ANNEXURE- XI

REPORT ON EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE TAJ MAHAL AND SUGGESTIONS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF THE MONUMENT

,,

M!SSIO!:f R:r.PORT

Effects of f~r Pollution on the !aj MAhal and Su1j.3,CStion!l for th~ Conse:rv'tltion of the ~onument

by

lL Laurenzi '!:aba~so and

M. lt:lrabe.lli.

!stituto C.mtralc del Rastauro, ROtll0

17-30 J&nuury 1987

1. A.i!:l eo( t.ho l:li~sion ................•............................. 1

2. Official lleating:!l .............................................•. 1

:3. l!!otn."me:"nt.s Vi!Jit~d .............................•...............•• 1.

4. ObaQrvnti~~ aa tho st~te of Con3o~tian of Taj H1hal .........• 2

S. Air tlonitot"in~ Apparatus~~ ...................................... 4

6 . Su~r,as t ions •••.•.••.......•..•.••••••.••••.•••...•••••••.••••••• ~

l

i· i \ •

#JiM iQ

( r #- r •• ( • ,

Thea ::n.i.3sion'1 ot: .. :n va:t t:> J":.~dy t~.:a •ffCJc":~ of tir ;>ollution on_th!_ :'*j~~M.uh~l.in_.~,s-::-a_ (lndi4) e.nd __ to ,;>rovi.je a.dvic• on :H~3'U::-•s to be tAkGt\ foe th"'. cGnn;1c·t;,tion 'Jf th" tu::-':>te and sandstone of U1e :oonunP1nt3.

To c:.an:-y out t'hi!J -.im, tho :n.bsion 1o111.s developed i.n the !allowing ste-ps:

- "li~al insp~ction of the ston0!! used in tho raj M.ahal in order to set i.nfct:nation on their stata of conser-vation. Apart. from t.ho stone9 usad for th111 inlay decor:-ations, only a vhite marble ( frcre tha U.nicr'z.na qttll.rries, in 3..:.\j as tan) QT\d a red sandstone (ft'UQ Tantpur .und Paha~ur, ncar ~ra) ~r~ used in this '!I:Dm .. zment ~~ ~-ell ir. :;;l.!!.lly other Mo~~l !!lom.r.nents in A.~ra, its neishborhood and in ~e~ ~lhi.

~ination of the conse~tion trea~ents presently being ca~ied out in the Taj Mahal by the !.S.I.

- Vigit to the air ~nnitorin& stations installed on the Taj Mahal.

!.xzrn.ination of ..t.ne. a·.railable technical repot"ts.

B

Di·•un-i.-Am, Di':r.in-i-C1a5 ;!.nd Moti Masji1 in the Red Fort at. D~lhi~

:ih..:Li~-Sali::r-C1:.~t.i · 3 ~a:-'l',a:. .:=i~c~ (Jlc) ,::::..~. f:·')~ .~ .. ,,~,).

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In ali the abovo ~num~nt~. the state of con~erv•tlon of ~cbla i• al~y~ s~ti~facto~. lha ~ain fo~~ of alteration~ aca:

- Ct"ac\c!i and 5crl:ilti:nes exfoliations, e51HlCiiilly at t~e ed~es of the slab9;

- yotlowishn~ss of the external surfaces, not rainvashed;

- brovn co lot" of the. intecnal 31-tt"faces t"eached by the risitors' touching;

- lack of co lOtlr~d stones ·u·eed for the inlays (in It-Maud-Oaulah) ~

- heavy •lsae ~rowth in humid parts.

In mll the inspected monuments, ho~ever, the surface of the ~rble appears sa-nerally compact a!1d not cot"'t'o'ded.

A3. far as sandstone is concerned, heavy fo~ of deterio~tion have been noted very ft"equently exfoliation of both thin and thick layers, salt efflorescences, al0ae 0rovth.

4. ObsQrvations of thq Stat~ of Con~~rvation of !aj Mahal

Three days w-ere de•:ot>-d to ins-pectin& the l:lom .. cent outside and in:sidca, from thQ bn::s·::m~nt up to tho doo.a.

The follow-in~ points should be taf(en into consid~t:•tion:

Be~~nt

ThG vhole sut"!ace has ·been recently cleaned by the A..S.I. vitb satisfactory results. It ap?ears free of deposits of dust. ~nd soot and quit~ ~11 conservad.

However, the ~r~l~ used for this part of the ~nument is not horn.o~enous and some slabs have a poor qual:ty~ they are nt.her corroded,· as in the case of a few circuh.::- reliefs and li.:ni.ted parts of so~ ~r~le scraens.

