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Anion Exchanger
Mike LaVallee
Shane Nagle
Matt Rossiter
Outline
Background Why an anion exchanger? Alternatives Design Resins Cost of chosen design Questions
Background
Ions are electrostatically bound to an insoluble and chemically inert matrix – Anion exchangers bear positively charged
functional groups that bind negatively charged particles.
During elution the anion exchanger can be described by the following chemical equation:
IOHROHIR
Why an anion exchanger?
Assumptions
•Denatured insulin had a 0% binding efficiency
•Insulin-Ester had a 100% binding efficiency and 90% recovery
•Isoelectric point of Denatured Insulin is higher than Insulin-Ester
ComponentFlowrate (kg/batch)
Mass Percent (%)
Conc.
(g/L)
Denatured Insulin 0.4359 0.03 0.30
Insulin-Ester 296.38 20.22 202.25
Water 1168.65 79.75 797.46
Anion Exchanger Advantages
Capable of handling large volumes
Efficient, precise separation
– Accurate separation of Insulin ester and denatured Insulin
1
Large pressure drop– Require expensive pumps
High resolution requires small beads– Small beads decrease flow rate
Each cycle requires several stages– Charging, sample input, washing, elution,
cleaning
Anion Exchanger Disadvantages
Alternatives
Membrane Chromatography Exclusion Chromatography Affinity Chromatography
2 3 4
Membrane Chromatography
Allows for much larger throughput (about 100 times that of ion exchange) and a higher efficiency
Uses microporous membrane Small pressure drop compared to traditional
ion exchangers Scaling up separation is simplified
Exclusion Chromatography
Separates on basis of Molecular Mass
Column is filled with semi-solid beads of a polymeric gel
– The porosity of the gel can be changed as to exclude molecules of a set size
Useful for samples containing many types of proteins
5
Affinity Chromatography
Matrix anchored ligand– Specifically binds to
protein of interest
Can exploit protein’s unique biochemical properties instead of charge in ion exchange
Requires low flowrates
8
Anion Exchanger Design
Ergun Equation for pressure drop in a packed bed
1
ReA
QDp
75.1Re
150Pf
1
2
P
solutionp
D
AQLf
P
Design Considerations
Property Dimension
Bead Diameter, DP 35μm
Column Lenth, L 3.47m
Column Diameter, D 1.3 m
Pressure Drop, ΔP 1718 kPa
Void Fraction, ε 0.4
Vessel Volume 4604 L
All constants were taken from Perry’s Chemical Engineering Handbook7
Vessel Sizing
Exchanger is very large– Much larger than needed, however, this will save
on pumping costs
Total flow rate through the anion exhanger is 1.721 x 10-5 m3/s– Based on 80h batch time and 826kg/batch– Scaled up by a factor of 6
Vessel Schematic
P&ID
1
Resins
Serves as the media for stationary phase– Polymeric matrix with immobilized charged
functional groups
Quaternary Ammonium functional group Diethylaminoethane functional group Can be regenerated in the columns and
used for many production cycles – anionic resin: 500 - 1,000 cycles
8
Estimated Costs for Anion Exchanger
Unit Cost/Unit # of Units Total
Anion Exchanger $261,000 1 $261,000
Resin ~9 $/L 110 $910
Peripheral Equip. $50,000 N/A $50,000
Shipping $2,000 1 $2,000
Installation $100,000 N/A $100,000
Controls/Software $25,000 1 $25,000
Total Equip. Cost $438,910
Estimated Operation Costs / Year
Operation Total
Utilities $10,000
Maintenance $5,000
Supplies $1,000
Total Operations $16,000
*Overhead costs, taxes and insurance costs have not been included in this estimate
The total cost associated with the purchase of an Anion Exchanger with one year of operation is approximately $454,910.
References
[1] PowerMax, 2006
http://www.usfilter.com/
[2] Pall Corporation, 2006
(http://www.pall.com/datasheet_biopharm_36585.asp)
[3] Protein Chemistry, 2006
(http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/255/255tech/255techniques.htm)
[4] Voet & Voet Biochemistry 3rd Edition, Wiley, 2004
[5] Waters Corporation, 2006 (http://www.waters.com/watersdivision/)
[6] Novasep Technologies, 2006
(http://www.novasep.com/technologies/ion-exchange.asp)
[7] Graver Technologies, 2006
(http://www.gravertech.com/pdfs/literature/ionex/IonExchangeResinSelection.pdf)
[8] OR-Live, 2003
http://www.biopharminternational.com/
Questions ?