12
“A Study of ACTS and credit transfer system of ASEAN+3 nations (contract based research project with MEXT, Feb1-March 31, 2010)” (1) Standards and regulations set up by the government China ROK Japan Brunei Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Laos Nationwide regulations for a certain credit system framework None (However, there is a regulation stating that each university should prescribe its credit system.) Present (Higher Education Law Article 21, Higher Education Enforcement Order Article 4, etc.) Present (University Establishment Standard, Articles 21, 27, and 33) None Present (No. 04/04 ACC.SSR, Decisions on Credit System and Credit Transfer Implemented for Higher Education) Present (Regulation No 17 in 2010. Chapter 87, points 1 and 2) Present (Minister's Decree No. 0923/Ed.Vo./2002) Number of hours to be spent on study for one credit None 15 hours or more per semester (Higher Education Enforcement Order Article 14) According to law, 45 hours for 1 credit, which should include 15–30 hours of lecture- and seminar-type classes, and 30–45 hours of laboratory, experiment, and practice training. The rest of the required hours shall be spent on preparation and review of classes. University of Brunei Darussalam (UBD): 35–42 hours ([1 hour of classes + 1.5–2 hours of individual study] × 14 weeks) However, hours of individual study differ among subjects. Also, students have one extra week for review and make-up classes. Numbers of hours for study per credit fall into the following categories. A. 15 hours (lecture) B. 30 hours (seminar/worksh op) C. 45 hours (fieldwork) 46 hours No particular regulations Minimum years of study and number of credits required to graduate (Bachelor’s course) 4 years (Higher Education Law Article 17) 4 years (Higher Education Law Article 31, with some exceptions [Higher Education Enforcement Order Article 26]), 140 credits 4 years, 124 credits; 6 years and 188 credits for medicine and dentistry; 6 years and 186 credits for pharmacy (pharmacist training course); 6 years and 182 credits for veterinary science 4 years (8 semesters), 124 credits (A report by ASEM [Asia-Europe Meeting] says 128 credits) 4- year system: 120 credits 5-year system: 140 credits 6-year system: 160 credits (Each includes a 1-year liberal studies course) 4 years: 144 credits 5 years: 150 credits (A review is now being conducted and the Bachelor’s course is planned to be made 4-years long) Minimum years of study and number of credits required to graduate (Master’s course) 2 years (Higher Education Law Article 17) 2 years (Higher Education Law Article 31, with some exceptions [Higher Education Enforcement Order Article 26]), 24 credits 2 years and 30 credits: plus approval of Master’s thesis after receiving necessary research guidance (Graduate School Establishment Standard Article 16) 2 years and 40 credits (There are also programs which can be completed in 1 year) 2-year system: 45 credits 3-year system: 57 credits 2 years and 36 credits 1.5 years and 36 credits Minimum years study and number of credits required to graduate (Ph. D. course) 3 years (Higher Education Law Article 17) 2 years (Higher Education Law Article 31, with some exceptions [Higher Education Enforcement Order Article 26]), 36 credits 3 years. Approval of doctor’s thesis after acquiring a Master’s degree and receiving necessary research guidance (the same as above, Article 17) Approval of doctor’s thesis Now there are about 10 Ph.D. candidates in UBD. 54 credits (cannot be enrolled for longer than 8 years) 2 years and 40 credits (can be more or less, depending on the degree and major to be acquired) 3 years (not enforced yet) Regulations on grade calculation None Present (mandatory items on the code of the school [Higher Education Enforcement Order Article 4]) Present (University should clearly show its standard of grading to its students and grade correctly based on the standard) Present Present Unknown Present Regulations on credit transfer with foreign universities None Present (Higher Education Law Article 23: the upper limit was eliminated on 2009/1/16) Credits should be acknowledged based on the code of school. 60 or less credits for Bachelor’s course (4-year system) Regarding the 30 credits usually required for the Master’s course and for the Ph. D. course, 10 credits is the upper limit (Article 28), Each university can set its own standard Present (However, each university can set up its own standard.) The government is now drafting the bill. None (An MOU on credit transfer was concluded with Vietnam in 2009. No credit transfer has been conducted yet. Regulations on credit transfer are to be examined in the future) Outside evaluation organization/ group/system Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Outline of such organizations for evaluation A center to evaluate college education activities, established by the Ministry of Education of China in 2004 Korea University Education Council and 10 other organizations There are “organizations for authentication and evaluation” to evaluate various kinds of organizations as a whole, authenticated by the Minister of Education (NIAD-UEJUAA, JIHEE and JACA). Professional graduate schools are required to be evaluated in each field as well. Brunei Darussalam National Accreditation Council (BDNAC) Also, UBD itself invites experts from other countries (mainly the UK) to constitute an outside evaluation committee. Accreditation Committee of Cambodia (ACC), established based on an Imperial ordinance of March, 2003 (No. NS/RKT 03/03/129) sets the standard for evaluation. An organization designated by the government (since 1994) Administered by the Quality Assurance Center in the Ministry of Education, established in 2009 Content of evaluation of credits and grades Evaluation every five years, focused on 4-year, higher educational activities of education institutions Universities should implement both self-evaluation and be evaluated and authenticated by outside evaluation organizations (Higher Education Law Article 11-2, etc.) It is obligatory for a university to be evaluated by an organization for authentication and evaluation every 7 years as well as to implement self-inspection and self-evaluation and disclose the results thereof. BDNAC screens the programs of universities that have applied to receive a government scholarship or start a new curriculum. Also, foreign experts evaluate all UBD’s education programs every three years. Under investigation Implemented every 5 years The Center above is a bureau of 10 people, including 5 experts who have studied in Thailand and Japan, and is aiming at constructing an evaluation system by 2015.

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Page 1: “A Study of ACTS and credit transfer system of ASEAN+3 nations … · 2019-11-15 · Standard, Articles 21, 27, and 33) None Present (No. 04/04 ACC.SSR, Decisions on Credit System

“A Study of ACTS and credit transfer system of ASEAN+3 nations (contract based research project

with MEXT, Feb1-March 31, 2010)”

(1) Standards and regulations set up by the government China ROK Japan Brunei

Darussalam Cambodia Indonesia Laos

Nationwide regulations for a certain credit system framework

None (However, there is a regulation stating that each university should prescribe its credit system.)

Present (Higher Education Law Article 21, Higher Education

Enforcement Order Article 4, etc.)

Present (University Establishment

Standard, Articles 21, 27, and 33)

None

Present (No. 04/04 ACC.SSR,

Decisions on Credit System

and Credit Transfer

Implemented for Higher

Education)

Present (Regulation No 17 in 2010. Chapter 87, points 1 and

2)

Present (Minister's Decree

No. 0923/Ed.Vo./2002)

Number of hours to be spent on study for one credit

None 15 hours or more per semester

(Higher Education Enforcement Order Article 14)

According to law, 45 hours for 1 credit, which

should include 15–30 hours of lecture-

and seminar-type classes, and 30–45 hours of laboratory,

experiment, and practice training. The

rest of the required hours shall be spent on preparation and review

of classes.

University of Brunei Darussalam (UBD): 35–42 hours ([1 hour

of classes + 1.5–2 hours of individual study] × 14 weeks) However, hours of individual study

differ among subjects. Also,

students have one extra week for review and make-up classes.

