Answer key Ws 17-1 Viruses · Web viewAnswer key Ws 17-1a Virusesp. 355-6Pages 355-6 shows you the steps taken by scientists attempting to determine the cause of a new type of disease

Answer key Ws 17-1a Viruses p. 355-6

1) Pages 355-6 shows you the steps taken by scientists attempting to determine the cause of a new type of disease causing substance. What was the initial problem? Disease has begun to destroy certain crops2) What is a mosaic? Large bleached spots that form a pattern3) The 1st 2 steps taken in order to determine the nature of the disease was? Crush diseased leaves to produce a liquid leaf juice

put a few drops of the juice on healthy leaves.4) What is the conclusion? The cause of the disease is the juice of the infected plant.5) Why was the person pouring the solution through a filter? To trap microorganisms in the juice that may be responsible for causing the disease.6) What was unusual about the juice that passed through the filter? There were not microorganisms and the juice still caused the disease7) When looking at the juice under the microscope, what did the scientist see? No cells8) What conclusion was made? The particles that caused the disease could not be seen under the microscope.9) What is the Latin meaning of viruses? poison10) What was Dimitri Iwanowski credited for? The disease causing nature of the juice from infected tobacco leaf plants.11) What was Mrtinus Beijerinck's scientific contribution? Determined that tiny particles in the juice caused the disease. He called them viruses12) Initially, what did scientists believe viruses were? Cells even smaller then bacteria13) Who and what led to the changing of this theory? Wendell Stanley in 1935 with the use of an electron microscope.14) Define virus. Noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells

Answers Ws 17-1b What is a virus? p. 356-3601) What did scientists believe about viruses before 1935? They were cells smaller than bacteria2) Give the definition of a virus. Noncellular particle made up of genetic material and protein that can invade living cells3) What does the protein coat surround? Core of nucleic acid 4) What is inside the nucleic acid core? dna/rna5) Define bacteriophage. Viruses that invade bacteria6) What is a host? The bacterial cell that is invaded in this case7) What is the function of the tail fiber in the T4 virus? Attach to the bacterium8) How large is a nanometer? 1/1 000 000 000m9) List 5 different viruses from fg. 17-3. Cowpox, smallpox, mumps, polio, foot and mouth, 10) What is the size of 2 viruses shown in fig 17-3? Smallpox = 250nm, polio = nm11) What kinds of organisms can viruses attack? Often but not always species specific, 1 type12) Which organisms does the rabies virus infect? All mammals and some birds13) What must all viruses do in order to reproduce? Infect a host14) How is a virus activated? By chance contact with the correct host15) What never enters the host cell during infection? Complete virus particle16) Growth: What does the virus DNA do once it is inside the host cell? Takes over the host cell17) Replication: What 2 things does the virus do when the virus takes over? Makes copies of its own dna and

protein parts18) What is Escherichia coli (E. coli)? A species of bacterium found inside human intestines19) How long does this take? 25 min20) What occurs during the final stage of reproduction? Assembly into new viruses and release into the environment21) Define lytic infection. A virus infects, replicates and bursts out of the host cell killing it22) What does fg. 17-4 show? Lysis of a host cell23) What does fig 17-5 show? `infection of an E-coli bacterium24) Lysogenic Infection: Where does the virus do with its DNA? Inserts its own dna into the host cell’s dna forming a prophage25) Define prophage. A cell that has virus dna inserted into it26) Give 2 possible benefits of having your DNA infected with a prophage? Block the entry of other viruses into the cell (give it

resistance), add useful dna to the host cell’s dna27) What usually happens to a virus in prophage form? The virus dna becomes active and causes virus replication28) List some factors that may cause this to occur. Temperature change, nutrient change29) Define retrovirus.A virus that has rna not dna30) List some diseases caused by retroviruses. Come cancers, aids31) List 4 functions that a virus depends on a host cell for. Growth, reproduction, respiration, nutrition32) Define parasite. Organisms that depend entirely upon another living organism for its existence33) Give 2 factors that make viruses not alive. Not made of cells, can not live independently34) Why do most scientists consider viruses to be alive? Grow, reproduce, evolve35) Define gene therapy (look up). Using viruses to insert good genes into cells that may have a mutant gene

