AÜ¶m¶ --- 2222 CnÝ¶mg H$s AdYmaUm Ed§ {hÝXr CnÝ¶mgm| …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7368/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · AÜ¶m¶ --- 2222 CnÝ¶mg H$s AdYmaUm Ed§

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A Ü¶m¶ A Ü¶m¶ A Ü¶m¶ A Ü¶m¶ ---- 2222 Cn Ý ¶mg H$s Ad YmaUm Ed§ {hÝ Xr Cn Ý ¶mgm| H$m n [aM ¶mË‘H$ gd}jUCn Ý ¶mg H$s Ad YmaUm Ed§ {hÝ Xr Cn Ý ¶mgm| H$m n [aM ¶mË‘H$ gd}jUCn Ý ¶mg H$s Ad YmaUm Ed§ {hÝ Xr Cn Ý ¶mgm| H$m n [aM ¶mË‘H$ gd}jUCn Ý ¶mg H$s Ad YmaUm Ed§ {hÝ Xr Cn Ý ¶mgm| H$m n [aM ¶mË‘H$ gd}jU

Cn Ý¶m g … ñ dê$ n Am¡ a n [a ^m fm …Cn Ý¶m g … ñ dê$ n Am¡ a n [a ^m fm …Cn Ý¶m g … ñ dê$ n Am¡ a n [a ^m fm …Cn Ý¶m g … ñ dê$ n Am¡ a n [a ^m fm … ----

{hÝXr gm{ hË¶ OJ V ‘| Cn Ý ¶mg gm{hË¶ Z drZV ‘ {dYm Am| ‘| go EH$ h¡ & {O gH$ m àma§ ^

19dt e Vmã Xr go ‘mZm OmV m h¡ & Bggo n hbo Cn Ý¶mg { dYm H$ m gd© Wm A^md Xo I Zo H$ mo {‘bVm

Wm & O~ go {hÝXr ‘| JÚ gm{hË¶ H$ s ew ê$ AmV hþ B© V ~ go hr Cn Ý¶mg gm{hË¶ H$ s ^r ew ê$ AmV

hþ B© &

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"Cn Ý¶mg' eã X H$ s ì ¶w Ën {Îm H$ mo OmZZo Ho $ {bE g~go n hbo Cggo g§ ~§ {YV Hw $ N> ^ma Vr¶

Ed§ n míM mË¶ g§ X^m] H$ mo OmZZm A{V Amd í¶H$ hmo OmVm h¡ &

‘y bV… "Cn Ý¶m g' eã X g§ ñH¥ $ V H$ s "Ag² ' YmVw go CËn ÝZ hþAm h¡ , {OgH$ m AW© hmoVm h¡

- aIZm ¶m Agw jo n U & "Cn ' Am¡ a "{Z' n y d© H$ "Ag² ' YmVw ‘| "YÄm' àË¶¶ Omo ‹S>Zo go

(Cn +{Z +Ag² +Y Äm) " Cn Ý ¶mg' eã X ~ZVm h¡ & {Og ‘| "Cn ' H$ m AW© h¡ - g ‘ rn ¶m {ZH$ Q>

Am¡ a "Ý¶mg' H$ m AW© WmVr ¶m Yamo ha hmo Vm h¡ & Bg àH$ma BgH$ m gm‘mÝ¶ AW© hmo Vm h¡ - ‘Zw î ¶

Ho $ {ZH$ Q> ¶m g ‘rn aIr hþ B© H$ mo B© dñVw & bo {H$ Z ¶h Vmo BgH$ m Ho $ db E H$ gr{‘ V AW© hr h¡ &

AmO B gH$ m AW© {dñ Vma hmo J¶m h¡ & S>m° . am‘ bIZ ew ³b Ho $ eã Xm| ‘| H$ ho Vmo - "dh dñ Vw ¶m

H¥ $ {V {OgH$ mo n ‹T>H$ a Eo gm bJo {H$ ¶h h‘mar hr h¡ , Bg ‘| h‘mao hr OrdZ H$ m à{V{~å~ h¡ , Bg‘ |

h‘mar hr H$ Wm h ‘mar hr ^m fm ‘| H$ hr JB© h¡ & AmYw {ZH $ ¶w J ‘| {Og gm{hË¶ {deo f Ho $ {bE Bg

eã X H$ m à¶mo J {H$ ¶m OmVm h¡ , CgH$ s àH¥ $ {V H$ mo ñn ï> H $ aZo ‘| ¶h eã X gd© Wm g‘W© h¡ &'1111

Bg

àH$ ma dV© ‘mZ g‘ ¶ ‘| "Cn Ý ¶mg' ‘Zw î ¶ OrdZ H$ m EH$ A{^ÝZ A§ J ~Z M w H$ m h¡ &

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Hw $ N> {dÛmZm| ‘| "Cn Ý¶mg' eã X Ho $ à¶mo J Ed§ CX² ^d H$ mo bo H$ a ‘V o X h¡ & CZHo $

‘VmZw gma - "Cn Ý¶mg eã X H$ m à¶mo J âV Zo "ZmQ² >¶emñÌ' ‘| {H$ ¶m h¡ - à{V ‘w I g§ {Y Ho $ EH$

Cn o X Ho $ ê$ n ‘| H$ aVo hþ E B go "Cn n {ÎmH¥ $ Vmo øW© …' VWm " àgmYZ‘² ' H$ hm h¡ AWm© V² { H $ gr AW© H$ mo

¶w {³Vn y U© T>§ J go Cn pñW V H$ aZo dmbm VWm àgÝ ZVm àXm Z H$ aZo dmbm & A V… ¶h h ‘mao {bE Z¶m

eã X Zht h¡ VWm Jw UmT>ç H$ s "~¥ hËH$ Wm', "n § M V§ Ì' ~m¡ ÕOmVH$ H$ WmE± , O¡ gr H¥ $ {V¶m± VH$ Bg

gy Ì Ho $ AZw gma Cn Ý¶mg H$ hr Om gH$ Vr h¡ ³¶m| {H$ ¶o nmR>H$ H$ mo àgÝZVm Vmo à XmZ H$ aVr hr

h¡ &'2222

Bggo EH$ ~m V Vmo ñn ï> h¡ {H$ Cn Ý¶mg eã X h‘mao {bE Z¶m Zht h¡ bo { H$ Z AmO h ‘

BgH$ m {Og AW© ‘| à¶mo J H $ a aho h¢ , dh gd© Wm Z drZ h¡ & "h‘ Xmo Zm| H$ mo EH$ Zht H$ h gH$ Vo &

Cnn {ÎmH¥ $ VËd Am¡ a àgmXZËd BZ Xmo Zm| ‘m¡ {bH$ Jw Um| H$ s ajm H$ aVo hþ E ^r Cn Ý¶mg Zo An Zo jo Ì

H$ mo BVZm ì¶mn H$ H$ a {b¶m h¡ {H$ Xmo Zm| ‘| Jw UmË‘ H$ A§ V a Am J¶m h¡ &'3333

S>m° . {Ì w d Z qgh Zo Vmo

¶hm± VH$ H$ hm h¡ {H$ - "^maVr¶ {dÛmZm| H$ s ¶h {deo fVm ahr h¡ {H$ do gm{hË¶ Ho $ àm¶… g^r

ê$ n m| H$ mo àmM rZVm àXmZ H$ aZo Ho $ {bE CgH$ m gå~ÝY do X Am{ X go Omo ‹S>Zo H$ m à¶ ËZ H$ aVo aho

h¢ & Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ mo bo H$ a ^r Hw $ N> bmo J Eo gr p³ bï> H$ ën Zm H$ aVo {XIm B© n ‹S>Vo h¢ Am¡ a Bgo g§ ñH¥ $ V

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àH$ ma ‘mZdr¶ ^mdm| H$ m CÎmamo Îma {dH$ mg hmo Vm ahVm h¡ , Cgr àH$ ma Cggo gå~pÝYV gm{hË¶

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Am¡ a Amdí¶ H$ VmZw gma Z¶o gm{hË¶ ê$ n m| H$ m Am{ d ^m© d ^r & Cn Ý¶mg gm{ hË¶ dV© ‘mZ

n [apñW{V¶m| H$ s Xo Z h¡ & ¶h gm{hË¶ H$ m {ZVmÝV ZdrZV ‘ ê $ n h¡ , {’ $ a ^r Omo h‘ ¶h OmZZo H$ s

{Okmgm a IVo h¢ { H$ Bg gm {hË¶ ê$ n H$ m CX² ^d n y d© Ho $ {H$ g gm{hË ¶ ê$ n go hþ Am h¡ , dh h ‘mao

‘mZd ñd ^md H$ m n [aM m¶H$ h¡ & O~ {H$ gr n [adma ‘| H$ mo B© ~hþ V ~‹S>m ì¶{³V CËn ÝZ hmo OmVm

h¡ , Vmo ñ d^md V… bmo J Cg Ho $ n y d© Om| Ho $ gå~ÝY ‘| OmZZo H$ s B ÀN>m a IVo h¢ , ³¶m| {H$ Eo gm AZw ‘mZ

H$ a {b¶m OmVm h¡ {H$ ‘hm Z ì¶{³ V H$ mo CËn ÝZ H$ aZo dmbm n [adma Adí ¶ hr n a§ n amJV ‘hmZ

hmo Jm & R>rH$ Eo gr hr {Okmg m Cn Ý¶mg gm{hË¶ Ho $ g§ ~§ Y ‘| Xo Ir OmVr h¡ & Cn Ý¶mg O¡ go ge³V

40

gm{hË¶ ê$ n H$ mo Xo IH$ a ghgm {dídmg hr Zht hmo n mVm {H$ BgH$ s Z Vmo H$ mo B© d§ e n a§ n am h¡ Am¡ a

Z Vmo ¶h n y d© Ho $ {H$ gr g‘¥ Õ gm{hË¶ ê$ n H$ m {dH$ {g V n [aUm‘ hr h¡ &'4444

{hÝXr ‘| {O go "Cn Ý¶mg' H$ hVo h¢ Cg Ho $ {bE A§ J« o Or ‘| Zm° do b (Novel) eã X àM {bV

h¡ & Jw OamVr ‘| Cgo "Zd b H$ Wm', ‘am R>r ‘| "H$ mXå~ar ' VWm ~§ Jbm ‘| C go "Cn Ý¶m g' hr H$ hVo

h¢ & A§ J« o Or H$ m "Zm° do b' eãX b¡ {Q>Z Ho $ "Zmo dg' (Novus) go ~Zm h¡ , {OgH$ m AW© ZdrZ hmo Vm

h¡ & "A§ J« o Or ‘| "Zm° do b' eã X Hw $ N> {XZm| VH$ "ZdrZ ' A m¡ a "bKw JÚH$ Wm' Xmo Zm| AW© H$ mo Úmo {VV

H$ aVm Wm, {H$ ÝVw A R>mahdt eVmã Xr Ho $ n íM mV² gm{hË¶ {dYm Ho $ ê$ n ‘| ¶h à{V{ð>V hmo J¶m

Am¡ a AmO {Og AW© ‘| CgH$ m à¶mo J hmo Vm h¡ , dh AW© ^r {ZpíM V hmo J¶m & BVmdbr ^m fm ‘|

"Zm° do bm' (Novella) eãX bKw H$ Wm Ho $ {bE à¶w ³ V hmo Vm h¡ & A§ J« o Or H$ m " Zm° do b' eã X

àË¶jV… "Zm° do bm' go à ^m{ dV h¡ Omo "Novus' go ì ¶w Ën ÝZ hþ Am h¡ & BVm dbr eã X "Zm° do bm'

H$ m AW© n maån [aH$ go à{V Hy $ b ‘m¡ {bH$ H$ hmZr hr Z ht hmo Vm, daZ² dh H$ hmZr hmo Vm h¡ Omo

dV© ‘mZ ‘| K{Q>V hmo AWdm {Ogo K{Q>V hþ E A{YH$ g ‘¶ Z hþ Am hmo & Bggo ¶h ~mV ñn ï> hmo

OmVr h¡ {H$ Zm° do b ZdrZVm H$ m Úmo VZ Vmo H$ aVm hr h¡, gmW hr dh Bg VÏ¶ H$ m ^r Úmo VZ

H$ aVm h¡ {H$ CgH$ m g§ ~§ K à Ë¶j ¶m AàË¶j ê$ n ‘| d V© ‘m Z OrdZ go h¡ &'5555

Am° ³g’ $ m° S>© B§ J{be {S> ³eZa r ‘| "Zm° do b' H$ m AW© h¡ "E H$ H$ mën {ZH$ JÚmË ‘H$ H$ W m ¶m

H$ hmZr Omo ¶Wo ï> bå~r hmo Am¡ a {Og‘| ¶WmW© OrdZ Ho $ à{V{Z{Y n mÌ Am¡ a {H« $ ¶mE± H$ ‘ ¶m

A{YH$ O{Q>b ß bmQ> ‘| {M { ÌV H$ s OmVr h¢ &'6666

BgHo $ A{V[a ³V "Cn Ý¶m g' eã X H$ m à¶mo J {d{^ÝZ AW m] ‘| {H$ ¶m J¶m h¡ O¡ go - Ý¶ñV,

dm³¶ H$ m Cn H« $ ‘, dm ³¶ H$ m à¶mo J, Yamo ha, H$ WZ, g§ X © , {dM ma, y {‘H$ m, Cn H$ Wm, {H$ ñgm,

g‘rn aIZm , XmZ , ¶w {³ V ¶w ³V ê$ n ‘| Cn pñW V H$ aZm, àgmYZ, g§ § Ho $ V, C ëbo I Am{X & Vo bw Jw

VWm ‘ b¶mb ‘ O¡ gr X{ jU H$ s ^m fmAm| ‘| B g eã X H$ m à¶mo J ^mf U, ì¶m» ¶mZ V Wm {Z~ÝY Ho $

AWm] ‘| hmo Vm h¡ &

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d¡ go Xo Im Om¶ Vmo "Cn Ý¶mg ' Ho $ {bE ~hþ V go eã X A m¡ a Cgo H$ AW© àM {bV h¡ {H$ ÝVw

AmO A§ J« o Or Ho $ "Zm° do b' Ho $ {bE dh BVZm ê$ ‹T> hmo J¶m h¡ {H$ CgHo $ A Ý¶ AW© H$ h t Imo go J¶o

h¢ & g§ jo n ‘| H$ hm Om¶ Vmo - "Cn Ý¶mg eã X go Omo h‘ AmO AW© g‘PVo h¢ , dh AmYw {ZH$

gm{hË¶ H$ m {ZVmÝ V ZdrZ V ‘ ê$ n h¡ & EH$ bå~r Ad{ Y VH$ h‘mao Xo e n a A§ J« o Omo H$ m ñdm{‘Ë d

ahm h¡ Am¡ a CZHo $ g§ n H© $ ‘| AmZo Ho $ H$ maU h‘mar gm{hpË¶H$ , amOZ¡ {VH$ Ed§ gm§ ñH¥ $ {VH$ ar{V-

Zr{V ‘| AZo H$ n [adV© Z hþ E h¢ & n míM mË¶ gm{hË¶ H$ m O mo à ^md {h ÝXr gm{hË¶ n a n ‹ S>m h¡ , {h ÝXr

Cn Ý¶mg C gH$ m ew ^ n [aUm ‘ h¡ &'7777

n [a ^m fm …n [a ^m fm …n [a ^m fm …n [a ^m fm …

Cn Ý¶mg H$ m ’ $ bH$ BVZm {dñV¥ V h¡ { H$ Cgo { H$ gr EH$ {Z píM V n [a ^mfm ‘| ~ m± YZm

H$ {R>Z H$ m¶© h¡ , bo {H$ Z {’ $ a ^r ~hþ V go {dÛmZm| Zo An Zo -An Zo ‘VmZw gma CgH$ s {^ÝZ-{ ^ÝZ

n [a^mfmE± Xo Zo H$ m à¶ËZ A dí¶ {H$ ¶m h¡ Omo {ZåZ àH$ m a go h¢ &

Am. am‘M § Ð ew ³b Ho $ ‘Vm Zw gma …- ""dV© ‘mZ O JV ‘| Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ s ~‹S>r e{ ³V h¡ &

g‘mO Omo ê$ n n H$ ‹S> ahm h¡ , Cg Ho $ {^ÝZ- {^ÝZ dJm] ‘| Omo àd¥ {Îm¶m± CËn ÝZ hmo ahr h¢ , Cn Ý¶m g

CZH$ m {dñV¥ V àË¶jr H$ aU hr Zht H$ aVo , Amdí¶ H$ Vm Zw gma CZHo $ R>rH$ {dÝ¶mg, gw Yma AWdm

{ZamH$ aU H$ s àd¥ {Îm ^r CË n ÝZ H$ a gH$ Vo h¢ &.. .bmo H$ ¶m {H$ gr OZ g‘mO Ho $ ~r M H$ mb H$ s

J{V Ho $ AZw gma Omo ‘y ‹T> Am¡a qM Ë¶ n [apñW{V¶m± I‹S>r hmo Vr ahVr h¢ , CZH$ mo Jmo M a ê$ n ‘| gm‘Zo

bmZm Am¡ a H$ ^r- H$ ^r {Zñ V ma H$ m ‘mJ© ^r àË¶ j H$ aZm Cn Ý¶mg H$ m H$ m‘ h¡ &''8888

‘w § er ào ‘M § X Ho $ AZw gma …- ""‘¢ Cn Ý¶mg H$ mo ‘mZdOrdZ H$ m {M Ì ‘mÌ g‘PVm hÿ ± &

‘mZd-M [aÌ n a àH$ me S>mb Zm Am¡ a CgHo $ ahñ¶m| H$ mo I mo bZm hr Cn Ý¶mg H$ m ‘y b V Îd h¡ &''9999

AmM m¶© hOmaràgmX {Ûdo Xr Cn Ý¶mg H$ s n [a^mfm Xo Vo hþ E H$ hVo h¢ - ""Cn Ý¶mg

AmYw {ZH$ ¶w J H$ s Xo Z h¡ & Z¶o JÚ Ho $ àM ma Ho $ gmW-gm W Cn Ý¶mg H$ m àM ma hþ Am h¡ &

AmYw {ZH$ Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ db H$ Wm ‘mÌ Zht h¡ , Am¡ a n w amZr H$ WmAm| Am¡ a Am»¶m{¶H$ mAm| H$ s ^m± {V

H$ Wm gy Ì H$ m ~hmZm bo H$ a Cn ‘mAm| , ê$ n H$ m| , Xrn H$ m| Am¡ a íco fm| H$ s N>Q>m Am¡ a gag n Xm| ‘|

42

Jw på’ $ V n Xmdbr H$ s KQ>m {XImZo H$ m H$ m¡ eb ^r Zht h¡ & ¶h AmYw {ZH$ d¡ ¶{³VH$ Vmdm Xr