Numbers of hours for study per credit fall

into the following categories. A. 15 hours

(lecture) B. 30 hours

(seminar/workshop)

C. 45 hours (fieldwork)

46 hours No particular regulations

Minimum years of study and number of credits required to graduate (Bachelor’s course)

4 years (Higher

Education Law Article 17)

4 years (Higher Education Law Article 31, with some exceptions [Higher Education Enforcement Order Article 26]), 140 credits

4 years, 124 credits; 6 years and 188 credits

for medicine and dentistry;

6 years and 186 credits for pharmacy

(pharmacist training course); 6 years and 182

credits for veterinary science

4 years (8 semesters), 124 credits

(A report by ASEM [Asia-Europe

Meeting] says 128 credits)

・4- year system: 120 credits

・5-year system: 140 credits

・6-year system: 160 credits

(Each includes a 1-year liberal

studies course)

4 years: 144 credits

5 years: 150 credits

(A review is now being conducted

and the Bachelor’s course is planned

to be made 4-years long)

Minimum years of study and number of credits required to graduate (Master’s course)

2 years (Higher Education Law

Article 17)

2 years (Higher Education Law Article 31, with some exceptions [Higher Education Enforcement

Order Article 26]), 24 credits

2 years and 30 credits: plus approval of

Master’s thesis after receiving necessary research guidance (Graduate School

Establishment Standard Article 16)

2 years and 40 credits(There are also

programs which can be completed in 1

year)

2-year system: 45 credits

3-year system: 57 credits

2 years and 36 credits

1.5 years and 36 credits

Minimum years study and number of credits required to graduate (Ph. D. course)

3 years (Higher Education Law

Article 17)

2 years (Higher Education Law Article 31, with some exceptions [Higher Education Enforcement

Order Article 26]), 36 credits

3 years. Approval of doctor’s

thesis after acquiring a Master’s degree and receiving necessary

research guidance (the same as above, Article

17)

Approval of doctor’s

thesis

Now there are about 10 Ph.D. candidates

in UBD.

54 credits (cannot be enrolled for longer than

8 years)

2 years and 40 credits (can be more or less,

depending on the degree and major

to be acquired)

3 years (not enforced yet)

Regulations on grade calculation

None

Present (mandatory items on the code of the school [Higher

Education Enforcement Order Article 4])

Present (University should clearly show its standard of grading to its students and grade correctly based on the

standard)

Present Present Unknown Present

Regulations on credit transfer with foreign universities

None

Present (Higher Education Law Article 23: the upper limit was

eliminated on 2009/1/16) Credits should be acknowledged

based on the code of school.

60 or less credits for Bachelor’s course (4-year system)

Regarding the 30 credits usually required for the Master’s course and for

the Ph. D. course, 10 credits is the upper limit (Article 28),

Each university can set its own standard

Present (However, each university can set up its own

standard.)

The government is now drafting

the bill.

None (An MOU on

credit transfer was concluded

with Vietnam in 2009. No credit

transfer has been conducted yet. Regulations on

credit transfer are to be examined in

the future)

Outside evaluation organization/group/system

Present Present Present Present Present Present Present

Outline of such organizations for evaluation

A center to evaluate college

education activities,

established by the Ministry of Education of

China in 2004

Korea University Education Council and 10 other

organizations

There are “organizations for

authentication and evaluation” to evaluate

various kinds of organizations as a

whole, authenticated by the Minister of

Education (NIAD-UE,

JUAA, JIHEE and JACA).

Professional graduate schools are required to be evaluated in each

field as well.

Brunei Darussalam National

Accreditation Council (BDNAC)

Also, UBD itself invites experts from

other countries (mainly the UK) to

constitute an outside evaluation committee.

Accreditation Committee of

Cambodia (ACC), established based on an

Imperial ordinance of

March, 2003 (No. NS/RKT

03/03/129) sets the standard for

evaluation.

An organization designated by the

government (since 1994)

Administered by the Quality

Assurance Center in the Ministry of

Education, established in

2009

Content of evaluation of credits and grades

Evaluation every five years, focused on 4-year, higher educational activities of education institutions

Universities should implement both self-evaluation and be evaluated and authenticated by outside evaluation organizations (Higher Education Law Article 11-2, etc.)

It is obligatory for a university to be evaluated by an organization for

authentication and evaluation every 7 years as well as to implement

self-inspection and self-evaluation and disclose the results

thereof.

BDNAC screens the programs of

universities that have applied to

receive a government scholarship or start a

new curriculum. Also, foreign experts evaluate all UBD’s education programs every three years.

Under investigation

Implemented every 5 years

The Center above is a bureau of 10 people, including

5 experts who have studied in Thailand and Japan, and is

aiming at constructing an

evaluation system by 2015.

Page 2: “A Study of ACTS and credit transfer system of ASEAN+3 nations … · 2019-11-15 · Standard, Articles 21, 27, and 33) None Present (No. 04/04 ACC.SSR, Decisions on Credit System

“A Study of ACTS and credit transfer system of ASEAN+3 nations (contract based research project

with MEXT, Feb1-March 31, 2010)”

(1) Standards and regulations set up by the government Malaysia Myanmar The Philippines Singapore Thailand VietnamNationwide regulations for a certain credit system framework

Present (Malaysian Qualifications Framework)

None

Present (CHED Memorandum Orders:

Manual of Regulations for Private Higher Education)

None. Each university can decide itself. Probably for this reason, in-house regulations on credit systems are rather different between NUS and NTU.

Present (Bachelor’s Course Establishment Standards

and Graduate School Establishment Standards

[2005])

Present (Act No. 43)

Number of hours to be spent on study for one credit

40 hours

16 hours of class work = 1 credit

(32 hours = 1 credit for laboratory,

experiment, and practice)

17 hours for lecture-type classes, 51 hours for

experiment-type classes

None. Each university can decide itself. Actual conditions at two

universities are as follows. National University of Singapore

(NUS): Modular Credit (MC) system

• 2.5 hours (study and preparation) × 13 weeks

= 32.5 hours/MC ・ 1 semester = 13 weeks of

classes • 1 module = 4 MC = 130 hours (a typical case)

・ Nanyang Technological University (NTU):

Academic Unit (AU) system • 1 semester = 13 weeks of classes Bachelor’s course • 1 hour of lectures or tutorials per week = 1 AU→1 hour × 13 weeks =13 weeks/AU • 3 hours of laboratory or fieldwork per week = 1 AU→ 3 hours × 13 weeks =39 weeks/AU Graduate course • 1 hour (lecture/class) ×13 weeks=13 weeks/AU ・Typically, 3 AUs for 1 course, which consist of 39 hours of contact hours (hours in class) in lectures, tutorials, or laboratory work.(Basically, 1 AU = 13 hours of lectures/contact) 1 course =3 AUs =39 hours (a typical case)

(Bachelor’s course) General courses (theory): 15 hours of lectures Experiments/practice: 30 hours Fieldwork/internship, etc.: 45 hours Projects and other forms of study: 45 hours (Bachelor’s Course Establishment Standard Article 6) (Graduate course) Individual research: 45 hours Thesis: 45 hours

15 hours of classes

Minimum years of study and number of credits required to graduate (Bachelor’s course)

3 years, 120 credits

In general, earning 200 or more credits for 4- or 5-year Bachelor’s courses, and 140-200

credits for 3-year Bachelor’s courses are

required for graduation

Humanities and social science: 4 years

Number of credits are different for each program

(e.g. 210 for accounting, 138 for management, 134–152 for

law) Engineering: 5 years and

185–225 credits Medicine: 6 years and 93

credits + 33 subjects (Credits and subjects cannot be converted to one another.)

None. Each university can decide itself. Typically 3 or 4 years. 5 years for medicine-related courses.

120 credits for the 4-year system (Article 7) (regular students can be enrolled for a maximum of 8 years and part-time students for 12) *72 credits for 4th-year students (continuing students from diploma course)

4 years and 135–140 credits

Minimum years of study and number of credits required to graduate (Master’s course)

1 year, 40 credits No regulation on credit system (research-based

Master’s course)

2 years, 138 credits

Humanities and social science: 2 years and 36–42

credits as a rule. Medicine: 1–2 years.

Number of required credits is decided by each college.

Engineering: no regulations on required years.

Number of required credits is decided by each college.

None. Each university can decide itself. Typically between 1 and 3

years.