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36) Why does it seem that viruses developed after living cells first appeared ? they are completely dependant on other living cells

Answers Ws 17-2a Bacteria-Prokaryotic Cells p. 360-363 Date:1. Define prokaryote. smallest and most common type of cell, does not have a nucleus2. What does fg 17-7 show? nutrient culture medium, bacteria producing 1000s of colonies3. Which kingdoms are the prokaryotes placed in? Eubacteria or Archaebacteria4. What are bacteria? 1 celled prokaryotes5. How large are bacteria? 1-10 micrometers6. How large is a micrometer? 1/1000 mm7. Define eukaryote. cell with a nucleus8. How large are eukaryotic cells? 10 – 100 micrometers9. Why are bacteria so small? They do not have membrane-bound organelles like in eukaryotic cells10. Give 4 characteristics of organisms in the kingdom Eubacteria. more species then the kingdom Archeabacteria11. a cell wall protects the cell12. has a cell membrane13. some have 2 cell membranes, some have a flagella14. Why do biologists not agree as to how many phyla of Eubacteria there are? such a large variety and range of lifestyles15. List the structures inside the bacteria on fg 17-8. ribosomes, flagellum, genetic material, cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane16. What is another name for CYANOBACTERIA? Blue-green bacteria17. Why are these organisms so important? They are photosynthetic18. What is photosynthetic? organisms that use the energy of sunlight to make their own food19. Why are cyanobacteria not called blue-green algae anymore? Algae are eukaryotic cells not prokaryotic cells20. What colour is chlorophyll a? green21. What causes other cyanobacteria to be yellow, brown, or red? Other pigments22. What occurs in the cell membranes of cyanobacteria? Photosynthesis light reactions23. What is a chloroplast? An organelle that contains photosynthetic pigments that trap light energy and convert it to

chemical energy in plants (eukaryotic cells)24. List 4 places some cyanobacteria can live. Fresh water, salt water, land, hot springs, snow25. Cyanobacteria are sometime referred to as a pioneer species. What does this mean? They often recolonize the site after a

natural disaster26. Why are prochlorobacteria sometimes called Prochlorophyta? Contain chlorophyll a & b, pigments common in the

plant kingdom27. What does “phyta” mean?Plant28. Give 3 characteristics of the kingdom Archaebacteria. Different carbohydrate in the cell wall29. Different lipids in cell membranes30. Different ribosomes, Different gene sequences31. Where can Archaebacteria live? Extremely harsh environments32. Give 2 examples of oxygen free environments. Thick mud, digestive tracts of animals33. What is a methanogen? Archaebacteria that produce methane gas as a waste product34. 2 other “harsh environments” are? Salty (Great Salt Lake), boiling hot springs

ANSWER KEY Ws 17-2b p. 363-5 Identifying Prokaryotes / Obtaining Energy1. What are the 3 common shapes of bacteria?

Rod (bacilli), sphere (cocci) and spiral (spirilla)2. Fg 17-10, which picture represents each shape?

Rod (left); sphere (center), and spiral (right)3. List the 3 arrangements bacteria can take.

Colonies, long chains, and clusters4. Fg 17-11 shows?

Spherical bacteria (streptococci) formed a long chain5. 3 other ways other than shape and arrangement used to identify bacteria are?

Cell wall, kind of movement and how they obtain energy6. What are the names of the 2 types of Gram stain?

Crystal violet and safranine7. Why does one type of bacteria turn purple?

Cells with only one thick layer of carbohydrate and protein molecules outside the cell membrane took up the crystal violet8. Why does one type of bacterium turn red?

Cells with second outer layer of lipid and carbohydrate molecules took up the safranine9. What is the difference between gram + and gram – test results?