Ñ{ï>H$ mo U H$ m n [a Um‘ h¡ & B g‘| bo I H$ An Zm E H$ {Zpí M V ‘V à H$ Q> H$ aVm h¡ Am¡ a H$ WmZH$ H$ mo

Bg àH$ ma go gOmVm h¡ {H $ n mR>H$ AZm¶mg hr CgHo $ CÔo í¶ H$ mo J« hU H$ a gHo $ Am¡ a Cggo

à ^m{dV hmo gHo $ & bo IH$ m| H$ m Bg àH$ ma H$ m d¡ ¶{³V H$ Ñ{ï>H$ mo U hr ZE Cn Ý¶m gm| H$ s AmË‘m

h¡ & H$ WmZH$ H$ mo ‘Zmo a§ OH$ Am¡ a {ZXm} f ~ZmH$ a Am¡ a n m Ìm| Ho $ gOrd M [aÌ-{Z‘m© U VWm ^mfm H$ s

AZmS>§ ~a ghO à dmh H$ s ¶m o OZm Ho $ Ûmam Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma A nZo d¡ ¶{³VH$ ‘ V H$ mo hr g hO ñdr H$ m¶©

~ZmVm h¡ & {Og Cn Ý¶mg H$ ma Ho $ n mg AmYw {ZH$ ¶w J H$ s O{Q>b g‘ ñ¶mAm| Ho $ g‘m YmZ Ho $ ¶mo ½¶

An Zm à~b d¡ ¶{ ³VH$ ‘ V Zht h¡ dh AmYw {ZH$ n mR>H$ m| H$ mo AmH¥ $ ï> Zht H$ a gH$ Vm &''1 01 01 01 0

S>m° . ^JraW {‘l Ho $ AZw gma …- ""¶w J H$ s J{Ver b n ¥ ð> y {‘ n a ghO e¡ br ‘|

ñdm^m{ dH$ OrdZ H$ s EH$ n y U© ì¶mn H$ Pm± H$ s àñVw V H $ aZ o dmbm JÚ-H$ mì¶ Cn Ý¶ mg H$ hbmVm

h¡ &''1 11 11 11 1

S>m° . í¶m‘g§ w Xa Xm g Zo Cn Ý ¶mg Ho $ ~mao ‘| H$ hm h¡ …- ""Cn Ý¶mg ‘Zw î ¶ Ho $ dm ñV {dH$

OrdZ H$ s H$ mën {Z H$ H$ Wm h¡ &''1 21 21 21 2

S>m° . Jw bm~am¶ Ho $ ‘VmZw gma …- ""Cn Ý¶mg H$ m¶© -H$ maU-l§ ¥ § Ibm ‘| ~± Ym hþ Am dh JÚ

H$ WmZH$ h¡ {Og‘| An o jm H¥ $ V A{YH$ {dñ Vma VWm n o M rXJr Ho $ gmW dmñV {dH $ OrdZ H$ m

à{V{Z{YËd H$ aZo dmbo ì¶ { ³V¶m| go gå~pÝY V dmñV {d H$ ¶m H$ mën {ZH$ KQ>ZmAm| Ûmam ‘mZd-

OrdZ Ho $ gË¶ H$ m agmË‘ H$ ê$ n go CX² KmQ>Z {H$ ¶m OmVm h¡ &''1 31 31 31 3

Am. Z§ XXþ bmao ~m On o ¶r Ho $ AZw gma …- ""Cn Ý¶mg AmYw {ZH$ ¶w J H$ m ‘ hmH$ mì¶ h¡ & Bg ‘|

‘mZd OrdZ Am¡ a ‘mZd M [aÌ H$ m {M ÌU Cn pñWV {H$¶m OmVm h¡ & dh ‘Zw î ¶ Ho$ OrdZ Am¡ a

M [aÌ H$ s ì¶m»¶m H$ aVm h¡ &''1 41 41 41 4

S>m° . bú‘r gmJa dmî U} ¶ Ho $ AZw gma …- ""Cn Ý¶mg ¶Wm W© ‘mZd AZw ^dm| Ed§ gË¶ H$ m

Am§ H$ bZ h¡ , dh O rdZ H$ s EH$ Vm ‘| AZo H$ Vm VWm An y U© Vm ‘| g ‘J« Vm ñWm[n V H$ aZo H$ m à¶ËZ

H$ aVm h¡ &''1 51 51 51 5

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Ako ¶ H$ m ‘V h¡ …- ""Cn Ý¶mg ì¶{³ V Ho $ An Zr n [apñW{V¶m| Ho $ gmW g§ ~§ Y H$ s

A{^ ì¶{³ V Ho $ CÎmamo Îma {dH $ mg H$ m à{V{Z{YËd H$ aVm h¡ &''1 61 61 61 6

Ý¶y B§ J{be { S>³eZar ‘| C n Ý¶mg H$ s n [a^mfm Xo Vo hþ E H$ hm J¶m h¡ {H$ …- " ~¥ hV²

AmH$ ma JÚ Am»¶mZ ¶m d¥ VmÝV {Og Ho $ A§ VJ© V dmñV{ dH$ OrdZ Ho $ à{V{Z{YËd H$ m Xmdm H$ aZo

dmbo n mÌm| Am¡ a H$ m¶m] H$ mo H$WmZH$ ‘| {M {ÌV {H$ ¶m O mVm h¡ &'1 71 71 71 7

Edo b M o do b …- ""Cn Ý¶m g { ZpíM V AmH$ ma dmbm JÚ ê$ n Am»¶mZ h¡ &''1 81 81 81 8

AZ} ñQ> E. ~o H$ a … - ""Cn Ý ¶mg H$ mo h ‘ J Ú‘¶ H$ pën V Am»¶mZ Ho $ ‘mÜ¶‘ go H $ s JB©

OrdZ H$ s ì¶m »¶m H$ h g H$ Vo h¢ &''1 91 91 91 9

amë’ $ ’ $ m° ³g Ho $ AZw gma …- ""Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ db H$ mën {Z H$ JÚ Zht h¡ , ¶h ‘mZ d- OrdZ

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à¶ËZ {H$ ¶m h¡ &''2 02 02 02 0

Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ gå~ÝY ‘| {àñQ>bo H$ m ‘V h¡ {H$ …- ""Cn Ý¶mg JÚ ‘| {b{IV H$ W m h¡ ,

{Og‘| à YmZV… H$ mën {ZH$ n mÌ Am¡ a KQ>ZmE± ahVr h¢ & ¶h OrdZ H$ m AË¶§ V {dñV¥ V VWm {deX

Xn © U h¡ Am¡ a gm{hË¶ H$ s A Ý¶ {dYmAm| H$ s Vw bZm ‘| B gH$ m jo Ì ì¶mn H$ hmo Vm h¡ & Cn Ý¶mg H$ mo o

h‘ Eo go H$ WmZH$ Ho $ ê$ n ‘| bo gH$ Vo h¢ Omo gab Am¡ a ew Õ dU© Z ‘mÌ hmo , ‘mZdr¶ ì¶dhma H$ m

{M Ì hmo ¶m M [aÌm| H$ m àH$ meZ hmo AWdm {H$ gr Or dZ -Xe© Z H$ m ‘mÜ¶ ‘ hmo &''2 12 12 12 1

Cn Ý¶m gm| H$ m ‘hË d …Cn Ý¶m gm| H$ m ‘hË d …Cn Ý¶m gm| H$ m ‘hË d …Cn Ý¶m gm| H$ m ‘hË d …

gm{hË¶ H$ s AÝ¶ { dYmAm| H$ s Vw bZm ‘| Cn Ý¶mg {dYm Ho $ ZdrZ hmo Zo Ho $ ~mdOy X C gHo $

gdm© {YH$ bmo H$ {à¶ Ed§ M {M © V hmo Zo H$ m g~go ~‹S>m H$ maU ¶h h¡ {H$ dh ‘mZd O rdZ Ho $ g~go

H$ ar~ h¡ & gm{hË¶ Ho $ AÝ¶ A§ J ‘Zw î ¶ Ho $ OrdZ Ho $ g^r CÔo í¶m| H$ s EH$ gmW n y {V© Zht H$ a

gH$ Vo h¢ & " AmYw {ZH$ ‘Zw î ¶ H$ s Zã µO {O VZr Cn Ý¶mg Z o n hM mZr h¡ , em¶X AÝ ¶ {H $ gr {dYm Z o

Zht & CgH$ s Amem- AmH$ m§ jm, AmñWm- AZmñWm, gw I -Xþ …I , Xþ … I-X X© , Amem- Aa‘mZ, Hw § $ R>m,

¶§ ÌUm, do XZm , n r‹S>m g~ Hw $ N> Vmo Bg‘| ê$ n m{¶V hmo a hm h¡ &'2 22 22 22 2

S>m° . ho Vw ^maÛmO VWm S>m° .

44

gw ‘ZbVm Ho $ eã Xm| ‘| H$ ho Vmo - ""Cn Ý¶mg H$ m ’ $ bH$ {OÝX Jr H$ s Vah hr ì¶mn H$ Am¡ a

d¡ {dÜ¶âm hmo Vm h¡ & Bgr{ bE Cn Ý¶mg Or dZ H$ mo CgHo $ ì¶mn H$ V‘ ê$ n ‘| àñVw V H$ aZo H$ m

gm‘Ï¶© a IVm h¡ & Cn Ý ¶mg H$ s bmo H$ {à¶Vm H$ m EH$ H $ ma U ¶h ^r h¡ {H$ d h n mR> H$ Ho $ g‘j

OrdZ H$ s g ‘J« V ñdra n o e H$ a Xo Vm h¡ , Bg Va h { H$ n mR>H$ Cn Ý¶mg n ‹T>Vo g ‘¶ ñd ¶§ H$ mo

{OÝXJr Ho $ ~rM n mVm h¡ & Bg{bE Cn Ý¶mg An Zo C Ý‘o fH$ mb go A~ VH$ Ho $ ÝÐ r¶ {dYm Ho $ ê$ n

‘| ñWm{n V h¡ & Cn Ý¶m g H$ s Cn pñW{V Zo ‘ hmH$ mì¶ VWm I§ S>H$ mì ¶ O¡ gr {dY mAm| Ho $ {bE

gm{hË¶ ‘| ~hþ V gr{‘V O Jh H$ a Xr h¡ , ³¶m| {H$ H$ {dVm H$ s Vah Cn Ý¶mg ‘| Z Vmo dm¶drn Z

hmo Vm h¡ Z {H$ gr à H$ ma H$ m ahñ¶âm AàñVw V {dYmZ & Omo Hw $ N> {OÝXJr ‘| h¢ , dh r Vmo Cn Ý¶mg

‘| h¢ &''2 32 32 32 3

Bgr{bE Vmo Cn Ý¶mg H$ mo ‘mZd OrdZ H$m n ¶m© ¶ ^r g‘Pm OmVm h¡ & Cn Ý¶mg

gm{hË¶ Ho $ ‘hËd H$ mo ñdr H$ ma H$ aVo hþ E {H$ gr {dÛmZ Zo Vmo ¶hm± VH$ H$ hm h¡ {H$ - "‘Zw î ¶ H$ s

ghr n hM mZ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| hr Câ Am¶r h¡ , A V… AmO Ho $ ‘Zw î ¶ H$ mo g‘PZo Ho $ {bE AmO Ho $

Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ m AÜ¶¶Z Amd í¶H$ hmo J¶m h¡ & ‘Zw î ¶ H$ s EH$ ‘yb y V d¥ {Îm h¡ M o VZm H$ m {dñVma

Am¡ a CgHo $ Ûmam dh bmo H$ mo Îma AmZ§ X VH$ H$ s Cn bpã Y H$ aVm h¡ & h‘ An Zo ‘mhm¡ b go Vmo

n [a{M V hmo Vo h¢ n aÝVw Cn Ý¶m g Ho $ Ûmam h ‘ g ‘mO, Xo e Am¡ a {díd Ho $ ‘mhm¡ b H$ mo A mË‘gmV H$ aVo

h¢ & Cn Ý¶m g Ord Z H$ s Cn mgZm h¡ & Bg ‘| h‘ OrdZ Ho $ gmW VmXmËå¶ ñWm{n V H $ aVo h¢ & EH$

g’ $ b Cn Ý¶mg H$ mo OrdZ H$ m ^mî ¶ ^r H$ hm Om gH $ Vm h¡ & Cn Ý¶mg Xm¡ ‹S>Vo hþE OrdZ H$ mo

n H$ ‹S>Vm h¡ & dh {gZo ‘o Q>mo J« m’ $ H$ s ^m± {V h‘mao gm‘Zo AmVm h¡ & dh JV OrdZ H$ mo Xo IZo dmbr

EH$ Am± I ~Z OmVm h¡ &'2 42 42 42 4

Bg àH$ ma Cn Ý¶mg gm{hË ¶ Z Ho $ db EH$ ì¶{³ V Ho $ ~pëH$ An Zo

gmW EH$ g ‘mO VWm g‘ ñV ¶w J Ho $ {M Ì H$ mo ^r à ñVw V H$ a Xo Vm h¡ & Bgr{ bE Vmo dV© ‘mZ g ‘¶

‘| {OVZm Vo Or go Cn Ý ¶mg Zo {dH$ mg {H$ ¶m h¡ , C VZm em¶X AÝ¶ { H$ gr {dYm Zo Zht {H$ ¶m

hmo Jm & AmO g§ »¶m H$ s Ñ{ ï> go gdm© {YH$ aM ZmE± Cn Ý ¶mg H$ s hr {X ImB© Xo Vr h¢ & A~ Vmo ¶h

^r H$ hm OmZo bJm h¡ {H$ B³H$ sg dr gXr Vmo Cn Ý¶mg m| H$ s hr hmo Jr & {OVZo Z¶o Z¶o à¶mo J

Cn Ý¶mg { dYm ‘| hþ E h¢ , CV Zo AÝ¶ { H$ gr {dYm ‘| Zht hþ E; Am¡ a B Ýht g ~ H$ maUm| H$ s dµOh g o

Cn Ý¶mg gm{hË¶ ‘mZd Ord Z H$ m ‘hËdn y U© A§ J ~Z M w H$ m h¡ &

45

Cn Ý¶m g Ho $ VÎ d …Cn Ý¶m g Ho $ VÎ d …Cn Ý¶m g Ho $ VÎ d …Cn Ý¶m g Ho $ VÎ d …

A{Y³Va { dÛmZm| Zo Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ à‘w I N> … VÎd ‘mZo h¢ &

(1 ) H$ WmZH$ / H$ Wmd ñVw

(2 ) n mÌ / M [aÌ-{M ÌU

(3 ) H$ Wmo n H$ WZ / g§ dmX

(4 ) Xo eH$ mb / dmVmda U

(5 ) ^m fm-e¡ br

(6 ) CÔo í¶ &

S>m° . empÝVñ dê$ n Jw ßV Cn Ý ¶mg Ho $ BZ VÎdm| H$ mo g‘ PmVo hþ E {b IVo h¢ - "{H$ gr ^ r

Cn Ý¶mg ‘| Hw $ N> KQ>ZmE± Am¡ a H$ m¶m] H$ m {M ÌU hmo Vm h¡ , CZ ~mVm| H$ m dU© Z hmo Vm h¡ {OÝh| ì¶{³ V

H$ aVo ¶m Po bVo h¢ & ¶hr KQ>ZmE± Am¡ a H$ m¶© Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ H$ WmZH$ H$ m {Z‘m© U H$ aVo h¢ VWm ¶o

ì¶{³ V Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ n mÌ H$ h bmVo h¢ & BZ n mÌm| H$ m n mañ n [aH$ g§ bmn Cn Ý¶m g Ho $ V r gao VÎd H$ mo

OÝ‘ Xo Vm h¡ {Ogo h‘ H$ Wmo n H$ WZ H$ hVo h¢ & {Og ñW mZ n a Am¡ a {Og g ‘¶ ‘| KQ>ZmE± K{Q>V

hmo Vr h¡ ¢ , do dmVmdaU H$ m { Z‘m© U H$ aVo h¢ & A V… Cn Ý ¶mg H$ m M m¡ Wm VÎd dmVmd aU H$ hbm Vm

h¡ & CgH$ m n m± M dm VÎd h¡ e¡ br AWm© V² dh {dYmZ {O gHo $ Ûmam dh An Zr H$ Wm àñVw V H$ aVm

h¡ & BgHo $ A{V[a³V H$ bmH$ ma H$ s An Zr OrdZ Ñ{ï> hmoVr h¡ , g‘ñ¶mAm| Ho $ à{V An Zm Ñ{ï>H$ mo U

hmo Vm h¡ & Cgr OrdZ Ñ{ï> Ho $ Ambmo H$ ‘| dh An Zo CnÝ¶mg H$ s KQ>ZmAm| H$ m VmZm-~mZm ~w ZVm

h¡ , n mÌm| H$ mo àñVw V H$ aVm h¡ & Bgo h‘ Cn Ý¶mg H$ m N> R>m VÎd-OrdZ- Xe© Z H$ h gH$ Vo h¢ &'2 52 52 52 5

( 1 )( 1 )( 1 )( 1 ) H$ Wm ZH$ …H$ Wm ZH$ …H$ Wm ZH$ …H$ Wm ZH$ …

H$ WmZH$ {H$ gr ^ r Cn Ý¶m g H$ m n hbm Am¡ a g ~go ‘h Ëdn y U© VÎd h¡ & A§ J« o Or ‘| Bgo

"ßbm° Q> ' H$ hVo h¢ & {d{ dY KQ>ZmAm| Ho $ g§ ¶mo OZ H$ mo H$ WmZH$ H$ hVo h¢ & S>m° . àVmn Zmam¶U Q>§ S>Z

Ho $ eã Xm| ‘| H$ ho Vmo - "H$ Wm ZH$ KQ>ZmAm| H$ m dh gmY ma U ¶m O{Q>b T>m± M m h¡ , {Og Ho $ Ûmam {H$ gr

46

Cn Ý¶mg H$ s aM Zm hmo Vr h¡ & ~J¡ a H$ WmZH$ Ho $ {H$ gr ^r Cn Ý¶mg H$ s H$ ën Zm H$ aZm hr ‘w píH$ b

h¡ & "¶Y{n AmYw {ZH$ ¶w J ‘| Eo go ^r Cn Ý¶m g {b Io O mVo h¢ {OZ‘| H$ WmZH$ H$ m {ZVmÝV A ^md

hmo Vm h¡ ¶m H$ WmdñVw AË¶§ V gy ú‘ VWm {dab hmo Vr h¡ & VWm{n ¶{X Cn Ý¶mg H$ mo Cn Ý¶mg ~ZmZm

h¡ , Vmo Cg Ho $ H$ WmZH$ H$ m ‘ hËd Añ drH$ ma Zh§ r { H$ ¶m Om gH$ Vm & Cn Ý¶mg ‘| Am¡ a Hw $ N> hmo ¶m