Graduate diploma: no regulation on years,

24 credits General Master’s course: no regulation on years

(usually 2 years), 36 credits

*(maximum number of years: 3 years for graduate

diploma, 5 years for general Master’s course)

3 years, 40–50 modules (no

credit system)

Minimum years study and number of credits required to graduate (Ph. D. course)

3 years No regulation on credit

system 5 years

Humanities and social science: 3–5 years and 60

credits as a rule. Medicine: 1–2 years.

Number of required credits is decided by each college.

Engineering: no regulations on required years.

Number of required credits is decided by each college.

None. Each university can decide itself. Typically between 2 and 5 years.

No regulation on years (usually 3 years),

12 credits for course work and 36 credits for dissertation *(maximum years: 6 years)

3 years, module system (90 modules)

Regulations on grade calculation

Present (Specialized subjects and learning outcomes called “soft

skills” should be clearly shown in the syllabus and

grading should be calculated according to

the standards)

Present Present.

As for Medicine, each department can decide itself.

None. Each university can decide itself.

Present Minimum grade to receive

a degree Bachelor’s: 2.0 or higher

out of 4.0 GPA Master’s & Ph. D.: 3.0 or

higher

None

Regulations on credit transfer with foreign universities

None. Each university can decide itself.

Because student exchange is not

officially implemented, there seems to be no

regulations.

None. As for Medicine, each

department can decide itself.

None. Each university can decide itself.

Bachelor’s course (1) 3/4 or more of the content of a subject should be equivalent to the content of the subject at the original university; (2) The score in the subject for credit exchange should be 2.0 or more; (3) 1 year or longer should be spent studying abroad; and (4) The maximum number of credits to exchange is 3/4 of the number of credits required for graduation. Graduate courses (1) 3/4 or more of the content of a subject should be equivalent to the content of the subject at the original university; (2) The score in the subject for credit exchange should

None

Page 3: “A Study of ACTS and credit transfer system of ASEAN+3 nations … · 2019-11-15 · Standard, Articles 21, 27, and 33) None Present (No. 04/04 ACC.SSR, Decisions on Credit System

“A Study of ACTS and credit transfer system of ASEAN+3 nations (contract based research project

with MEXT, Feb1-March 31, 2010)”

(1) Standards and regulations set up by the government

be 3.0 or more; (3) The maximum number of credits to exchange is 1/3 of the number of credits required for graduation.

Outside evaluation organization/group/system

Present Present Present

We are told that in order to maintain high educational quality at each university, the Ministry of Education has a Higher Education Assurance Section, which implements evaluations and check-ups to guarantee quality and benchmarking with higher education systems of other countries. However, we could not obtain information about the specific method of implementation.

Present

The Ministry of Education and

Training is planning to establish 3

outside organizations in

3 regions. At present, a

bureau in the Ministry of

Education and Training is in

charge of evaluation.

Outline of such organizations for evaluation

Established by the Malaysian Qualifications

Agency in 2007. Its purpose is to authenticate and ensure the quality of

national and private higher education

institutions. The quality is guaranteed based on

the “Malaysian Qualifications Framework”

University Central Council and Council of University Academic Bodies

There are different agencies for public and private universities. The joint

organization of the 4 agencies is FAAP: Federation of

Accrediting Agencies of the Philippines.

The Ministry of Education (MOE) has a Higher Education Assurance Section with 4 members of staff.

The office for National Education Standards and Quality Assessment of Thailand was established as an evaluation organization for the nation in 2000, aiming to guarantee the quality of both basic education and higher education. It evaluated the educational programs of 260 higher education institutions by 2005.

The Qualification

Approval Bureau,

Ministry of Education and

Training

Content of evaluation of credits and grades

Programs and organizations approved by

the Malaysian Qualifications Agency are

registered as authenticated. After

registration, they should be externally evaluated

once every 3 years.

Unknown

Higher education institutions receive outside evaluation on their educational programs, from level 1 (the lowest) to

level 4 (the highest). However, it is not mandatory

to receive evaluation. The University of the Philippines

is exempt from the evaluation.

As mentioned above, they say that evaluation has been implemented to guarantee the quality of education at universities, but there is no system to evaluate credit systems or grading (which are autonomously decided by each university)

Since 2003, the Thai government has required each higher education institution to set up a self-inspection system and prepare a self-evaluation system for external evaluation, and has implemented external evaluation of all higher education institutions at least once every 5 years.

Credits and grading are

included in the items for outside

evaluation.

Page 4: “A Study of ACTS and credit transfer system of ASEAN+3 nations … · 2019-11-15 · Standard, Articles 21, 27, and 33) None Present (No. 04/04 ACC.SSR, Decisions on Credit System

(2) General examples at institutions of higher education

China ROK Japan Brunei Darussalam

Cambodia Indonesia Laos

School calendar

Most universities adopt a semester

system: September through January and March through July.

March 1–August 31,

September 1–February of the

following year

Each university can decide when its school year commences and terminates, but almost all universities begin their school years in April. There are both semester and trimester systems. In the semester system, for example, the first semester is from early April to around the end of July, and the second semester from late September to around the end of January.

Semester system, August through

December and January through May

Semester system, November through

May and May through October

Semester system, September through

January and February through

June

Semester system, September

through January and February through June

Length of a semester (weeks of classes and weeks of exams); semester or trimester system, etc.

Basically 16 weeks, with some adjustment in the fall semester due to the beginning of the Chinese New Year (15 weeks and 1 week of exams) Mostly a semester system with some trimester system universities.

15 weeks

15 weeks for the semester system, and 10 weeks for

the trimester system. It is required by law for

universities to be open for 35 weeks per year

including exam periods.

14 weeks (lectures) + 1 week (review/makeup

lectures) (2 sets of 7-week classes with

1-week recess in-between, plus a

2-weeks exam period)

15 weeks (of lectures) not

including the exam period, semester

system

16–19 weeks

16–17 weeks of lectures + 2 weeks

of exams = 1 semester

Average number of credits per course

2 credits are most common, but there

are also 4 credits and 6 credits, depending on the organization

and field (1 credit for practical training)

3 credits (2–3 credits are most common, 1 credit

for practical training)

2 credits are common for general subjects, but 1 credit is common for

practical training and experiments. 4 credits are given to some year-round

courses as well.

2–4 credits 2–4 credits 2–4 credits 2–3 credits

Range of the required number of credits for completion (Bachelor’s course)

130–180 credits (more for majors and departments with a

5-year system)

128–168 credits 124–163 credits for the 4-year system (in 2007)

124 credits for most departments

(However, ASEM conference material states 128 credits)

122–164 credits in 4 years

144–160 credits in 4 years

(at the 3 schools surveyed this time)

150–265 credits

Range of the required number of credits for completion (Master’s course)

30–40 credits

24–160 credits (160 credits for

Medical department)

30 credits or more 40 credits or more 42–60 credits in 2 years

36–50 credits in 2 years

(at the 3 schools surveyed this time)

36–54 credits

Range of the required number of credits for completion (Ph.D. course)

10–18 credits 36–60 credits Mostly 10 credits or less

No regulations on credits.

Dissertation defense only.

54–57 credits 40 credits in 2 years

(at the 3 schools surveyed this time)

There is no doctoral program

right now.

Notation of grades

Depending on each university: mainly a percentage system or ranking system [Percentage system] Excellent (80–100%), Good (70–79%), Pass (60–69%), Fail (0–59%) ------------------- [Ranking system] Excellent Good Pass Fail

A <4.5> A+ 4.5 (95–100) A 4.0 (90–94) B+ 3.5 (85–89) B 3.0 (80–84) C+ 2.5 (75–79) C 2.0 (70–74) D+ 1.5 (65–69) D 1.0 (60–64) F 0.0 (0–59) <4.3> A+ 4.3 A 4.0 A- 3.7 B+ 3.3 B 3.0 B- 2.7 C+ 2.3 C 2.0 C- 1.7 D+ 1.3 D 1.0 D- 0.7

F 0.0

It seems that many universities have adopted the following 4-rank evaluation. Very good (A) 80–100% Good (B) 70–79% Passing (C) 60–69% Fail (D) 0–59% However, with the introduction of GPA, more educational institutions have recently been adopting a 5-rank evaluation with “Excellent”. Excellent (S) 90–100% Very good (A) 80–89% Good (B) 70–79% Passing (C) 60–69% Fail (D) 0–59% *Notation of grades often differs among educational institutions, such as A, A+, and A*, in addition to the above “S”.