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10. Another way bacteria can be identified is by…movement11. 4 possible ways bacteria can move are? Lash, snake, spiral, glide12. Look up the word autotroph and define. Organisms that can make their own food13. What is a phototrophic autotroph? Get their energy from the sun and make own food14. What type of organisms are these similar to? Green plants15. Look up, define, and give an example of an inorganic molecule. Molecule without C atoms ex: phosphoric acid16. What is chemotrophic autotroph? Obtain energy form inorganic molecules (hydrogen sulphide, nitrites, sulphur, iron) and make

their own food17. Where do these organisms live? Harsh environments ( Extremeophiles)18. Define chemotrophic heterotroph. Obtain energy from organic sources and break them down and absorb them

Get energy form organic source and parts to grow from the organic source19. Look up, define and give an example of an organic molecule. Molecule that has carbon in it. Sugar (glucose)

20. List 2 common organisms that are chemotrophic heterotrophs. All Animals, most bacteria21. What kind of organisms are we in competition with? bacteria22. What can the bacteria Salmonella cause? Food poisoning23. What is one reason we cook our food? To kill dangerous micro-organisms24. What does photosynthetic mean? Use sunlight for energy25. Explain what a phototrophic heterotroph is. Get energy from sun but need organic molecules to make its parts

p. 365-367 Bacterial Respiration, Growth and Reproduction 26. What do all organisms including bacteria need? Constant supply of energy27. How is this energy supplied? respiration and fermentation28. Define respiration. Process that involves oxygen to break down food molecules to release energy29. Define fermentation. Process that enables cells to carry out energy production without oxygen30. Define obligate aerobe. Org that requires oxygen31. Give an example of 2 organisms that are obligate aerobes. Humans and most bacteria32. What is an obligate anaerobe? Must live without oxygen33. An example of an obligate anaerobe is? Clostridium botulinum34. Why is this organism not usually a problem in the soil? Because it can not grow because of the presence of oxygen35. What are the conditions that this organism likes to live in? no air & food (air tight improperly canned can of food)36. Define toxin. poison37. Give the symptoms of botulism. Interferes with nerve activity, Paralysis, breathing problems, death38. Why is botulism a “cause for concern” with regards to canned food at home? Inexperienced canning does not kill bacteria and it

grows inside39. What are facultative anaerobes? Can live with or without oxygen40. What can be concluded about the habitats of bacteria? Incredible diversity: Can live anywhere41. p. 366 Problem Solving “Food Poisoning” Case Study 1? Salmonella: delayed sickness, longer recovery, fever42. Case Study 2? Staphylococci: immediate sickness, fast recovery, no fever

Answer Key WS 17-2c p. 367-70 Bacterial Growth and Reproduction 1. In “ideal” situations, what would be the mass of bacteria after 48 hours? 4000 earths2. What 2 things prevent this? Availability of food and build up of wastes3. When does a bacteria reproduce? Doubled in size4. From a genetic perspective, what is unusual about binary fission? Asexual reproduction5. Define asexual reproduction. 1 parent, no genetic mixing6. What occurs during conjugation? Genetic information is transferred from 1 cell to another cell7. What is the function of the thin tube in fg 17-14? Genetic info is moved through it8. What does conjugation do for the population? Increases genetic diversity9. Why is genetic diversity advantageous? If the environment changes, there will be some bacteria that will be able to survive

(freaks)10. Describe the structure of an endospore. Thick internal wall that encloses its DNA and a portion of its cytoplasm11. When do they form? Unfavourable conditions12. How long do endospores last? Months or years13. Why is endospore formation not really a “true” form of reproduction? Does not form a new bacterial cell14. What does fig 17-15 show? endospore15. List seven foods make with the assistance of bacteria. Cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, sour cream, pickles, sauerkraut, vinegar16. How are bacteria used in the petroleum industry? Digest oil spills

a. in water? eat waste products in waterb. in mining? Remove minerals from rocksc. genetic engineering? Make drugs and chemicals

17. What is symbiosis? 2 organisms live together and and 1 or both benefit 18. What are the E. coli provided with in your intestines? Warmth, food, transportation19. What two things do we get from the symbiotic relationship? Digestion of food, vitamins20. What does fg 17-16 show? E. coli in our intestines