P....a in va tef ccnveyed by r.u t ter:s produced some pit t.i~ on the ~rble slabs due p~obably to pr~ferential solubilisation of some mincC'al i.nclu~i.or.:l :1nd to :n

I· I

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M.any othar crac\c:!', l"Minly at tho bG~~~ of the cac-ved a.n:hes and al.on~; the vei.n:t of tho :nA'C'ble, ac-• al'o pces4lnt.

As ftit" as po

Tho obso~tion w~s carried out at tho ~round level and includes algo thQ first floor.

Since last Oc tobLe gurface. !l:~·.-~c--:~e:i!sS, the clean!.:~r. :rust be co~Leted and a syst~4tic st~~y of the pheno~enori is ~dvi$abte fat" ?lannin~ the b~st ~2intena~c~ of the ~on~er.t.

?:.nally, accordi~!. to t~e Lucic::-.o.,. :-~?C:'t, the ?r-esence of a ?oly-rr.ethyl-rnet~acr-:r~ate has been detec:ed by I.R. :~.na!.y,is in ~a_~les taken !ceo different area' of the lcwer acc~es.

:-":1c a~~i.ng of that :-es:.;; cc'...lld ha·.-~ ?assi.b!.y '!-:1ha;;ced t~e yeltow-: .. shn~ss.

·.,,

s

- .. -

Other forms of di9colo~~tion ·~• ~lated to ~eddish rust stains, to limitad black algae ~~owths ~d to blackish deposits of mo~quitoQs' ne~ts.

A.s previously :nentioned fot" the basement, the ~rb le slabs of the ground floor and of th'l first floor also show the presence of cracks, even if in ~·r~duced zmount.

!h~y are mainly localized along the veins, at the ed~es of same slabs, and in co~espcndenc& to the base of some of the [o~~~ic in!Jcription!'l.

A large opancd fract~re has be~ noticed at the left apwe of the central arch of the north side, which should be r~aired as soon as possible in order to prQvent the detachment of a conspicuous portion of ~rble.

Cracks can be due to many diff~rent reasons (presence of co~oded iron 1o~ls, st~ctural behaviour of the ~sonry, excess of loed, anysotropy of -:n.:a~b le, etc.), but certainly not to atmospheric poll~tion.

- Ground Floor (in~ide)

!'hs marble veneet" appears yellow-brownish, es-pecially in those parts ~t"Q frequently touched, except in the central room Vhic~ is ~t pre~ent bein~ cle~,ed.

Acco~ding to the preli~nary results of the ~.R.L.C., tha ~t of s.p.-:n. inside the 100nument durin& the day is hi~her th.a.D outside; deposition of dust, smoke fram candlas and torches End fatty materials f~om m~e~ touchin~ are likely to be ~esponsiblt for the obser{ed deterioration.

As al:-eady st.atad for the outside valls, the S'\.lrface of tn..arhla inside is also vell conserved after the cleanin& traa~nt.

The :o..i.rb 1 e ~ain-..-ashed,

thq four .J~~cr-ibect.

slabs of the dt:'\!!!l ar~ pct"fectly c.lean.

paviLlicn!J h:tva thll

and the dome, thorou&hlr while the she 1 te~ed ;>a~ts a! 1n.ma ycdlow colour alre•~

Chippin; of the ed~es of some s~a~s has al~o been observed.

-::·.-..! t"''!d o;:-J.~·,t!~t..:;ne u~~d f:lt" :::c~c of the uppe~ par':s of~ ::-on~:r.--.!n:. ~?P•!a:.·:. hea·.t:.:.y de':e~io~a':ed. "P.Ie fo~.s of .ti~erat..-:.:n :1::-•::

(

- ".) -

1) !';aj K.ah4l, nt th

a l. ~ow any an

sy,':e:'.l.a.t.ic t!'le t.wo

.!"'Jt:" the

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Values concernin& continuous ~nito~in& of 502, •X7't~~e~ as !Xlinim.rm and 'llB.Xi...""'Jln hou~ly ·values, in SOt!le pe~iods of !.985-1986 ~~e shown by Mr. S.P. Sin~h. the ch~ist in cha~e of 5t:a~ian !o. 1.

lv~ if not as si&nificant as the ave~a&e values (not available), thQ maximum daily vtlues indicate that the 502 concent~ation remained &aner.lly belov 25-35 u&I~J.

t;

that result i.s rou&hly consistent with the avera&e daily nlue of 6ug/'m.3 calculated by Tecneco in a. systematic :nonito~in~ cat"t"ied out from January to July 1976, before the cpenin& of the Mathura Refinery. ~rthermore, the Above result is lower than the threshold. vulue of 60 u&lm3 recO'!mlended by the Wor lc! Health Or&anisation as avera~e daily value and it is nea~ to the threshold value of 25 u&lm.J '-'hich can be reasonably considered "safe" for the conse~ation of marble.