Until 2009 80–100 1st Class Honours, 70–79% 2nd Class (upper) Honours, 60–69% 2nd Class (Lower) Honours, 50–59% 3rd Class Honours, 40–49% Pass Degree, 0–39% Fail However, 0–49% has meant Fail since 2009. -------------------- GPA was introduced in 2009: A+ 90–100% = 5.0 GP A 80–89% = 4.5 B+ 75–79% = 4.0 B 70–74% = 3.5 C+ 65–69% = 3.0 C 60–64% = 2.5 D+ 55–59% = 2.0 D 50–54% = 1.5 P 40–49-40% =1.0 F 0–39% = 0

A 85–100% = 4.00 GP

B+ 80–84% = 3.50 B 70–79% = 3.00 C- 65–69% = 2.50 C 50–64% = 2.00 D 45–49% = 1.50 E 40–44% = 1.00 F <0–40% = 0.00

A 80–100 B 70–79, C 60–69, D 50–59 E 0–50 (49?) or less (Fail) ―――――― A 90–100 B 80–89, C 70–79, D 60–69, E 50–59 F 0–50 (49?) (Fail)

A (4.00) -Excellent B+ (3.50) -Very Good B (3.00) -Good C+ (2.50) C (2.00) -Fair D+ (1.50) -Poor D (1.00) -Very Poor F (0.00) -Fail (presently researching the percentage)

Presence or absence of GPA

Depends on each university Present Used in 41% of

universities (in 2007)

Absent (In UBD, introduced

since 2009) Present

Present (will be reflected on the transcript upon

completion)

Present

Page 5: “A Study of ACTS and credit transfer system of ASEAN+3 nations … · 2019-11-15 · Standard, Articles 21, 27, and 33) None Present (No. 04/04 ACC.SSR, Decisions on Credit System

(2) General examples at institutions of higher education

Malaysia Myanmar The Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

School calendar

(In the case of national university)

First semester: June Second semester: December

Semester system First semester:

December–May; Second semester: End of

June–November

In most organizations, First semester: June–October; Second semester:

November–March(De La Salle University

has a trimester system: May–August, September–December,

January–April)

Semester system First semester: August–December;

Second semester: January–May There are 2 optional Special Terms between May and July. Some Master’s courses at NTU have different systems.

The semester system is common.

First semester: June–September Second semester:

November–February

Usually, September to January, and February to May/June

Length of 1 semester (weeks of classes and weeks of exams) semester or trimester system, etc.

In the case of the University of Malaya, the first semester has 26 weeks (including the

recess before the next semester and the recess for exam preparation) and the

second semester has 19 weeks.

16 weeks 18 weeks per

semester, 36 weeks per year

NUS: 1 semester has 17 weeks as a whole, including 13 weeks of class, 1 week of reading, 2 weeks of exams, and a 1-week recess. NTU: 1 semester has 17 weeks as a whole, including 13 weeks of class, 3 weeks of exam, and 1 week of recess.

15 weeks (15 weeks of classes and 1–2 weeks of exams)

Usually, one semester has 10 weeks of classes

and the 11th week is for exams.

Usually a semester system.

Average number of credits per course

3–4 credits 3 credits

1–6 credits (in the case of 3 credits, 60-minute class × 3 times a week)

NUS: 4 MCs (in rare cases, 2 MCs or 5 MCs) NTU: 3 AUs or 4 AUs (in rare cases, 1 AU or 6 AUs) Note: Practical training courses such as laboratory work have a smaller number of credits, and courses to produce a thesis or a research project have a greater number of credits.

Mostly 3 credits (50-minute class x 3 per week), but 2 credits are common, too.

2–4 credits

Range of the required number of credits for completion (Bachelor’s course)

120 credits (minimum number of credits to

complete the Bachelor’s course); 200 credits (Medical

Department, etc.)

In general, 200 credits or more for 4- or 5-year

Bachelor’s courses and 140–200 credits for 3-year

Bachelor’s courses are needed to graduate.

Accounting: 210 credits

Management: 138 credits

Law: 134–152 credits Engineering: 185–225

credits

NUS: 120 units (MC) for 3-year courses and 160 units (MC) + honors project/thesis for 4-year courses. Department of Music has a course with 168 units (MC). The average number of units to be studied per semester is 20 units (MC). Also, there are separate regulations for the departments of Dentistry, Law, and Medicine (excluding Nursing Science). NTU: 108 units (AU) for 3-year courses and 144–146 units (AU) for 4-year courses, except 153–160 units (AU) for Engineering-related courses. 3-year courses are Business-related, and others (humanities, social sciences, science & technology) have 4-year courses. The average number of units to be studied per semester is 16–21 units (AU).

130–150 credits (130–140 credits are common in

humanities and social sciences, 140–150 credits in science and

technology)

Usually 135–140 credits

(Confirmation necessary.)

Range of the required number of credits for completion (Master’s course)

Minimum number of credits required to graduate is 20, but actual numbers vary

according to course-based or research-based Master’s

degrees.

Master’s degree: 46 courses

Research-based Master’s: 29 courses

35–42 credits

Master’s (coursework type) NUS: 40 units (MC) for 1-year courses and 80 units (MC) for 2-year courses. However, MBA requires 68 units (MC) for 1.5-year courses. Also, Public Policies requires 64 units(MC)for 2-year courses. NTU: 27–32 units (AU) for 1-year courses. However, MBA requires 54 units (AU) for 1.5-year courses. Also, Public Policies (a course in Chinese) requires 42 units (AU) for 1-year trimester courses. Master’s (research type) NUS: 8–24 units (MC) + seminar for graduation research and Master’s thesis NTU: 9 units (AU) (in 3 subjects) + Master’s thesis and other requirements in each course

36–48 credits 40–50 modules (1

module = 2–4 credits)

Range of the required number of credits for completion (Ph.D. course)

No regulations on credits. 27 courses 60 credits NUS: 24–48 units (MC) (6–12 courses) NTU: 18 units (AU) (6 courses)

Mostly, 48 credits (Some requires 60 credits, etc.)

Modules (Confirmation

necessary)

Notation of grades

(In the case of the University of Malaya) 80–100 A 4.0 Distinction 75–79 A- 3.7 Distinction 70–74 B+ 3.3 Good 65–69 B 3.0 Good 60–64 B- 2.7 Good 55–59 C+ 2.3 Pass 50–54 C 2.0 Pass 45–49 C- 1.7 Conditionally Passed 40–44 D+ 1.3 Conditionally Passed 35–39 D 1.0 Conditionally Passed 00–34 F 0.0 Failed

4: 75–100% Excellent 3: 40–74% Good 2: 0–40% Fail 1: Incomplete

Usually: 1 (Excellent) 2 (Good) 2 (Fair) 4 (Incomplete)

For both NUS and NTU: GPA point A+ = 5.0 A = 5.0 A- = 4.5 B+ = 4.0 B = 3.5 B- = 3.0 C+ = 2.5 C = 2.0 D+ = 1.5 D = 1.0 F = 0

Usually: A Excellent = 4.0 GPT point B+ Very Good = 3.5 B Good = 3.0 C+ Fairly Good = 2.5 C Fair = 2.0 D+ Poor = 1.5 D Very Poor = 1.0 F Fail = 0 There is also a case as below: A Excellent = 4.0 GPT point A- Very Good = 3.67 B+ Good = 3.33 B Fairly Good = 3.00 B- Almost Good = 2.67 C+ Fair = 2.33 C Almost Fair = 2.00 C- Poor = 1.67 D Very Poor = 1.00 F Fail = 0

Present (from lowest: 1 to highest: 10; 5 or lower: Fail)

Presence or absence of GPA

Present

Present (There is an evaluation system which utilizes the grade point

average)

Present

Both NUS and NTU have adopted GPA. In NUS, it is called CPA (Cumulative Average Point). In NTU, TGPA (per semester) and CGPA (accumulative) are utilized as well.

