Animal Strategies

I. Body OrganizationA. Complexity

From Cells to Tissues to Organs to Systems

B. Tissues

a. Epithelium b. Connective

Figure 40.5

Figure 40.5

c. Muscle d. Nervous

Figure 40.5 Figure

40.5

e. Embryonic

Figure 47.1

Developmental stages of an Echinoderm

Figure 47.7

Differentiation yields endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm from the inner cell mass.

Figure 47.16

C. Systems

Which body systems are involved in movement? Skeletal, Muscular, and

ArticularWhich body systems are involved in homeostasis?Circulatory, Integumentary, Urinary, Nervous, and Endocrine

Which body systems are involved in energy capture?

Digestion and Respiratory

Which body systems are involved in regulation? Nervous and

Endocrine

Which body systems are involved in reproduction?Reproductive, Nervous, and

EndocrineWhich body systems are involved in protection?Circulatory, Integumentary, Nervous, and

EndocrineWhat are the body systems seen in animals?Integumentary, Skeletal, Articular,

Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Circulatory, Excretory, Digestive, Respiratory, and Reproductive

II. Body PlanA. Traditional

View

Based on Embryonic and Anatomic evidencea.

Evidence

Metamorphosis

Remodeling

Figure 32.2

Figure 32.4

b. Grades - 35 animal clades based on tissues present

Figure 32.10 & 11

b. Grades - 35 animal clades based on body symmetry

Figure 32.7

b. Grades - 35 animal clades based on body cavities

Figure 32.8

b. Grades - 35 animal clades based on development patterns

Figure 32.9

B. Molecular View

Based on DNA and rRNA evidence?a. EvidenceLophotrocho

zoavs.

Figure 32.13

vs. Ecdyozoa

Figure 32.12

b. Comparison of Molecular vs. Traditional views.

Figure 32.10 & 11

III. Animal PhylaA.

Invertebrates

Parazoans = Phylum Porifera

Sessile adults, suspension feeders, hermaphroditic, and special cells called choanocytes and amebocytes

Figure 33.4

Radiata = Phylum Cnidarians

Cnidocytes and Nematocysts

Radiata = Phylum Ctenophora

Comb jellies

Protostomia: Lophotrochozoa = Phylum PlatyhelminthesFlat worms

Figure 33.10

Figure 33.12

Phylum NemerteaProboscis or Ribbon worms with

complete digestive tract and closed circulatory system.

Figure 33.15

Phylum MolluscaFigure 33.17

Figure 33.20

Phylum MolluscaFigure

33.18

Phylum Mollusca

Figure 33.22

Phylum Annelida

Figure 33.24 & 25

Protostomia : Ecdysozoa = Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms = moist habitat; non-segmented, short tapered ends, a cuticle exoskeleton, pseudocoelomic, and sexual

Figure 33.26

Figure 33.27

Phylum Arthropoda

Figure 33.31

Phylum Arthropoda

Figure 33.33

Phylum Arthropoda

Figure 33.36

Phylum Arthropoda

Figure 33.38

Phylum Echinodermata

Radial yet segmented

Figure 33.40

Figure 33.40

Phylum Echinodermata

B. Vertebrates

Deuterostomia = Phylum Chordata

Notochord, Dorsal Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, & Post anal Tail

Invertebrate Chordates = tunicates and lancelets

Figure 34.4

Notochord, Dorsal Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, & Post Anal Tail

and lancelets

Figure 34.5

Chordates gnathostomes (jaw less) = Myxini, Figure 34.9

Figure 34.10

Notochord, Dorsal Nerve Cord, Pharyngeal Slits, & Post Anal Tail

Chordates (jawed) Chondrichthyes,

Figure 34.15

Chordates Osteichthyes, &Figure 34.18

Chordates & Amphibia (in and out, tetrapod)

Figure 34.21

Chordates Amniotes = Reptilia &

Figure 34.27

Chordates Amniotes = & Aves

Figure 34.30

Chordates Mammalia

Characteristics?

= Monotremes

Chordates Mammalia

= Marsupials

Figure 34.34

Chordates Mammalia

= Eutherians (Placentals)

Figure 34.35

Diligence is the key.