winaSe. Tavis moxsenebaSi monrom xazgasmiT aRiniSna, rom

evropelTa nebismieri mcdeloba aRadginon an daarson koloniuri

mmarTveloba amerikaSi, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis administraciis

mier Sefasdeba, rogorc mis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agresiis aqti, rac

gamoiwvevs Sesabamis reagirebas. Tavis mxriv, aSS valdebulebas iRebda

ar Careuliyo evropis saxelmwifoebis da arc maTi araamerikuli

koloniebis saqmeebSi. es gamosvla mogvianebiT moinaTla, rogorc

“monros doqtrina”.aRsaniSnavia, rom prezident monros agresiuli toni gamyarebuli

ar iyo amerikis samxedro potecialiT, radgan imdorisTvis qveyanas ar

gaaCnda ramdenamde angariSgasawevi sazRvao floti. magram, saqme imaSi

iyo, rom aSS-is zurgs ukan idga im droisTvis WeSmaritad uZlieresi

Talosokratiuli saxelmwifo – didi britaneTi. am ukanasknels

praqtikulad ar gaaCnda koloniebi samxreT amerikaSi da cdilobda am

regionSi espaneTisa da portugaliis poziciebis Sesustebas. amasTan,

venis kongresis SeTanxmebidan gamomdinare did britaneTs ar SeeZlo

dasaxelebuli qveynebis politikis winaaRmdeg aSkara galaSqreba.

samagierod, am mizniT is aqezebda da zurgs umagrebda aSS-s. unda

aRiniSnos, rom “monros doqtrinis” gaJRerebidan Semdgomi daaxloebiT

erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi didi britaneTi realur samxedro

daxmarebas uwevda aSS-s (iqve: 157-158). samxreT amerikaSi espaneTisa da

portugaliis hegemoniis dasasruli moaswavebda am kontinentze “ZalTa

balansis“ damyarebas, rac mTlianad Seesabameboda britaneTis da aSS-is

erovnul interesebs.

mTlianobaSi, “monros doqtrinis” realizaciam mniSvnelovnad

Seuwyo xeli jer laTinur amerikaSi, Semdgom ki mTels msoflioSi

erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebeli moZraobebis gafarToebas da axali

damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis aRmocenebas. saerTaSoriso sistemis

aqtorebad nel-nela mogvevlinen samxedro da socialur-eknomikuri

TvalsazrisiT sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom

isini gadamwyvet zegavlenas ver axdendnen msoflio politikaze, aSkaraa,

rom maTi gamoCeniT saerTaSoriso sistemam gacilebiT mravalferovani

xasiaTi SeiZina. XIX s.-is ganamvlobaSi es tendencia sul ufro da ufro

met Zalas ikrebda, xolo I msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg man

gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba miiRo.

pirveli msoflio omi (28 ivlisi, 1914 w. – 11 noemberi, 1918 w.)

manamade arsebuli omebisgan gamoirCeoda msxverplis, geografiuli

32

gavrcelebis, teqnikuri da finansuri resursebis gamoyenebis uzarmazari

masStabebiT. am omSi daiRupa 12 mil. da daSavda 55 mil. adamiani

(http://www.gazeta.ru/news/lenta/2008/11/11/n_1294259.shtml). sabrZolo moqmedebebisTaetri gavrcelda evropaze, axlo aRmosavleTze, afrikaze, CineTze da

okeaneTis kunZulebze. samxedro operaciebSi monawileobda 30-ze meti

saxelmwifos sajariso formirebebi.

I msoflio omis ZiriTadi monawileebi iyvnen, erTi mxriv, germania,

avstro-ungreTi, osmaleTis imperia da bulgareTi, xolo, meore mxriv,

“antanta”: didi britaneTi, ruseTi da safrangeTi.globalur omis warmoSobas mravalmxrivi mizezebi aqvs. I msoflio

omis mizezebidan SeiZleba gamovyoT teritoriuli, ekonomikuri da

savaWro interesebi, militariziacia da avtokratia, ZalTa balansis

darRveva. es ukanaskneli faqtoris mniSvneloba gadamwyveti aRmoCnda.

XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis safrangeTma da didma britaneTma

moaxerxes TavianTi zRvisiqiTa teritoriebis maqsimalurad gafarToeba

ZiriTadad afrikisa da aziis koloniebis xarjze. analogiuri situacia

Seiqmna ruseTTan mimarTebaSi, oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom ruseTis

imperias kontinenturi gavrcelebis gamo kompaqturi xasiaTi qonda.

koloniebis arseboba am imperiebis mniSvnelovan ekonomikur da savaWro

potencials warmoadgenda, rac saboloo jamSi dadebiTad aisaxeboda

metropoliebis mosaxleobis keTildReobaze. germania da avstro-ungreTi

koloniebis anu klasikuri geopolitikis poziciidan “sasicocxli

sivrcis” deficits ganicdidnen. dasustebuli da daSlis piras myofi

osmaleTis imperiis monawileoba I msoflio omSi ki SeiZleba aixsnas,

rogorc mcdeloba Seekavebina britanuli, franguli da rusuli eqspansia

axlo aRmosavleTSi.

I msoflio omis bolo fazaSi, kerZod 1917 w. TebervalSi ruseTSi

adgili qonda jer burJuaziul revolucias, romlis Sedegadac daemxo

monarqiuli mmarTveloba, xolo imave wlis oqtomberSi (axali stiliT

noemberSi) socialistur revolucias. ruseTis saTaveSi movida ruseTissocial-demokratiuli muSaTa partia (ssrk komunisturi partiis

winamorbedi) vladimer leninis meTaurobiT. axladSeqmnili bolSevikuri

mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT ruseTma SeaCera misi monawileoba omSi. am

gadawyvetilebidan gamomdinare “socialisturi ruseTi” iZulebuli iyo

misTvis damamcirebeli xelSekruleba (“brestis zavi”) gaeformebinagermaniasTan. omis dasrulebis Semdeg parizis xelSekrulebiT brestis

zavi gauqmebulad gamocxadda.

33

I msoflio omis Sedegad daiSala oTxi imperia, kerZod osmaleTis,

avstro-ungreTis, ruseTis da germaniis. amiT mniSvnelovani impulsa mieca

evropis erTa TviTgamorkvevis process (ix. ruka #). Seiqmna avstriis da

germaniis respublikebi. ZiriTadad samxreT slavebiT dasaxlebuli

teritoriebi, maT Soris slovenia, montenegro, xorvatia SeuerTda

serbiis samefos, romelic mogvianebiT iugoslaviad gardaiqmna.

damoukidebloba gamoacxades belorusiam, ukrainam, ungreTma, dancigma

(dRevandeli polonuri qalaqi gdanski da mimdebare teritoriebi),

CexoslovakeTma, poloneTma, ungreTma, latviam, estoneTma, litvam,

fineTma, saqarTvelom, azerbaijanma da somxeTma (1920-21 ww.-Si moxda am

ukanaskneli sami saxelmwifos okupacia da aneqsia socialisturi

ruseTis mier).

safrangeTma germaniisgan daibruna elzasi da lotaringia da

moaxdina saaris mxaris okupacia. italias ergo samxreT tiroli da

istria. rumineTma SemoierTa yofili ungruli teritoriebi transilvania

da samxreT dobruja. saberZneTis mflobelobaSi gadavida aRmosavleT

Trakia. germaniis kuTvnili samxreT Slezvigi gadaeca daniis samefos,

xolo zemo silezia - poloneTs. teritoriuli cvlilebebis

paralelurad mniSvnelovani yuradReba daeTmo evropis satransporto-

ekonomikur usafrTxoebas. am mxriv umniSvnelovanesi iyo Savi zRvis

sruteebis demilitarizaciis faqti.