No data are available fo~ tho C.P.C.B. station (no. 2) nor far the I.O .C. station.

The data obtained by the Heeri Institute, \fhich operated a s~ation in ~ra until April 1986, are also not yet available.

SUspended particulate "'l.Ultter ~s not monitored by the !.. S. I. and C.P.C.B. station~.

As the yellowness obgerved on the m.arb la mom..rn:tents in ~ra is reasonably t"elated to the s. p. ':!l. and dust-fall, it is a.xtremely useful to collec~ 2nd analyze th~.

S ·'P .-:n. and also dust-fall ~enera.lly contain a certain ~te~ soluble salt3, even in an.unpolluted .. ~~osphe~e. in the p~esence of acidic &a~eous pollut~ts (i.e. ~02), s.~.~. becomes also acidic.

ClO'Utlt of Mo~eover,

so2 and

~--.

rhe chemical analysis of ai~ borne particulate is therefore essential to understand the influence playod in the deterioration of marble and sandstone. Fur~he~re, the ~ot;"?holotica.l characterization can help to locate the pollution ~ources.

A..s a~~f!;ldy poi.nt~d out, th~ cteanin!, :':let~odolo~y a

3C77\e !;U~g~!iticns :cute, :-tO\Jf!'l~~. ~e !"':)~lated i~ ':lt"1er to ixpcov~ the t~~at~ent:

U:ze of pap~~ ,pu~;>. !'::-c~ c!" soLub~e: sal:.s, ::1stea

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. - Application of the ~l•!Uutin& pt'-Jduc ts fot:" different tlme

lensths in relati~hip vith the diffet:"@nt de&t'ee of soot to be 'C'e:!D.Qved.

- Koa~C"er of colaut:" soon aftet" the cleanin& and at t:"e&ulat' time intervals (i.Q. one year) i.n order to follov and to SUVPOrt by documentary evidence the possible discoloc-ation of m.arb le. The co lout" measut't can be car-ried out by a po~able colocimetat" or by comp~rison with reference tables as the Munsell colour charts. The -:neasure DJst be r~eated alvays on the s~ slabs, sheltered and unsheltered from rain, on each of the f-our ..x-posures, ~nd alvays in the same condition of li~htin&.

Use of a cleanin& mixture, specific for iron stains, such as watet:" solution of !:OTA sodiUtn salts, saturated solution of ammonium phosphate And phosphoric acid up" to pH·' (L. t..:u.:l:4r:-tnt. M.(.aut"qn.z:t 't'ab•sso, It t'e2tauro della pi.etr:-a, rd. CEOAH, Padova, 1986).

Cleanin~ of black stains from al&&G &ro~h. The biolo&ical alteration of both marble and sandstone vas studied by Tecneco in 1976 and resulted to be due mainly to &reen-blue als&e. A 51>ecific biocide not reacting vith calcite md the minerals of ~andstone should be applied periodically in order to prevent further &rowth.

Other pco-:isions should also be a.dopted:

- P'iltin~ of 'rarger cncb with a mixture of ti.:ne mortar and powdered 1narbte.. In the presence of corroded iron dovels underneath, li~ mortar should be replaced by an epoxy resin added v-ith ~rbla powder. In o~er to pt"event alteL&tion of the epoxy bindet" due to U. V. radiation, the et>O'XY mortar ~st be sheltered vith a final. non-transparent layet:" of an acrylic ~lsion ~xad with ~rble po~er.

Rep lac in& of iron do-..rels) th~el•.1es.

~ssin& parts (c~~blad because and anti~stin& trea~~ent of

of oxidized the dovels

Reptacin~ of the missin~ ?ieces of colou~ed stones used for the inl•y-z. T":1at ;:ic:-ovision. a~:-~acy cac:-~ied out on Taj l'!ahal.. sho,:.: L~ a ~so '.:>~ ext~nced to the It-Haud-Oaulah tor.J.b vh+-~t"e ~~::r t7'1Lays ar-e da.::l.a~ed or :nis!!in~.