21. How are herbivores able to eat grass and hay? Bacteria digest (breakdown) the carbohydrate cellulose in the cell walls of grass, hay, leaves for the cow, which can not do it by itself

Answer Key Ws 17-2d p.370-72 Bacteria in the Environment1) Why would there be no life as we know it without bacteria? No recycling = no nutrients in soil = no plants = no food2) How are heterotrophs and saprophytes related to each other? They cannot make their own food, saprophytes digest large complex molecules of previously living organisms as an energy source and nutrition source (build body parts)3) List two other categories of organisms that act as saprophytes with regards to the decomposition of a dead tree. Insects and fungi4) List some of the substances that make up waste water. Human waste, discarded food, organic garbage, chemical waste5) What are the products of bacterial waste water decomposition? Purified water, nitrogen gas, carbon dioxide, crop fertilizer products6) Where do some of these products go? farms7) What element is needed to make amino acids? N8) Where do animals ultimately get the nitrogen needed for their proteins? plants9) Why cant plants use the nitrogen in our atmosphere? It is not fixed (combined with other elements)s10) What does “fixed” mean? The N is combined with other elements11) Why is human synthetic nitrogen fixing not very practical? Expensive, dangerous, time consuming12) Which are the only organisms that undergo nitrogen fixation? Cyanobacteria (certain bacteria)13) Describe the symbiotic relationship between Rhizobium and soybeans. Soybeans provide the Rhizobium bacteria with nutrition and a place to live, the Rhizobium provides the bean with fixed nitrogen in the soil14) How are all eukaryotes dependant on certain monerans (Eubacteria)? To get the nitrogen fixed and placed into the soil15) How much nitrogen is released every year by these organisms? 170 000 000 kg16) Describe fig 17-18. nodules of bacteria are fixing nitrogen on the root of a soybean plant

Answer Key Ws 17-3 Diseases caused by viruses and Bacteria p. 3721) Define pathogen. disease causing organism2) What do bacteria require? Nutrients and energy3) List 9 common virus caused human diseases. Small pox, polio, measles, ADIS, mumps, influenza (flu), yellow fever, rabies, colds4) How does a virus often harm a cell? as virus reproduces, it destroys the host cell (lysis, lytic cycle)5) Define vaccine. a substance that contains the weakened or killed disease causing organism it put inside your body6) How does a vaccine work? It stimulates your immune system to produce antibodies for the real pathogen when and if you are exposed7) When is the only time a vaccine is useful? Before exposure to the pathogen8) Once you get a viral infection, what can be done about it? Not much, your body must make it's own antibodies to the pathogen9) When are interferons produced? When cells are infected by viruses10) How do interferons work? Make it more difficult for the viruses to infect other healthy cells, interfere with the growth of the virus11) How does an oncogenic virus work? Virus adds genes to the infected cell that turn it into a cancer cell12) Are most bacteria dangerous? no13) List 8 disease causing bacteria. Diphtheria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, tetanus, Hansen disease, syphilis, cholera, bubonic plague.14) How many ways do bacteria cause disease? 215) Describe the 2 ways bacteria cause disease. A) damage infected cells and tissues by breaking down the living cells for food16) b) release toxins that travel throughout the body which interferes with the functioning of various cells17) How is the bacteria rickettsias similar to viruses? Can only grow inside living cells 18) Give 3 diseases caused by this type of bacteria. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus, and Q fever19) How can some of these diseases be prevented? Stimulate the immune system with the use of a vaccine20) Define antibiotic. Drug or natural compound that can attack and destroy bacteria21) 2 methods of sterilization are? Expose bacteria to heat or chemicals22) Define disinfectant. Chemical solution that kills bacteria23) Describe how refrigeration helps stop food from "spoiling". Slows the growth of the bacteria that is eating the food24) List 3 methods of food sterilization. Boiling, frying, steaming25) Describe the process of canning. Food is sterilized and immediately sealed into a sterile can or jar26) List 3 chemical treatment of foods to help preserve them. Salt, vinegar, sugar