paralelurad, omSi gamarjvebulma didma britaneTma da

safrangeTma gaagrZeles koloniuri teritoriebis gafarToeba. mag.,

safrangeTma daikava siria, kamerunisa da togos garkveuli nawilebi,

xolo didma britaneTma erayi, palestina, tanzania da samxerT-dasavleT

afrika.

versalis xelSekrulebis ZaliT omSi damarcxebul germanias

mniSvnelovani sanqciebi dauwesda: ganxorcielda rainis olqis

demilitarizacia; mas aekrZala 100 aTasze ufro didi armiis Seqmna, aseve

javSanteqnikis, samxedro gemebisa da TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba. germaniis

samxedro sazRvao flotis didi nawili gamarjvebulma qveynebma

dainawiles (http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ War_I).zemoT aRniSnuli yvela geopolitikuri da sxva mniSvnelovani

cvlilebebi gaformda versalis (parizis) 1918 wlis 28 ivnisis

xelSekrulebiT, romelic ZalaSi 1920 wlis 10 ianvars Sevida. parizis

forumis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani miRweva imaSi mdgomareobda,

34

rom man dasabami misca erTa ligis15 Seqmnas, romelic 1920 wels Seudga

saqmianobas. amiT, msoflios istoriaSi dasrulda venis da daiwyo

“versalis geopolitikuri epoqa”.

erTa ligam ver miaRwia did warmatebebs. man ver SeZlo SeeCerebina

sabWoTa kavSiris da nacisturi germaniis mier evropis mTeli rigi

damoukidebeli qveynebis okupacia-aneqsia da, zogadad – Tavidan

aecilebina meore msoflio omi. liga garkveul periodSi 58 wevrs

iTvlida, magram misi daSlis momentSi masSi mxolod 23 organizacia iyo

darCenili. erTa ligis mTavari sisuste imaSi mdgomareobda, rom masSi

arasdros ar gawevrianebula aSS, xolo sabWoTa kavSiris moRvaweobam am

organizaciis farglebSi mxolod xuTi weli (1934_1939 ww.) gastana.

saerTaSoriso sistemis uzenaes organoSi am saxelmwifoebis

armonawileoba imis ZiriTadi mizezi gaxda, rom 1930-iani wlebis

miwuruls evropaSi ZalTa balansi dairRva. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom

struqtura (sistema) srulfasovnad ver ifunqcionirebs, Tu is ganicdis

mniSvnelovani elementebis deficits. aqedan, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom

imdroindeli saerTaSoriso sistema jer kidev ar iyo iseTi pragmatuli

da realisturi, rogoric dResaa.

Tanamedrove mecnier-geografebi sinanuliT aRniSnaven, rom

versalis saboloo dokumentis SemuSavebSi aSkarad SeimCneoda

geografiuli midgomebis deficiti, riTac ase mdidari iyo venis

xelSekruleba. es kidev ufro dasanania, Tuki gavixsenebT, rom parizis

kongresis muSaobaSi sakmaod aqtiuri monawileoba miiRo amerikelma

geografma aizia boumenma (ix. gv. ##). evropis axali politikuri rukis

formireba warimarTa calkeuli qveynebis politikuri ambiciebis da ara

sistemuri midgomis safuZvelze (amis erT-erTi magaliTi warmodgenilia

# CanarTSi). mTel rig SemTxvevebSi, gansakuTrebiT ki sazRvrebis

delimitaciis dros ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli calkeuli teritoriebis

mniSvnelovani istoriuli, eTno-demografiuli da geografiuli

Taviseburebebi.

CanarTi #

15 erTa liga iyo gaeros winamorbedi saerTaSoriso organizacia. misi mTavar funqciebSiSedioda ganiaraRebis procesis warmarTva, konfliqtebis prevencia, koleqtiuriusafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa, qveynebs Soris davebis gadawyveta, msoflioSikeTildReobis zrdis xelSewyoba da sxva. 1946 w. erTa ligam TviTlikvidaciiTdaasrula Tavisi moRvaweoba.