oc~~r ~:) :-r,,!ur:•! •_!ie 1l!~t~ne'.i!> and co 2 concentr1t.icn (e'.i?l!ciat:.:.r :.:: ~:~e lc...,'!::- ~~;._"be~). ?:.·-:vis:ons shou:.d also b•! t~i(en :.:1 :n·-:!·~:::- :.~ ;:>':~ven':. ':.:-:e ·.ri3:.o:o::-s :r-on touc~:.:1& the ca:::-'li::r,:;. :a:- i:--.s:ance .,':Jy 4n obl.~'-e-:! ;:>a•-!1.

lao::-'!'!;; •_J ;;~~~;> '..~'.e t:.•Jnt~:--.uc•Js -:-..a~:-:~e~~~ce of ~~e ~on\."i.\ent, a l i !. h t , ·~ ·• 5 !. ~ :" ~ .... • ~ : e s c a : ~ :> : ;! i:: ~ : : l! ~ ~ be ...: s e d such ~ s t'h~ .l:u:~.i.:,~·..:~':'. ~·::.4~~'~:Ent, je::::-~~ed ~:1 ~~e ~:H~~osu~e.

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6.2 ?urther Studies SuK~e~ted for the Conservation of !ai ~ahal

6.2.1

6. 2. 2

P'or.nation of Cracks on M.ar~le

u already stated, cracks are the !!lost i.!!Ipot"tant for.n of alteration of the Makrana ~rble. not only in the case of Taj Kahal, but also in many other Mor,hul monuments of A&r-a and Delhi.

The reasons for the fo~tion of cracks are not yet clearly understood and only some hn>othes is can be made: excess of load. lllOvements and disorders of the masonry, schistosity or any othet" anisotropic behaviour of the K.akrana marble, thenn.al dilatation and lack of expansion joints. oxidation of iron dovels, etc.

'Ihe relative importance of the different possible causes should be investir.ated at first by a complete mappin~ of the cracks by visual inspect~on and phot.or.raphic documentation (photor,ramnetry could also be used but it is very expensive). It"on dowels can be located in a non-

(

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6. 2. 3

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Meve~heless, ~n ~xhaus~ive testin& of t~e ~st intarestin~ protectiv~ ?roducts is advisable in ordar to mow theic- behaviour in t~e envir0Tl1De1ltal condi tion!l of Taj M.aha.l ~d to be able to choose correctly ~n~ them if, in the future, a pc-otective lreat~nt should become necessary.

On the ba!llis of the technical literature, the most pramisin~ pc-oducts to b• tested are oli&americ silanes, polysiloxanes, their a..ixtures vi.tb acrylic resins, fluorinated pol~ers.

The products must be &?1>lied both on the monument and on samples of the same type of marbl.e.

The most suitable place to &?1>1Y products to be tested, see:ms to be the tetT"ace, on· flat, uncarved and not precious surfaces, far from the visitors. The drum of the main dome and the inner surfaces of the four pavillions offer all the different conditions of exposure, not aheltec-ed and sheltered from rain.

On the monument. only non-destructive measurements must be caiTied out (co lour and vatar absocytion by the "pipette" method), soon after the application of the pr:otective a&ents and at re&ular ti:ne intet"Vals (perhaps three times in a. year, at the end of the different seasons).

The m.s.t"ble samples ~st be used to evaluate other properti~s. such as water absorption by capillarity, contact ansle, w.ter vapour pe~ability, etc., which must be measured in the labor~tory by specific equipment .

A double set of samples ~st be prepared: the first one will be used to cart"y out the ~asurements soon after the application, while the second one will be exposed near those parts of the ~numents where the ~ame products will be applied, in order to carry out a ~arallel testin~. afte~ tha s~~e natural a~ein~.

Studies on the Alter~tion of Sandstone

Different~y

for:n:: of s '!d i::~n t-_ a :·:r

f~on ~rble, sandstone shows several ~lt~r~tion mainly rel~t~d to tt~ or~t,in. to :.~s layered st:-o.JC~'Jr~ and to

Thos·~ a:~ec-a':ions are cc~on to a~l ~he ot.her !10!,~ul ::~on· .. :::-,e~1':S in ,..!,:-a, Si.:.

(

,_,:·~·· -..-----------

6 . 2. ·~

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Th0 study ca~ied out by ~ecneco identifi~d the ~inerolo~ical and ch~cal natu~e of the sa~t efflo~esances which rosul~ed to be ~inly sodium ~nd potassiut!l chloride, sod iu:m and potassium nitrates, sodium ~nd potassium car~onates, ~d sodium ~lphate.