Ch 44-1 The Nature of Disease p. 9531. What is the difference between a disease and symptoms? Disease is the change in normal functioning of the body were as

symptoms are the manifestations of the disease (effects)2. Five methods of spreading infectious diseases are: a) cuts3. b) coughing and sneezing4. c) contaminated water or food5. d) infected animals (vectors)6. e) sexual contact


7. Early humans believed that diseases were caused by? Evil spirits8. p. 956. How do scientists group infectious diseases? The kind of pathogen that causes them9. List 4 common pathogens. a) viruses10. b) bacteria11. c) fungi12. d) protozoa13. Which organisms are infected by viruses? Living cells14. What does AIDS stand for? Acquired immune deficiency syndrome15. p. 980. How can it be spread? Blood and body secretions (sexual intercourse, blood transfusions)16. p. 957 What is true for most bacteria? harmless to humans17. List 2 ways bacteria can cause disease. a) infect the tissues of the body directly killing those cells18. b) release toxins19. List 2 types of fungi. molds and mushrooms20. 2 places fungi can cause infection are? Skin and lungs21. Where are you most likely to pick up a protozoan infection? Tropical regions of the world22. Describe malaria. A protozoan called Plasmodium lives in the human bloodstream and causes sickness; is spread from one

person to another by mosquitoes (vector)23. Describe amoebic dysentery. The protozoan Entamoeba which affects the intestine causing abdominal pain, fever and

diarrhea 24. Describe African sleeping sickness. Flagellated protozoan (Trypanosoma)= inflammation of the nervous system often

leads to death vector is the tsetse fly25. “anthrax Bacteria” describe 1g of anthrax spores. p. 959 100 000 times more powerful then the best human made chemical

weapon spores are light, easy to scatter in the air, stable for many years often → lethal infection26. What makes cancer “hard to understand”? cells are from your own body27. What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant one? Benign is noncancerous = does not spread,

malignant tumor spreads into blood and is circulated to other parts of the body28. Define oncogene. Genes that cause cancer: often carried by viruses that are inserted into humans

Ws 45-1 Non-specific Defences p. 96929. List 5 common classifications of pathogens. Viruses, bacteria, rickettsiae, fungi protozoans30. What do non-specific defences guard against? All infections31. Describe some of the ways the skin acts as a defence. Prevent penetration of pathogen, oil & sweat glands produce an acidic

environment which kills microorganisms32. How does the throat and nose trap pathogens? Mucous and hairs in nose, cilia in trachea trap and push pathogens back up

the mouth33. The stomach? Stomach and digestive enzymes destroy many pathogens34. What produces lysozymes and what does it do? Mucus, saliva, sweat, tears; enzyme that breaks down t he cell walls of

many bacteria35. What is the 2nd line of defence? Inflammatory response occurs when pathogens enter the body36. What type of cells are phagocytes give their function. White blood cells (wbc) engulf and destroy bacteria37. Give 2 functions of a fever in fighting an infection. Stimulates wbc production, creates a “non-ideal” temperature for the

pathogens38. Fg 45-2? Fibrin is re-sealing the broken skin39. Fg 45-3? A macrophage engulfs and digests 2 bacteria40. Define antigen. A substance that triggers the specific defences of the immune system (pathogen: carbohydrates, proteins, and

lipids on the surface of the pathogen)41. Where are they found? pathogen: carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids on the surface of the pathogen)42. Define antibody and state where they are made. Special proteins that can bind to the antigens on the surfaces of a pathogen

and help destroy it made by special of white blood cells called B-lymphocytes43. Define agglutination. When the antibody links to the antigens forming a large mass44. Fg 45-4. shows the very specific antigen binding site and shows the binding of an antibody and antigen45. List 2 ways agglutination helps destroy pathogens. Agglutinated antigen/antibodies can not infect new cells, mark the pathogen

for destruction by wbc (phagocyetes)46. Define primary immune response. Production of antibodies from the first exposure to an antigen (these cells each produce a

different type of antibody thus increasing the chance that one of them will be the correct fit to the antigen47. Define immune. You have already been exposed to the pathogen (antibody) and thus already have the correct antibodies for the

pathogen made. When you are exposed to the same pathogen a second time, you do not get sick48. Define secondary immune response. As above; the immune response is more powerful than the primary response,

producing antibodies so quickly you do not get sick from the pathogen49. Summarize Edward Jenners experiment. He injected fluid from the disease cowpox into milkmaid. These people then developed

an immunity to the more serious disease smallpox. (he developed the first vaccination)50. Define vaccination. The injection of a weakened or mild from of a pathogen to produce immunity (vacca = cow)51. Define active immunity. Immunity produced by a vaccine: body has the ability to mount an response against the pathogen: the

