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The influence of religious factors on drinking behavior among young indigenous Sami and non-Sami peers in northern Norway. Anna Rita Spein, M.D., Ph.D. Center for Sami Health Research, Karasjok. Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway. E-mail: [email protected]. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
The influence of religious factors on drinking behavior among young indigenous Sami and non-Sami peers in northern Norway
Anna Rita Spein, M.D., Ph.D.Center for Sami Health Research, Karasjok.Faculty of Medicine, University of Tromsø, Norway. E-mail: [email protected]
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Co-authors:Roald Kristiansen, Marita Melhus & Siv Kvernmo
Sami Parliament, Karasjok
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
SAPMI: northern parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland & the Russian Kola Peninsula
Estimated population size: 100 000
70% of the Sami is residing in Norway
Have their own culture and language
Norway: formal status as indigenous people
Historical: colonization of Sapmi, assimilation (Norway) and separation (Sweden) policy
Norway: 10% semi nomadic reindeer herding
SAPMI – The Sami people
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Semi nomadic reindeer herding
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Summary of drinking among young Sami• Higher abstinence rates/lower lifetime prevalence• Less current drinking, less intoxication and binge drinking • Higher parental abstinence rates; 49% of mothers & 24% of the fathers in the Sami Highland
•Higher alcohol involvement among assimilated Sami•Strong Sami/ethnic identity was associated with less binging•Sami reported more often public drinking• Sami reported more often worries from family and friends about their drinking
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Religion in Sami
Pre-Christian religion – shamanistic - Sami folk music or sacred drum (”runebomma”)
”Christianity of Sami” – Laestadianism: pietistic & conservative Lutherian revival movement
Founder Swedish/Sami priest Lars Levi Læstadius in the mid 1900 century
Alcohol was regarded as contrary to Christian values – a sin - and a threat to the Sami nomadic lifestyle (Kvist, 1986; Sköld
& Kvist, 1988)
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Hypothesis
Less drinking observed among Sami due to their strong influence of Laestadianism (Larsen, 1993)
Lower alcohol consumption level found among people 18 years and older in the Sami highland when compared to county average – higher church attendance rate – when compared to county/national levels (Saglie & Larsen, 1996)
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
STUDY AIMS
To examine weather earlier noted ethnic differences in drinking behavior among young indigenous Sami and non-Sami peers
could be partly or fully explained by correlates of
religious affiliation (Laestadianism) and religious importance (personal Christian) when controlling for socio-demographic
(ethnicity) and parental drinking and monitoring
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
The North Norwegian Youth Study (NNYS) – design & sample
Longitudinal, questionnaire survey: (T1) 1994/95 & (T2) 1997/98. T1 sample: totally 2950, including 375 Sami (22%)
T1: school-based study (RR: 85%)
T2: school based & postal questionnaire study (RR: 58%)
T1: 21 high schools in communities in the three northern most counties having an ethnic diverse population
Based on youth self-report, including several different issues related to both physical and mental health
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Measuring Sami ethnicity (Aubert, 1978; Høgmo, 1986; Kvernmo & Heyerdahl, 2003)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Ethnic group/self-identif ication
Parents Sami-speaking
Parents Sami ethnicity
Grandparents Sami-speaking
Sami language or ethnicity
Figures
Sami
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Findings:
Ethnic differences in religious factors: Religious importance: personal Christian Yes vs. No Sami vs. non-Sami: 14% vs. 7%, p≤.001.
Religious affiliation (Laestadian affiliation or background, either the youth themselves, or their parents seperately)
Yes vs. No Sami vs. non-Sami: 10% vs. 3%, p≤.001.
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Findings: Religion was associated with…
Across ethnic groups……… Higher youth abstinence rates Less current drinking Less alcohol intoxication Higher parental (mother & father) abstinence rates …no association were found to public drinking venue
In non-Sami: Less binge drinking (personal Christian only) Less party drinking
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Findings: stepwise logistic regression
Sami ethnicity was only significant associated with 2/6 alcohol measures
when controlling for religious, socio-demographic and parental factors
- Current drinking
- Party drinking
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Conclusions Laestadianism with it`s religious–socio-
cultural context of abstinence contribute to less drinking among indigenous Sami
Religious – strong anti alcohol norms Social (-environmental)– Upbringing in a
Laestadian family or community context –less drinking - fewer drinking role models
Cultural markers of Sami values
-
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
References based on the NNYS:
•Kvernmo, S., (ed.), Johansen, Y., Spein, A.R. & Silviken, A.C. (2003) Young in Samiland, pp.51-56. Tromsø: Center for Sami Health Research, Department of Communtity Medicine, University of Tromsø.
•Spein, A.R., Sexton, H. & Kvernmo, S. (2006) Longitudinal drinking patters in indigenous Sami and non-indigenous youth in northern Norway. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse; 5 (3): 103-117.
Spein, A.R., Sexton, H. & Kvernmo, S. (2007) Substance use in young indigenous Sami: an ethnocultural and longitudinal perspective. Substance Use & Misuse; 42.
Revkjavik, Iceland 23.08.2010.
Thank you for your attention
Questions/references:
Photos:Anne Silviken