35

“kerzonis xazi”

I msoflio omis bolos antantis wevrebma miaRwies SeTanxmebas

poloneTis saxelmwifos aRdgenis Sesaxeb. amave SeTanxmebis safuZvelze

poloneTis SemdagenlobaSi unda Sesuliyo teritoriebi, romelsac

omamde flobdnen ruseTi, germania da avstro-ungreTi. versalis

xelSekrulebaSi poloneTis dasavleT sazRvari mkafiod iyo dadgenili.

samagierod, ver moxerxda da gadaido aRmosavleT sazRvris delimitacia.

amis ZiriTadi problema imaSi mdgomareobda, rom es regioni, sadac

cxovrobdnen polonelebi, litvelebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi,

ebraelebi, Tavisi mravaleTnikuri SemadgenlobiT gamoirCeoda.

aRmosavleT sazRvris ararseboba 1919 w. poloneTisa da ruseTs

Soris samxedro konfliqtis mizezi gaxda. imave wels saqme Caerien

evropuli saxelmwifoebi da ganaaxles diplomatiuri molaparakebebi. am

process evropelTa mxridan xelmZRvanelobda didi britaneTis sagareo

saqmeTa ministri, lordi jorj kerzoni (George Curzon). britanelmadiplomatma oficialuri nota gaugzavna ruseTs, sadac misgan moiTxovda

saomari moqmedebebis Sewyvetas da rusuli jarebis daxevas im

warmosaxviT xazamde, romelic gadioda grodnos, brest-litovskssa da

lvovs Soris. rTuli aRmoCnda am ukanasknelTan sazRvris dadgena.

Tavdapirvel variantSi lvovi ruseTis teritoraze aRmoCnda, Tumca

gegma “b”-s mixedviT is ukve poloneTs miakuTvnes.

sazRvris delimitaciis ganxiluli gegma diplomatiis istoriaSi

cnobilia, rogorc “kerzonis xazi”. es gegma praqtikulad srulyofilad

asaxavda regionis eTno-demografiul situacias. sazRvris dadgenisas

maqsimalurad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli eTnikuri ukrainelebis, litvelebis,

polonelebis da belorusebis gansaxlebis Taviseburebebi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTma ar miiRo evropelTa SemoTavazeba

sakiTxis mSvidobiani gadawyvetis Sesaxeb da gaagrZela saomari

moqmedebebi. es militaristuli kampania ruseTisTvis savalalod

dasrulda. man dakarga ara marto is rasac sTavazobdnen, aramed sxva

teritoriebic, romlebic mogvianebiT poloneTis SemadgenlobaSi

gadavida.

II msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg “kerzonis xazi” kvlav

aqtualur sakiTxad iqca. 1945 w. sabWoTa kavSirsa da poloneTs Soris

axali saxelmwifo sazRvari umniSvnelo cvlilebebiT kerzonis xazze

(Tavdapirveli varianti) gavida da aRarasdros Secvlila.

wyaro: Blacksell, 2010: 163-164.

36

evropaSi I msoflio omis Semdeg Seqmnili ZalTa myife balansi

ociode weliwadSi dairRva. evropeli politikosebis uniaTobam da

upasuxismgeblobam msoflio im katastrofis winaSe daayena, romelic II

msoflio omis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili.

II msoflio omi, romelic eqvsi wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda (1

seqtemberi, 1939 w. – 2 seqtemberi, 1945 w.). es omi uprecedento iyo yvela

im kritiriumiT, romliTac SesaZlebelia omis Sefaseba. II msoflio omSi

CarTuli iyo 72 saxelmwifo; saomari moqmedebebi mimdinareobda

msoflios sam kontinentze da oTxive okeaneze; omi Seexo Cveni planetis

mosaxleobis 80%-s. es iyo pirveli da sabednierod, ukanaskneli

SemTxvevaSi, rodesac gamoiyenebul iqna atomuri iaraRi. omma Seiwira 60-

65 mil. adamianis sicocxle. daRupulTa naxevarze meti samoqalaqo piri

iyo (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II).mecnierebi mravlad asaxeleben im mizezebs, romelTa gamo

