Another School Year--- What For? Part I.Warming-up Questions 1.Did you have a good holiday? What did you do during the holiday? 2.Have you had any reflections

Another School Year---What For?

Part I.Warming-up Questions

1.Did you have a good holiday?

What did you do during the holiday?

2.Have you had any reflections on your first term college life?

What do you think is your most impressive experience in the last semester?

Part II.Background Information

William Shakespeare

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English playwright and poet

whose body of works is

considered the greatest in

English literature. His plays,

many of which were performed

at the Globe Theatre in London,

include historical works,

Shakespeare

such as Richard II, comedies, including Much

Ado About Nothing ( 庸人自扰 ), The Merchant

of Venice, Twelfth Night, and As You Like It,

and tragedies, such as Romeo and Juliet,

Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear. He also

composed 154 sonnets.

The greatest of the ancient Roman poets.

His works:

• “Eclogues” ( 牧歌 )—pastoral poems

• the “Georgics” ( 田园诗 )—a more serious work on the art of farming and the charms of country life (This established his fame as the foremost poet of his age.)

Virgil

To be continued on the next page.

• his great epic, the “Aeneid”

( 叙事诗 ), which exercised a tremendous influence upon Latin and later Christian literature.


One of the greatest poets in the of world literature, Italian writer history Alighieri Dante composed poetry influenced by classical and Christian tradition.

The illustration shows Dante standing in front of the

mountain of Purgatory, with hell on his right and heaven on

his left.

Dante

Dante’s greatest work—epic poem: The Divine Comedy, 1802. It includes three sections:

the “Inferno” (Hell), in which the great classical poet Virgil leads Dante on a trip through hell;

the “Purgatorio” (Purgatory), in which Virgil leads Dante up the mountain of purification; and the “Paradiso” (Paradise), in which Dante travels through heaven.

Homer, name traditionally

assigned to the author of The

Iliad and The Odyssey, the two

major epics of Greek antiquity.

The Iliad The Odyssey

Homer

The literary reputation of La Rochefoucauld rests on one book: Maxims, published in 1665. These moral reflections and maxims are a collection of cynical epigrams,or short sayings, about human nature—a nature that the author felt is dominated by self-interest.

La Rochefoucauld


“Virtues are lost in self-interest as rivers are lost in the sea.”

“The surest way to be deceived is to think oneself cleverer than the others.”

We always like those who admire us; we do not always like those whom we admire.”

One of the greatest thinkers of all time, an ancient Greek philosopher. His work in the natural and social sciences greatly influenced virtually every area of modern thinking.


Aristotle

Aristotle threw himself wholeheartedly into Plato’s pursuit of truth and goodness. Plato was soon calling him the “mind of the school”. In later years he renounced some of Plato’s theories and went far beyond him in breadth of knowledge.

Bach is considered by many to have been the greatest composer in the history of western music.

Bach

Bach's main achievement lies in his synthesis and advanced development of the primary contrapuntal idiom of the late Baroque, and in the basic tunefullness of his thematic material.

Bach is also known for the numerical symbolism and mathematical exactitude which many people have found in his music—for this, he is often regarded as one of the pinnacle geniuses of western civilization.

The Father of the English Language as well as the Morning Star of Song, one of the three or four greatest English poets.

• Playfulness of mood and simplicity of expression.

• Most famous work was the Canterbury Tales.

Chaucer

NeanderthalNeanderthal

The Neanderthal was a species of genus Homo that inhabited Europe and parts of western Asia from about 230,000 to 29,000 years ago (the Middle Paleolithic and Lower Paleolithic, in the Pleistocene epoch).

Neanderthals were adapted to cold, as shown by their larger brains, short but robust builds and large nose. These traits are promoted by natural selection in cold climates, and are also observed in modern sub-arctic populations. Their brains were roughly 10 percent larger than those of modern humans. On average, Neanderthals stood about 1.65m tall and were very muscular, comparable to modern weight-lifters.

The end of Neanderthal.