Z hmo , H$ hmZr Adí¶ hmo Vr h¡ & AV … H$ Wmd ñVw H$ mo Cn Ý¶mg H$ m àm U H$ hm J¶m h¡ &'2 62 62 62 6

{H$ gr

~‹S>r B ‘maV ‘| Omo ñWmZ Zt d H$ m hmo Vm h¡ dhr Cn Ý¶m g ‘| H$ WmZH$ H$ m hmo Vm h¡ & {dZmo Xe§ H$ a

ì¶mg Ho $ ‘ VmZw gma -"Cn Ý¶m g ‘| H$ WmZH$ H$ m dhr ñWm Z h¡ Omo eara ‘| h{È>¶m| H$ m & {Og àH$ ma

eara Ho $ {bE ‘m§ g-n o {e¶m| Am{X H$ s Amdí ¶H$ Vm Amd aU Ho $ ê$ n ‘| hmo Vr h¡ , Cgr àH$ ma ^mfm,

e¡ br Am¡ a M [aÌ-{M ÌU H$ s Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| & {~Zm h{ È> ¶m| Ho $ O¡ go ‘m§ g-n o {e¶m± pñ Wa Zht ah

gH$ Vr, d¡ go hr { ~Zm H$ WmZ H$ Ho $ {H$ gr ^r Cn Ý ¶mg H$ m T>m± M m Zht I‹S>m {H$ ¶m Om gH$ Vm &'2 72 72 72 7

{H$ gr ^r Cn Ý¶mg H$ s ‘y b H$ Wm ¶m H$ hmZr H$ mo C gH$ s H$ WmdñVw H$ hVo h¢ & S>m° .

am‘bIZ ew ³b Zo Cn Ý ¶mg Ho $ H$ WmZH$ H$ mo Xmo ^mJm| ‘| ~m± Q>m h¡ - gab Am¡ a Jw p å’ $ V & "gab

H$ WmZH$ ‘| EH$ hr H$ hmZr hmo Vr h¡ , C g‘| g hm¶H$ H$ hm {Z¶m± Zht hmo Vr & Jw på’ $ V H$ WmZH$ ‘| EH$

go A{YH$ H$ hm{Z¶m± hmo Vr h¢ & à YmZ H$ hmZr H$ mo Am{Y H$ m[aH$ Am¡ a Jm¡ U H$ mo àmg§ {JH$ H$ hVo h¢ &

gab H$ WmZH$ Ho $ {Z‘m© U ‘| bo IH$ H$ mo A{YH$ à¶ËZ Zht H$ aZm n ‹S>Vm , n a Jw på’ $ V H$ WmZH$ Ho $

{Z‘m© U ‘| Cgo A[YH$ gmd YmZ ahZm n ‹S>Vm h¡ & EH$ go A{YH$ H$ hm{Z¶m| H$ mo EH$ gy Ì ‘| B g

àH$ ma Jw på’ $ V H$aZm n ‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ do Amn g ‘| {‘bH$ a EH$ hmo OmE & Eo gm Z hmo {H$ {H$ gr

H$ hmZr H$ m gy Ì D$ n a go {Mn H$ m¶m hþ Am àVrV hmo & Xmo ¶m AZo H$ H$ WmAm| H$ mo Bg ê$ n ‘| aIZm

n ‹S>Vm h¡ {H$ Eo gm àVrV hmo {H$ Am{YH$ m[aH$ H$ Wm Ho $ ^rVa go hr àmg§ {J H$ H$ Wm H$ m {dH$ mg

A{Zdm¶© ê$ n ‘| hmo J¶m h¡ &'2 82 82 82 8

àË¶o H$ Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma H$ mo An Zo Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ H$ WmZH$ Ho $ M ¶Z Ho $ {df¶ ‘| ~‹S> r hr

gmdYmZr aIZr n ‹S>Vr h¡ & d¡ go OrdZ Ho $ {H$ gr ^r jo Ì ‘| Cn Ý¶m gH$ ma An Zo Cn Ý ¶mg Ho $ {bE

H$ Wm H$ m M w Zmd H$ a gH$ Vm h¡ & H$ WmZH$ OrdZ ‘| M mam| Amo a ~rIam n ‹S>m hmo Vm h¡ , Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma

An Zr gy P-~y P Ed§ {d{e ï> à{V^m Ho $ ~b n a Ord Z ‘| M mam| Amo a ~rIar n ‹S>r gm‘J« r H$ mo

47

EH$ {ÌV H$ aVm h¡ , Cg‘| ¶Wm W© AZw ^dm| Ho $ gmW An Zr AX² y V H$ ën Zm e{³ V H$ m g‘Ýd¶ H$ aVm

h¡ Am¡ a Amdí¶³ VmZw gma E H$ ì¶dpñW V H$ Wm H$ m {Z ‘m© U H$aVm h¡ & H$ Wmd ñVw Ho $ M w Zmd Ho $

Cn am§ V EH$ ‘hËdn y U© ~mV ¶h Ü¶mZ Xo Zo ¶mo ½¶ h¡ {H$ "H$ WmdñVw An Zo Amn ‘| ‘hm Z hmo Zo n a ^r

‘hmZ H$ mo {Q> Ho $ Cn Ý¶mg H$ mo OÝ‘ Xo Zo ‘| Ag‘W© hmo gH$ Vr h¡ , ¶{X Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma An Zo AZw ^dm|

Ho $ à{V gƒm VWm B© ‘mZ Xma Zht h¡ & OrdZ Ho $ {Og jo Ì H$ mo ^r dh An Zo Cn Ý¶mg H$ m {df¶

~Zm¶o CgH$ m Cgo n y am n [aM¶ hmo Zm M m{hE &... Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma H$ mo {OZ ~mVm| H$ m àË¶j AZw ^d

Am¡ a kmZ Z hmo , CZ Ho $ g§ ~§ Y ‘| n w ñVH$ m| go ¶m Cg { df¶ Ho $ OmZH$ ma ì¶{³ V¶m| go dm Vm© bmn Ûmam

gy M Zm VWm Amdí¶H$ gm‘ J« r Ho $ {bE B{Vhmg H$ s n w ñVH$ m| Am{X n a {Z © a H$ aZm hr hmo Jm & Bg

àH$ ma g’ $ b Cn Ý¶mg H$ ma Ho $ {bE ‘Zw î ¶ Om{ V Am¡ a O JV H$ m ~ hþ ‘w Ir AZw ^d hmo Zm Amdí¶ H$

h¡ , gmW hr Cg‘| Cd© a H$ ën Zm H$ m hmo Zm ^r Amdí¶ H$ h¡ {OgHo $ ~b n a dh dñVw Am| Am¡ a

ì¶{³ V¶m| H$ m gOrd Am¡ a gàmU {M Ì A§ {H$ V H$ a gHo $ & H$ ën Zm e{³V Ho $ A^md ‘| bo IH$

dñVw Am| H$ m àË¶j AZw ^d hmo Vo hþ E ^r gOrd A§ H$ Z Z H$a nm¶o Jm Am¡ a ¶{X Cg‘| H$ ën Zm

e{³V h¡ Vmo M rOm| H$ mo {~Zm Xo o Io Ho $ db CZHo $ {df ¶ ‘| n ‹T>H$ a ¶m gw ZH$ a ^r dh CZH$ m

à ^mdembr {M Ì U H$ a gHo $ Jm &'2 92 92 92 9

Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ H$ WmZH$ ‘| amoM H$ Vm, ‘m¡ {bH$ Vm, g§ ^ì¶ Vm, H$ m¡ Vw hb, g§ Kf© , Vma V å¶Vm,

gw J{R>VVm Am{X O¡ go Jw Um| H $ m hmo Zm AË¶§ V Amdí¶H$ h¡ &

( 2 )( 2 )( 2 )( 2 ) n mÌ /M [aÌ n mÌ /M [aÌ n mÌ /M [aÌ n mÌ /M [aÌ {M Ì{M Ì{M Ì{M Ì U … U … U … U …

Cn Ý¶mg H$ m Xÿ gam ‘hË dn y U© VÎd h¡ - Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ n mÌ Am¡ a CZH$ m M [aÌ {M Ì U &

n mR>H$ {H$ gr ^r Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ H$ WmZH$ H$ mo EH$ mX ~ma n ‹T>H$ a Cgo AmgmZr go y b gH$ Vm h¡ ,

bo {H$ Z CgHo $ n mÌ, CZ Ho $ Jw U Ed§ ì¶{ ³VË d H$ mo Zht y b gH$ Vm & ‘w § er ào ‘M § X Ho $ Cn Ý¶mg

g‘J« gm{hË¶ OJV ‘| AmO Bgr{bE bmo H$ {à¶ Ed§ »¶m{V àmßV h¡ , ³¶m| {H$ C Ýhm| Zo An Zo

Cn Ý¶mgm| Ho $ n mÌ VWm CZHo $ M [aÌ-{M ÌU ‘| {deo f Ü¶ mZ aIm Wm & do ñd¶§ ^r ¶hr H$ hVo Wo

{H$ ""‘¢ Cn Ý¶mg H$ mo ‘mZd OrdZ H$ m {M Ì ‘mÌ g ‘P Vm hÿ± & ‘mZd-M [aÌ n a à H$ me S>mbZm

Am¡ a CgHo $ ahñ¶m| H$ mo Imo b Zm hr Cn Ý¶mg H$ m ‘y b VÎd h¡ &''3 03 03 03 0

48

Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma n mÌm| Ho $ ‘mÜ¶ ‘ go hr OrdZ Ho $ ¶WmW© {M ÌU H$ mo àñVw V H$ aVm h¡ & AV…

do n mÌ h‘mao ZO{XH$ ¶m Amgn mg H$ s Xþ {Z¶m Ho $ hr bJVo h¢ & BgHo $ {bE "¶h Amdí¶H$ h¡ {H$

Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ n mÌ ^r gO rd , ñdm ^m{dH$ Ed§ g hO hm| , do Z Vmo Abm¡ {H$ H$ hmo Z Agm‘mÝ¶ &

CZH$ s à W‘ Am dí¶ ³Vm ¶h h¡ {H$ do An Zo H$ m¶m] Ed§ {dM mam| Ûmam h‘mar H$ ën Zm ‘| gmH$ ma hmo

CR>| - h ‘ CZgo Cgr à H$ ma ghmZw y {V, K¥ Um Am¡ a ào ‘ H$a gHo $ O¡ go An Zo OrdZ ‘| AmZo dmb o

ì¶{³ V¶m| ‘| H$ aVo h¢ & Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma H$ s ‘hmZVm Bg r ~mV n a {Z © a H$ aVr h¡ { H$ CgHo $ n mÌ

{H$ VZo g‘¶ V H$ h‘mao ñ‘¥ { V n Q>b n a A§ {H$ V ahVo h¢ Am¡a h‘mar ^mdZm Am| H$ mo {H$ g ‘mÌm ‘|

à ^m{dV H$ aVo h¢ &'3 13 13 13 1

Xÿ gao eã Xm| ‘| ¶h H$ hm Om gH$ Vm {H$ Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ n mÌm| ‘| Am¡ a gm‘mÝ¶

‘Zw î ¶m| ‘| EH$ ê$ n Vm hmo Zr M m{hE & AÝ¶Wm n m R>H$ H $ mo n mÌm| go An Zo {ZOr gw I-Xþ … I H$ s

g§ do XZm Zht { ‘b n m¶o Jr & n mR>H$ Vmo ¶hr M mho Jm { H$ C n Ý¶mg Ho $ n mÌ ^r C gr H$ s Vah h± gVo -

amo Vo hmo & O¡ go gm‘mÝ¶ ‘Zw î ¶ Ho $ OrdZ ‘| AZo H$ g ‘ñ ¶mE± hmo Vr h¡ , AZo H$ H$ {R>Zm B¶m± hmo Vr h¡ ,

Cgr àH$ ma Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ n mÌ ^r Am‘ AmX ‘r H$ s Vah AZo H$ g‘ñ¶mAm| Am¡ a H$ {R>ZmB¶m| go Krao

hm| & "Eo go n mÌm| H$ m An Zm ñdV§ Ì ì¶{ ³VËd hmo Vm h¡ & do KQ>ZmAm| Am¡ a n [apñW{V¶m| H$ mo OÝ‘ Xo Vo

h¢ ; do Cg g§ K f© - ~mø V Wm Am§ V[aH$ - Ho $ {bE CÎm aXm¶r hmo Vo h¢ Omo Cn Ý¶mg H$ m àmU h¡ &

Eo go n mÌ bo IH$ Ho $ hmW H $ s H$ R>n w Vbr Z hmo H$ a ñd V§ Ì J{V go An Zm {dH$ mg H$ aVo h¢ &'32323232

à{gÕ {d ÛmZ W¡ H$ ao Zo Bg g§ ~§ Y ‘| {bIm h¡ - "I don't control my characters, I am

in their hands and they take me where they please.' AWm© V² n mÌ Ho $ M [aÌ-{M ÌU

Ho $ AV§ J© V Cg Ho $ ~mø Ed§ Am§ V[aH$ Xmo Zm| n jm| H$ m g‘m do e hmo Vm h¡ & ~mø n j Ho $ A§ VJ© V ‘Zw î ¶

H$ m AmH$ ma-àH$ ma, do e - y fm, AmM ma-ahZ- ghZ, M m b-T>mb, ~mV-M rV H$ aZo H $ m T>§ J, CgHo $

{d{eï> H$ m¶© -H$ bmn Am{X g~H$ m g ‘mdo e hmo Vm h¡ , O ~{H$ Am§ V[aH$ n j Ho $ A§ VJ© V Cg Ho $ ^md ,

{dM ma, CgH$ s ‘m Ý¶VmE± Am {X g~H$ m g‘m do e hmo Vm h¡ & BgH$ m g§ ~§ Y n mÌ Ho $ ‘Zmod¡ km{ZH$ n j

go h¢ &

M [aÌ-{M ÌU H$ s à‘w I Xmo n Õ{V¶m± A{YH$ àM {bV h¢ &

(1 ) àË¶j {M ÌU {d{Y

49

(2 ) n amo j/AàË¶j {M ÌU {d{Y

Xÿ gao eã Xm| ‘| Bgo dU© ZmË‘ H$ Am¡ a ZmQ>H$ s¶ n Õ{V ^r H$ hVo h¢ &

àË¶j n Õ{V Ho $ ^rVa bo IH$ ñd¶§ {H$ gr n mÌ H$ s M m[a{ÌH$ {deo fVmAm| n a àH$ me

S>mbVm h¡ Am¡ a CgHo $ AmM ma, ì¶dhma , {dM ma Am{X H$ m Iw bH$ a dU© Z H$ aVm h¡ & O~{H$ n amo j

¶m AàË¶j {M ÌU {d{Y ‘| bo IH$ ñd¶§ n mÌ Ho $ {df¶ ‘| Hw $ N> Zht H$ hVm & "Bg‘| Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma

An Zr dmUr n a {Z ¶§ ÌU aI Vm h¡ & dh g¥ ï>m H$ s ^m± {V An Zr g¥ {ï> ‘| {N>n Om Vm h¡ & n mR>H$ ñd¶ §

n mÌ go CgH$ m n [aM ¶ àmßV H$ aVo h¢ & n mR>H$ Ed§ n mÌm| Ho $ ~rM ‘| dh ~maå~a Zht

AmVm &'3333 3333

dV© ‘mZ g‘¶ Ho$ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| Bg e¡ br H$ m à¶mo J gdm© {YH$ ‘mÌm ‘| {XImB© n ‹S>Vm

h¡ & Bg n Õ{V ‘| bo I H$ A n Zr Amo a go àË¶jV… Hw $ N> Z H$ hVo hþ E H$ Wmo n H$ WZ H$ m ghmam bo Vm

h¡ & H$ B© ~ma ñdJV H$ WZ H$ m ^r dh à¶mo J H$ aVm h¡ ¶m {’ $ a CgHo $ {H« $ ¶m-H$ bmn m| H$ mo n mR>H$ Ho

gå‘w I àñ Vw V H$ a Xo Vm h¡ Am¡ a n mR>H$ H$ mo ñd¶§ Cg Ho $ ~mao ‘| AÀN>r ¶m ~w ar am¶ H$ m¶‘ H$ aZo Ho $

{bE ñd V§ Ì N>mo ‹S> Xo Vm h¡ &

n mÌ Ho $ ~mø n j Ho $ {M ÌU Ho $ {bE bo IH$ {dda U e¡ br H$ m à¶mo J H$ aVm h¡ , O ~{H$

Am§ V[aH$ n j Ho $ CX² KmQ>Z Ho $ {bE dh àË¶j ¶m {dû co fUmË ‘H$ e¡ br H$ m à¶mo J H$ aVm h¡ & n mÌ

Ho $ ~mø n j H$ s Vw bZm ‘| CgHo $ Am§ V[aH$ n j H$ m {M ÌU H$ aZm A{YH$ H$ { R>Z H$ m¶© ‘mZm OmVm

h¡ &

n mÌ Ho $ M [aÌ-{M ÌU Ho $ {bE M mho H$ mo B© ^r {d{Y ³¶m| Z An ZmB© Om¶, n a§ Vw CZ‘|

ñdm^m{ dH$ Vm H$ m Jw U hmo Zm M m{hE & Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ n mÌm| H$ m ì¶dhma Eo gm hmo Zm M m{hE O¡ gm

dmñV{d H$ OrdZ ‘| Am‘ A mX‘r H$ m hmo Vm h¡ & CZ‘| A ñdm^m{ dH$ Vm Zht AmZr M m{ hE & bo IH$

H$ mo Añdm ^m{dH$ Vm Ho $ Xmo f go ~M Zm M m{hE & B gHo $ {b E àË¶o H$ "Cn Ý¶mg H$ ma H$ m H$ V© ì¶ h¡ { H$

dh n mÌ H$ m H« $ {‘H$ {d H$ mg àñVw V H$ ao - Ama§ ^ ‘| n m Ì Ho $ H$ {Vn ¶ Jw U -Xmo fm| H$ m Cë bo I H$ a

VXþ n am§ V {d{dY n [apñW{V ¶m| , à ^mdm| , ì¶{ ³V¶m| , AZw ^d m| Am¡ a à{V{H« $ ¶mAm| Ho $ ‘Ü¶ CgHo $ M [aÌ

H$ m {dH$ mg {XImE & n mÌ H$ m AmH$ pñ‘H$ M [aÌ-n [ad V© Z A{dídg Zr¶ hmo Vm h¡ & Xþ ï> H$ m EH$

50

amV ‘| g‚ mZ hmo OmZm gå ^d Vmo h¡ n a gm‘mÝ¶ Zht & AV … bo IH$ H$ mo Cggo ~ M Zm M m{hE;