Their oc-i~in, however, was not clearly understood and their distribution was not investi~ated. On the other hand, a better campc-ehension of the causes of this heavy a.l ten.tion ca.n help a correct p lannin& of intervention, ta reduce, if possible, the formation of efflorescances, with layerin~ and spallin& of stone, and to reduce, at the same tirne, the need of substitutions.

The study should be carried out analysin& systematically sa:aples taken froc the monument (as from several monuments where the same sandstone vas used), from parts crf the sa.one &&e shovin~ different states of conservation, in different positions (different hei&hts from the &round level or from the floor level, on cei 1 in&s, on parts rain-w-ashed and not rain-~shed, with and without al~ae &rowth, etc.) and at different distances from. the external surface of the slab (by drillin& cores).

A systematic investigation must also be c~rried out on s~les taken from the quarries in order to a~certain nature and a.mount of salts pc-esent. since t~e ori&i~ in that sandstone, if any.

A. correlation vith tho results of air monitor in&. e$pecially vi.th the content of W":lter soluble salts in the SUSJHm

d) The cr:r-st.~llization of lor.lter soluble salt:; inside lhe pOCI!:J, \..l~'liCh r>t.-~1UCO~ ':.ho r.1ecay of sand~t.one, could be ?3::-':.iaily asct"~~ed ':.~ t~c deposi~ion of :; . ? . ::1 • a r. ~ -~ u s t - f a i ~ .

b) for

o: s.?. ::1. ycl.l..ow, ~o

a t!"le :na:..r\t.!na~ce co:::posit:.on

a-~ r~~?Cns:.~ic

di5coior~t.ion of f?::- t!"lc ' ~.a::-'::lL"!.

.·!

(

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c) A.!J point.ed out by the '1~:-~da~-aja.n Com:n.ittee, . active :~tc-~t~~Y of 'lnvir-onmental c:c-ntc-ol -:ru:st car:-ri~d ·:rut, based on :noni ':.or-inJ; of conce-ntr-4l.t:on of some ~aseou.s ?ollutant!J

The following survay could be pr-o~r-ammed:

an be

-Sa~lin~ and analysis of s.p.m., in5ide and outside the l'aj K.ahal, dist in~u ish in~ day and ni&ht periods. !he samplin& c~ld be ca~ied out vith two sequenti~l autom..atic ~-·ap-paratuses. The follovint; data 1DI.lst be obtained: total s.p.:./m3, acidity/~3. specif~c conductivity/~3. soluble cations and anions/~3. total conc~tration of black par-ticles/~3. Furthe~re, same samples should be analyzed by xao and SEM for chemical, mineralo~ical and ~rpholo~ical char-acter-iz~tion.

Aut~tic, continuous monitor-in& of 1.p.m. by a B-radiation apparatus, outside the monument, in order- to obtain the avera&e daily pattern. The latter should be correlated to the- activity of the iron foundries and of tho Matura refinery.

-Samplin& ~nd analysis of dust-fall (see l.p.m.).

-Autam.tic, continuous monitorin& apparatuses for the &asc~~s pollutants could be placed on the second floor of !aj M.ahal. They must be re&ula.ted for obt.ainin~ at le&st avar-age hour-ly values of concentration.' ·

Statistic ~valuation of the Results

!n order to obtain -..vera~e yearly values, medians and 98 percentile for the concent;-at.ion of r.aseous pollutants, the sunray DJSt be prolonr_ed, continuO'Usly, for one year-. It i.s ~lso possible to ca~y O'Ut the campaign on altenate days, carefully avoidin& •ny i~;-~~ular s~tin~. as fo~ eX%m?le 'l\Onitorint; only for soma hour-s of t~ll day.

A.5 a ~o t" c t ~::d. t I! d ~ o 11l • •• so (~:::t~::-~y .,d:-_;.~J '~~::- !,3.Seou::;

pollutan~s. ~ay-ni~~~ a~~ hou~~f ¥al~es ~~~ s.p.~.}

\.

___ .,..,....,...________ --- -------···-----·-- .. -,-

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-~vera~a. ~dian and 98 perc~tila

-simple and cumulative frequency, ~an~e of maximum f~oqucmcy.

!n ccrmpari~on ~th the ~ir pollution levels measu~ed by Tecneco in 1976, the pres~t situation is probably different. due to the ~eduction or shut down of tvo th.Qt"!Jlal po~r stations in ~ra and to the implement4tion of the I.O.C. refinery in Mathura.

Therefore, it would be very useful to know the data, collected recently by the I.O.C. stations, near the refinery and to make an assessment of the other air pollution sources, mainly the iron f~dries.

and coal the iron

the total amon& the

These data, to&ether vith the amount of oil used respGctively by the I.O.C. and by factories will allow an evaluation of emission of pollutants and a comparison differe~\t s:ources of pollution.