John Ciardi

American poet, editor, critic, author of books for children, nonfiction writer, and translator (of Dante’s The Divine Comedy: “The Inferno”, “The Purgatorio”, and “The Paradiso”).

AuthorAuthor


I. Word Study

II. Phrases and Expressions

III. Word Building

IV. Grammar

Part III.Vocabulary Study

I. Word Study

Word list:

1. accomplishment

2. assume

3. certify

4. expose

5. faculty

6. generate

7. nevertheless

8. rear

9. species

10. suffice

1. accomplishment

n. sth. completed successfully; an achievement


Examples:

a girl of many accomplishments 多才多艺的姑娘

Among her accomplishments were

sewing, cooking, playing the piano and dancing.

I. Word Study

v. to succeed in doing; to reach the end of

Examples:

accomplish one’s object 达到目的

accomplish one’s mission 完成使命

He can accomplish more in a day than any other boy in his class.

I. Word Study

accomplish

2. assume v. a. to take for granted; to suppose

b. to take upon oneself

n.n. assumption assumption

a.a. assumptive assumptiveExamples:

They had assumed that prices would rise

these days, but in fact they were wrong.

assume responsibilities

assume another’s debts

Word formation

I. Word Study

3. certify

v. to confirm formally as true, accurate, or genuine

Examples:

The accounts were The accounts were certifiedcertified (as) correct. (as) correct.

He was He was certifiedcertified (as) insane. (as) insane.

certifiedcertified accountant accountant 注册会计师注册会计师

nn. certification. certification

aa. certified . certified 有有书书

面证明的，已证面证明的，已证实的实的

Word formation

I. Word Study

4. expose

v. a. to subject or allow to be subjected to

an

action or an influence 使受影响 b. to subject (a photographic film, for

example) to the action of light 使曝光 c. to make known (sth. discreditable);

to reveal (the guilt or wrongdoing of)

揭发（有损信誉的事）；揭露（罪恶或错误的行为）


I. Word Study

Examples:

The parents exposed their children to

classical

music at home.

This film has been exposed.

The crime of the corrupt officials must

be exposed without any reserve.

I. Word Study

5. faculty


n. a. any of the powers of the body or mindb. department or group of related

departments in a university

c. the whole teaching staff in one of the departments or in the whole university

Examples:

the faculty of the sight; mental faculties

the Faculty of Law

The entire faculty of the university will attend

the meeting.

I. Word Study

cf.

staff n.

a. group of assistants working together in a business, etc. responsible to a manager or a person in authorityb. those people doing administrative work

I. Word Study

Examples:

the hotel staff, the shop staffWe need more staff in the office.I have a staff of ten. a head teacher and her staff 校长及全体教工The school staff are expected to supervise school meals.

n. generation n. generatora. generative

Word formation

v. to produce as a result of a chemical or physical process

6. generate

Examples:

a generating station 发电厂，发电站

When coal burns, it generates heat.

generative reproduction 有性繁殖

I. Word Study

7. nevertheless

adv. in spite of that, however

Examples:

She was very tired, nevertheless she

kept

on working.

We are going nevertheless we shall

return.

I. Word Study

8. rear v. a. to care for (children or a child) during the early stages of life; to bring up

b. to tend (growing plants or animals) c. to rise high in the air; to tower n. a hind part 后面，后边；后边的部分

Examples: to rear a child to rear poultry to rear a monument to a person’s memory 为纪念某人而建立纪念碑 the rear of the hall

I. Word Study

9. species

n. a fundamental category of taxonomic classification, ranking below a genus or subgenus and consisting of related

organisms capable of interbreeding

Examples:

Some species of animals have become

extinct because they could not adapt to a

changing environment.

The Origin of Species《物种起源》

I. Word Study

v. to meet present needs or requirements

10. sufficeWord formation

aa. sufficient. sufficient

nn. sufficiency. sufficiency

I. Word Study

List:

1. enroll in

2. specialize in

3. put it…

4. go through

5. see to it that

6. preside over

7. be out to do sth.