¶{X M [aÌ ‘| n [adV© Z {X Im¶m Om¶ , Vmo dh H« $ {‘H$ , ñ dm^m{d H$ Am¡ a ghµO h mo Zm M m{hE &

....g’ $ b M [aÌ-{M ÌU Ho $ {bE ‘mZd- ñd ^md H$ m gm‘mÝ¶ kmZ, ‘Zw î ¶ Ho $ A§ V‘© Z H$ m n [aM ¶,

CgHo $ ^mdm| , { dM mam| , amJ-Ûo fm| , A§ V … gK fm] H$ s OmZH$ mar Ho $ A{V[a³V ghmZw y {V, H$ ën Zm-

e{³V VWm dJ© {deo f H$ s OmZH$ mar An o {jV h¡ &'3 43 43 43 4

( 3 )( 3 )( 3 )( 3 ) H$ Wmo nH$ Wmo nH$ Wmo nH$ Wmo n H$ WZ/ g§ dm X … H$ WZ/ g§ dm X … H$ WZ/ g§ dm X … H$ WZ/ g§ dm X …

Cn Ý¶mg ‘| n mÌm| H$ s Amn g r ~mV-M rV H$ mo H$ Wmo n H$ WZ AWdm g§ dmX H$ hVo h¢ & d¡ go

Xo Im Om¶ Vmo "H$ Wmon H$ WZ' ZmQ>H$ H$ m à‘w I VÎd h¡ , { H$ ÝVw gm{hË¶ H$ s AÝ¶ {dYmAm| ‘| ^r

BgH$ m ~ Iy ~r à¶mo J {H$ ¶m OmVm h¡ & B gH$ m g§ ~§ Y Cn Ý ¶mg H$ s H$ Wmdñ Vw VWm n mÌ Xmo Zm| go h¢ &

g§ dmXm| Ho $ ‘mÜ¶ ‘ go Ohm± E H$ Amo a H$ Wm H$ m {d H$ mg hmo Vm h¡ , d hm± Xÿ gar Amo a Cn Ý ¶mg Ho $ n mÌm|

H$ m n [aM ¶ ^r {‘ bVm h¡ V Wm CZHo $ M [aÌ n a àH$ me ^r n ‹S>Vm h¡ & "Omo dmVm© bm n H$ WmZH$ H$ mo

AJ« ga Zht H$ aVm ¶m M [aÌ n a àH$ me Zht S>mbVm, dh M mho {H$ VZm ^r gOrd ³¶m| Z hmo ,

Cn Ý¶mg ‘| Cg H$ m ‘y ë¶ Xmo H$ m¡ ‹S>r H$ m ^r Z hmo Jm & Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ Bgr VÎd Ho $ H$ maU hr Cgo

Oo ~r-{W¶o Q>a H$ hm J¶m h¡ & BgHo $ H$ maU Cn Ý¶mg ‘| ghOVm Ed§ ñ dm^m{d H$ Vm AmVr h¡ &'35353535

H$ B© ~ma bo IH$ H$ Wmo n H$ WZ Ho $ ghmao H$ B© Eo gr KQ>Zm Am| H$ m Cëbo I H$ a Xo Vm h¡ , {Ogo dh An Zr

‘y b H$ Wm ‘| {dñVma go Zht {XIm g H$ Vm & "Cn Ý¶mgH$ m a H$ Wmo n H$ WZ Ho $ ‘mÜ¶‘ go An Zo Z hmo Zo

H$ s j{V-n y {V© ^r H$ aVo h¢ &'3 63 63 63 6

AWm© V² dh àË¶jV… Cn Ý ¶mg ‘| ‘m¡ Oy X Z hmo Vo hþ E ^r AnZo n mÌm|

Ho $ g§ dmXm| Ho $ ‘mÜ¶‘ go ~hþ V Hw $ N> H$ h Xo Vm h¡ & H$ Wmo n H$ WZ Ho $ Ûmam n mÌm| Ho $ Am§ V[aH$ ÛÝÛ H$ mo

^r {M {ÌV {H$ ¶m Om gH$ Vm h¡ & g§ dmXm| Ho $ C{M V à¶mo J Ho $ H$ maU Cn Ý¶mg ‘| ZmQ>H$ H$ s gr

gOrdVm ^r Am gH$ Vr h¡ &

H$ Wmo n H$ WZ n mÌm| Ho $ AZw ê$n hmo Zo M m{hE & n mÌ {Og Xo e , Om{V, g ‘mO Am{ X go Ow ‹S>m

hmo , Cgr Ho $ AZw ê$ n CgH$ s ^mfm hmo Zr M m{hE & "dmVm© b mn Ho $ H$ maU h‘ n mÌm| H$ s ^ md y {‘ Ed §

n [ado e go n [a{M V hmo Vo h¢ & Bg‘| h‘o EH$ Ord§ V g¥ {ï> H$ m AZw ^d hmo Vm h¡ & n mÌm| Ho $ dmVm© bmn

‘| h‘| CZHo $ X¡ {ZH$ OrdZ H$ s PbH$ {‘ bVr h¡ & ^m fm, ~mo br , Om{V VWm àXo e Am{X H$ s

51

{deo fVmE± dmVm© bmn Ûmam hr àH$ Q hmo Vr h¡ Am¡ a BZ {deofVmAm| go ‘pÊS>V dmVm© bmn dmñV{dH$ Vm

H$ m {Z‘m© U H$ aVm h¡ & dmVm© bmn go Zrag àg§ J ^r gag Ed§ VmOJrn y U© hmo CR>Vm h¡ Am¡ a

dmVmdaU ‘| ZmQ>H$ s¶Vm Am OmVr h¡ & gw H$ amV Ho $ {df¶ ‘| à{g Õ h¡ {H$ dh An Zo Xme© {ZH$

{dM mam| H$ s ZragVm H$ mo H$ Wmo n H$ WZ Ho $ ‘mÜ¶‘ go gag ~Zm Xo Vm Wm &'3 73 73 73 7

>

H$ Wmo n H$ WZ ‘| g§ {jßVVm , amo M H$ Vm, ñdm ^m{dH$ Vm , ghO Vm, gabVm , AmH$ f© U Ed§

gw ~mo YVm Am{X Jw U hmo Zo M m{hE & BgHo $ Abmdm Xo e -H$ mb, n [apñW{V Ed§ KQ>Zm H$ mo Ü¶mZ ‘|

aIH$ a hr g§ dmXm| H$ s aM Zm hmo Zr M m{hE & Xÿ gao eã Xm| ‘| H$ hm Om¶ Vmo H$ Wmo n H$ WZ H$ m à¶mo J

gmo Ôo í¶ Ed§ {ddo H$ n y U© T>§ J go {H$ ¶m OmZm M m{hE & "H$ Wmo n H$ WZ ^bo hr dh {H$ VZm M Q>n Q>m,

gOrd Am¡ a ‘Zmo a§ OH$ ³¶m| Z hmo , D$ n a go Omo ‹S>m J¶m àVrV Z hmo H$ a, H$ WmZH$ H$ m A{Zdm¶© Am¡ a

A{^ÝZ A§ J hmo Zm M m{hE, Vm{H$ dh H$ WmZH$ H$ s ApÝd{V ‘| ghm¶H$ hmo , ~ mYH$ Z ~Zo &

H$ ^r-H$ ^ r bo I H$ {H$ gr g‘gm ‘{¶H$ {d dmXmñn X {d f¶ H$ mo An Zr aM Zm ‘| bmZo Ho $ {bE

({Oggo dh amo M H$ hmo CR>o ) Cg {d f¶ n a { d{dY Ñ{ï> ¶m| go àH$ me S>mbZo Ho $ {b E g§ dmXm| H$ s

¶mo OZm H$ aVm h¡ & ¶h à d¥ {Îm H$ bm H$ s Ñ{ ï> go KmV H$ h¡ &....Hw $ N> Ambmo M H$ m| H$ m ‘V h¡ { H$

H$ Wmo n H$ WZ ¶WmW© OrdZ ‘| hmo Zo dmbr ~mVM rV H$ m à{Vê$ n hmo Zm M m{hE, n a h‘m am ‘V h¡ {H$

Eo gm H$ aZo go H$ bmË‘H$ Vm H$ mo ì¶mKmV n hþ ± M gH$ Vm h¡ & AV… ¶ hm± ^r bo I H$ H $ mo {ddo H$ ny U©

M w Zmd go H$ m‘ bo Zm M m{hE & {XZ-à{V {XZ Ho $ dmVm© bmn ‘| h‘ ~hþ V gr AZm dí¶ H$ , ~r^Ë g,

Aàmg§ {JH$ ~mV| Am¡ a AZmd í¶H$ ê$ n go bå~r eã Xmd{ b H$m à¶mo J H$ aVo h¢ & ¶{X Cn Ý¶mg ‘ |

Eo gr ~mVM rV H$ m Á¶m| H$ m Ë ¶m| CÎma {X¶m Om ¶o Jm, Vmo d h à ^mdhrZ Am¡ a aM Zm Ho $ D$ n a ~mo P Vmo

hmo Jm hr, Ow Jw ßgm ^r CËn ÝZ H$ a gH$ Vm h¡ &'3 83 83 83 8

AV… àË¶o H$ Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma H$ mo An Zo Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘|

H$ Wmo n H$ WZ Ho $ à¶mo J H$ mo boH$ a H$ m’ $ s gVH© $ ahZm n ‹ S>Vm h¡ &

( 4 )( 4 )( 4 )( 4 ) Xo e H$ mb /dm Vmdma U …Xo e H$ mb /dm Vmdma U …Xo e H$ mb /dm Vmdma U …Xo e H$ mb /dm Vmdma U …

Cn Ý¶mg H$ s H$ WmdñVw Ho $ {dH$ mg ‘| Xo eH$ mb AW dm dmVm daU H$ s Ah ‘ y {‘H$ m hmo Vr

h¡ & BgHo $ A^md ‘| {H$ gr ^r Cn Ý¶mg H$ s aM Zm H$ aZm ‘w píH$ b hmo OmVm h¡ & Cn Ý ¶mg ‘| BgH$ m

{M ÌU n ¥ ð> y {‘ Ho $ ê$ n ‘| hmo Vm h¡ & dmVmdaU H$ s n[a ^mfm Xo Vo hþ E lr àIa {bIVo h¢ -

52

"H$ WmZH$ H$ s J{V{d{Y, n mÌm| H$ m ì¶{³VËd , H$ hmZr H $ m Xo eH$ mb (AWm© V² dh {Og ñWmZ n a

Am¡ a {Og g‘¶ K Q>Zm hmo Vr hþ B© ~VmB© JB© h¡ ) , H$ hmZr H$ s ^mfm Am¡ a e¡ br VWm H $ hmZrH$ ma Ho $

CÔo í¶ H$ mo n mR>H$ VËH$ m{bH$ ê$ n ‘| AWm© V² H$ hmZr n ‹ T>Vo-n ‹T>Vo {Og à{H« $ ¶m Ûmam J« hU H$ aZo H$ s

M o ï>m H$ aVm h¡ , Cg à{H« $ ¶m H$ m Zm‘ dmVmda U h¡ &'3 93 93 93 9

Xo eH$ mb ¶m dmVmdaU Ho $ A§ VJ© V {H$ gr KQ>Zm H$ m ñWmZ, g‘¶, VË H$ mbrZ gm‘m{ OH$ ,

amOZr{VH$ , gm§ ñH¥ $ {VH$ n [ap ñW{V¶m± , dhm± Ho $ bmo Jm| Ho $ ar{V-[admµO, ImZ-n mZ , C ZH$ m AmM ma-

ì¶dhma, C ZH$ s ‘mÝ¶VmE± , CZH$ s lÕm-A§ YlÕm , n hZmdm Am{X g~Hw $ N> AmVm h¡ & BZ g~H$ m

Cn Ý¶mg ‘| {H$ gr Z {H$ gr Vah {M Ì U Adí¶ hmo Zm M m{hE & Bggo Cn Ý¶mg Am¡ a ^r A{YH$

¶WmW© bJZo bJo Jm & S>m° . n mê$ H$ mÝV Xo gmB© Ho $ eã Xm| ‘| H$ ho Vmo - ""Xo eH$ mb ¶m dmVmdaU H$ m

{M ÌU Cn Ý¶mg H$ s dmñ V{d H$ Vm ‘| d¥ {Õ H$ aVm h¡ & ‘Zw î ¶ ~hþ Ym dmVmdaU H$ s Cn O hmo Vm h¡ &

A§ J« o O ñd^md V… [aµO ìS>© , A‘arH$ Z ì¶dgm¶r , O ‘© Z d¡ km{ZH$ Ed§ ^maV r¶ Y‘© ^ rê$ hmo Vm h¡ &

Jw OamV ‘| {hgm~r Ho $ {bE "A‘Xmdm Xr' Am¡ a ‘Z‘m¡ Or ¶m a§ Jrbo ì¶{ ³V Ho $ {bE " gy aVrbmbm'

eã X à¶mo J hmo Vm h¡ & ñW b H$ s ^m± {V H$ mb ¶m g ‘ ¶ ^r ì¶{ ³V Ho $ d¡ M m[aH$ YamVb H$ mo

àH$ m{eV H$ aVm h¡ & gm ‘ÝV H$ mbrZ ì¶{ ³V H$ m {M ÝVZ Jm§ Yrd mXr Zht hmo g H$ Vm & AV… Cn Ý¶mg

‘| ^r Xo eH$ mb H$ m ‘hËd ~‹T> OmVm h¡ &''4 04 04 04 0

gm‘m{OH$ Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ s Vw b Zm ‘| Eo {Vhm{gH$ Ed§ Am§ M {bH$ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| dmVmdaU H$ m

‘hËd Am¡ a ^ r A{Y H$ ~‹T> OmVm h¡ & Eo {Vhm{g H$ Cn Ý¶m gm| Ho $ {bE aM ZmH$ ma H$ mo C g ¶w J { deo f

H$ mo Ü¶mZ ‘| aIH$ a VË¶w JrZ g§ n y U© n [ado e H$ mo dmVmdaU Ho $ ê$n ‘| {M {ÌV H$ aZm hmoVm h¡ , O~{H$

Am§ M {bH$ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| bo IH$ {H$ gr EH$ A§ M b {deo f H$ mo Ho $ ÝÐ ‘| aIH$ a dhm± Ho $ bmo Jm| Ho$

ar{V-[admO, M mb -T>mb, CZH$ s ‘mÝ¶ VmE± Am{X g~H$ m {M ÌU H$ aVm h¡ & BgHo $ {bE

Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma Ho $ n mg VËg§ ~§ Yr n y U© OmZH$ mar hmo Zr M m{hE AÝ¶Wm C{M V OmZH$ mar Ho $ A^md ‘|

dh à ^mdmo Ën mXH$ dmVmdaU H$ m {Z‘m© U Zht H$ a gH$ Vm & "Omo dñVw Ohm± H$ s Cn O Zht CgH$ mo

dhm± {XImZm AWdm Omo à Wm {Og H$ mb ‘| àM {bV Z Wr CgH$ mo Cg H$ mb ‘| {M {ÌV H$ aZm

^maVr¶ g‘r jm emñÌ ‘| H« $‘e … Xo e Am¡ a H$ mb {déÕ Xÿ fU ‘mZo J¶o h¢ & AmJam H$ s g‹S>H$ m| n a

53

Xo dXmê$ Ho $ d¥ jm| H$ mo {XImZm AWdm {e‘ bm ‘| by M bZo ¶m H$ arb H$ s Hw § $ Om| H$ m dU© Z H$ aZm Xo e

{déÕ Xÿ f U hmo Jm Am¡ a AH$ ~a Ho $ g‘¶ ‘| CZHo $ {H$ gr ‘w gm{’ $ a H$ mo Q>mB© gåhmbVo hþ E {XImZm

H$ mb {déÕ Xÿ f U hmo Jm &'4 14 14 14 1

Cn Ý¶mg ‘| dmVm daU H$ m d U© Z dht VH$ C{M V h¡ , Oh m± VH$ {H$ d h H$ Wm Ho $ àdmh ‘ |

ghm¶H$ hmo & AÝ¶Wm n mR> H$ D$ ~ OmVm h¡ Am¡ a Cn Ý¶mg H$ mo AYy am hr N>mo ‹S> gH$ Vm h¡ &

(((( 5555 )))) ^ m fm^ m fm^ m fm^ m fm ---- e¡ b r …e¡ b r …e¡ b r …e¡ b r …

{H$ gr ^r Cn Ý¶mg H$ s g’ $ bVm H$ m g~ go ~‹S>m AmYma CgH$ s ^mfm Am¡ a e¡ br n a {Z © a

H$ aVm h¡ & ^mfm ^m dm{^ ì¶ {³V H$ m gmYZ h¡ VWm Cgo {Og ‹T>§ J go àñVw V {H$ ¶m OmVm h¡ , dh

T>§ J hr e¡ br H$ hbmVr h¡ & d¡ go "^mfm Am¡ a e¡ br Xmo {d{^ÝZ VÎd h¡ , { H$ ÝVw X mo Zm| Ho $ ~rM

K{Zð>Vm Ho $ H$ maU Xmo Zm| H$ mo EH$ ‘mZm J¶m h¡ & ^m fm e¡ br ^mdm| VWm {dM mam| H$ s d mhH$ h¢ & Bg

VÎd Ho $ {~Zm H$ Ï¶ H$ Wm H$ m ê$ n YmaU Zht H$ aVm & B g VÎd Ho $ g ‘rn hmo Zo n a H $ Wm Ho $ Xÿ gao

VÎdm| H$ s Xþ ~© bVm {N>n OmVr h¡ &'4 24 24 24 2

Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma H$ mo An Zr A{^ì¶{ ³V ‘| ‘m¡ {bH$ Vm bmZo Ho $ {bE AË¶§ V gab Ed§ ghO

^mfm e¡ br An ZmZr M m{hE & bo IH$ H$ m An Zr ^m fm n a {OVZm AÀ N>m A{YH$ ma hmo Jm, C VZr

hr CgH$ s A{^ ì¶{ ³V ge ³V hmo Jr & ^m fm gab , ñdm^m{ dH$ Ed§ n mÌm| Ho $ AZw Hy $ b hmo Zr

M m{hE & {e{jV Ed§ AZn ‹T> ì¶{³V H$ s ^mfm ‘| A§ Va ñn ï> hmo Zm M m{hE & Ohm± VH$ hmo gHo $

Cn Ý¶mg ‘| b§ ~o g‘mg, E d§ H$ {R>Z VWm An [a{M V eã Xm| H$ m à¶mo J Zht H$ aZm M m{hE & ^mfm ‘|