Plannin& and ·e.xeeution o( the air pollution survey fot" the A&ra district requires competence and coot"dination of a sin&le sci.nt.ific in•titution. which MUst be «ntrusted vith the scientific. prosramme. includin& measurcr.nents. analyses and data elaboration, as tt was ~de by the Italian Company. Tecneco. in 1976.

'the equipment. used for the research could. be catmdt.ted in use to the A.S.I. L&boratories fo~ further controls in thG followin& year3.

Tecn~eco T - 199.

7. corrcr.ustorrs

Af!J a reference pa.rnmeter o! the etnte of atmospheric pollu -

tion in the Agra zone, the concentration of so2 in the atmo-sphere han been taken into oonoideration. ~hin in nbov~ nll

_becttu~iP. ~~~ in thf1 atmospheric Tlollutant emi ttet1 by tho ft1Fl-

thura nerinary in the highPat ooncantrntion and which can

reach Aer~, even if the lev~ls of conoentr~tiona reault very

lo" on the basia of the theoretical o~lculationa c~rried out

in "V~iret rutfl 'lf..tCOnd 'ltJrort".'f'h'1 fHtrVP:r~ Of t.lti.n Mr"lmt:!tr.r,

carried out at the Taj r.tahr.tl from .Tanuaey to .July 1 f17() 1 1 ed to

the conctuaion that the Agra ~one haa a very low index of nt-

monnherio pollution.

tn tnot the daily level of o~ncentration of so2 meanured iA u~y only a t:fiw p.d •3 • Onlt on nome d11.yn does 1 t rcnch values of 10 - 20 }le/•J lUld in very exceptionrtl Cf.HJ':!n hi-gher values ( 60 )M!I mJ_ ) • Durittg the. whole Jjeriod, thet'e ie a. total a.vernge of o.bot•t

6 }lgl • 3 • . The primary etandardd or the Environmental Protection Agency u.s.A. for the qu~lity of- the air oonoerning eulphur oxiden (sulphur dioxide) aret

ea nn nnnual avernee a~ An Rverage over 24 houro not to be exceeded

more than once in a yenr.

Varioun nntione in ~xrope hnve eatnbliohed oa n turget, A

mn..ximwn monthly concentrntion of 150 }t·cV Dl) nJtrl n mnx:imum ,.nnunl concentration of 100 fr/ mJ.

The Worlcl llonl th Orc;n.ttliHttion rocommendn n.a a tnrget 1 for :10" £.

. ... ----------~-_;-tr._..

··:~~·~·~~~>.11. -:;:··~.--·- .. '

("•1 '· . __ .,

' - 200.

and euapen4t4 particulates measured in con~unationt

- .§.22 . IWlUal. •v•rac• 60)A&'m31 98:' or obaervatlon .'below 200 )t&'m3 •

.;. §!d!J2t!Dd!J4 l{p.rtioulst"!J annus·l average 40)ls/•J 1 90~ ot observation below

12ops1t1J,

• • I

Over the laet year•, ave rose annual le_vela. ot SO 2 h.! va been obaarved a• follow. ~ml)t

Copenhqen .. 60 stookolm 70 A.Jute!'du eo Liese 130 sru.aele 170 Pari a 110 Lond_on, citT 250 London, greater 150 Milan GQO Venice, oity 70 Venice, indue trial area. 130 Ntw York-Mil11ha.ttan 110 New York-niohmond !50 Loe Ancclee 70 Toronto, ~ity 170 Toronto, re~irtential 30

Tecrrn~co T - 201.

•·ri th mon-thly nverage included runonG oome tens or Lt I ) 1 f 6, 1:1 !llH t

Copenhagen 120

stockoltn 130

Amatcrda.m 130

Liege 250

Drunocls )00

Pnria 250

London, city 400

r.tiliUl 1400

Venice, city 150

Venice, induetria.l area 200

New York-r.:nnhattnn 1)0

Ne~ York-nichmond 70

(eee bibliography).

r102

hnA been tnknn aa a piJ.rruneter to cvn.l11tntc th~

incrcnoo in ntmoohporio pollution in lhe Aern zone

cnuo~d by the r.lnthurn Hefinery. Thin to becnuno,n.s

hnn \Jccn prevtoualy poi.ntntl out, ::;o2

in the nlonc

pollut1n~ nubnlnnco emitted by U1P. rt?rtnery t"th.lch

cnn r()ach Aero. unu f'IVen 1 f 1 t tloen' only in v~ry

'1' - 202.

emall oonoentrRtionft,

The oonoetatrationa or ao 2 em!·~t41d br the refinery whioh OM re! oh Agra have been eatim~tted t\fijing a mA.thematioal model of Claus-

sian type, taking into ooneid-t.rn~ion the anemologioal dnta. ot New Delhi relative to ~he ten~Qytftr~ period 1 CJ65 '"" 1974 Md ths

emieaion oharaoterietiae auppli•~~ 'b1 the Indian Oil Corpors.-

tion.