SesaZlebeli gaxda globaluri omis gaCaReba. Tumca, yvela Tanxmdeba,

rom ZiriTadi germaniis saTaveSi antihumanuri nacional-socialisturi

partiis gamoCena iyo. meore mxriv, isic aRsaniSnavia, rom evropa didi

xani ukmevda gundruks adolf hitlers da mis partias. mTeli

civilizebuli msoflio, gansakuTrebiT ki evropa Tvals xuWavda im

terorze, rac nacistebma germaniaSi ebraelTa mimarT ganaxorcieles.

evropelebma aranairi yuradReba ar miaqcies adolf hitleris mier jer

kidev 1925 wels gakeTebul gancxadebas imis Taobaze, rom germanias

sWirdeba “sasicocxlo sivrcis” gafarToeba aRmosavleTiT. ufro metic,

1938 wels didi britaneTis, safrangeTis, germaniisa da italiis

liderebma xeli moaweres miunxenis SeTanxmebas, romlis ZaliTac

CexoslovakeTis erT-erTi regioni – sudetebi germanias gadaeca. 1940 w.

germaniam da sabWoTa kavSirma gaaformes paqti Tavdausxmelobis Sesaxeb,

romelsac Tan erTvoda saidumlo oqmi. es saidumlo dokumenti

safuZvlad daedo xelmomwer saxelmwifoebs Soris aRmosavleT evropaSi

gavlenis sferoebis danawilebas. kerZod, Crdilo-aRmosavleT evropaSi

maTi gavlenis zonebs Soris gamyof xazad miiCnies litvis CrdiloeT

sazRvari. rac niSnavda, rom germania pretenzias acxadebda fineTze,

estoneTsa da latviaze, xolo sabWoTa interesis sferod cxaddeboda

litva. nacistebi da bolSevikebi SeTanxmdnen, aseve poloneTis

teritoriis gayofaze. garda amisa, germaniam besarabia (dRevandeli

moldovas nawili) sabWoTa kavSiris gavlenis sferod aRiara.

37

diplomatiur arenaze miRweulma warmatebebma germanias xel-fexi

gauxsna samxedro agresiis ganxorcielebisTvis. ironiulia, rom

nacisturma germaniam Tavisi saomari manqana mimarTa aramarto evropis

mcire saxelmwifoebis, aramed safrangeTis, didi britaneTisa da sabWoTa

kavSiris winaaRmdegac.

II msoflio omSi “RerZul bloks” warmoadgendnen germania, iaponia,italia, TurqeTi, ungreTi, bulgareTi, fineTi, slovakeTi, erayi da

formalurad kidev ramdenime saxelmwifo. “antihitlerul koaliciaSi”gaerTiandnen didi britaneTi (yvela Tavisi dominioniT), aSS, sabWoTa

kavSiri, safrangeTi, iugoslavia, CineTi, dania, norvegia, belgia,

nidelandebi da sxvebi.

germaniam da misma mokavSireebma am omSi sastiki damarcxeba

ganicades. 1945 w. germaniis qalaq niurnbergSi daiwyo procesi, sadac

asamarTlebdnen nacist liderebs da hitleris droindel germanul

samTavrobo da ideologiur organizaciebs. es. sasamarTlo procesi

TiTqmis erTi weli gagrZelda. saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunalis

ganaCeniT nacisturi germaniis 12 liders (maT Soris martin bormans

dauswreblad) miesaja sikvdiliT dasja (CamoxrCobiT), xolo danarCenebs

– sxvadasxva vadiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTa. ufro mniSvneloavni iyo is

faqti, rom nacisturi ideologia kanongareSed gamocxadda.