{M ÌmË‘H$ Vm, amo M H$ Vm, àdm h‘¶Vm Am{ X Jw E hmo Zo M m{h E & Amdí¶ H$ VmZw gma Cg ‘| ‘w ± hmda| Ed§

bmo H$ mo {³V¶m| H$ m à¶mo J ^r h mo Zm M m{hE &

e¡ br H$ m g§ ~§ Y A{^ì¶{ ³V H$ s n Õ{V go h¢ & H$ hm OmV m h¡ {H$ àË¶o H$ Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma EH$

e¡ brH$ ma ^r hmo Vm h¡ & A{ ^ ì¶{³ V H$ s ¶h n Õ{V {O VZ r ge³V hmo Jr dh CVZr hr à ^mdembr

hmo Jr & e¡ br Ho $ ~mao ‘| S>m° . àVmn Zmam¶U Q>ÊS>Z {b IVo h¢ - "e¡ br Ho $ Ûmam Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma An Zr

H¥ $ {V H$ mo A{YH$ AmH$ f© H$ Am¡ a à ^mdembr T>§ J go àñVw V H$ aVm h¡ & Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma {Og T>§ J go

54

An Zo {dM mam| Am¡ a ^mdZm Am| H$ mo A{^ ì¶{³ V Xo Vm h¡ , Cgr H$ mo e¡ br H$ hVo h¢ & AmYw {ZH$

Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ s g’ $ bVm Hw $ N> CgH$ s e¡ br n a hr {Z © a H$ aVr h¡ &'4 34 34 34 3

e¡ {b¶m| Ho $ H$ B© àH$ ma h¡ O¡ go

- g‘mg e¡ br , ì¶mg e¡ br, Ymam e¡ br, Va§ J e¡ br, {M ÌmË‘H$ VWm d U© Z e¡ br Am{ X &

( 6 )( 6 )( 6 )( 6 ) C Ôo í¶ …C Ôo í¶ …C Ôo í¶ …C Ôo í¶ …

¶h Cn Ý¶mg H$ m A§ {V‘ VÎd h¡ & n hbo Cn Ý¶mg H$ m EH$ ‘mÌ CÔo í¶ AmZ§ X ¶m ‘Zmo a§OZ

hþ Am H$ aVm Wm & {H$ ÝVw d V© ‘mZ g‘ ¶ ‘| Ho $ db AmZ§ X àm{ßV hr B gH$ m ‘y b CÔo í¶ Zht ‘mZm Om

gH$ Vm & ‘y bV … Cn Ý¶m g H$ m CÔo í¶ ‘mZd OrdZ H$ s ì ¶m»¶m H$ mo àñVw V H$ aZm h¡ & d¡ go AmO

Ho $ db ‘Zmo a§ OZ Ho $ {bE Cn Ý¶mg {bIo Vmo OmVo h¢ , {H$ Ý Vw CZH$ s JUZm CË H¥ $ ï> H$ mo {Q> Ho $ Cn Ý¶mgm|

‘| Zht H$ s Om gH$ Vr & AmO Cn Ý¶mg { bIZo Ho $ n rN>o AZo H$ CÔo í¶ hmo Vo h¢ & O¡ go H$ mo B©

gm‘m{OH$ Ed§ n m[adm[aH$ g ‘ñ¶mAm| Ho $ {M ÌU H$ mo Ho $ ÝÐ ‘| aIH$ a Cn Ý¶mg H$ s aM Zm H$ aVm h¡ ,

Vmo H$ mo B© ‘Zmo d¡ km{Z H$ ahñ¶m| H$ mo gw bPmZo Ho $ { bE , Vmo H $ mo B© A§ M b {deo f Ho $ n [ado e Ed§ dhm± H$ s

g§ ñH¥ $ {V H$ mo COm Ja H$ aZo Ho $ CÔo í¶ go Cn Ý¶mg H$ s aM Zm H$ aVm h¡ & H$ B© ~ma g ‘m O gw Yma ^r

Cn Ý¶mg H$ m CÔo í¶ hmo gH$ Vm h¡ & CÔo í¶ M mho H$ mo B© ^ r ³¶m| Z hmo , dh Cn Xo e g m Zht b JZm

M m{hE & Cn Ý¶mg H$ m CÔo í¶ AbJ Z hmo H$ a C gHo $ g^r VÎdm| ‘| g‘mZ ê$ n go {~ Iam n ‹S>m hmo Vm

h¡ & Cn Ý¶m gH$ ma H$ mo ñn ï> V… E H$ gw YmaH$ H$ s ^m± {V Cn pñWV Zht hmo Zm h¡ & n hbo dh E H$

Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma h¡ , ~m X ‘| gw Ym aH$ , ¶h ~mV Cgo y bZ r Zh t M m{hE &

55

"""" { hÝ Xr C nÝ ¶mg m| H$ m n [aM¶ mË ‘ H$ g d} jU{ hÝ Xr C nÝ ¶mg m| H$ m n [aM¶ mË ‘ H$ g d} jU{ hÝ Xr C nÝ ¶mg m| H$ m n [aM¶ mË ‘ H$ g d} jU{ hÝ Xr C nÝ ¶mg m| H$ m n [aM¶ mË ‘ H$ g d} jU ''''

{hÝXr Cn Ý¶mg H$ m AmYw {ZH$ ñdê$ n n píM ‘ H$ s Xo Z h¡ & d¡ go ^maVo ÝXþ ¶w J ‘| hr {hÝXr

Cn Ý¶mg bo IZ H$ s n a§ n am H$ m àma§ ^ hmo J¶m Wm & Bg ¶wJ Ho $ Cn Ý¶mgH$ mam| H$ mo CnÝ¶mg bo IZ

H$ s ào aUm ~§ Jbm VWm A§ J« o O r Ho $ Cn Ý¶mgm| go àmßV hþ B© &

{hÝXr Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ g‘y M o {dH$ mg H« $ ‘ H$ mo {ddo M Z H$ s gw {dYm Ho $ {bE ‘mo Q>o Vm¡ a n a

{ZåZ{b{I V VrZ M aUm| ‘| a I gH$ Vo h¢ -

(1 ) Ama§ {^ H$ {hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g / ào ‘M § X n y d© ¶w JrZ {hÝX r Cn Ý¶mg (gZ² 1 88 2 go gZ² 1 91 7)

(2 ) ào ‘M § X ¶w JrZ {hÝ Xr Cn Ý¶mg (g Z² 19 18 go gZ² 1 93 6)

(3 ) ào ‘M § Xmo Îma ¶w JrZ {hÝXr Cn Ý¶mg (gZ² 1 93 7 go A mO VH$ )

( 1 ) Ama§ { ^H$ { hÝX r Cn Ý¶mg / ào ‘M § X n y d© ( 1 ) Ama§ { ^H$ { hÝX r Cn Ý¶mg / ào ‘M § X n y d© ( 1 ) Ama§ { ^H$ { hÝX r Cn Ý¶mg / ào ‘M § X n y d© ( 1 ) Ama§ { ^H$ { hÝX r Cn Ý¶mg / ào ‘M § X n y d© ¶w JrZ ¶w JrZ ¶w JrZ ¶w JrZ { hÝ Xr Cn Ý¶ mg{ hÝ Xr Cn Ý¶ mg{ hÝ Xr Cn Ý¶ mg{ hÝ Xr Cn Ý¶ mg … … … …

ào ‘M § X n y d© ¶w JrZ {hÝXr Cn Ý¶mgm| Ho $ A§ VJ© V ^maVo ÝXþ ¶w J Ed§ {Ûdo Xr ¶w J Ho $ Cn Ý¶mgm|

H$ m g‘mdo e H$ a gH$ Vo h¢ & BgH$ m g‘¶ gZ² 188 2 go 191 7 VH$ ‘mZm Om gH$ Vm h¡ & Bg

H$ mb I§ S> ‘| {bIo J E g ^r Cn Ý¶mg àm¶ … Cn Xo emË‘ H$ Ed§ gw YmamdmXr àd¥ {Îm Ho $ hr A{YH$ Wo

VWm Bg ¶w J Ho $ Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ m à‘w I CÔo í¶ ‘Zmo a§ OZ A{ YH$ Wm &

{hÝXr H$ m à W‘ ‘m¡ {b H$ C n Ý¶mg {H$ go ‘mZm Om¶ ? Bg {d f¶ ‘| {d ÛmZm| ‘| n ¶m© ßV

‘V o X {XIm B© n ‹S>Vm h¡ & A{YH$ m§ e {dÛmZ {hÝXr H$ o à W ‘ ‘m¡ {bH$ Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ ê$ n ‘| bmbm

lr{ZdmgXmg H¥ $ V "n arjm Jw é' H$ mo ñdrH$ ma H$ aVo h¢ & Omo gZ² 18 82 ‘| àH$ m{e V hþ Am Wm &

Am. am‘M § Ð ew ³b Zo ^r Bgo hr {hÝXr H$ m à W‘ ‘m¡ {b H$ Cn Ý¶mg ‘mZm h¡ & hmbm±{H$ Bggo n y d©

gZ² 187 7 B© . ‘| lÕmam ‘ ’ w $ ëbmo ar H¥ $ V "^m½¶dVr' Zm ‘H$ gm‘m{O H$ Cn Ý¶mg {b Im Om M w H$ m

Wm & ¶{X H$ mbH« $ ‘ H$ s Ñ{ï > go {dM ma {H$ ¶m Om¶ Vmo Bgo hr {hÝXr H$ m à W‘ ‘m¡ { bH$ Cn Ý¶mg

56

‘mZm Om gH$ Vm h¡ {H$ ÝVw Bg ‘| Am¡ n Ý¶m{gH$ VÎd n y U© V … {dY‘mZ Zhr§ h¡ & A V… "n ar jm Jw é' H$ mo

hr A§ J« o Or T>§ J H$ m à W ‘ ‘m¡ {bH$ Cn Ý¶m g ‘mZZm A{Y H$ C{M V h¡ & "^m ½¶dVr ' ^bo hr A§ J« o Or

T>§ J H$ m ‘m¡ {bH$ Cn Ý¶mg Z hmo {H$ ÝVw {df¶dñVw H$ s ZdrZVm Ho $ H$ maU Am. ew ³b Zo ^r BgH$ s

àe§ gm H$ s h¡ & ñd¶§ lÕmam‘ ’ w $ ëbmo ar H$ m ‘mZZm Wm {H$ "BgHo $ n R>Z go ^maV I§S> H$ s {ó ¶m|

H$ mo J¥ hñW Y‘© H$ s {e jm àmßV hmo Jr &'4 44 44 44 4

BgHo $ A{V [a³V "Xo damZr Oo R>mZr H$ s H$ hmZr, dm ‘m

{e jH$ , ^m½¶ dVr Am{X H¥ $ {V¶m| H$ mo Cn Ý¶mg H$ s g§ km Xo H$ a Hw $ N> {dÛmZ BÝh| n hbo Cn Ý¶mg Ho $

ê$ n ‘| CÕ¥ V H$ aVo h¢ & dñVw V… ¶o Cn Ý¶m g Z hmo H$ a Zmar {e jm {df¶ H$ J« § W h¢ & ^maVo ÝXþ

h[aíM ÝÐ H¥ $ V "EH$ H$ hmZr Hw $ N> Amn ~rVr Hw $ N> OJ ~rVr' ‘| Am¡ n Ý¶m{g H$ Vm H$ s g§ ^mdZm

~VbmB© OmVr h¡ , {H$ ÝVw g§ ^ mdZmAm| Ho $ AmYma n a H$ mo B© {ZU© ¶ Zht {H$ ¶m Om gH$ Vm, ¶h aM Zm

An y U© h¡ &'4 54 54 54 5

ào ‘M § X go n y d© {b{ IV Cn Ý ¶mgm| H$ mo h‘ {ZåZ{b{ IV n m±M H$ mo {Q>¶m| ‘| aIH$ a AÜ ¶¶Z

H$ a gH$ Vo h¢ -

(1 ) gm‘m{ OH$ Cn Ý¶mg

(2 ) {V bñ‘ r - Eo ¶mar Cn Ý ¶mg

(3 ) Omgy gr Cn Ý¶mg

(4 ) Eo {Vhm{g H$ Cn Ý¶mg

(5 ) AZw {X V Cn Ý¶m g

( 1 ) gm‘ m{O H$ Cn Ý¶ mg( 1 ) gm‘ m{O H$ Cn Ý¶ mg( 1 ) gm‘ m{O H$ Cn Ý¶ mg( 1 ) gm‘ m{O H$ Cn Ý¶ mg … … … …

¶h H$ mb gm‘m{O H$ Ed§ amï´ >r¶ M o VZm H$ s Ñ{ï> go gw Yma H$ m H$ mb h¡ & AV… Bg ¶w J ‘|

gm‘m{OH$ g ‘ñ¶mAm| H$ mo Ho $ ÝÐ ‘| aIH$ a bo IZ H$ m¶© àm a§ ^ hþ Am & Bg H$ mb H$ s aM ZmAm| ‘|

g‘mO gw Yma, Ym{‘© H$ AmS>§ ~am| H$ m {damo Y, M [aÌ gw Yma, gm‘m{OH$ {dH¥ $ {V H$ mo g‘mßV H$ aHo $

àmM rZ g§ ñH¥ $ {V H$ s Amo a bmoJm| H$ m Ü¶mZ AmH¥ $ ï> H$ aZ m Am{X H$ s àd¥ {Îm {XImB© n ‹S>Vr h¡ & Bg

57

¶w J Ho $ gm‘m{OH$ Cn Ý¶mg H$ mam| Ho $ A§ VJ© V n § {S>V lÕmam‘ ’ w $ ëbmo ar, bmbm lr {ZdmgXmg ,

~mbH¥ $ î U ^Å> , R>mHw $ a OJ‘mo hZqgh, amYmH¥ $ î UXmg , b‚ m mam‘ e‘m© , {H$ emo arbm b Jmo ñdm‘r ,

A¶mo Ü¶mqgh Cn mÜ¶m¶ , ~« O ZÝXZ ghm¶ Am{X à ‘w I h¡ &

VËH$ mbrZ gm‘m{ OH$ Cn Ý¶ mgm| Ho $ A§ VJ© V gd© à W‘ n § {S>V lÕmam‘ ’ w $ ëbmo ar Ho $

"^m½¶d Vr' H$ mo {b¶m Om gH$ Vm h¡ & Bg‘| ^maVr¶ Zmar Ho $ Jm¡ ad H$ s ~mV H$ mo àñVwV {H$ ¶m J¶m

h¡ & ¶h Zm{¶H$ m à YmZ Cn Ý¶mg h¡ & BgH$ s Zm{¶ H$ m ^m ½¶dVr gm{hË¶emó Ed§ {M {H$ Ëgm emó

‘| {Zn y U© h¡ VWm dh An Zo AÀN>o AmM aU go g gw amb Ho $ g^r bmo Jm| H$ m { Xb ^r OrV bo Vr h¡ ,

bo {H$ Z CgH$ m n {V Cgo {H$ gr « ‘ de hmo H$ a N>mo ‹S> Xo Vm h¡ & ^m½¶d Vr Eo gr p ñW{V ‘| ^r An Zo

^m½¶ H$ mo Xmo f Z Xo Vo hþ E An Zr {e jm Ho $ ~b n a An Zm OrdZ {Zdm© h Amn H$ aVr h¡ & ¶WmW© H$ m

kmZ hmo Zo n a n {V n w Z… Cgo An Zm bo Vm h¡ Am¡ a Cn Ý¶mg AmXem© Ë‘H$ Var Ho $ go n y U© hmo Vm h¡ & Bg

H¥ $ {V Ho $ ~mao ‘| H$ hm OmVm h¡ {H$ - "Bg H¥ $ {V H$ m {Z‘m© U Cg g ‘¶ H$ s EH$ à~b Ed§ àIa

gm‘m{OH$ M o VZm ( Am¶© g‘m Or M o VZm) Ho $ ’ $ bñdê$ n hþ Am Wm & {H$ gr H$ mo Cg‘| A m¶© g‘mO Ho $

àM ma H$ s ~y Am gH$ Vr h¡ &....Cg g‘¶ ‘| {hÝXÿ g ‘m O ‘| {ó ¶m| H$ s Omo AdXem Wr Cgo Xo IVo

hþ E hr CÝhm| Zo Cg pñW{V ‘| gw Yma bmZo Ho $ ho Vw "^m½¶dVr' H$ m g¥ OZ {H$ ¶m Wm & CZ {XZm|

"^m½¶d Vr' b‹S>{H$ ¶m| H$ mo n mR>ç n w ñVH$ Ho $ ê$ n ‘| n ‹ T>m¶m ^r OmVm Wm &'4 64 64 64 6

Bg Ñ{ï> go "^m½¶dVr'

J¥ hñW {e jm Ed§ Zmar H$ s ñ dV§ ÌVm VWm AmË ‘{Z © aVm Ho $ {bE ¶h J« § W Cn ¶mo Jr hmo gH$ Vm h¡ &

bmbm lr{Zdmg Xmg Ûmam a{M V "n arjm Jw é' ^r Bg ¶w J H$ m ‘hËdn y U© gm‘m{OH$

Cn Ý¶mg h¡ & B g‘| ‘XZ ‘mo hZ An Zo ñdmWu {‘Ìm| Ho $ M ³H$a ‘| AmH$ a {dbm gVm ‘| Sy >~ OmVm h¡ &

g§ H$ Q> Ho $ g‘¶ ‘| CgH$ m gƒm { ‘Ì ~« O{ H$ emo a CgH$ s ‘X X H$ aVm h¡ & {dn {Îm Ho $ g‘¶ H$ s

n arjm hr CgH$ s Jw é $ ~ZVr h¡ , Bgr {bE n arjm H$ mo hr Jw é$ ‘mZm J¶m h¡ & Bg‘| ^maVr¶ ‘mZg

H$ s Adgadm{ XVm VWm ñdm W© d¥ {Îm H$ m VWm ‘Zw î ¶ H$ s {dbmgr d¥ {Îm H$ mo à{VH$ mË‘H$ ê$ n go

{M {ÌV {H$ ¶m J¶m h¡ &

~mbH¥ $ î U ^Å> a{M V VrZ Cn Ý¶mg "Zy VZ ~« ÷ M mar' (1886 ), "gm¡ AOmZ EH$ gw OmZ'

(1 89 2) , VWm "ahñ¶ H$ Wm' (An y U© ) ^r B g ¶w J H$ s AÝ¶ ‘hËdn y U© aM ZmE± h¢ & amYmH¥ $ î UXmg

58

H¥ $ V "{Zñghm¶ {h ÝXÿ ' gZ² 1 89 0 B© . ‘| àH$ m{eV hþ Am & Bg‘| {ZåZ dJ© Ho $ OrdZ H $ mo à W‘ ~ma

Xem© ¶m J¶m h¡ & ‘ho Vm b‚ mmam‘ e‘m© H¥ $ V "Yy V© a{gH$bmb', "ñ dV§ Ì a‘m Am¡ a n aV§ Ì bú‘r' ,

"AmXe© Xån {V', "{ ~J‹S>o H$ m gw Yma' VWm "AmXe© {hÝXÿ ' Am{X aM ZmE± à{gÕ h¡ &

A¶mo Ü¶mqgh Cn mÜ¶m¶ "h[a Am¡ Y' Ho $ Xmo Cn Ý¶mgm| "R>o R> {hÝXr H$ m R>mR> ' (1 8 99 B© .)