Present (legitimized)

Present in law, but not

implemented at universities yet.

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(2) General examples at institutions of higher education

University’s own regulation on credit transfer with foreign affiliated universities

National universities (UM and UKM) have stipulated

advance application for credit transfer,

correspondence of course content, and minimum GPA

points. Private universities have fuller affiliation programs

with foreign universities and are more flexible in credit

transfer than national universities.

Unknown Present

At both NUS and NTU, credits can be transferred, but grades cannot. Therefore, the credits earned at other universities can be used for the calculation of the number of credits at original university, but the grades will be converted into Pass/Fail and won’t be reflected in the GPA or the degree rank. Both universities have their own regulations on the minimum number (ratio) of credits to be earned at the original universities as below. • NUS: Bachelor’s courses—50% or more, or 80 units (MC) or more of the credits required for graduation. Graduate courses (in coursework-type Master’s courses)—50% or more of the credits required for completion. • NTU: Bachelor’s courses—66 units (AU) or more for 3-year courses and 77 units (AU) or more for 4-year courses. No regulation is provided for graduate courses at NTU.

Based on the Bachelor’s Course Establishment Standards and

Graduate School Establishment Standards.

Present. Both domestic

and international credit transfer is

promoted.

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ACTS(ASEAN Credit Transfer System)と各国の単位互換に関する調査研究(平成21年度文科省先導的大学改革推進委託事業による研究)

(1)政府基準・規定

中国 韓国 日本ブルネイ・

ダルサラームカンボジア インドネシア ラオス マレーシア

単位制度に関する法令の有無

無(ただし、各大学が単位制度について規定しなければならないと言及した規定

は有る)

有(高等教育法21条、高等教育法施行

令4条他)

有(大学設置基準、第21条及び第27条~第33条)

有(No. 04/04

ACC.SSR, DecisionsDecision On CreditSystem and CreditTransfer implements

for HigherEducations)

有(Regulation No 17in 2010. Chapter 87point 1 and 2)

有 (Minister'sDecree No.

0923/Ed.Vo./2002)

有(MalaysianQualificationsFramework)

1単位の学習時間数 無毎学期15時間以上。(高等教育法施行令

第14条)

一単位は45時間とし,講義・演習は15~30時間の授業時間,実習・実験・実技は30~45時間の実習等を必要とすると法令上規

定。規定されていない時間は,学修の準備・復習等に当たるものと

なる。

ブルネイ・ダルサラーム大学(以下UBD)では、35~42時間((1時間授業+1.5時間~2時間自習)x14週)しかし自習時間は科目によって異なる。また、実際には、もう1週間、復習・補講の時間があ

以下のカテゴリーにより1単位の学習時間は異なる。A.15時間(講義)B.30時間(演習・ワークショップ)C.45時間(フィールドワーク)

46時間 特に規程なし 40時間

最低限の卒業年数と必要単位数(学士課程)

4年間、高等教育法第17条

4年間(例外<高等教育法施行令26条>有、高等教育法第31

条)、140単位

4年間、124単位(ただし、医学・歯学は6年、

188単位、薬学(薬剤師養成課程)は6年186単位、獣医学は6年182単

位)

4年間(8学期)、124単位(ASEM(欧州アジア会議)の報告書では、128単位と表示

されている)

・4年制 120単位・5年制 140単位・6年制 160単位

(どれも1年間の一般教養課程含む)

4年 144単位

5年 150単位(現在見直しが行われ、学士取得は4年となる予

定)

3年、120単位

最低限の卒業年数と必要単位数(修士課程)

2年間、高等教育法第17条

2年間(例外<高等教育法施行令26条>有、高等教育法第31

条)、24単位

2年間、30単位、必要な研究指導を受けた上で、修士号論文審査合格(大学院設置基準16条)

2年間、40単位(ただし1年で修了できるプ

ログラムある)

2年制 45単位3年制 57単位

2年 36単位 1.5年 36単位1年、40単位

単位制度の規定なし(研究修士課程)

最低限の卒業年数と必要単位数(博士課程)

3年間、高等教育法第17条

2年間(例外<高等教育法施行令26条>有、高等教育法第31

条)、36単位

3年間、修士号を取得した上で、必要な研究指導を受けた上で,博士号論文審査合格(同上

17条)

博士号論文試験に合格が条件現在、UBDでは、博士課程に10人程度が在籍している。

54単位(8年以上の在籍は認

められない。)

2年 40単位(取得した学位、専攻により

増減する。)3年(現在未施行)

3年、単位制度の規定なし

成績評価に関する法令の有無

無有(学則記載必須事項とする<高等教育法施行令第4条>

有(大学は、成績評価基準を学生にあらかじめ明示し、当該基準にしたがって適切に成績評価

を行う。)

有 有 不明 有

有(専門科目とソフトスキルと呼ばれる学習成果をシラバスに明示し、当該基準に従って成績評価を行

う)

海外の大学との単位互換に関する法令

有(高等教育法第23条、上限は2009/1/16廃止)学則に基づい

て認定。

学士課程(4年制)は60単位以内、修士課程、博士課程はそれぞれ通常の30単位取得要件に対

し10単位が上限(28条)

大学ごとにその基準の設定は任されている

有(ただし、大学ごとにその基準の設定は任されている。)

現在政府により法案整備中

無(2009年にベトナム政府とは単位互換の覚書(MOU)を締結。まだ単位互換の実績

はない。単位互換に関する規定は、今後検討する

予定)

無。各大学が独自に決めている

外部評価組織・団体・システムの有無

有 有 有 有 有 有 有 有

その評価組織の概要

大学教育活動における評価のためのセンターで、2004年に中国の教育省によって

確立された。

韓国大学教育協議会他10団体

大学全体を評価する機関別評価においては、文部科学大臣の認証を受けた「認証評価機関」が存在。(大学評価・学位授与機構、大学基準協会、日本高等教育評価機構、短期大学基準協

会)専門職大学院についてはこの他に分野別評価が課される。

ブルネイ・ダルサラーム国立認証評価委員会(BruneiDarussalam NationalAccreditation Council

(BDNAC)また、UBDでは大学自体が海外(主にイギリス)の専門家を呼び、外部評価委員会を構

成している。

2003年3月の勅令(No.NS/RKT

03/03/129)に基づき設立された「カンボジア認証評価委員会(AccreditationCommittee of

Cambodia: ACC)」が評価基準を設定して

いる。

政府が指名した機関(1994年より)

2009年に設置された教育省内に設けられたQuality AssuranceCenter が管轄する

MalaysianQualificationsAgencyが2007年設立。国立と私立高等教育機関の認証と質保証を目的としており、「MalaysianQualifications

Framework」に基づいた質保証を行ってい

る。

単位、成績に関する評価事業の内容

五年ごとに4年制の高等教育機関での教育活動に焦点をあてて評価をしている。

大学等は自己評価を行うと同時に外部認定機関の評価・認証を受ける。(高等教育法11条の2他)

7年に1度認証評価団体の評価を受けることが義務付けられているとともに、大学が自己点検・評価を実施・公表することが義

務付けられている。

BDNACは、政府の奨学金や新規カリキュラムの開講時等でその都度大学のプログラムの審査を行っている。また、UBDでは、3年に1回、全ての教育プログラムについて海外の専門家による外部評価を受