8. be on one’s/the way to

9. The chances are that…

10. in essence

11. make… available


to place one’s name on a roll or register; to

sign up 注册登记，注册、记录某人名字在花名册上；登记

1. enroll in


Word formation

nn. enrollment. enrollment

Example:

We enrolled in the army.

to concentrate on a particular activity or

product 从事专门活动或销售专业产品

2. specialize in


Example:

The shop specializes in mountain-climbing gear.

to express; to state 表达；陈述3. put it…


Examples:

to put it another way 换句话说

to put it mildly 说得婉转些

to put it strong 说得刻薄


4. go through

a. to examine carefully 仔细检查 b. to experience

Examples:

John went through the students’ papers.

We went through hell while working on

this project.

to try to make sure that

5. see to it that


Example:

The parents asked the girl to see to it that her

younger brothers behave well at the table.

to be in charge of

6. preside over


Examples:

preside over a meeting 主持会议

preside at tea 招待客人吃茶点

The manager presides over the business of

this store. 主持管理业务

to try to do sth.

7. be out to do sth.


Example:

You professor raise your kids your way; I’ll

take

care of my own. Me, I’m out to make money.

to be in the process of coming, going, or traveling

8. be on one’s/the way to


Examples:

She is on her way out the door.

Winter is on the way.

You are on your way to being that new species of mechanized savage, the push-button Neanderthal.

It is possible that…

9. The chances are that…



cf.cf.

Examples:

The chances are ten to one that the guest team

will win.

If you have some one on your mind, let her know.

Chances are you are on hers as well. There is a chance that I will see him these

days.

Is there any chance of rain?


Examples:

It chanced that the train was late that

day.

Although there is still hope, he is not not

willing to chance it.

vi. to come about by chance; occur 偶然发生，出现

vt. to take the risk or hazard of 冒 ······ 的危险

chance


by nature; essentially 本质上；实质的

10. in essence

Example:

In essence, leadership involves

accomplishing

goals with and through people.


11. make… available

to do sth. so that one thing can be used or can

easily be bought or found

Examples:

Dental clinics shall be made available within ten

miles of each community.

Parking facilities were made available for the

disabled.

The end of Phrases and Expressions.

III. Word Building

List:

1. Suffix –ize

2. Suffix –fy

III. Word Building

a. to cause to be or to

become 使成为

b. to cause to conform to

or resemble 使 ······ 一致，

使 ······ 相像

c. to treat as 当作 ······ 对待

d. to treat or affect with

对待或影响

dramatize 戏剧化

Hellenize 使希腊化

idolize 偶像崇拜

anesthetize 施以麻醉

e.g.e.g.capitalize suffix


III. Word Building

e. to subject to 使服从f. to treat according to

or

practice the method of

根据 ······ 对待或实施办法g. to become; become

like

成为；变得像h. to perform, engage in,

or produce 完成，从事于，生产

tyrannize 压制

pasteurize 施行巴氏消毒

materialize 具体化

botanize 采集植物

e.g.e.g.capitalize suffix


III. Word Building

capitalize

centralize

finalize

hospitalize

idealize

naturalize

socialize

capital (a.)

central (a.)

final (a.)

hospital (n.)

ideal (a.)

natural (a.)

social (a.)

suffix— -ize


suffix— -ize

III. Word Building

apologize

civilize

fertilize

industrialize

realize

specialize

westernize

apologetic (a.)

civil (a.)

fertile (a.)

industrial (a.)

real (a.)

special (a.)

western (a.)

The end of Suffix -ize.

III. Word Buildingclarify

suffix-fy—to cause to become; to

make

base (n.)

clear (a.)

class (n.)

intense (a.)

just (a.)

note (n.)

basify 碱化

clarify 澄清

classify 分类

intensify 加强

justify 使正当

notify 通知


III. Word Building

clarify suffix

-fy—to cause to become; to make

pure (a.)

quality (n.)

simple (a.)

unity (n.)

terror (n.)

purify 净化

qualify 使具有资

格

simplify 简化

unify 统一

terrify 使恐惧

The end of Word Building.