VWm "AY{Ibm ’ y $ b' (1 90 7 B© .) ‘| H« $ ‘e … {ddm h Ho $ Xþ î n [aUm‘, Y‘© H$ s ‘hÎmm VWm

A§ Y{dídmgm| H$ mo Xem© ¶m J¶ m h¡ &

BgHo $ Abmdm Bg ¶w J Ho $ g m‘m{OH$ Cn Ý¶m gH$ mam| ‘| R>mHw $ a OJ‘mo hZqgh, ~m~y ~« O ZÝXZ

ghm¶ VWm {H$ emo arbmb J mo ñdm‘r H$ m Zm‘ {deo f C ëbo I{Z¶ h¡ & {OZHo $ Cn Ý¶mg H« $ ‘e …

"í¶m‘m ñdßZ' (1 88 8 B© . R>mHw $ a OJ‘mo hZqgh H¥ $ V), " gm¢ X¶m} n mgH$ ' (1 91 2) Am¡ a "amYmH$ mÝV'

(1 91 8 B© . ~m~y ~« OZÝXZ ghm¶ H¥ $ V) VWm "{Ìdo Ur ¶ m gm¡ ^m½¶d Vr' ( 18 90 B© .) , "brbmd Vr

¶m AmXe© gVr ' ( 19 10 B© . ), "amOHw $ ‘mar' ( 19 20 B© . ), "M n bm ¶m Z ì¶ g ‘mO' (1 90 3- 04

B© .), "n w ZO© Ý‘ ¶m gm¡ {V¶m S> mh' (1 90 7 B© .) , "‘mYdr ‘mYd ¶m ‘XZ d ‘mo {hZr' (1 90 9-1 0

B© .) Bg Ho $ Abmdm "àU{¶Zr n [aU¶' (18 80 B© .), "ào ‘‘¶r' (1 90 1 B© .) , "ñdJ u¶ Hw $ gw ‘ ¶m

Hw $ gw ‘Hw $ ‘mar' (1 88 9 B© .) , "M § Ð mdVr' (19 05 B© . ), "V ê$ U Vn pñdZr' ( 19 06 B© .) , "BÝXþ ‘ Vr'

(1 90 6 B© . ) Am{ X ({ H$ emo arbmb Jmo ñdm ‘r Ho $ ) gm‘m{O H$ Cn Ý¶mg h¡ &

Cn ¶w © ³V Cn Ý¶mgm| Ho $ A{V[a ³V Xo drà gmX e ‘m© a{M V "gw ÝXa gamo {OZr', ~mb ‘w Hw $ ÝX d‘m©

a{M V "‘mbVr', H$ m‘Vmà gm X Ûmam a{M V "Hw $ b-H$ b§ {H$ Zr', am‘Xmg d¡ í¶ H¥ $ V "gVr', B© í dar

àgmX e‘m© H¥ $ V "{haÊ¶‘¶r ' VWm "ñdU© ‘¶r' VWm í ¶ m‘ {H$ emo a d‘m© H¥ $ V "H$ mer¶mÌm' Am{X

gm‘m{OH$ Cn Ý ¶mg h¡ &

( 2 )( 2 )( 2 )( 2 ) { Vb ñ‘r { Vb ñ‘r { Vb ñ‘r { Vb ñ‘r ---- E E E E oo oo ¶mar Cn Ý¶m g …¶mar Cn Ý¶m g …¶mar Cn Ý¶m g …¶mar Cn Ý¶m g …

Bg ¶w J ‘| { Vbñ ‘r-Eo¶mar VWm Omgy gr Cn Ý¶m gm| H$ s aM ZmE± g~go A{YH$ ‘mÌ m ‘|

hþ B© & BZ Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ m ‘y b CÔo í¶ ‘Zmo a§ OZ ‘mÌ Wm & BZ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| dmñV {dH$ Vm H$ s An o jm

H$ ën Zm H$ s â ‘ma A{YH$ Wr &

59

ào ‘M § X n y d© Ho $ {hÝXr Cn Ý¶m gH$ mam| ‘| Xo dH$ sZ§ XZ IÌr H $ m Zm‘ {deo f Am Xa^md go {b¶m

OmVm h¡ & C Ýhm| Zo {Vbñ ‘r Ed§ Eo ¶mar Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ s aMZm H$ aHo $ OZVm H$ mo ‘Zmo a§ OZ H$ s n ¶m© ßV

gm‘J« r Cn bã Y H$ am¶r & C ZHo $ Cn Ý¶mgm| Ho $ ~mao ‘| ¶h H$ hm OmVm h¡ { H$ Omo CZ Ho $ Cn Ý¶mg H$ mo

EH$ ~ma n ‹T>Zm àma§ ^ H$ aVm h¡ dh Cg ‘| n y U© V… Imo Om Vm h¡ & BV Zm hr Zht BZHo $ Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ mo

n ‹T>Zo Ho $ {bE Cg ¶w J ‘| Omo ì¶{ ³V {h ÝXr ^m fm H$ m kmZ Zh t aI Vo Wo C Ýhm| Zo ^r {h ÝXr H$ mo

n ‹T>Zm grIm Wm & CZH$ s à{gÕ aM ZmE± - "M ÝÐ H$ mÝVm' (4 ^m J) , "M ÝÐ H$ mÝVm-gÝV{V' (2 4

^mJ) , "Zao ÝÐ ‘mo {hZr', "drao ÝÐ dra', "Hw $ gw ‘Hw $ ‘mar', "H$ mOa H$ s H$ mo R>ar', "Jw ßV Jmo XZm',

" y VZmW' Am{X à ‘w I h¡ &

"M ÝÐ H$ mÝVm' BZH$ s à W‘ a M Zm h¡ & {O g‘| Zm¡ J‹T> Ho $ am OHw $ ‘ma drao ÝÐ qgh VWm { dO ¶J‹T>

H$ s amOHw $ ‘mar M ÝÐ H$ mÝVm H$ s ào ‘ H$ hmZr d{ U© V h¡ & " M ÝÐ H$ mÝVm gÝV{V' ‘| ¶ hr H$ Wm AmJo

~‹T>Vr h¡ & Bg‘| M ÝÐ H$ mÝVm Ho $ Xmo Hw $ ‘ma BÝÐ OrVqgh Am¡ a AmZÝXqg h H$ s àU¶ H$ Wm h¡ &

BgHo $ A{V[a ³V hao H¥ $ î U O m¡ ha H¥ $ V "Hw $ gw ‘bVm', " ^ ¶mZH$ « ‘' , "‘¶§ H$ ‘mo {hZr ¶m

‘m¶m ‘hb' , "H$ ‘bHw $ ‘mar ', "{Zambm ZH$ m~n mo e ' Ed§ "^¶mZH$ Iy Z' VWm "Zmar {n emM ',

{H$ emo arbmb Jmo ñdm‘r H¥ $ V "{Vbñ‘ r ere ‘hb' VWm Xþ Jm© àgmX IÌr H¥ $ V "amo hVmg ‘R> ' Am{ X

{deo f C ëbo IZr¶ aM ZmE± h¢ &

{Vbñ ‘r Ed§ Eo ¶mar Cn Ý¶mg m| Ho $ ~mao ‘| S>m° . n mê$ H$mÝV Xo gmB© H$ m ‘ V h¡ {H$ - "{ hÝXr

H$ s Am¡ n Ý¶m{gH$ {dH$ mg n a§ n am ‘| BZ Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ m ñWmZ CZH$ s H$ bmË‘H$ Vm Ho $ H$ maU Zht,

àË¶w V {hÝXr Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ mo bmo H$ {à¶Vm {X bmZo Ho $ H$ maU h¡ & BZ ‘| {hÝ Xr Cn Ý¶mg H $ mo bm^-hm{Z

Xmo Zm| hþ Am h¡ & A{YH$ m{YH$ bmo Jm| H$ m Ü¶mZ gm{ hË¶ H$ s Bg Z ¶r {dYm H$ s Amo a J ¶m ¶h C gH$ m

bm^ h¡ & ....hm{Z ¶h hþ B© {H$ {hÝXr H$ m n mR>H$ Bg Y aVr H$ s ‘hH$ H$ mo y bH$ a H$ ën Zm Ho $

‘m¶mbmo H$ ‘| Om n hw ± M m & CgHo $ {bE Cn Ý¶mg ew Õ n bm¶Z H$ s dñVw hmo J¶m & BZ Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ m

Am¡ a H$ mo B© ‘hV² CÔo í¶ Zht hmo Vm Wm & Ho $ db gVhr ‘Zmo a§ OZ Omo {H$ emo a d¶ Ho $ n mR>H$ m| H$mo

Jw XJw Xm gHo $ H$ ^r ^r Cn Ý ¶mg H$ m H$ må¶ Zht hmo gH$ Vm & dñVw V … BZ Cn Ý ¶mgm| go {hÝXr

60

Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ {dH$ mg ‘| J { Vamo Y n ¡ Xm hmo J¶m Am¡ a Omo n m¡ Yo ’ w $ ëbmo ar, bmbm lr{ZdmgXmg ,

~mbH¥ $ î U ^ Å> Am{X Zo amo n o Wo BZH$ s bmo H$ {à¶Vm H$ s ~m‹ T> ‘| ~h J¶o &'4 74 74 74 7

( 3 )( 3 )( 3 )( 3 ) Om gy gr Cn Ý¶ mg …Om gy gr Cn Ý¶ mg …Om gy gr Cn Ý¶ mg …Om gy gr Cn Ý¶ mg …

{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g OJV ‘| Omgy gr Cn Ý¶mg {b IZo H$ s n a§ n am ~m~y Jmo n mbXmg Jh‘a r go

ew ê$ hmo Vr h¡ & Omgy gr Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ s Zt d ^r BÝhm| Zo hr aIr Wr & gZ² 19 0 0 B© . ‘| CÝhm| Zo

"Omgy g' Zm‘H$ EH$ ‘m{gH$ n Ì {ZH$ mbm Wm, {Og ‘| H$ B© Omgy gr Cn Ý¶mg à H$ m{eV hþ E & CZHo $

Ûmam a{M V Omgy gr Cn Ý¶m g m| H$ s g§ »¶m bJ^ J Xmo gm¡ h¡ & BZHo $ à‘w I Cn Ý¶m gm| ‘| "AX² y V

bme ', "ga H$ Vr bme ' , "O ‘w Zm H$ m Iy Z', "S>~b Omgy g', "Jw ßVM a' , "Omgy g H$ s M mo ar', "S>mHo $

n a S>mH$ m', "Iy Zr H$ m¡ Z', "Jw ßV o X' , "Omgy g H$ s y b', "Omgy g M ³H$ a ‘| ', "Omgy g H$ s

Eo ¶mar', "~o Jw Zmh H$ m Iy Z', "OmXwJaZr ‘Zmo bm' Am{ X à‘w I h¡ & BZ Cn Ý¶m gm| ‘| M mo ar ¶m Iy Z

Am{X go g§ ~§ {YV H$ mo B© KQ>Zm K{Q>V hmo OmVr h¡ Am¡ a Omgy g Cg M mo a ¶m Iy Zr H$ mo nH$ ‹S>Zo Ho $ {bE

gw amJ Ty >± ‹T>Zo {ZH$ b n ‹S>Vm h¡ & Omgy g An Zr gwP~w P Ed§ H$ m¡ eb Ho $ ~b n a EH$ Ho $ ~mX EH$

ahñ¶ n a go n aXm CR>mVm OmVm h¡ & S>m° . n mê$ H$ mÝV Xo gmB© Ho $ ‘VmZw gma - "¶o C n Ý¶mg ñW y b

KQ>ZmË‘H$ Cn Ý¶m gm| H$ s H$ mo {Q> ‘| AmVo h¢ Am¡ a àm¶… ¶ mÌm H$ s ~mo [a¶V go ~M Zo Ho $ {bE VWm

g‘¶ H$ mQ>Zo Ho $ {bE n ‹T>o OmVo h¢ & AV… BZ H$ m Ñ{ï> H$ mo U ^r n bm¶Zdm Xr hr h¡ & n a§ Vw Ohm±

{Vbñ ‘r Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| H$ mën {ZH$ OJV H$ m {M ÌU {‘b Vm h¡ , dhm± Omgy gr Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| KQ>ZmE±

¶WmW© OrdZ go gå~pÝYV h mo Vr h¢ & CZ ‘| {d kmZ H$ s A mYw {ZH$ Imo Om| H$ m ^r ghmam {b¶m Om Vm

h¡ & Hw $ Vwhb Eo go Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ m àmUVÎd h¡ & Cn Ý¶mgH $ ma A§ V VH$ Hw $ Vwhb ~Zm¶o aIVm h¡ &

A{YH$ m§ e Omgy gr Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| Am{Ia ‘| Eo o gm ì¶{³ V A n amYr {gÕ hmo Vm h¡ {Og n a n mR>H$ m| H$ m

Ü¶mZ ~hþ V H$ ‘ OmVm h¡ & Bg‘| K Q>Zm M H« $ {dn arV {X em ‘| M bVm h¡ & gm ‘m{OH$ Am¡ a Omgy gr

Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| ¶h A§ Va h¡ {H$ Ohm± gm‘m{OH$ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| g‘mO Ho $ {dñV¥ V ’ $ bH$ n a M [aÌ-g¥ {ï>

H$ m {Z‘m© U hmo Vm h¡ , dhm± Omgy gr Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| Ho $ db ñWy b KQ>Zm (Am¡ a dh ^r An amY gå~ÝYr)

H$ mo hr {b¶m OmVm h¡ &'4 84 84 84 8

61

Jmo n mbam‘ Jh‘ar Ho $ A{V[a ³V am‘bm b d‘m© H¥ $ V "M mbmH$ M mo a', "Omgy g Ho $ Ka Iy Z',

"Añgr hOma H$ s M mo ar', {H $ emo arbmb Jmo ñdm‘r H¥ $ V "{OÝXo H$ s bme ', am‘ Xmg H¥ $ V "hå‘m‘ H$ m

‘w Xm© ' VWm O¶am‘ Xmg H¥ $ V "b§ I‹S>m Iy Zr' Am{ X C ëbo I Zr¶ h¡ & {H$ ÝVw Jh ‘ar Ho $ A{V[a³ V BZ ‘|

go {H$ grH$ mo ^r {deo f »¶m{ V àmßV Zht hþ B© &

( 4 )( 4 )( 4 )( 4 ) Eo { Vhm{ gH$ Cn Ý¶m g …Eo { Vhm{ gH$ Cn Ý¶m g …Eo { Vhm{ gH$ Cn Ý¶m g …Eo { Vhm{ gH$ Cn Ý¶m g …

gm‘m{OH$ Cn Ý¶m gm| H$ s Vw b Zm ‘| Bg ¶w J ‘| Eo {Vhm{gH$ Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ s g§ »¶m ~hþ V H$ ‘

ahr h¡ & Bg jo Ì ‘| {H$ emo arbmb Jmo ñdm ‘r H$ m Zm‘ {d eo f Cëbo IZr¶ h¡ & BZHo $ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘|

"Vmam dm jmÌ Hw $ b H$ ‘{bZ r', "H$ ZH$ Hw $ gw ‘ ¶m ‘ñVmZr ', "gw ëVmZm a{ O¶m ~o J‘ ¶ m a§ J‘hb ‘|

hbmhb' , "bd§ Jb Vm ¶m AmXe© ~mbm', "‘{ ëb H$ m Xo dr ¶m ~§J gamo {OZr', "gmo Zm Am¡ a gw J§ Y ¶m

n ÝZm~mB© ', "b IZD$ H$ s H$ ~« ¶m emhr ‘hbgam ', "Jw b~hma H$ m AmXe© ‘m V¥ ñZo h' Am{X

Cëbo IZr¶ h¡ &

Bg ¶w J Ho $ Eo {Vhm{gH$ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| ‘Ü¶H$ mbrZ ^ma V Ho $ ‘w Jb emgZ go g§ ~§ {YV

Eo {Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmE± [ ‘bVr h¡ & bo {H$ Z {’ $ a ^r B go n y U© V… Eo {V hm{gH$ Cn Ý ¶mgm| H$ s H$ mo Q>r ‘|

aIZm C{M V Zht h¡ & ³¶m| { H$ BZ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| H$ ën Zm go Á¶mXm Am¡ a Eo {Vhm{gH$ VÏ¶m| go H$ ‘

H$ m‘ {b¶m OmVm h¡ & BZ‘| Eo {Vhm{gH$ dmVmdaU H$ m A^m d VWm VË H$ mbrZ Am M ma-{dM ma,

do e y fm Am{X ‘| ^r n ¶m© ßV Xmo f {dÚ ‘mZ h¡ & Bg H$ mb Ho $ à{gÕ Eo {Vhm{gH$ Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma

{H$ emo arbmb Jmo ñdm‘r Zo ñd ¶§ An Zo "Vmam' Cn Ý¶mg H$ s y {‘H$ m ‘| {bIm h¡ -"h‘Zo An Zo ~ZmE±

Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| Eo {Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm H$ mo Jm¡ U Am¡ a An Zr H$ ën Zm H$ mo ‘w »¶ aIm h¡ Am¡ a H$ ht H$ ht Vmo

H$ ën Zm Ho $ AmJo B{Vhm g H$ mo Xÿ a go hr Z‘ñ H$ ma ^r H$ a { X¶m h¡ &''4 94 94 94 9

BZ Cn Ý ¶mgm| Ho $ A{ V[a³ V J§ JmàgmX Jw ßV a{M V "Zy a Ohm± ', "dra n ËZr', "Hw $ ‘maqgh

go Zmn {V', "hå‘ra' , O¶am‘ Xmg Jw ßV H¥ $ V "H$ í ‘ra n V Z', "a§ J ‘| § J' , "‘ ëH$ m M m± X ~r~r',

"Zdm~r n [añVmZ dm dm{OXAbr emh' , ‘Ww amàgmX e‘m© a{MV "Zy aOhm± ~o J‘ dm Ohm± Jra',

62

~bXo dàgm X {‘l a{M V " AZmaH$ br', "n ¥ Ïd ramO M m¡ hmZ', "nmZrn V', ~« OZÝ XZ ghm¶ H¥ $ V

"bmbM rZ' Am{X {deo f Cë bo IZr¶ aM ZmE± h¢ &

( 5 )( 5 )( 5 )( 5 ) A Zw {X V Cn Ý¶mg …A Zw {X V Cn Ý¶mg …A Zw {X V Cn Ý¶mg …A Zw {X V Cn Ý¶mg …