けている。

調査中 5年毎に実施される

上記センターは、タイ、日本で教育を受けた専門家5名を含む10人体制の事務局で、2015年までに評価システムの構築を

目指している

MalaysianQualifications

Agencyに認可されたプログラムと機関は、認証機関として登録される。登録以降も、3年に1回は外部評価を受けなくて

はいけない。

Page 8: “A Study of ACTS and credit transfer system of ASEAN+3 nations … · 2019-11-15 · Standard, Articles 21, 27, and 33) None Present (No. 04/04 ACC.SSR, Decisions on Credit System

ACTS(ASEAN Credit Transfer System)と各国の単位互換に関する調査研究(平成21年度文科省先導的大学改革推進委託事業による研究)

ミヤンマー フィリピン シンガポール タイ ベトナム

無有(CHED Memorandum Orders: Manualof Regulations for Private Higher

Education)

無。各大学が独自に決められるようになっている。その影響かNUSとNTUのケースでは、単位制度に関する学内規程にかなりの差がある)

有、(学士課程設置基準並びに大学院設置基準(2005年))

有(法令43号)

 授業時間16時間が1単位(演習や実践・実験の場合は32時間

で1単位)

講義形式17時間、実験形式51時間

無。各大学が独自に決められるようになっている。以下は2大学の状況。国立シンガポール大学 (以下NUS): Modular Credit (MC)system• 2.5時間 (学習と準備)×13週=32.5時間/MC・1 semester = 13週の授業期間• 1 module = 4 MC = 130時間 (典型)南洋工科大学 (以下NTU):Academic Unit (AU) system• 1 semester = 13週の授業期間学士課程• 週1時間の講義またはチュートリアル=1 AU→1時間×13週=13時間/AU• 週3時間のラボまたはフィールドワーク=1 AU→3時間×13週=39時間/AU大学院課程• 1時間(教授/授業内時間)×13週=13時間/AU・1科目あたり3 AUが典型。これは講義、チュートリアル、ラボワークによる39時間のcontact hours(授業内時間)から成る(1 AU = 13時間の教授/授業内時間が基礎)。1科目=3 AU=39時間(典型)

(学士課程)一般科目(理論):15時間の講義実験・練習:30時間野外実習・インターンシップ等:45時間プロジェクト・その他学習は45時間 (学士課程設置基準6条)

(大学院課程)個人研究:45時間卒業論文:45時間

授業では15時間

 一般に、4年もしくは5年間の学士課程であれば200単位以上、3年間の学士課程であれば、140から200単位の修得が、卒業の

ために必要

人文・社会科学系4年、単位数は各プログラムで異なる(例えば、会計学210、経営学138、法学134-1

52)工学5年、185-225

医学6年、93単位+33科目(単位換算なし)

無。各大学が独自に決められるようになっている。典型例は3年間または4年間。医学関係課程は5年間。

4年制、120単位(7条)(正規学生の在学年数の上限は8年、パートタイム学生は、12年)

*4年生(ディプロマ課程からの進学者)72単位

4年、135-140単位

2年、138単位

人文・社会科学系原則2年、36-42単位

医学1-2年、必要単位数は各大学が決定。

工学年数規定なし、必要単位数は各大学が決定。

無。各大学が独自に決められるようになっている。典型例は1から3年の間。

大学院ディプロマ:規定なし、24単位一般修士課程:規定なし(一般的に2年)、36

単位*(上限年数:大学院ディプロマは3年、一般

修士課程は5年)

3年、40-50モジュール(単位制採

らず)

5年

人文・社会科学系原則3-5年、60単位

医学1-2年、必要単位数は各大学が決定。

工学年数規定なし、必要単位数は各大学が決定。

無。各大学が独自に決められるようになっている。典型例は2年から5年の間。

規定なし(一般的に3年)、科目履修12単位+博士号論文36単位

*(上限年数:6年)

3年、モジュール制(90単位)

有有。

医学だけは学部で決定。無。各大学が独自に決められるようになっている。

有学位授与の最低限の成績は、学士課程:GPAが

4.0点中2.0点以上。修士・博士課程:3.0点以上。

現在が学生交流を正式に実施していないため、規定はないと

思われる

なし。医学だけは各学部で決定

無。各大学が独自に決められるようになっている。

学士課程の単位互換は、(1)1科目の内容が4分の3以上が当該大学の科目の内容と同等であるもの、(2)単位互換する科目の成績が2.0以上、(3)1年以上の留学、(4)単位互換できる単位数は卒業単位数の4分の3が上限。大学院では、(1)1科目の内容が4分の3以上が当該大学の科目の内容と同等であるもの。(2)単位互換する科目の成績が3.0以上、(3)単位互換できる単位数は卒業単位数の3分の1が上限。

有 有

各大学における教育課程の高い質を維持していくために、教育省にHigher Education Assurance Sectionがあり、質保証のための評価やチェック、そして他国の高等教育システムとのベンチマーキングを行っているということだが、その具体的な実施方法についての情報は得られなかった。

教育訓練省で3地域に3つの外部組織設立検討中。現在は教育訓練省の局が担当。

大学中央評議会(University

Central Council)と大学機関評議会(Council of

University AcademicBodies)

公立と私立別個の団体が存在。4団体の連合体として、フィリピン評価団体

連合会(FAAP: Federation ofAccrediting Agencies of the

Philippines)がある

教育省(MOE)内のHigher Education Assurance Sectionがあり、4名の職員が配置されている。

タイ教育基準・質評価事務局(The officefor National Education Standards and

Quality Assessment)は2000年に基礎教育と高等教育の両方の質保証を目指し、全国の評価団体として設立された。2005年までに260の高等教育機関の教育プログラムを評価した。

教育訓練省試験・適格認定局

不明

高等教育機関は、教育プログラムの外部評価を受け、レベル1(最低)からレベル4(最高)の段階に評価される。ただし、評価を受けることは義務

ではない。国立フィリピン大学は対象外。

上記の通り、大学の教育課程の質保証のための評価は行っているが、単位制度や成績に関する事項については、それを評価するような制度は無い(大学の自治の範囲)とのこと。

タイ政府は、2003年度より、各高等教育機関に外部評価に対応できるよう自己点検評価システムの設置を義務付け、尚且つ、全ての高等教育機関に対し最低5年に1度の外部評価を

実施している。

単位、成績も外部評価の項目に含まれ

る。

Page 9: “A Study of ACTS and credit transfer system of ASEAN+3 nations … · 2019-11-15 · Standard, Articles 21, 27, and 33) None Present (No. 04/04 ACC.SSR, Decisions on Credit System

(2)高等教育機関での一般的な事例

中国 韓国 日本ブルネイ・

ダルサラームカンボジア インドネシア ラオス

学年暦ほとんどの大学で

は、2学期制、9月~1月、3月から7月

3月1日~8月31日、9月1日~翌年2月

学年の始期及び終期は大学が定めることが可能だが,実質的にはほぼ全ての大学が4月から年度を開始している。学期については,2学期制と3

学期制が存在。例えば、2学期制の場合は、多くが第1学期は4月初旬から7月末前後、9月下旬前後~1月末前後で開

講している。

2学期制、8月~12月、1月~5月2学期制

11月-5月 5月-10月2学期制 9月-1月

2月-6月2学期制、9月ー1月、

2月ー6月

1学期の期間(授業があるのは何週か、そして試験期間は何週か)2学期制・3学期制等明記

基本的には16週で、秋学期の期間は旧正月の始まりによる調整もある(15週、試験期間は1週)ほとんど2学期制が、3学期制の大学もある

15週

2学期制の場合は15週,3学期制の場合は10週。

試験期間を含み年間35週の開講が必要と法令上規定されている。

14週(講義)+1週(復習・補講)(7周間の授業が2回、間に1週間の休みがある。試験期間は別に2週間ある)

