Introduction:

Anything which occupies space and has mass is

called matter. Air and water ; hydrogen and oxygen

; sugar and sand ; silver and steel ; copper and coal

; iron and wood ; ice and alcohol ; milk and oil ;

kerosene and petrol ; carbon dioxide and steam ;

carbon and sulphur ; rocks and minerals ; are all

different kinds of matter, because all of them

occupy space (that is, they have volume), and mass.

Classification of matter:

पदाथथ का वर्गीकरण:

•On the basis of physical states, all the matter can be

classified into three groups: Solids, Liquids and Gases,

Sugar, sand, iron, wood, rocks, minerals and ice are solids,

Water, milk, oil, kerosene, petrol and alcohol are liquids,

and

Air, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and steam are

gases,

Solids, liquids and gases are called the three states of

matter.

In other words, matter exists in three physical

state;

•Solid

•Liquids

•Gas.

•The solids, liquids and gaseous forms of matter

have different properties.

•These properties can be used to distinguish

between the three state of matter: solid, liquid and

gas.

Properties of Solids :

ठोस के रु्गण:

•Ice, wood, coal, iron, brick, etc., are some of the common

solids around us.

• The solids have the following characteristic properties:

1. Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed volume.

2. Solids cannot be compressed much.

3. Solids have high densities. They are heavy.

4. Solids do not fill their container completely.

5. Solids do not flow.

Properties of Liquids

तरल पदाथथ के रु्गण•Water, milk, fruit juice, ink, groundnut oil, kerosene and petrol,

etc., are some of the common liquids.

•The liquids have the following characteristic properties:

1. Liquids have a fixed volume but they have no fixed

shape.Liquids take the shape of the vessel in which they are

placed.

2. Like solids, liquids cannot be compressed much.

3. Liquids have moderate to high densities. They are usually less

dense. They are usually less dense than solids.

4. Liquids do not fill their container completely.

5. Liquids generally flow easily.

Properties of Gases:

र्गैसों के रु्गण:

• Air oxygen, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen and

steam, etc., are some of the common gases.

• The gases have the following characteristic properties:

1. Gases have neither a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.

Gases acquire the shape and volume of the vessel in which

they are kept.

2. Gases can be compressed easily (into a small volume).

3. Gases have very low densities. They are very, very light.

4. Gases fill their container completely.

Diffusion:

प्रसार:•The spreading out and mixing of a substance with another

substance due to the motion of its particles is called

diffusion.

•Diffusion is a property of matter which is based on the

motion (or movements) of its particles.

•The rate of diffusion increases on increasing the

temperature of the diffusing substance

•The phenomenon of diffusion tells us that the particles of

matter are constantly moving.

Diffusion in Gases:

र्गैसों में प्रसार:

•Diffusion of gases is very fast (because the particles in

gases moves very fast in all direction)

•Examples of diffusion in gas from our everyday life are

given below:

The smell of food being cooked in the kitchen reaches us

even from a considerable distance.

The smell of food being cooked reaches us even from a

considerable distance by the process of diffusion

Diffusion in Liquids :

तरल पदाथों में प्रसार:

•Diffusion in liquids is slower than that is gases. •Examples:

The spreading of purple colour of potassium

permanganate into water, on its own. Is due to the

diffusion of potassium permanganate particles into

water.

•“The rate of diffusion in liquids is much faster

than that is solids”

Diffusion in Solids:

ठोस पदाथों में प्रसार:

Diffusion can also take place in solids.

Diffusion in solids is a very, very slow

process.

Change of State of Matter:

पररवर्तन की स्थितर्:

Matter can exist in three physical state:

• solid state, liquid state and gaseous state

•We can change the physical state of matter in two

ways:

1.By changing the temperature

2.By changing the pressure.

1.Effect of change of temperature:

तापमान के बदलाव का प्रभाव:

a) Solid to liquid change : Melting- “The process in which a

solid substance changes into a liquid on heating, is called

melting (or fusion)”.

b) Liquid to Gas Change : Boiling (or Vaporisation) – “The

process in which a liquid substance changes into a gas rapidly

on heating, is called boiling. The temperature at which a liquid

boils and changes rapidly into a gas at atmospheric pressure, is

called boiling point of the liquid”.

c)Gas to liquid change : Condensation – “The process of

changing a gas (or vapour) to a liquid by cooling, is called

condensation. Condensation is the reverse of boiling (or

vaporisation)”

d) Liquid to Solid Change : Freezing – “The process of

changing a liquid into a solid by cooling, it called freezing”.

Latent Heat:

र्गपु्त उष्मा:•The heat energy which has to be supplied to change

the state of a substance is called its latent heat.

Latent heat is of two types:

1. Latent heat of fusion गऱन की गुप्र् ऊष्मा 2. Latent heat of vaporisation वाष्पन की गुप्र् ऊष्मा

1.Latent Heat of Fusion (Solid to Liquid Change) –

र्गलन की रु्गप्त ऊष्मा • “The heat which is going into ice but not increasing

its temperature, is the energy required to change the

state of ice from solid to liquid

•The latent heat of fusion of ice is “3.34 *105 joules

per kilogram”

2.Latent Heat of Vaporisation (Liquid to Gas

Change)

वाष्पन की रु्गप्त ऊष्मा (र्गैस पररवतथन के ललए तरल)

The latent heat of vaporisation of a liquid is the

quantity of heat in joules required to convert 1

kilogram of the liquid (at its boiling point) to vapour

or gas, without any change in temperature.

Sublimation ऊर्धवथपातन :

“The changing of a solid directly into vapours on

heating, and of vapours into solid on cooling, is known

as sublimation”.

Effect of Change of Pressure

दबाव के पररवतथन का प्रभावGases can be liquefied by Applying Pressure and

Lowering Temperature

Evaporation वाष्पनThe process of a liquid changing into vapour (or gas)

even below its boiling point is called evaporation.

Factors Affecting Evaporation:

वाष्पीकरण को प्रभाववत करने वाले कारक:

1. Temperature

2. Surface Area of the Liquid

3. Humidity of Air

4. Wind Speed

Cooling Caused by Evaporation:The cooling caused by evaporation is based on the fact

that when a liquid evaporates, it draws (or takes) the

latent heat of vaporisation from „anything‟ which it

touches.

Pure Substances: Elements and Compounds •A pure substance is one which is made up only one kind of particles.•All the elements and compounds are pure substancesHydrogen, Oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, bromine, iodine, carbon, sulphur, iron, copper, silver, gold, mercury and silicon, are pure substances. Similarly. .

Water (including ice and steam), carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, sugar, copper sulphate, alum (aluminium potassium sulphate), calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide. Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, potassium permanganate, camphor, naphthalene and sand (silicon dioxide), are pure substances

Impure Substances: Mixtures

A mixture is one which contains two or more different kinds of particles (atoms or

molecules).

A mixture contains two or more pure substances mixed together.

All the mixtures are impure substances

Examples of the mixtures are : salt solution, sugar solution, milk, sea-water, air

sugarcane juice, soft drinks, sharbat, jaggery (gur), rocks,minerals, petroleum,

LPG, biogas, tap water, tea, coffee. Paint, wood, soil and bricks.

Most of the matter around us exists as mixtures of two or more pure substances.

All the matter can be divided into three general classes: elements, compounds and

mixtures

Solutions, Suspensions And Colloids

ववऱयन ,तनऱंबन और कोऱायड

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