Bg ¶w J ‘| ‘m¡ { bH$ Cn Ý¶mg m| Ho $ A{V[a³V A§ J« o Or, ~§ J bm, C Xÿ © , ‘amR>r , Jw OamVr Am{X

^mfmAm| Ho $ AZw {XV Cn Ý¶m gm| H$ s g§ »¶m A{YH$ {‘ bVr h¡ & BZ ‘| g~go Á¶m Xm ~§ Jbm Ho $

Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ m AZw dmX {h ÝXr ‘| {H$ ¶m J¶m &

JXmYaqgh Zo a ‘o eM ÝÐ XÎm Ho $ "~§ J {dOo Vm' VWm ~§ {H$ ‘M § Ð Ho $ "Xþ J} e ZpÝXZr' H$ m

AZw dmX { H$ ¶m & O ZmX© Z Pm Zo a‘o eM ÝÐ H¥ $ V "‘mYd r H§ $ H$ Um' VWm "amOn y V Ord Z g§ Ü¶m' H$ m

AZw dmX {H$ ¶m & amYmH¥ $ î U Xmg Zo VmaH$ ZmW Jm§ Jw br a{M V "ñdU© bVm' , àVmn Zmam¶U {‘l Zo

~§ {H$ ‘M § Ð Ho $ "amOqgh', " B§ {Xam', "amYmamZr' VWm " ¶wJbm§ Jw ar¶' H$ m AZw dm X { H$ ¶m & ‘w § er

C{XVZmam¶ U Zo ñdU© Hw $ ‘mar a{M V "Xrn {Zdm© U' H$ m V Wm amYmM aU Jmo ñdm‘r Zo X m‘mo Xa ‘w H$ Ou

H¥ $ V "‘¥ Ê‘¶r' H$ m AZw dmX {H$ ¶m & BZ Ho $ A{V[a³ V amOHw $ ‘ma d‘m© Zo "{M Îmm¡ a M mVH$ s' H$ m,

H$ m[V© H$ àgmX IÌr Zo "Bbm ', "ào ‘rbm', "O¶m ' VWm "‘Yw ‘mbVr' H$ m Am¡ a Jmo n mbam‘ Jh‘ar Z o

"M Vw a M § M bm', "^mZ‘Vr' , "Z¶o ~m~y ', "~‹S>m ^mB© ', "Xo damZr-Oo R>mZr', " Xmo ~{hZ| ', "VrZ n Vmo hÿ '

Am{X Cn Ý ¶mgm| H$ m AZw dmX {H$ ¶m & BZ Ho $ A{V[a³ V AÝ¶ ~hþ V gr aM ZmAm| Ho $ {hÝXr A Zw dmX

{H$ ¶o JE &

Bg à H$ ma ào ‘M § X n y d© {b{ IV Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| g‘m O gw Yma VWm ‘Zmo a§ OZ H$ m hr àmYmÝ¶

ahm h¡ & Zr{V-Cn Xo e E d§ M ‘ËH$ ma àXe© Z H$ s â‘ma Ho $ H$ maU Am¡ n Ý¶m{gH$ H$ bm Ho $ Xe© Z

~hþ V H$ ‘ hmo Vo h¢ & gm ‘m{O H$ OrdZ H$ s ¶WmW© Vm go ¶o Cn Ý¶mg H$ mo gm| Xÿ a ZOa Am Vo h¢ & bo {H$ Z

{’ $ a ^r ¶h {hÝXr Cn Ý¶mg H$ m àma§ {^H$ H$ mb h¡ Am¡ a Bg ¶w J Ho $ Cn Ý¶mgH$ mam| Zo OZVm H$ s

ê$ {M H$ mo Cn Ý¶mg gm{hË¶ H$ s Amo a ‘w ‹S>Zo H$ m ‘hËdn y U© H$ m¶© {H$ ¶m h¡ , {Og Ho $ n [aUm‘ñdê$ n

~hþ V go Cn Ý¶mg H$ ma Bggo ào [aV hmo H$ a ~mX ‘| lo ð> Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ s aM Zm H$ a gHo $ & Bg Ñ{ï> go

Bg ¶w J H$ m An Zm ‘hËd h¡ &

63

( 2 )( 2 )( 2 )( 2 ) ào ‘M § Xào ‘M § Xào ‘M § Xào ‘M § X ¶w J¶w J¶w J¶w J rrrr Z {h ÝXr Cn Ý ¶mg …Z {h ÝXr Cn Ý ¶mg …Z {h ÝXr Cn Ý ¶mg …Z {h ÝXr Cn Ý ¶mg …

{hÝXr gm{hË¶ ‘| (n Ú gm{ h Ë¶) Omo N>m¶mdmX ¶w J h¡ , d hr H$ Wm-gm{hË¶ ‘| ào ‘M § X ¶w J

Ho $ Zm‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡ & {hÝXr Cn Ý ¶mg gm{hË¶ ‘| ào ‘M § X H$ m ¶mo JXmZ AZo H$ Ñ{ï>¶m| g o

‘hËdn y U© ahm h¡ & AV … C Ýh| " Cn Ý¶m g g ‘« mQ> ' Ho $ Zm ‘ go OmZm OmVm h¡ & ào ‘M § X Ho $ AmJ‘Z g o

hr O¡ go {hÝXr Cn Ý¶mg OJ V H$ mo EH$ Z¶r {Xem hr { ‘b J B© & ào ‘M § X go n y d© Omo ^r Cn Ý¶m g

{bIo OmVo Wo do àm¶… KQ>Zm à YmZ ¶m Cn Xo e àYmZ A{YH$ Wo VWm CZH$ m ‘y b CÔoí¶ ‘Zmo a§ OZ

H$ m A{YH$ Wm & BVZm hr Zht CZ‘| Am¡ n Ý¶m{gH$ H$ b m H$ m {dH$ mg ^r Zht {XIm B© Xo Vm & AV…

ào ‘M § X n y d© Ho $ ¶w J H$ mo {hÝXr Cn Ý¶mg H$ m e¡ ed H$ mb ¶m à¶mo J H$ mb H$ hZm hr A{YH$ C{M V

àVrV hmo Vm h¡ &

"go dmgXZ' (1 9 18 B© .) Ho $ àH$ meZ Ho $ gmW hr { hÝXr Cn Ý¶mg gm{hË¶ ‘| E H$ Z¶o ¶w J

H$ s ew ê$ AmV hmo Vr h¡ , {Ogo "ào ‘M § X ¶w J' VWm "{hÝXr C n Ý¶mg Ho $ {dH$ mg ¶w J' Ho $ Zm‘ go OmZm

OmVm h¡ & Bg ~mao ‘| S>m° . ~ƒZqgh An Zm ‘V àñVw V H$ aVo hþ E { bIVo h¢ {H$ - "ào ‘M § X Ho $

gm{hË¶ OJ V ‘| àdo e Ho $ gmW hr { hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g ‘| EH$ Z¶m ‘mo ‹S> AmVm h¡ & A^r VH$ {h ÝXr

n mR>H$ Omgy gr H$ m M ‘ËH$ ma Am¡ a {V bñ‘ Ho $ Am íM ¶© OZH$ H$ [aí‘| Xo I aho Wo & Eo {Vhm{g H$

amo ‘m§ gm| H$ s pñW{V ^r BZgo {^ÝZ Zht Wr & CZ‘| gZm VZY‘u à{V{H« $ ¶mdmXr ‘Zmo d¥ {Îm¶m± - n Xm©

à Wm H$ m g‘W© Z, Wmo Wo n {Vd« Ë¶ H$ m AZw ‘mo XZ, gh{e jm VWm {dYdm {ddm h H$ m {damo Y ñn ï>

{XImB© n ‹S>Vm h¡ & ào ‘M § X Zo Bg y b- y b¡ ¶m Am¡ a à{ V{H« $ ¶mdmXr pñW{ V¶m| go ~mha {ZH$ bH$ a

{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m gm| H$ mo dmñV{d H$ Vm H$ s O‘rZ n a I‹S>m {H $ ¶m &'5 05 05 05 0

VËH$ mbrZ Cn Ý¶mg gm{hË¶ H$ mo

Xo IVo hþ E ¶h Adí ¶ H$ hm Om gH$ Vm h¡ {H$ ‘mZdr¶ OrdZ H$ mo An Zr EH$ ì¶mn H$ n ¥ ð> y {‘ Ho $

gmW àñVw V H$ aZo H$ m lo ¶ ~ rgdt eVmã Xr Ho $ Cn Ý¶m gH$ m am| ‘| Img H$ a ào ‘M § X H$ mo hr àmßV hþ Am

h¡ & A‘ra- Jar~, O‘t Xma- {H$ gmZ, ‘m{bH$ - ‘OXÿ a, emo fH$ Ed§ emo {f V Am{ X g ~ N>mo Q>o -~‹S>o dJ©

H$ mo , CZHo OrdZ H$ s {d{ ^ ÝZ g‘ñ¶m Am| Ho $ gmW CÝh| {M {ÌV H$ aZm, CZHo $ gw I-Xþ … Im| H$ s

A{^ ì¶{³o V H$ aZm, gw ÝXa- gab Ed§ à ^mdmo Ën mX H$ VarHo $ go n mÌm| Ho$ AZw Hy $ b g§ dmXm| H$ s aM Zm

64

H$ aZm VWm OrdZ Ho $ ‘hmZ go ‘hmZV ‘ CÔo í¶m| H$ mo bo H$ a AmXe© H$ s ñWmn Zm H$ a Zm Am{X g ~

Jw U g~go n hbo ào ‘M § X Ho $ gm{hË¶ ‘| hr { XIm B© Xo Vo h¢ &

ào ‘M § X Zo {hÝXr ‘| Hw$ b ~mah Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ s aM Zm H$ s h¡ & (CZ g^r H$ m {dñV¥ V n [aM ¶

à W‘ AÜ¶m¶ Ho $ A§ VJ© V Xo {X¶m J¶m h¡ AV… ¶hm± Cg H$ s AbJ go M M m© Zht H$ s Om ahr h¡ &)

CZHo $ àm¶… g^ r Cn Ý ¶mg g m‘m{OH$ hr h¡ & CÝhm| Zo An Zo Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| ^maVr ¶ g ‘m O H$ m g ƒm

{M Ì àñVw V {H$ ¶m h¡ & g‘mO H$ s {n N> ‹S>r Om{V Ho $ bmo Jm | H$ mo , Jar~-J« m‘rU-{ ZåZ dJ© H$ s

OZVm, ‘OXÿ a-{ H$ gmZ, Am {X H$ mo CZ Ho $ Xþ … I-X Xm] Ho $ gmW ¶WmW© ê$ n ‘| An Zo Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘|

àñVw V H$ aHo $ ào ‘M § X Eo gr OZVm Ho $ gƒo à{V{Z{Y ~Z H$ a gm‘Zo Am¶o h¢ &

ào ‘M § X Ho $ ¶w J ‘| hr CZgo à ^m{d V hmo H$ a {OZ Cn Ý¶ mgH$ mam| Zo {d{dY Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ s

aM Zm H$ s h¡ , CZH$ s g§ »¶m Xmo -T>mB© gm¡ Ho $ bJ ^J h¡ & CZ‘| go à‘w I Cn Ý¶mg H$ ma {díd§ â e‘m©

"H$ m¡ {eH$ ', M Vw ago Z emñÌr, àVmn Zmam¶U lrdmñVd, n m§ S>o ¶ ~o M Ze‘m© "CJ« ', d¥ ÝXmdZbmb d‘m© ,

^Jd VràgmX dmOn o ¶r, O¶ e§ H$ a àgmX, am{YH$ m a‘U àgmX qgh , gy ¶© H$ mÝV {Ìn m R>r "{Zambm',

{g¶mam‘eaU Jw ßV, F $ f ^M a U O¡ Z Am{X à ‘w I h¡ &

ào ‘M § X Ho $ g‘H$ mbrZ Cn Ý¶mgH$ mam| ‘| n § {S>V {díd§ âZmW e‘m© "H$ m¡ {eH$ ' H$m Zm‘

ào ‘M § X e¡ br Ho $ bo IH$ m| ‘| {JZm OmVm h¡ & Bg ¶w J ‘| CZHo $ à‘w I Xmo Cn Ý¶mg "‘m± ' Am¡ a

"{Îm[a Ur' A{V à{g Õ h¡ & "‘m± ' Cn Ý¶mg ‘| bo IH$ Zo Xmo ‘mVmAm| Ho $ M [aÌm| H$o Ûmam g§ VmZ na

n ‹S>o CZHo $ à ^md H$ mo Vw bZmË ‘H$ VarHo $ go àñ Vw V {H$ ¶ m h¡ & "{Îm [aUr' Cn Ý¶mg ‘| Oñgmo ( VéU

{Îm[a Ur) Ho $ ö X¶ H$ s ì ¶Wm, C gHo $ AZw amJ VWm Ë¶mJ H$ s H$ é U H$ hmZr h¡ & gmW h r

A§ VOm© Vr¶ {ddmh H$ s g‘ ñ ¶m H$ mo {M {ÌV {H$ ¶m J¶m h¡ &

AmM m¶© M Vw ago Z emñÌr à YmZV… Eo {Vhm{ gH$ Cn Ý¶m g H$ ma h¡ {H$ ÝVw {’ $ a ^r ào ‘ M § X go

à ^m{dV hmo H$ a CÝhm| Zo Hw $ N> gm‘m{OH$ Cn Ý ¶mgm| H$ s ^r aM Zm H$ s h¡ & CZHo $ à‘w I Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘ |

"öX¶ H$ s n aI ', "ö X¶ H$ s ß¶mg', "»dmg H$ m ã ¶mh' AWdm "n y Um© hÿ {V', "A ‘a A{^ bmfm'

AWdm "~hVo Am± gy ', "AmË ‘Xmh' , "d¡ embr H$ s ZJad Yy ', "Za ‘o K', "Zrb‘{ U', "‘§ {Xa H$ s

65

ZV© H$ s' AWdm "Xo dm§ JZm', "a³V H$ s ß¶m g', "Xmo {H$ Zmao ', "An am{OV' , "A Xb ~ Xb' ,

"Amb‘Jra ', "gmo ‘ZmW', "Y‘© n w Ì', "Jmo br', "gmo Zm Am¡a Iy Z', " Am^m' , "C X¶ mñV', "bmb

n mZr', "~Jw bm Ho $ n § I', "IJ« mg', "gøm{Ð H$ s M Å>mZ| ', "{~Zm {M amJ H$ m eha' , "n ËWa ¶w J Ho $

Xmo ~w V', "haU { Z‘§ ÌU' , "ì ¶{^M ma', "d¶§ ajm ‘…' Am{ X Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ s aM Zm H$ s h¡ &

ào ‘M § X ¶w JrZ Cn Ý¶mgH$ mam| ‘| n m§ S>o ¶ ~o M Z e‘m© "CJ«' H$ m Zm‘ A{V Z½Z ¶WmW© dmXr

Cn Ý¶mgH$ mam| ‘| { JZm OmVm h¡ & CÝhm| Zo An Zo Cn Ý¶m g m| ‘| gm‘m{ OH$ ~w amB¶m| H$ m ¶WmW© {M ÌU

{H$ ¶m h¡ & CZHo $ à‘w I Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| "K§ Q>m', "M § X hgrZm| Ho $ IVy V', "{Xëb r H$ m Xb mb', "~w Yw dm

H$ s ~o Q>r' VWm "eam~r' {deo f C ëbo IZr ¶ h¡ &

Eo {Vhm{gH$ Cn Ý¶m gm| H$ s n a§ n am H$ mo {dH$ {gV H$ aZo dmbo Cn Ý¶mgH$ mam| ‘| S>m° .

d¥ ÝXmdZbm b d ‘m© H$ m Zm ‘ { deo f C ëbo IZr¶ h¡ & CZHo $ à‘w I Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| "àË¶mJ V', "g§ J ‘' ,

"J‹T> Hw § $ S>ma', "bJZ', "{ damQ>m H$ s n {ÙZr', "ào ‘ H$ s | Q> ', "Hw $ ÊS>br M H« $ ', "‘mYdOr

{gpÝY¶m', " H$ M Zma', "Pm§ gr H$ s amZr' Am{X à{ gÕ h¡ &

ào ‘M § X ¶w JrZ Cn Ý¶mg H$ mam| ‘| F $ f^M aU O¡ Z H$ m Zm ‘ ^r ~‹S>o Am Xa Ho $ gmW {b¶m

OmVm h¡ & N>mo Q>r gr C‘« ‘| hr CÝhm| Zo Cn Ý¶mg {b IZo H$ s ew ê$ AmV H$ a Xr Wr & CZHo $ Cn Ý¶mgm|

‘| ào ‘M § X H$ s e¡ br H$ s N>mn ñn ï>V… {X ImB© n ‹S>Vr h¡ & CZHo $ à‘w I Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| " ‘m ñQ>a gm{h~' ,

"do í¶mn w Ì', "JXa' , "gË¶m J« h', "~w H} $ dmbr' , " ^m½¶' , "^m B© ', "ahñ¶‘¶ r', "M m± XZr amV' ,

"‘Yw H$ ar', "‘Ý Xra Xrn ' , "ha hmB© Zo g', "M ån mH$ br', "‘¶ImZm' , "VrZ B ³Ho $ ' V Wm "Xþ amM ma Ho

AÈ>o ' Am{X { deo f C ëbo IZr ¶ h¡ &

^Jd VràgmX dmOn o ¶r H$ m Z m‘ ì¶{ ³V dmXr Cn Ý¶mgH$ mam| ‘| {JZm Om Vm h¡ & ào ‘M § X ¶w J

‘| CZHo $ "ào ‘n W', "‘r R>r M w Q>H$ s', "AZmW n ËZr', "Ë¶m J‘¶r' , "ào ‘{Zdm© h', " bm{b ‘m', "n {VVm

H$ s gmYZm' Am{X à{ gÕ Cn Ý¶mg h¡ &

66

O¶e§ H$ a àgmX ‘y bV … H$ {d Ed§ ZmQ>H$ H$ ma h¡ , {’ $ a ^r CÝhm| Zo Hw $ N> Cn Ý¶mgm| H$ s aM Zm

H$ s h¡ & B g ¶w J ‘| CZ Ho $ à‘w I Xmo Cn Ý¶mg " H§ $ H$ mb' VWm "{VVb r' à{g Õ h¡ & " BamdVr' CZH$ m

AYy am Cn Ý¶mg h¡ &

BZHo $ A{V[a³ V O¡ Zo ÝÐ H¥ $ V "n aI' VWm "gw ZrVm' VW m {g¶mam‘eaU Jw ß V H¥ $ V "Jmo X'

VWm "A§ {V‘ AmH$ m§ jm', gy ¶© H$ mÝV {Ìn mR>r "{Zambm' H¥ $ V "Aßgam' , "A bH$ m', "à ^mdVr' VWm