In consideration ot the &reat diat~oe btt~een Mathura and Agra, the oal.ouloted valuee chould b~D ooruRtiderat1 @Ven moi"e va114 the

longer the period to wh1oh tblll~~ ~i!!ler, T·h1s ma~u1e thCili the ruoat

valid are the annu~l av~I'&BfSU, ltUU!J valid the· BflHU1ort.a1 avera~es

and even lees eigni!i@ative the Mho~t ·term avtH.'agee·(, The average annual theox-etioal oonij~ntratittnr1 cr[" 802 in Agra oa~

eed by the r.tathura. r•finery re.,vl·~ IJI' being '\rt;·ey muoh reduo@d 1

1. •. 1.5 - 2 }JJY'11~, 1 antlOBOUAlro the l&ttaon.~tl ev·ernges, which so fro 111 0, 5 - 1 p,; 113 · ( mon.,oon ;oori od > to .1}.1 Y•m3 . . ( "inter) • There tore, it oan b• atf~:rrued thA 3 the ~ttu(')~f1h!:ir•i,6 ~llution ca~

-••d b7 the refinery dot• not oone·ti tut·e, tllo

l -

T - 203.

f.IAll!JLE on tho bnnio or the rcoulto obta.ined, it cnn be affir-med that the eto.te ot conaervation or the marble is still good.

The opticnl microocopic nnd electronic acanning mioro-

escopio ~xnJnina t ions ItS well na the bio1ol~i cnl annlyaes

reveal thnt the prevo.ilillf{ for1:1 or elterntion ia due to the superficin.l corroaion by algne, Ylhlch for the rnoet

pnrt or tho onneo in not decpor thnn aom~ tnno of mi-crons on tha m~terin1. On the ot~~~:!r hnnu, in thr! enrth dunt ear•1ples e.nu in the

TM til ter (rut nt a few tP.na or m~d:nrn rrorn. the f'TOUnd) the preeenoe of ohlorideg, eulphntP.e rutd ni trntes w~.e

.found.

The chemic£\1 nnd diffrnctometrio r.utnlyoea ohow thP- pre-

bence or innigni!icnnt qunntities or noluble enlte and ,the poroeimetric menourementn ahow tha.t in the worat Cf! tU!, the internal 'si;ruoture ot the materifll compnred to mttrble !rom the qun.rry hno only nn il1i tiF'Il a.1 teration.

lrt the mnrble swuplea taken rrotn ne::tr thoae in whioh duat tJrunplee were taken, thene oat ta were preoent in lerH~er

quMti tiea than iri the dust r.1nd nuch tUJ not yf't to ltr:tv-e

cnu~ed any r~fuarkabl~ nlter~tlon.

However~ it io evid!nt that their preaence repr~s~nta a potentinl dnneor for the good co.tHH''rvntiou of tho rnnr-

ble.

SAND8TOrtE the sandotone dCJoan't nppenr itt" e,ood condition

mnituy becnuoo the nnturc of tho mntcrinl (cht?mi-

onl-minernloe;icnl corapoai tion, n true turo' and por.2_

oity).

T - 204.

Over nnd nbova the alteration~ or biological origin,. mainly due to the algne whioh ha.Ye rut nno.logoun ao -

tiotl e.a thnt nlrendy explained on the mnrble, there

ie ~ .. leo peeling· nnd eoBl.ing due to the rstrnta otru -

oture of the atone.

Thie scaling !orins the most obvious Md. common a1 te-

ration. The variation in poroeity ot the stone or the rnonu -mente, compared to. the quarry tttone, aho•Ns a. mor8 OE . . . . viouo aging phanom~non than in the onae of marble.

Some areas or tha eandstone present serious forms of Alterations oauoed b7 ~he preoance or white e!flore-ttoanoe tonned by oolUble salta (mainly chloride!! and nitrmten) the orgin o! which onn be oonneoted with

atmoaph.,rio pollution 11hE!nomena. \

The pre~enoe of thoee ooluble salta induce, in the porous atruoture ot the stone 1 a series or plutnomenet conneot~d. with prooeasea ao.dieeolution -. ory~t~llization Md hydr~tion - d,~hydt'e.tion which CS.UAe C

T- 205.

tiott phenoan&nn. are not 11M.ear but exponential. '

This nteans that the more a stone is n.ltered, the moret it will

be acnnitive to the notion or nny nlterntion neent.