Text Text AppreciatioAppreciationn

I. Text Analysis 1. Theme

2. Structure 3. Discussion

II. Writing Devices 1. Language Style & Tone 2. Metaphor

III. Sentence Paraphrase

I. Text AnalysisI. Text Analysis

The author tries to clarify the purpose

of a university: to put the students in

touch with the best civilization that

human race has created.

Theme

The end of Theme.

Part 1 (Paras. 1— ):

Part 2 (Paras. ):

I. Text AnalysisI. Text AnalysisStructure

8

9—14

The writer describes his

encounter with one of his

students.

The author restates what he

still believes to be the

purpose of a university:

putting its students in touch

with the best civilizations the

human race has created. The end of Structure.


Discussion

As a college student, what do you think of the

question put forward by the author? Give your

own answer to the question, and compare it

with the author’s.

After finishing reading the whole text, how do

you evaluate the author’s answer?




Introduction

He introduces the topic with his encounter with a student and with two questions: Why should we go to university? Why should we learn literature, arts, philosophy, politics, etc.?

.

How does the writer present his argument?

Then he proceeds to give evidence to support his view:

Evidence A: distinction between technical training and university

Evidence B: How to spend the 8 hours of leisure time will decide whether you are capable of penetrating insight, whether you can be democratic, tasteful and above all, whether you can raise a civilized family.



Answer/topic sentence: … the business of the college is to put you in touch with what the best human minds have thought.

Evidence C: Nobody gets to be a human being unaided, and books can aid us in becoming a civilized human, both in terms of techniques of mankind, and in terms of spiritual resources.

Conclusion

Reiteration and summary: the function of university and its faculty.

The end of Discussion.

II. Writing II. Writing DevicesDevices

Language Style & Tone

The end of Language Style & Tone.

Style:

Colloquial, familiar style

Tone:

Humorous and mildly sarcastic

By way of using direct speechBy way of

using metaphors

II. Writing II. Writing DevicesDevices

Metaphor Metaphor: A figure of speech in which a word or phrase that ordinarily designates one thing is used to designate another, thus making an implicit comparison.

Part of the student body was a beanpole with

hair on top who came into my class, sat down…

(Para. 1)

New as I was to the faculty, I could have told this

specimen a number of things. (Para. 2)

That is about what I said, but this particular pest

was not interested. (Para. 7)

The end of Metaphor.

III. Sentence III. Sentence Paraphrase 1Paraphrase 1

… I was fresh out of graduate school

starting my first semester at the University

of Kansas City. (Para. 1)

… I had just completed my graduate studies and began teaching at the University of Kansas City.

go to 2

to have just come from a particular place, to have just had a particular experience, e.g. students fresh from college


I could have pointed out that he had enrolled, not in a drugstore-mechanics school, but in a college and that at the end of his course meant to reach for a scroll that read Bachelor of Science. (Para. 2) Subjunctive mood: I

didn’t point it out in fact.

go to 3

I could have told him that he was now not getting training for a job in a technical school but doing a B.Sc. at a university.

to intend to do sth.to indicate, register,

or show


Here the word education is used in a broad sense, which involves not only the process of acquiring knowledge and developing skills, but also that of improving the mind.

go to 4

That is to say, he had not entered a technical training school but a university and in universities students enroll for both training and education. (Para. 2)

What is the difference between training and education, according to the writer? Training is preparation for a job, or a career, such as the training in a certain skill. Education, on the other hand, is learning to develop one’s mental and moral powers.


“ For the rest of your life,” I said, “your days are going to average out to about twenty-four hours.” (Para. 4)

to come to an average or ordinary level or standard, esp. after

being higher or lower

More examples: Meals at the university average out to about 10 yuan per day. The restaurant’s monthly profits averaged out at 30% last year. go to 5


You will see to it that the cyanide stays out of the aspirin, that the bull doesn’t jump the fence, or that your client doesn’t go to the electric chair as a result of your incompetence. (Para. 5)

go to 6

You have to take responsibility for the work you do. If you’re a pharmacist, you should make sure that aspirin is not mixed with poisonous chemicals. As an engineer, you shouldn’t get things out of control. If you become a lawyer, you should make sure an innocent person is not sentenced to death because you lack adequate legal knowledge and skill to defend your client.