"{Zê$ n ‘m', ^ JdVrM aU d‘ m© H¥ $ V "n VZ' Am¡ a "{M Ìbo Im' Am{ X à‘M § X ¶w J Ho $ à{ gÕ Cn Ý¶mgm |

‘| go h¢ &

( 3 )( 3 )( 3 )( 3 ) ào ‘M § Xmo Îma {h ÝXr Cn Ý ¶mg …ào ‘M § Xmo Îma {h ÝXr Cn Ý ¶mg …ào ‘M § Xmo Îma {h ÝXr Cn Ý ¶mg …ào ‘M § Xmo Îma {h ÝXr Cn Ý ¶mg … $

‘w § er ào ‘M § X H$ s ‘¥ Ë¶w Ho $ Cnam§ V Omo Cn Ý¶mg {bIo JE do ào ‘M § Xmo Îma ¶w JrZ Cn Ý¶mg ‘mZo

OmVo h¢ & gZ² 193 6 Ho $ ~mX {hÝXr Cn Ý¶mg gm{hË¶ {H$ gr {ZpíM V {Xem H$ s A mo a AJ« ga Z

hmo H$ a AbJ-A bJ YmamA m| ‘| àdm{hV hmo Zo bJm & Bg ¶w J ‘| gm‘m{ OH$ VW m Eo {Vhm{gH$

Cn Ý¶mgm| Ho $ Abmdm ì¶{³ VdmXr Cn Ý¶mg, ‘Zmo {dí bo f UdmXr Cn Ý¶mg VWm Am± M {bH$ Cn Ý¶mg

^r n ¶m© ßV ‘mÌm ‘| {b Io Om Zo bJo &

ào ‘M § Xmo Îma ¶w J Ho $ gm‘m{OH$ Cn Ý¶mg H$ mam| ‘| n m§ S>o ¶ ~o M Z e‘m© "CJ« ' H$ m Zm‘ AmX a go

{b¶m OmVm h¡ & hm bm±{H$ C Ýhm| Zo An Zo bo IZ H$ m¶© H$ s ew ê$ AmV ào ‘M § X ¶w J ‘| hr H$ a Xr Wr &

CÝhm| Zo g‘mO Ho $ Z½Z ¶WmW© H$ mo An Zo Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| ñWmZ {X¶m h¡ & Bg ¶w J Ho $ CZHo $ à{gÕ

Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| "ga H$ ma Vw åhmar Am± Im| ‘| ' , "OrOr Or', "H$ T>r ‘| H$ mo ¶bm' VWm "’ $ mJw Z Ho $ M ma

{XZ' {deo f Cë bo IZr¶ h¡ &

^Jd VràgmX dm On o ¶r Zo ^r ào ‘M § X ¶w J go hr bo IZ H$ m¶© Ama§ ^ {H$ ¶m Wm & Bg ¶w J Ho $

gm‘m{OH$ Cn Ý¶m gm| Ho $ A§ VJ© V "{n n mgm', "Xmo ~{hZ| ', "M bVo -M bVo ', "n Vdma', "‘Zw î ¶ Am¡ a

Xo dVm', "YaVr H$ s gm± g' , " y XmZ', "E H$ àíZ', "{ dí dmg H$ m ’ $ b', "C ggo Z H$ hZm', "Xama

Am¡ a Yw dm± ' Am{X à‘w I h¡ & ^Jd VràgmX Ho $ Cn Ý¶mgm| Ho $ {df¶ à YmZV… Zmar VWm ào ‘ g§ ~§ Y n a

hr AmYm[aV h¡ &

67

A‘¥ Vbm b ZmJa Ho $ gm‘m{ OH$ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| "‘hm H$ mb', "go R> ~m± Ho $ ‘b ', "~y ± X Am¡ a

g‘w Ð ' Am{X à ‘w I h¡ & " ‘hmH$ mb' H$ m H$ WmZH$ ~§ Jmb Ho $ AH$ mb go g§ ~§ {YV h¡ & "go R>

~m± Ho $ bmb' EH$ ì ¶§ ½¶ à Ym Z aM Zm h¡ VWm "~y ± X Am¡ a g‘wÐ ' EH$ {dem b Cn Ý ¶mg h¡ , {Og ‘ |

à{VH$ mË‘H$ VarHo $ go ì¶ {³V Ed§ g‘mO Ho $ g§ ~§ Km| H$ m o {M {ÌV {H$ ¶m h¡ &

Cn o ÝÐ ZmW "AíH$ ' H¥ $ V "{JaVr Xrdma| ', "J‘© amI' , "~‹S>r ~‹S>r Am± I| ', "n ËWa Ab

n ËWa' à{gÕ h¡ & BgHo $ A bmdm Am. M Vw ago Z emñÌr H¥ $ V "Zrb‘{U' , "Za‘o K', " An am{OVm',

"Y‘© n w Ì', "Jmo br', "I J« mg' Am{X à{g Õ gm ‘m{OH$ Cn Ý¶mg h¡ &

àVmn Zmam¶U lrdmñVd Ho $ gm‘m{OH$ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| "{dO¶', "{d H$ mg', "{dgO © Z',

"{df‘w I r', "do XZm' , "{dí d mg H$ s do Xr n a' Am{X à ‘w I h¡ & amOm am{YH$ ma‘Uà gmX qgh Ho $

Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| "n w éf Am¡ a Zmar', "am‘-ahr ‘' , "Jm§ Yr Q>mo n r', "Qy >Q>m Vmam', "n y a~ Am¡ a n {ü ‘' Am{ X

à‘w I h¡ &

ào ‘M § Xmo Îma ¶w J ‘| Hw $ N> Eo go Cn Ý¶mg ^r {b Io JE {Og ‘| J« m‘rU OrdZ à YmZ Wm & Bg‘|

g‘J« Jm± d H$ mo EH$ n [ado e ‘| àñVw V H$ aHo $ ny ao A±M b H$ mo CgH$ s Am± M {bH$ {deo fVmAm| Ho $ gmW

àñVw V {H$ ¶m OmVm Wm & Omo Am± M {bH$ Cn Ý¶mg Ho $ ê$ n ‘| à{gÕ hþ E & BZ Cn Ý¶m gm| ‘| J« m‘rU

A± M b Zm¶H$ Ho $ ê$ n ‘| CâH$ a AmVm h¡ Am¡ a Cg‘| Cg A± M b {deo f ‘| ~gZo dmbo bmo Jm| H$ s

‘mÝ¶VmE± , CZH$ m ahZ-ghZ , ar{V-[admO , CZH$ s lÕm -A§ YlÕm Am{X g~ H$ m {dñV¥ V {M ÌU

hmo Vm h¡ &

Am± M {bH$ Cn Ý¶mgH$ mam| ‘| ZmJmOw © Z VWm ’ $ UrídaZmW "aoUw ' H$ m Zm‘ {deo f Cëbo IZr¶

h¡ & ZmJmOw © Z Ho $ à‘w I Am± M {bH$ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| "a{VZm W H$ s M mM r', "~bM Zm ‘m' , "Z¶r n m¢ Y',

"~m~m ~Q>o gaZmW', "Xþ … I ‘mo M Z', "dê$ U Ho $ ~o Q>o ' Am{X {deo f C ëbo IZr¶ h¡ &

’ $ UrídaZmW "ao Uw ' a{M V "‘¡bm Am± M b' H$ mo {hÝXr Ho $ àW‘ Am± M {bH$ Cn Ý¶mg hmo Zo H$ m

Jm¡ ad àmßV h¡ & hmbm±{H$ B ggo n y d© ZmJmOw © Z Ho $ "~bM Zm‘m' VWm "a{VZmW H$ s M m M r' Cn Ý¶mg

{bIo Om M w Ho $ Wo & "‘¡ bm Am± M b' Ho $ A{V[a³ V "ao Uw ' H$ m EH$ Am¡ a Am± M {bH$ C n Ý¶mg "n aVr

68

n [aH$ Wm' {‘bVm h¡ & CÝhm| Zo An Zo Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| J« m‘r U A± M b H$ s N>mo Q>r go N>mo Q>r KQ>Zm H$ m

{deX {M ÌU { H$ ¶m h¡ &

BZHo $ A{V[a ³V CX ¶e§ H$ a ^Å> H¥ $ V "gmJa, bha| Am¡ a ‘Zwî ¶', ¡ adàgmX Jw ßV a {M V

"gVr ‘¡ ¶m H$ m M m¡ am', am§ Jo ¶ amKd H¥ $ V "H$ ~ VH$ n w H$ mê± $ ', amhr ‘mgy ‘ amOm H¥ $ V "AmYm Jm± d' ,

am‘Xag {‘l H¥ $ V "n mZr Ho $ àmM ra', "Ob Qy >Q>Vm hþ Am' VWm "gy IVm hþ Am Vmbm~', {h‘m§ ew

lrdmñVd H¥ $ V "aW Ho $ n {h ¶o ', amOo ÝÐ Ad ñWr H¥ $ V " O§ Jb Ho $ ’ y $ b' Am{X {deo f C ëbo IZr¶

h¡ &

d¥ ÝXmdZbm b d ‘m© VWm Am . M Vw ago Z emñÌr H$ m Zm ‘ Bg ¶w J ‘| à{ gÕ Eo {Vhm{ gH$

Cn Ý¶mgH$ mam| ‘| go h¢ & hmbm±{H$ Xmo Zm| Zo ào ‘M § X ¶w J go hr Eo {Vhm{gH$ Cn Ý¶mg {b IZm ew ê$ H$ a

{X¶m Wm & Bg ¶w J Ho $ Eo {Vhm{gH$ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| d¥ ÝX mdZbmb d ‘m© H¥ $ V "Pm§ gr H$ s amZr',

"H$ M Zma', "‘¥ JZ¶Zr', "Qy >Q>o H$ m± Q>o ', "A{hë¶m~mB© ', " ‘m YdOr {gpÝY¶m' Am{ X à‘w I h¡ & BZHo $

àm¶… g^ r Cn Ý¶mg ‘Ü¶ ¶w J go hr g§ ~§ {YV h¡ & VWm Am. M Vwago Z emñÌr H¥ $ V "d¡ embr H$ s

ZJadYy ', "gmo ‘ZmW' , "Am b‘Jra' , "d¶§ ajm‘ …', " A‘aqgh' , "gmo Zm Am¡ a Iy Z ' Ed§ "gøm{Ð

H$ s M Å>mZ| ' Am{X M {M © V Cn Ý ¶mg h¡ &

AÝ¶ Eo {Vhm{ gH$ Cn Ý¶m gm| ‘| ¶en mb H¥ $ V "{ Xì¶m' V Wm "A{‘Vm' , Am. hOmarà gmX

{Ûdo Xr H¥ $ V "~mU ^Å> H$ s AmË‘H$ Wm', "n w ZZ© dm', "M mê$ M § Ð bo I' VWm "AZm‘Xmg H$ m n mo Wm',

amhþ b gm§ ñH¥ $ Ë¶m¶Z H¥ $ V "q gh go Zmn {V' VWm "O¶ ¶m¡ Úo ¶', am§ Jo ¶ amKd H¥ $ V "‘w Xm] H$ m Q>rbm'

Am{X {deo f C ëbo IZr¶ h¡ &

ào ‘M § Xmo Îma ¶w JrZ Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| ‘Zmo {dí bo fU dmXr Cn Ý ¶mgm| H$ s Ymam {d{eï> ê$ n go

àdm{hV hmo Vr {X ImB© Xo Vr h¡ & Eo go Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| ’ « $ m¶ ‹S> Ho $ ‘Zmo {díbo fU Ho $ {gÕm§ Vm| H$ s ñn ï> N>mn

{XImB© n ‹S>Vr h¡ & Bg ‘| Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma ì¶{ ³V Ho $ ~mø OrdZ Ho $ ~Xbo CgHo $ Am§ V [aH$ n j n a

Á¶mXm ~b Xo Vm h¢ Am¡ a CgHo $ ‘Z H$ s n aVm| H$ mo ImobZo H$ s H$ mo e re ‘| bJo ahVo h¢ & Eo go

69

Cn Ý¶mgm| ‘| O¡ Zo ÝÐ Ho $ Cn Ý¶mg à YmZ h¢ & CZHo $ "Ë¶mJn Ì', "H$ ë¶mUr ', "gw I X m', "{ddV© ',

"ì¶VrV' , "O¶dY© Z' Am{ X à{gÕ ‘ Zmo d¡ km{ZH$ Cn Ý¶mg h¡ &

Ako ¶ Bg n a§ n am Ho $ Xÿ gao à{V{Z{Y Cn Ý¶mgH$ ma h¡ & "eo Ia … EH$ OrdZr ' VWm "A n Zo -

An Zo AOZ~r' CZHo $ à‘w I Cn Ý¶mg h¡ & Bg‘| CÝh m| Zo EH$mH$ sn Z, AOZ~rn Z, Kw Q>Z, g§ Ìmg

Am{X H$ mo ‘Zmo d¡ km{Z H$ ñVa n a C^maZo H$ s H$ mo ere H$ s h¡ &

g‘H$ mbrZ Cn Ý ¶mgm| Zo Vmo ‘Zw î ¶ Ho $ Am§ V[aH$ g§ Kfm] H$mo ^r C^maH$ a aI {X¶m h¡ & Bg

àH$ ma {hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g H$ m Am O ~hþ ‘w Ir {d H$ mg hmo ahm h¡ &

70

g§ X © g§ X © g§ X © g§ X ©

1. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g H$ bm' … S>m° . am‘bIZ ew ³b - n ¥ ð> -1 0

2. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g C X² ^d Am¡ a {dH$ mg' … S>m° . ho Vw ^maÛm O , S>m° . gw ‘Z bVm - n ¥ ð> -1


4. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g… {e ën Am¡ a à¶mo J' … S>m° . {Ì w dZ qgh - n ¥ ð> -6-7

5. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g H$ bm' … S>m° . am‘bIZ ew ³b - n ¥ ð> -9

6. dhr - n ¥ ð> -10

7. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g… {e ën Am¡ a à¶mo J' … S>m° . {Ì w dZ qgh - n ¥ ð> -9

8. "{hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$ m B{Vhm g' … S>m° . am‘M ÝÐ ew ³b - n ¥ ð> -51 3

9. "Hw $ N> {dM ma' … ào ‘M § X - n ¥ ð> -71

10. "{hÝXr gm{hË¶ ' … h Omaràgm X {Ûdo X r - n ¥ ð> -41 3- 41 4

11. "H$ mì¶-emñÌ' … S>m° . ^ Jra W {‘l - n ¥ ð> -7 9

12. "gm{hË¶mbmo M Z' … í¶m ‘gw § Xa Xmg - n ¥ ð> -18 0

13. "H$ mì¶ Ho $ ê$ n ' … S>m° .Jw bm~a m¶ - n ¥ ð> -15

14. "AmYw {ZH$ gm{hË¶' … Am. Z§ XXþ bmao ~mOn o ¶r - n ¥ ð> -173

15. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g … Cn bpã Y¶ m± ' … S>m° . bú ‘rgmJa dmîUo ¶ - n ¥ ð> -11

16. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g C X² ^d Am¡ a {dH$ mg' … S>m° . ho Vw ^maÛm O , S>m° . gw ‘ZbVm - n ¥ ð> -3

17. dhr - n ¥ ð> -2

18. dhr - n ¥ ð> -3

19. dhr - n ¥ ð> -3

71

20. "Zm° do b EÊS> X n rn w b' - n ¥ ð> -52

21. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g H$ bm' … S>m° . am‘bIZ ew ³b - n ¥ ð> -1- 4

22. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g gm{hË¶ H$ s {dH$ mg n a§ n am ‘| gmR>mo Îmar Cn Ý¶mg' … S>m° . n mê$ H$ mÝV Xo gmB©

n ¥ ð> -13

23. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g C X² ^d Am¡ a {dH$ mg'… S>m° . ho Vw ^maÛmO , S>m° . gw ‘Z bVm - (Am‘w I go )


n ¥ ð> -13-1 4

25. "n míM mË¶ H$ mì¶emñÌ Ho $ {g Õm§ V' … S>m° . empÝVñ dê$ n Jw ßV - n ¥ ð> -36 1-3 62

26. dhr - n ¥ ð> -36 2

27. "Cn Ý¶mg H$ bm' … {dZmo Xe§ H$ a ì¶mg - n ¥ ð> -1 10


29. "n míM mË¶ H$ mì¶emñÌ Ho $ {g Õm§ V' … S>m° . empÝVñ dê$ n Jw ßV - n ¥ ð> -36 2-3 63

30. "Hw $ N> {dM ma' … ào ‘M § X - n ¥ ð> -71

31. "n míM mË¶ H$ mì¶emñÌ Ho $ {g Õm§ V' … S>m° . empÝVñ dê$ n Jw ßV - n ¥ ð> -36 6

32. dhr - n ¥ ð> -36 6


n ¥ ð> -

34. "n míM mË¶ H$ mì¶emñÌ Ho $ {g Õm§ V' … S>m° . empÝVñ dê$ n Jw ßV - n ¥ ð> -36 7


n ¥ ð> -29-3 0

72

36. dhr - n ¥ ð> -30

37. dhr - n ¥ ð> -30

38. "n míM mË¶ H$ mì¶emñÌ Ho $ {g Õm§ V' … S>m° . empÝVñ dê$ n Jw ßV - n ¥ ð> -36 9-3 7 0

39. "H$ hmZr Xe© Z' … lr bmbM Ý Ð àIa - n ¥ ð> -311


n ¥ ð> -31

41. "H$ mì¶ Ho $ ê$ n ' … S>m° . Jw bm~ am¶ - n ¥ ð> -169

42. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g … CX² ^ d Am¡ a {dH$ mg … S>m° . ho Vw ^maÛmO , S>m° . gw ‘Z bVm - n ¥ ð> -16

43. "{hÝXr Cn Ý¶m g Ho $ H$ Wm {eën H$ m {dH$ mg' … S>m° . àVmn Zmam¶U Q>§ S>Z - n ¥ ð> -10 0

44. "{hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$ m AmYw {ZH$ H$ mb' … S>m° . h[aM aU e‘m© - n ¥ ð> -274

45. "{hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$ m B{Vhm g' … S>m° . ‘mYd gmo ZQ>³Ho $ - n ¥ ð> -26 0


n ¥ ð> -65

47. dhr - n ¥ ð> -71- 7 2

48. dhr - n ¥ ð> -73

49. dhr - n ¥ ð> -70

50. "AmYw {ZH$ {hÝXr gm{hË¶ H$ m B{Vhmg' … S>m° . ~ƒZq gh - n ¥ ð> -194

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AÜ¶m¶ --- 2222 CnÝ¶mg H$s AdYmaUm Ed§ {hÝXr CnÝ¶mgm| …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7368/6/06_chapter 2.pdf · AÜ¶m¶ --- 2222 CnÝ¶mg H$s AdYmaUm Ed§