試験期間を除く15週間(講義)、2学期制

16週~19週16~17週間の講義+2週間の試験期間が

一学期

1科目の一般的な単位数

2単位が一番多く、4単位、6単位もあり、機関や分野によって異なる (実習は1単

位)

3単位(2~3単位が一番多い、実習は1単位)

一般科目は2単位が多い。しかし、実習や実験では1単位が多い。そして4単位も通年で開講される授業等

では存在する。

2単位~4単位 2~4単位 2-4単位 2~3単位

卒業単位数の幅(学士課程)

130~180単位(5年制の専攻や学部はもっと多くなる)

128単位~168単位4年制では124単位~163単位(平成

19年度)

多くの学部は124単位(但しASEMの会議資料では、128単位と

明記されている)4年 122~164単位

4年144~160単位

(3調査対象校)150~265単位

卒業単位数の幅(修士課程)

30~40単位24単位~160単位(医学部は

160単位)30単位以上 40単位以上 2年 42~60単位

2年36~50単位(3調査対象校)

36~54単位

卒業単位数の幅(博士課程)

10~18単位 36単位~60単位 10単位以下が多い単位に関する規定なし。博士号論文審査のみ。

54~57単位2年40単位

(3調査対象校)現在博士課程プログラムは存在しない

成績の表記

大学により異なるが、主にパーセント制と段階制が用いられている。

[パーセント制]Excellent (100-80%),Good (79-70%),Passing (69-60%),Fail (59-0%) -------------------

[段階制]優秀、良好、合格、不合格

A<4.5>A+ 4.5(95~100)A 4.0 (90~94)B+ 3.5 (85~89)B 3.0 (80~84)C+ 2.5 (75~79)C 2.0 (70~74)D+ 1.5 (65~69)D 1.0 (60~64)F 0.0 (0~59)

<4.3>A+ 4.3A 4.0A- 3.7B+ 3.3B 3.0B- 2.7C+ 2.3C 2.0C- 1.7D+ 1.3D 1.0D- 0.7F 0.0

これまでは、多くの大学が以下の4段階評価を採用していたと見られる。

優(A) 100-80%良(B) 79-70%可(C) 69-60%不可(D) 59%以下

しかし、近年では、特にGPAの導入に伴い「秀」を含んだ5段階評価を採用する教育機関が増えている。

秀(S) 100-90%優(A) 89-80%良(B) 79-70%可(C) 69-60%不可(D) 59%以下

*成績の表記方法には、上記の「S」等の他にA,やA+または、A*等教育機関によって、異なることが多い。

2009年まで100ー80 1st Class Honours,70ー79% 2nd Class (upper) Honours,60ー69% 2nd Class (Lower) Honours,50ー59% 3rd Class Honours,40ー49% Pass Degree, 39%以下 Failただし、2009年度からは、49%以下は不合格。--------------------2009年よりGPAを導入し、A+ 100-90% = 5.0 GPA 89-80 = 4.5B+ 79-75 = 4.0B 74-70 = 3.5C+ 69-65 = 3.0C 64-60 = 2.5D+ 59-55 = 2.0D 54-50 = 1.5P 49-40% =1.0F 39%以下 = 0

A 85%-100% = 4.00 GPB+ 80%-84% = 3.50B 70%-79% = 3.00C- 65%-69% = 2.50C 50%-64% = 2.00D 45%-49% = 1.50E 40%-44% = 1.00F <40% = 0.00

A 80以上,B 70-79,C 60-69,D 50-59E 50以下(Fail)――――――

A 90以上,B 80-89,C 70-79,D 60-69,E 50-59F 50以下(Fail)

A(4.00)-ExcellentB+(3.50)-Very GoodB(3.00)-GoodC+(2.50)C(2.00)-FairD+(1.50)-PoorD(1.00)-Very PoorF(0.00)-Fail(%については確認中)

GPAの有無 大学によって異なる 有 41%の大学で使用(19年度) 無(2009年度からは、UBDでは、導入) 有有(修了時の成績証明書に反映される)

大学独自の海外協定大学との単位互換の規定

特になし、各機関が決める

卒業単位の1/2まで

大学設置基準28条に準じている大学が多いが、予め履修科目等が決まっている教育プログラムでは、別途、互換出来る単位数の上限が定められ

ていることが多い。

2009年よりUBDでは、「NewGeneration」プログラムを開始。海外との単位互換には、ECTS・UCTS・ACTS

に準じた規定を採用

有(大学ごとに規定を設けて

いる)

有(ダブルディグリープログラム等により)

現在定まった既定なし。教育省QAが作成

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マレーシア ミヤンマー フィリピン シンガポール タイ ベトナム

(国立大学の場合)第1学期:6月第2学期:12月

2学期制 第一学期12月-5月;第二学期 6

月終-11月

ほとんどの機関で1学期6-10月、2学期11-3月(デラサール大学は3学期制:5-8月、9-12月、1-4月)

2学期制。第1学期−8月~12月; 第2学期−1月~5月。5月から7月にかけて、オプショナルなSpecial Termが2つある。NTUの修士課程には、上記

と異なるものもある。

2学期制が多い。第1学期、6月~9月;第2学期、11~2月

通常9月から1月、2月から5/6月

マラヤ大学の場合、第1学期が26週(次の学期までの休み、試験準備休みも含む)。第2学

期は19週。

16週1学期18週、通年

36週

NUS: 1学期は全体で17週間で、その内訳は13週間の授業期間、1週間のReading期間、2週間の試験期間、1週間の休暇期間となっている。NTU: 1学期は全体で17週間で、その内訳は13週間の授業期間、3週間の試験期間、1週間の休暇期間となっている。

15週(15週の授業並びに1~2週間の試験期間)

通常、1学期のうち授業10週、試験は11週目。通常2学

期制

3~4単位 3単位1-6単位(3単位の場合1回60分週3回)

NUS: 4 MC (まれに2 MC, 5 MC)NTU: 3 AU または4 AU(まれに1 AU, 6 MC)*括弧書きに関する補足:単位数が少ないものはラボワークなどの実習系で、逆に大きいものは論文や研究プロジェクト系の科目

多くは、3単位(週3回、1時間(50分授業)しかし、2単位も

多い2-4単位

120(学士の最低卒業単位数)~200単位(医学部など)

一般に、4年もしくは5年間の学士課程であれば200単位以上、3年間の学士課程であれば、140から200単位の修得が、卒業の

ために必要

会計学210単位経営学138単位

法学134-152単位工学185-225単位

NUS: 3年間の課程は120単位 (MC)で、4年間の課程は160単位 (MC)+honors project/thesis。ただし、音楽学部に168単位(MC)の課程がある。1セメスターあたりの履修単位数は、平均20単位(MC)。また、歯学部、法学部、看護学を除く医学部は別途定められている。NTU: 3年間の課程は108単位 (AU)で、4年間の課程は144~146単位(AU)。ただし、工学系の課程は153~160単位 (AU)。3年間の課程は、ビジネス系で、その他(人文、社会、科学系)は4年間の課程。1セメスターあたりの履修単位数は、平均16~21単位(AU)。

130-150 単位、(人文・社会学系は、130-140単位が多く、理工系は、140-150単位が多

い。)

通常135-140単位(要再確認)

最低卒業単位20単位は規定されていても、課程修士か研究

修士かで様々である。

修士学位 46コース研究修士29コース

35-42単位

修士(コースワーク型)NUS: 1年間の課程は40単位 (MC)で、 2年間の課程は80単位 (MC)。ただし、MBAは1年半の課程で68単位(MC)。また、公共政策は2年間の課程で64単位(MC)。NTU: 1年間の課程は27~32単位 (AU)。ただし、MBAは1年半の課程で54単位(AU)。また、公共政策(中国語の課程)は、3学期制の1年間の課程で42単位(AU)。修士(研究型)NUS: 8~24単位 (MC)+卒業演習+修士論文NTU: 9単位 (AU)(3科目)+修士論文+その他課程ごとの必須事項がある。