In addition to all other things these professions offer, they provide you with a living so that you can support a family—wife and children.

Noun clause, used as predicative

go to 7

Along with everything else, they will probably be what puts food on your table, supports your wife, and rears your children. (Para. 5)


I hope that your income will always be enough.

go to 8

They will be your income, and may it always suffice. (Para. 5)

Inverted sentence, used in a blessing. e.g. May they live

long!


go to 9

“ I hope you make a lot of it, ” I told him, “because you’re going to be badly stuck for something to do when you’re not signing checks.” (Para. 8)

Notice the sarcastic tone of the writer. If you don’t have any goal in life apart from making money to satisfy your desire for material riches, go ahead and make a lot of it.

not to know what to do in a particular

situation


More examples: You’ve no business telling me what to do.She has no business reading your mail.

go to 10

If you have no time for Shakespeare, for a basic look at philosophy, for the continuity of the fine arts, for that lesson of man’s development we call history—then you have no business being in college. (Para. 9)

to have no right to do sth., shouldn’t have been/be doing sth.

III. Sentence III. Sentence Paraphrase Paraphrase 1010

If you are too anxious to make money, too ignorant to see your limitations, then you couldn’t regard those great people’s minds as a gift to your humanity, and thus you can’t be a developed human.

go to 11

If you are too much in a hurry, or too arrogantly proud of your own limitations, to accept as a gift to your humanity some pieces of the minds of Aristotle, or Chaucer, or Einstein, you are neither a developed human nor a useful citizen of a democracy. (Para. 12)

“ too… to…” structureobject of the verb “accept”

III. Sentence III. Sentence Paraphrase Paraphrase 1111… when I say that a university has no real

existence and no real purpose except as it

succeeds in putting you in touch, both as

specialists and as humans, with those human

minds your human mind needs to include.

(Para. 14)

“ except” used as a conjunctive, introducing an

adverbial clause

The end of Sentence Paraphrase.

both as specialists and as humans: as persons who havespecialized and are trained in a certain subject or skill

andas civilized creatures and thinking animals

Exercise

I. Oral Work

II. Quiz

III. Writing

I. Oral Work

Group discussion

What is your opinion of the author’s

point of view in the text? Do you

agree?

How do you view the fact that some

people can also succeed without

much higher education? Do you think

there is a big difference between an

educated success and an uneducated

success? The end of Oral Work.

II. Quiz

List

1. Quiz 1

2. Quiz 2

3. Quiz 3

be exposed to sth. to be in charge

see to it that approximately

go through to make sure that

more or less to be quickly excreted

preside over to be given experience of it

average out to come to an average orordinary level or standard

The end of Quiz 1.

Match the phrases with

their corresponding explanations.

II. Quiz 1

II. Quiz 21. She _____ useful knowledge of the English by

careful study.

A. acquired B. gained

C. sacrificed D. earned

2. Their ____ that their project under way was

something entirely new proved to be untrue.

A. belief B. assumption

C. faith D. suggestion

A B


A D


3. The class has a/an ____ of 27 students.

A. enrollment B. register

C. staff D. record

4. Fifty dollars will ____ for my needs.

A. fill B. satisfy

C. content D. suffice

II. Quiz 2

C A


5. They had a/an ____ agreement not to raise the

touchy subject.

A. obvious B. complacent

C. implicit D. explicit

6. The lecture provided ____ insight into foreign

affairs.

A. penetrating B. pendular

C. pensive D. penal

II. Quiz 2

A D


7. The popularity of the film shows that the

reviewers’ fears were completely _____.

A. unjustified B. unjust

C. misguided D. unaccepted

8. The head of the museum was _____and let us

actually examine the ancient manuscripts.

A. promising B. agreeing

C. pleasing D. obliging

II. Quiz 2

9. North American fur trade ___ in the early 1800’s

mainly due to the diminishing number of

fur-bearing animals.