1946 w. germaniis qalaq pocdamSi gaiamarTa omSi gamarjvebuli sami

mTavari saxelmwifos – sabWoTa kavSiris, aSS-is da didi britaneTis

liderTa saerTaSoriso konferencia, romelmac imsjela evropis

mowyobis gzebze. gamarjvebuli triumviratis gadawyvetilebiT germanias

CamoerTva teritoriebi, romelsac is flobda 1937 wlis mdgomareobiT da

isini daukanondaT safrangeTs, sabWoTa kavSirs (dRevandeli

kaliningradis olqi) da poloneTs. mTlianobaSi germaniis

teritoriulma danakargma omamdelTan SedarebiT 25% Seadgina. rac

mTavaria, germania gaiyo or saxelmwifod. Tavis mxriv, poloneTma

sabWoTa kavSiris sasargeblod daTmo garkveuli teritoriebi, romlebic

1940 wlamde mis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. Tumca, poloneTi mainc

mogebaSi darCa, radgan mierTebuli yofili germanuli teritoriebi

infrastruqturiT da ekonomikurad gacilebiT ufro ganviTarebuli iyo,

vidre is rac man ssrk-s dauTmo.

II msoflio omiT dasrulda versalis da daiwyo pocdamisgeopolitikuri epoqa. am omis ZiriTadi Sedegi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom

jer evropa, Semdeg ki mTeli msoflio or dapirispirebul ideologiur,

ekonomikur da samxedro-politikur nawilad gaiyo. sabWoTa kavSirma

38

komunisturi reJimebi Seqmna praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi, romelic

germanuli okupaciisagan gaaTavisufla. poloneTi, CexoslovakeTi,

ungreTi, rumineTi, germaniis demokratiuli respublika, bulgareTi da

iugoslavia (es ukanaskneli ramdenime wlis Semdeg ganudga ssrk-s)

sabWoTa kavSiris bunebriv mokavSireebad iqcnen. demokratiuli

dasavleTisTvis es iyo arsebuli, magram miuRebeli realoba. jer natos

(1949 w.), xolo oriode weliwadSi “varSavis paqtis” SeqmniT “gaformda”

orpolaruli msoflio wesrigi. morton kaplanis klasifikaciis mixedviT

es iyo xisti bipolaruli sistema, romelSic moqmedebda ori erTmaneTismimarT mkveTrad dapirispirebuli koalicia. maT Soris daZabuloba

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi omis zRvarze balansirebda, Tumca

sabednierod ar gadasula cxel fazaSi. politikis istoriis

specialistebi 1945-91 wlebs samarTlianad uwodeben “civi omis” epoqas.

CanarTi #

“rkinis farda”

termini “rkinis farda” jer kidev XIX s.-Si gamoiyeneboda, magram

misi damkvidreba sayovelTaod miRebuli mniSvnelobiT dakavSirebulia

didi britaneTis premier ministris uinston CerCilis saxelTan.

1946 w. 5 marts CerCili q. fultonSi (misuri, aSS) sityviT gamovida

vestminsteris kolejSi, sadac man aRniSna Semdegi:“evropis kontinentze Stetinidan triestamde, baltiis zRvidan adriatikis

zRvamde ‘rkinis farda’ daeSva, ris miRmac aRmoCnda centraluri da

aRmosavleT evropis yvela uZvelesi qveynis dedaqalaqi: varSava, berlini,praRa, vena16, budapeSti, belgradi, buqaresti da sofia. es Cinebuli

qalaqebi Tavisi mosaxleobiT aRmoCnda iq, rasac me vuwodeb “sabWoTa

gavlenis sferos”. yoveli maTgani ama Tu im formiT sabWoeTis mxridanganicdis ara marto zegavlenas, aramed moskovis Zalze da zog

SemTxvevaSi usazRvrod mzard kontrols eqmemdebareba” (Wilde, 2012).

“rkinis farda” evropis aramarto politikur, aramed

mniSvnelovan geografiul barierad iqca. am barierma ramdenime

aTwleuli iarseba, r