36-48単位40-50モジュール(1モジュール=2

-4単位)

単位に関する規定なし。 27コース 60単位NUS: 24~48単位 (MC)(6~12科目)NTU: 18単位 (AU)(6科目)

48単位が多い(60単位等もある)

モジュール(要確認)

(マラヤ大学の場合)80-100 A 4.0 Distinction75-79  A- 3.7 Distinction70-74 B+ 3.3 Good65-69 B 3.0 Good60-64 B- 2.7 Good55-59 C+ 2.3 Pass50-54 C 2.0 Pass45-49 C- 1.7 ConditionalPassed40-44 D+ 1.3 ConditionalPassed35-39 D 1.0 ConditionalPassed00-34 F 0.0 Failed

4: 100-75%Excellent3: 74-40%  Good2: 40-0% Fail1: incomplete

通常1(Excellent)2(Good)3(Fair)4(Incomplete)

NUS, NTU共に、以下の通りA+ = 5.0 GPA pointA = 5.0A- = 4.5B+ = 4.0B = 3.5B- = 3.0C+ = 2.5C = 2.0D+ = 1.5D = 1.0F = 0

一般的には、A Excellent = 4.0 GPTpointB+ Very Good = 3.5B Good = 3.0C+ Fairly Good = 2.5C Fair = 2.0D+ Poor = 1.5D Very Poor = 1.0F Fail = 0

その他には以下のような事例もある。A Excellent = 4.0 GPTpointA- Very Good   = 3.67B+ Good   = 3.33B Fairly Good  = 3.00B- Almost Good  = 2.67C+ Fair = 2.33C Almost Fair = 2.00C Almost Fair = 2.00C- Poor = 1.67D Very Poor = 1.00F Failed = 0

有(最低1~10最高、5以下不合格)

有有(成績の平均点を利用した評価システムは存在する)

有NUS, NTU共に、GPAを採用。NUSではCPA (Cumulative Average Point)と呼ばれている。NTUでは、TGPA(学期ごと)とCGPA(累積)についても活

用している。有 (法令化されている)

法令上はあるが、大学では未実施。

国立大学(UM,UKM)では、単位互換の事前申請と、科目内容の一致、GPAの最低ラインが設けてある。私立大学では、海外の大学との提携プログラムも充実しており、単位互換においてより柔軟性がある。

不明 有

NUS, NTUともに単位は編入できるが、評価は編入されない。よって、他大学で取得した科目の単位は自大学に算入できるが、評価はPass/Failの表示に変換され、GPA及び学位の等級には反映されない。両大学とも大学レベルの規程で、自大学において取得しなければならない最低限の単位

数(割合)を定めている。• NUS: 学士課程−卒業必要単位の50%以上、または80単位(MC)以上。大学院課程-コースワーク型の修士課程では、修了必要単位の50%以

上。• NTU: 学士課程−3年間の課程は66単位(AU)以上、4年間の課程は77単位(AU)以上。ただし、NTUの大学院課程はこの単位数が規定されていな

い。

学士課程設置基準並びに大学院設置基準に準じている

有。国内外で推進している。

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THIS IS A SAMPLE

授業科目名:高等教育開発論 (Development of Higher Education)

使用する言語: 英語/ どうしても必要な場合は、日本語も使用 (English, but Japanese will be used only

when it is needed) 開設期・単語数・週時数: 前期、2単位(2credits)、2時間(2hours) 担当教官:堀田泰司 (HOTTA, Taiji) (Tel: 424-6284; e-mail: [email protected]) Class Hours: 火曜日(Tuesday、10:30~12:00)

Class Room: IDEC 201 Office Hour: 水曜日 (Monday)の 15 時 00 分~16 時 00 分 (または予約 Or by appointment) I. Course Objective: This course focuses on the current issues in the development of higher education both in industrialized and less-industrialized nations. Although the instructor will provide a series of lectures on this subject, students are encouraged to discuss the issues this class introduces. 本科目の目的は、現在、世界の高等教育が抱える数々の問題を先進国、開発途上国両方の視点から分析し、

講義、ディスカッションすることにある。受講生は積極的にディスカッションに参加することが期待されて

いる。 II. Learning Outcomes: 学習成果 (本科目履修後、履修者は、以下のことができるようになる。) 1. Students will be able to demonstrate general knowledge regarding some key issues in the field of

development of higher education in the world. 高等教育開発論に於ける重要課題について基本な概要を

説明することができる。 2. Students will be able to describe the educational system and crucial issues of one’s own higher

education. 履修者の母国の高等教育制度や重要課題について説明できるようになる。 3. Students will be able to analyze and provide some alternative choices of approaches to solve various

issues in the development of higher education. 高等教育開発に関する諸問題を分析し、問題を解決する

ことができる。 III. Course Contents: 授業内容 1. Textbook: Xeroxed materials will be distributed by the instructor prior to class. All students are

expected to read the assigned material prior to the lecture. コピーされた資料が授業前に

配付される。配付資料は授業前に学生は読んでこなければならない。

2. Workload 就学時間: 2 Credits in IDEC=90 hours of student workload, which is equivalent to 3.2 ECTS/UCTS (=80~96 hours of student workload)

Total workload: 90hours+

A. Lectures and reading assignments [57 hours] (1.5 hours X 14 times=21 hours and 4 hours X 9 articles=36) 講義と授業準備時間(教材の読解)

B. Assignments [8 hours] (Preparation for two presentations [3 hours x 2 times= 6 hours], and for two

debate classes [1 hours x 2 times=2hours]) :All participants are required to present two country reports with appropriate handouts based upon the reading materials and some additional information acquired independently from other materials. 宿題(発表とディベートの準備):教

材や個人で収集したデータを基に配布資料を作成し、学期中に2回、カントリーレポートを発表して

もらう。 C. Mid-Term Exam [10 hours+] (1.5 hours in class and 8.5 hours for preparation at home): There will

be one mid-term exam in class. The examination will be an essay test. In the first half of the exam, students have to describe some of the key issues in the development of higher education. The

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THIS IS A SAMPLE

second half, students will write an analytical essay related to the topics discussed in this class. 中間筆記試験が1回ある。試験は、エッセーテスト(記述試験)で、前半は、高等教育開発論の重要課

題についての説明で、後半は、授業で扱われたテーマに 関する分析的なエッセー(小論文)である。 D. Final Paper [About 15 hours+]: As a final report of this class, a paper around 6-8 pages long with

appropriate references is required (A4 size paper, 10-12 point font size, double spaced). The paper should be written in the format/style of an academic paper in English or Japanese and include a formal citation style. (If a student is planning to write a paper in Japanese, the student has to get approval from the instructor.) 期末試験としてレポートがある。レポートは、参考文献を正しい形

式で引用した6~8 ページ程度のものである。(用紙サイズ A4、文字サイズ 10-12 ポイント、ダブ

ルスペース)また、レポートは、英語、または日本語で作成された文献の引用をきちんと行っている

学術的な論文形式でなければならない。 3. Grading:

(1) Proportion of evaluation (成績評価の配分) 1 Attendance(出席) 10% 2 Presentations and Homework(発表と課題) 20% 3 Mid-Term Exam(中間試験) 30% 4 Final Paper(期末レポート) 40% (2) [Expected performance for evaluation] 評価基準 (There will be a description regarding how each activity of student, e.g., presentation of two county reports, taking a mid-term exam and writing a term paper, will be evaluated.) (3) [Allocation of points in grades] 配点

Scores Old Grading policy New Grading policy since 2010

100-90% S(秀) Excellent

89-80% A(優)

A(優) Very Good

79-70% B(良) B(良) Good

69-60% C(可) C(可) Fair

BELOW 59% D (不可) D(不可) Fail

IV. Tentative Schedule: (There will be a description of what students will learn and do in each session)

V. Reference List: (All articles and books used as textbooks for this class will be listed here)