A. ceased B. staggered

C. waned D. collapsed

10. The place did not seem to be popular, for it was

completely deserted, and in any case _____ to

traffic.

A. inaccessible B. inadequate

C. insignificant D. incompatible

C A


II. Quiz 2

11. Mary hopes to be ___ from hospital next week.

A. dismissed B. discharged

C. expelled D. resigned

12. Once a picture is proved to be a forgery, it

becomes quite ___.

A. invaluable B. priceless

C. unworthy D. worthless

B D


II. Quiz 2

13. We have been hearing ______ accounts of your

work.

A. favoured B. favourable

C. favorite D. favouring

14. Drive straight ahead, and then you will see a

___

to the Shanghai-Nanjing Expressway.

A. sign B. mark

C. signal D. board

B A


II. Quiz 2

15. A well-written composition ____ good choice

of words and clear organization among other

things.

A. calls for B. calls on

C. calls up D. calls off

16. It’s a mistake to think of Florida only __ its

tourist attractions.

A. by means of B. in terms of

C. in connection with D. by way of

A B


II. Quiz 2

17. As it turned out to be a small house party,

we ___ so formally.

A. need not have dressed up

B. must not have dressed up

C. did not need to dress up

D. must not dress up

18. I’d just as soon ___ to me.

A. that you won’t listen B. you didn’t

listen

C. your not listening D. you not listening

A B


II. Quiz 2

19.Windstorms have recently established a

record which meteorologists hope will not be

equaled for many years ___.

A. that will come B. that are

coming

C. to come D. coming

20. He said it was impossible for ___ a mistake

in a computer’s calculation, so we can rely on

that.

A. there being B. there would

be

C. there to be D. there was

C C

The end of Quiz 2.

II. Quiz 2

1. A degree in English does not ______ you to

teach English. (quality)

2. You must realize that it is _________ that has

cramped your progress. (arrogant)

3. The hostess bustled about with an __________

of authority. (assume)

4. After the election, the coalition __________.

(fragment)

II. Quiz 3qualify

arrogance

assumption

fragmented

Fill in the blanks with the proper

form of the given words.


5. The man has ________ income for a comfortable

retirement. (suffice)

6. He __________ when he saw the dead animal.

(shudder)

7. I am ________ that a good deal more is still

to be done. (sense)

8. He nearly died of ________ on the cold mountain.

(expose)

II. Quiz 3sufficient

shuddered

Fill in the blanks with the proper

form of the given words.

The end of Quiz 3.

sensible

exposure

III. Writing

What enlightenment have you

got from this text? (In about

130 words)

The end of Writing.

Extensive reading

Excerpt from John Henry Newman's The Idea of a University (1852):

If then a practical end must be assigned to a University course, I say it is that of training good members of society. Its art is the art of social life, and its end is fitness for the world. It neither confines its views to particular professions on one hand, nor creates heroes or inspires genius on the other

Works indeed of genius fall under no art; heroic minds come under no rule; a University is not a birthplace of poets or of immortal authors, of founders of schools, leaders of colonies, or conquerors of nations. It does not promise a generation of Aristotles or Newtons, of Napoleons or Washingtons, of Raphaels or Shakespeares

though such miracles it has before now contained within its precincts. Nor is it content on the other hand with forming the critic or the experimentalist, the economist or the engineer, although such too it includes within its scope.

But a university training is the great ordinary means to a great but ordinary end; it aims at raising the intellectual tone of society, at cultivating the public mind, at purifying the national taste, at supplying true principles to popular enthusiasm and fixed aims to popular aspiration, at giving enlargement and sobriety to the ideas of the age, at facilitating the exercise of political power, and refining the intercourse of private life.

It is the education which gives a [person] a clear, conscious view of their own opinions and judgements, a truth in developing them, an eloquence in expressing them, and a force in urging them.

Taken from John Henry Newman's The Idea of a University (1852).

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Another School Year--- What For? Part I.Warming-up Questions 1.Did you have a good holiday? What did you do during the holiday? 2.Have you had any reflections