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52. How was Pasteur's experiment different from Jenners? Pasteur used “weakened or altered” forms of the antigen (pathogen) to inject into the person during a vaccination. Jenner used a different but similar species of the antigen (pathogen)

53. What causes rabies? A deadly viral disease that can be transmitted by the bite of an infected animal54. P. 975. Explain passive immunity. Antibodies produced by other animals against a pathogen are injected into the bloodstream

thereby providing protection against certain pathogens55. What is an iron lung? Large artificial breathing machines that kept victims of polio alive56. p. 980. How can aids be spread? Blood and body secretions of infected persons (semen and vaginal secretions, blood

transfusions, intravenous drug users (needles)

Ws 6-1 6-2 Photosynthesis: Capturing and Converting Energy ANSWERS1. Define photosynthesis. Plants convert the energy of the sun into the energy in the chemical

bonds of carbohydrates – sugars and starches2. What was Jan Van Helmont plant experiment’s conclusion? The mass of a plant comes from water3. Where does the carbon part in the plants carbohydrates come from? CO2 from the air4. Explain Joseph Priestley’s plant experiment conclusion. Plants produce oxygen5. Describe Jan Ingenhousz’s conclusion. Light is needed for plants to produce oxygen6. Write the balanced equation for photosynthesis. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

7. Define autotrophs. Organisms that can use a source of energy such a as sunlight, to produce foodod directly from simple inorganic molecules

8. Define heterotroph. Orgs that obtain energy from the foods they eat (can’t make own food)9. Define white light. Mixture of all the colours of the rainbow10. Define pigments. Colored substances that absorb light11. Define chlorophyll. The main pigment in green plants12. Fg 6-4. What is the difference between chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a?

each absorbs different wavelengths13. Describe what happens when a solar cell absorbs sunlight. Produces electricity that can do work14. Describe what happens when a green plant absorbs sunlight. Produces high energy electrons that can be used to do things for the cell (make high energy compounds)15. What does chlorophyll do for a plant? Acts as a cells solar cell16. One substance formed as a result of the sunlight being trapped in chemical bonds is NADPH17. The 2nd compound involved that stores the energy from the sun is called? Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)18. Define ATP. An energy-storing compound used by every living cell19. Describe fg 6-6. shows the chemical structure of ATP20. Explain fg. 6-7.

As energy is given to an AMP molecule, it forms ADP, and finally ATP (the battery is fully charged)21. List 3 important cellular activities that can occur as the result of the release of energy from an ATP molecule.

Active transport across the cell membrane, protein synthesis, muscle contraction22. Problem solving p. 117. Explain what seems to happen as the leaves change color with the approach of autumn? As winter approaches, the plant reabsorbs the pigment chlorophyll before losing the leaves23. Sec. 6-2. Photosynthesis: The Light and Dark Reaction p. 118 What is the main purpose of the light reaction? The energy of sunlight is captured and used to make energy storing compoundsWhat is the name for the second step of photosynthesis? Dark reactions24. What is the main purpose of this stage?