From thio point or view, the bad conaervntion or enndotone tnnkee this etone more aenni ti va to the ~tot ion of nny d_egredn-

tion ngent including atmospheric pollution.

Another conairlerntion concerns tht! n.cownulation phenomena. co~

eiatin6 in the fnot that eventual ohernicnl sttaoka on a stone,

even if low in absolute valuee,~nduoe rut irreverniblo modifi-

cation on the atone itoelf ~tioh is ndded to the others, even

1r slight, which preoed~d it nnd which will follo~.

However, it is evi(lent thnt ,1r suoh modifications are alight in absolute valueo, they become secondary compared to thoe~

more importnnt intlUo~d by other rU. teration ngents.

Excluding eome tra~nente of stone taken from aubatitutiono onr

ried out during mrtintenrutce work, all the other 1nRrble nnd

snndetone sample~ were t~ken from the eurfnco of the varioua

deteriorated zone a or the three monwnente.

Aa fnr no the mnrble is concarned, on the whole the nlterntiono

are 1 ind ted ro o~ly ft. few 7,0tleS • On the contrnry, the alterntion8 of th& e~detone are preeent nearly ev~ryYThere,

'rht~refor", i.n conclusion, the marble r~oul to aa being w~ll co!!

eerved it1 nll throe monuments and its etnte of np,.ln~ c£\n I

be connldered initi:"t.l while the anndatone ia gen~rnlly ill a. lmd condition.

Sine~ th~ oonccutrntion levf'!lA of polluto.ntn tnk~n into conel-

r!r-rrttion n.ro v~ry low, it cnn bn tnl~!'!l for r;rn.'lt~c1 thn.t thf'! ntrno

'-'Ph~rle ~lo1lut1on nctunlJ.y preoent in the Agrn ztJnq docn not '

conl"fitub~ u pr,..vnilillg cnune or nlt~rntion nuch R, to notA.b1y

' ·" . ...

••

! - 206.

inoreaee the no.turtll. aging ot the etone. The levels of so2 oonoentrationa in tho Agra zone due·to the refi11ery (from 1 • 5 to 2 )wm3 aa an annual e.ver~e) !om -an al-,Jeotive inoreaee of· present levelaa however the ooncentrs.tion

level.n at Asra Eone, 1noret!.ll~ tro111 6 )Ag/m3 to 7, s·.: 6 fg/m3 aa an. mmual ave rase, will reroain aa ·very low absolute va-

lues. (•).

For this reaoon, ol though kJepiug in mind the previoua oonei-

derntiona on the utate or conservation of tha utonee and on the aoo~ulation e!feot;· it o~ be considered that the fore -me~n pollution level a will 'not !om one of the r:unin of\uuea of det! rioration or the monumento. It. is necessnr,y to r~member that the annual increase ot so2 or 1.5 - 2 ,.g/~ ia the reeult or theoretical otol.oulll -tiona whioh, although oarriad out with due eare, hnvn n~oea

ao.rily large tnP...rgina of tmoerto.inty oonnftoterl to the aohemat!

£Ation takon !or the.meteorologioal parametern.

(•) Notna

As it ~a already ~&id in chap. 6, the vR~u~ 6 ~ g(m3 · rcallr repre11ent the average during tha 6 r:()nthe of

tc~e.~ttremant, !rom 12th Jn.nunry to 12th ,Tuly, 1976. But

ff~ c~n ~oneidcr th~t the ruUlual avernee conccntrution

e3hould not bo hich'!r tho.n 6 ~ r/m) becn.tH1e

T - 207.

A~ ulrettdy referred in ot~ comments on page 1) of our First

and Second ne!port 1 t should be noted tha·t in there oa.lcule.-

tio~s so2 itl oonaid.ered ohemioally l.ltld phioically inert. Thin means that physical or chemical romovnl proceeaeo of

ao2 aro not taken into consideration. This naeu.'1lption dooe not affect very much the Bhort tenn

concentrations while overea·tiane.tee the long tem ooncentra.-

t1 .. ona.

Tha model neaumes a etationnry moteorolo~icnl condition,thtt

in spe!d and direction of wind ~nd atmospheric stability a-

re considered conet~~t during the transport of pollutnnte.

. .

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