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Chapter 8

Collapse, Corruption, and Reform in Europe

When Charlemagne’s Reign Ended

• Papal power between the East and West Collapsed

• The papacy = a strategic office to hold

PART I

The Carolingian World Collapses

Treaty of Verdun (843 AD)

• Divided the empire: East, West, and Middle

Papal Office Corruption (9th c. )

• Result of domestic hardships

• More corruption among popes than in any point in time of history

Popes of the 9th c.

• Lacked Leadership skills

• Corrupt • Abused their

power• Didn’t resist the

Emperor of Rome

Example of Abuse:

• Pope Stephen IV exhumed body of Pope Formosus

• Placed Pope Formosus on trial

Pope Formosus

• Was found guilty

• Three fingers were removed

• Body was thrown to the mob

Why was a DEAD pope placed on trial?

• Not worthy to be pope• Had sided with a king

against Pope John

Simony

• The selling of spiritual benefits and ecclesiastical positions for temporal gain

Pope John XII

• Pope at 18 • Crowned Otto I• Practiced simony• Gave bishop

positions as favors to wealthy families

The Rise of Feudalism

• Empire broken into 50 duchies

• Concern: How should the land be protected?

Feudalism

• The holding of a land for a fee and on the resulting relations between a lord and

vassal

Nepotism

• The Appointment of family members to important positions

• Increased with rise of Feudalism

Feudalism and the Church

Bishops: enjoyed more wealth allowed to marryallowed to have children gave own sons the title

they held

The Viking Invasions

• Prevented monastic reform• Unstoppable because of civil unrest in

territories• Destroyed monasteries

The Viking Invasions

• Weakened monasteries’ civilizing influence

• Learning was forgotten

• Abbots became brigands (bandits)

PART IIIThe New Temporal Orders

Otto I (936-973)

• Desired an alliance with the Church to secure own royal power

Ottonian Line’s Influence

• Lay Investiture • Power over

proprietary churches

• Gave ecclesiastical funds to royal coffers

Lay Investiture

• The appointment of bishops, abbots, and other church officials by feudal lords and vassals.

Otto II (988-1002)

• Appointed tutor (Gerbert) to be pope (Pope Sylvester II)

Pope Sylvester II & Otto II

• Relationship was foundation for the Lay Investiture controversy

PART IV

The Lay Investitures Controversy

Pope St. Gregory the Great VII

• Became pope b/c of enthusiastic crowds

• Relentless• Energetic• Iron Will • “Father of Canon

Law”• Dictatus Pape

Dictatus Papae

Specific powers rest on pope alone:Convene/ratify council Define tenets of the Faith Appoint, transfer, and remove bishops from officeDispose of temporal rulers

Pope St. Gregory the Great VII

• Excluded simony from Church Hierarchy

• Priests who practiced fornication barred from serving Mass

• Anyone who did not follow new rules were shunned by Clergy

Emperor Henry IV

• Appointed the Bishop of Milan

• Stripped of Crown (by pope)

• Excommunicated• Granted forgiveness• Appointed an anti-

pope

Concordat of Worms

• Spiritual Investiture = Church

• Civil Investiture = Civil

• Free election of Bishops

• Simony condemned• Veto power over

Church elections= King

Constitutions of Clarendon

• King controls abbeys, Episcopal sees, Church money, elections

• Any appeals to Rome have to be approved by the King

Pope Innocent III

• Church reached height of power

• “Vicar of Christ” • Power gives

power to Kings• Interfered to

keep balance of power

A VIKING INVASION

“From the Fury of the Northmen Deliver Us, O Lord.”

Round Towers

• Door placed one floor up

• Monks hid in them for safety

• Series of ladders inside kept Vikings away

Irish Round Towers

Round Towers: Other Theories

• Erosion • To absorb

energy • Bell towers• To support

the structure

High Crosses

• Unmovable• Practical• Illustrated Bible

stories• Gravestone

High Crosses

PART II

Cluny and the Monastic Reform

Among the Chaos …

• Reform arose in Cluny: Universal Church within a political framework Dignity of the human person

Founding of Reform (909/910)

• Land donated by William the Pious

• Donated for monastery to be built

New Monastery in Cluny

• New Commitment to the Benedictine Rule

• Had only one Abbot

• St. Berno was the first Abbot

St. Berno

• Settled Cluny with 12 companions

• Renewed commitment to Benedictine rule

• Placed all energies into glorifying God

Cluny

• Had only one Abbot

• Benedictine Rule• Decreased

manual labor

Other Monasteries

• Had one abbot above each individual monastery

• Increased manual labor (feudalism)

Cluny Monks

• Strict rule• Emphasized

spiritual life • Reinstated

Divine Office

Benedictine Monks

• Relaxed rule• Emphasized

working life• No Divine

Office

PART V

The Cistercians and Carthusians

The Cistercians

• White Monks • St. Robert of

Molesme• Emphasized

farming and simplicity of lifestyle

• Converted Slavic tribes

The Cistercians

St. Bernard of Clairvaux

• Second founder of Cistercians

• Had a classical education• Focused on the

Scriptures and the Fathers of the Church

• Debated Peter Abelard • “Age of St. Bernard” • Rejected promotions • Divine life communicated

to the world in the person Jesus Christ

The Carthusians • St. Bruno • Did not live

together (had own private cells)

• Bring life of desert hermit into context of monastery

• Revived Christian devotion to prayer and simplicity

The Carthusians