Uses the energy stored in NADPH and ATP to produce glucose25. Why is glucose constructed over ATP and NADH? Glucose is more stable and is able to store more energy (100x more) then ATP26. Where does photosynthesis occur? Chloroplast27. What are the 4 stages of the light reaction? Light absorption, electron transport, oxygen production and ATP formation28. Describe fg 6-8. shows a chloroplast29. Fg 6-9. What are photosystems? What is the energy in the energy-storing compounds used for?

pigment molecules (Chlorophyll and accessory pigments) compounds such as glucose30. Fg 6-10. Explain. Light is used to make energy-storing compounds like NADPH31. fg 6-11. What is one reason plants need water? To produce oxygen and hydrogen ions32. Fg. 6-12. What gas is formed during the formation of the energy storing compound ATP? oxygen33. Fg. 6-13. The high energy compounds ATP and NADPH made during the light reaction are used in the dark reaction for the final purpose of producing what compounds?

Organic compounds such as glucose

WS Ch 6-3 Glycolysis and Respiration p.123 ANSWERS1. Autotrophs have the ability to.... produce glucose & other food molecules 2. Photosynthesis is able to.... trap sunlight into chemical bonds3. The purpose of this section? See how energy is released from glucose4. Write a word equation for glycolysis. Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water/tt/file_convert/5e47f67fa2140703ea696eeb/document.docx Page 6 of 10 Last printed 21/01/2013 10:04 PM

5. How many calories of energy are released? 3811calories6. What is the definition of a calorie? Amount of heat energy required to raise the temp of 1 g of water 1 degree Celsius7. How is a food Calorie different from a science calorie? food calorie are 1000 times (kilo calorie) more then metric calorie8. Where does glycolysis occur in the cell? cytoplasm9. Fg 6-14. List the compounds produced at the end of glycolysis and the final number of ATP energy molecules created.

2 ATP, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid10. (Last paragraph before the heading Respiration) The 2 ATP molecules produced during glycolysis represents what % of the total chemical energy in a glucose molecule? 2%11. When can the process of respiration occur? Only with oxygen present12. Define respiration. Process that involves oxygen and breaks down food molecules to release energy13. Define aerobic. With air (oxygen)14. What starting compound is used during respiration? Pyruvic acid 15. Where did this come from? End product left over from glycolysis16. Once pyruvic acid is broken down, how much energy in the form of ATP is generated? 34 ATP17. Why do some biologists use the term cellular respiration instead of respiration? Breathing is also called respiration18. Why do animals and plants need oxygen? For cellular respiration (to get ATP molecules from the glucose they make during photosynthesis)19. Which cell organelle is required for respiration? OMIT P. 125b-128 mitochondria20. P. 128 fg 6-18. How much energy is generated by the complete breakdown of one glucose molecule: (glycolysis + krebs cycle (cellular respiration) 36 ATP 21. P. 128 bottom: How does this compare to a car engine? Better then an automobile engine22. How are complex carbohydrates, lipids and proteins similar to glucose? They can all be converted into glucose for further breakdown into ATP23. What happens if you (your cells) are starved for oxygen? Cellular respiration in the mitochondria (Krebs cycle) stops; only ATP can be generated by glycolysis (not very efficient)24. After entering your lungs, what part of your cell does oxygen go to? mitochondria25. Explain the analogy of deposits and withdrawal to photosynthesis and respiration. Photosynthesis is a deposit (high energy glucose storage molecules are created and stored) Respiration is the withdrawal (glucose is taken and broken down into usable energy molecules)

Ws Ch 6-4 Fermentation p. 130 ANSWERS1) What does a cell do in the presence of oxygen? Undergo respiration2) What is unusual about how glycolysis produces 2 molecules of ATP? No oxygen needed3) Define anaerobic. Does not require oxygen4) Define fermentation. An energy system that allows cells to carry out energy production in the absence of oxygen5) How much energy is produced by fermentation? 2 ATP molecules6) List the 2 most common forms of fermentation in eukaryotic cells. Lactic acid fermentation, Alcoholic fermentation7) Where does pyruvic acid come from? glycolysis8) Define lactic acid fermentation. An energy system that occurs without oxygen and allows glycolysis to continue. Produces Lactic Acid9) Where does lactic acid form in animals? muscles10) Why is it produced? Body cannot supply each cell with enough oxygen to continue regular cellular respiration. This system takes over and will allow glycolysis to continue and in the process produce a limited amount of ATP11) Describe the feeling of lactic acid build up. Burning, painful muscle soreness12) What is the purpose of lactic acid fermentation in your muscles? To produce ATP without oxygen13) Define alcoholic fermentation. A type of fermentation that produces alcohol14) What organisms does this occur in? yeast and a few microorganisms15) Fg 6-20 What are the products of alcoholic fermentation? Alcohol, CO2, NAD + (energy molecule) 16) Of Lactic acid fermentation? Lactic acid, NAD + 17) How is alcoholic fermentation important to bakers? The CO2 causes the dough to rise18) How is alcoholic fermentation important to brewers? Produces alcohol and CO2 bubbles in beer and sparkling wine19) Why must alcoholic beverages be processed if an alcohol % above 12% is desired (hard alcohol)? The alcohol kills the yeast at a % of 1220) Answer #3 section review 6-4 p. 131. The yeast will resort to the more efficient cellular respiration method of generating ATP and not produce any alcohol

Ch 17 review Answers p. 378Mc 1d 2d 3b 4b 5d 6a 7c 8dTf1t 2 protein coat, nucleic acid 3 prokaryote 4F cocci 5 facultative 6 phototrophic 7 conjugation

8 pathogens

wr 1 obligate anaerobe, facultative anaerobe, obligate aerobe: method of energy production requiring oxygen or notphototrophic autotroph: energy system regarding source of energy & carbon source


2. E. coli, Rhizobium, Salmonella: types of bacteriaT4: virus

3. bacillus, spirillum, coccus: shapes of bacteriaprophage: type of virus

4. measles, polio, rabies: virus diseasestetanus: bacteria

5. bacteria 6. cocci 7. obligate anaerobe 8. eubacteria

cm 1. can not exist on their own2. purple = gram positive = 1 thick layer in cell membrane

pink = gram negative = 2 thick layers3. autotroph make own food heterotrophs need to eat organic material for their carbon source4. Rhizobium bacteria and soybean root: bacteria takes Nitrogen from the air and "fixes" into a nitrogen compound for the plant5. decomposers = nutrient recycling, symbiotic relationships (nitrogen fixation), diseases / infection, food production, genetic engineering, medicines6. conjugation: mix up dna but no extra cells are createdbinary fission: 2 smaller but identical cells (clones)endospore formation = dormancy state during poor conditions

cct 1. population begins to use up its nutrients and space and therefore begins to die off2. no, viruses need to reproduce in living cells3. killing virus: benefit: stops virus caused diseases

danger: will no longer kill "bad organsism", no longer causes genetic variation (evolution) killing bacteria: benefit: no diseases, less food spoilage

danger: no nutrient recycling, less medicines

Microscope Calculation Quiz Name: Block:

1) A person using a microscope with an ocular lens of 5X and an objective lens of 10X views some protozoa. What is the total magnification of the microscope?

A) Formula = occular x objective

B) Calculation 5 x 10 = 50x

2) You are using your microscopes from class. You measure the low power field of view and get 5mm.How many is this? use the unit conversion of mm to micrometers (microns)

A) formula______________ 5mm x 1000µ

B) calculation

3) What is the field of view under your medium (classroom microscopes) power based on question 2?

a) Formula

b) calculation


4) This is the actual view of a bacterium under high power. The field of view is 0.5 mm.What is the actual size of this organism?

a) Formula

b) Calculation

5) If the actual size of an organism is 0.5 mm, and you drew a diagram of it below, what is the drawing magnification?

a) Formula

b) Calculation

6) Using your microscope (field of view 4.5 mm under low power), you draw the following diagrams. Calculate the following.

a) high power field of view.b) Actual size.c) Drawing magnification.

Actual view high powerdrawing.


¼ field of view

5 cm

Your drawing (2 cm)

LABEL THE PARTS!A BODY TUBE

NBASE

J LOW OBJECTIVE

C HIGH OBJECTIVE

G COARSE ADJUSTMENT

E OCCULAR / EYE PIECE

D STAGE CLIPS

H FINE ADJUSTMENT

M LIGHT

K STAGE

10 40

4

10

A

B C D

E

F

G

H

I J K L M

N


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