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2Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Types of Epithelial Types of Epithelial TissuesTissuesin the Vertebratesin the Vertebrates
3Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
OutlineOutline
Tissue TypesTissue TypesEpithelial Epithelial ConnectiveConnectiveMuscularMuscularNervousNervous
OrgansOrgansOrgan SystemsOrgan SystemsHomeostasisHomeostasis
Negative FeedbackNegative FeedbackPositive FeedbackPositive Feedback
4Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
Tissue - Group of similar cells Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar functionperforming a similar function
Organ - Group of tissues performing a Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized functionspecialized function
Organ System - Collection of several Organ System - Collection of several organs functioning togetherorgans functioning together
Organism - A collection of organ Organism - A collection of organ systemssystems
5Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Types of TissuesTypes of Tissues
Four major vertebrate tissue typesFour major vertebrate tissue types
Epithelial Epithelial
ConnectiveConnective
MuscularMuscular
NervousNervous
6Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Types of Epithelial Types of Epithelial TissuesTissuesin the Vertebratesin the Vertebrates
7Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Epithelial TissueEpithelial TissueEpithelial tissue:Epithelial tissue:
Forms a continuous layer over body Forms a continuous layer over body surfacessurfaces
Lines inner cavitiesLines inner cavitiesForms glandsForms glands Exocrine glands - Secrete products into Exocrine glands - Secrete products into ducts or cavitiesducts or cavities Endocrine glands - Secrete products Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the bloodstreamdirectly into the bloodstream
Covers abdominal organsCovers abdominal organsThree types of epithelial tissues:Three types of epithelial tissues:
Squamous – Flat cellsSquamous – Flat cellsCuboidal - Cube-shaped cellsCuboidal - Cube-shaped cellsColumnar – Pillar-shaped cellsColumnar – Pillar-shaped cells
8Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Connective TissueConnective TissueConnective tissues consist of:Connective tissues consist of:
Fibroblast cellsFibroblast cells
A matrix containing collagen and A matrix containing collagen and elastic fiberselastic fibers
Loose fibrous connective tissueLoose fibrous connective tissueAllows organs to expandAllows organs to expand
Dense fibrous connective tissueDense fibrous connective tissueStrong connective tissueStrong connective tissue
TendonsTendons
LigamentsLigaments
9Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Diagram of Fibrous Diagram of Fibrous Connective TissueConnective Tissue
10Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue
Insulates the body and provides Insulates the body and provides paddingpadding
CartilageCartilage
Classified according to type of Classified according to type of collagen and elastic fibers found in the collagen and elastic fibers found in the matrixmatrix
Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in Cartilage cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae) in the matrixsmall chambers (lacunae) in the matrix
11Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisConnective Tissue ExamplesConnective Tissue Examples
12Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Connective TissueConnective Tissue
Compact BoneCompact Bone
Matrix is inorganic salts deposited Matrix is inorganic salts deposited around protein fibersaround protein fibers
Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in lacunaelacunae
Lacunae arranged in concentric circles Lacunae arranged in concentric circles within osteons around tiny tubes within osteons around tiny tubes (central canals)(central canals)
13Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
BloodBlood
Actually a connective tissue in which Actually a connective tissue in which cells are embedded in a liquid matrix cells are embedded in a liquid matrix (plasma)(plasma)
Red blood cells - erythrocytesRed blood cells - erythrocytes
White blood cells - leukocytesWhite blood cells - leukocytes
Transports nutrients and oxygen to Transports nutrients and oxygen to cellscells
Removes carbon dioxide and other Removes carbon dioxide and other wasteswastes
14Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisBlood, a Liquid TissueBlood, a Liquid Tissue
15Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue
Contractile cells containing actin and Contractile cells containing actin and myosin filamentsmyosin filaments
Cells are called muscle fibersCells are called muscle fibersSkeletal MuscleSkeletal MuscleVoluntary - Long, striated fibersVoluntary - Long, striated fibers
Smooth MuscleSmooth Muscle Involuntary - No striationsInvoluntary - No striations
Cardiac MuscleCardiac MuscleStriated, but mostly involuntaryStriated, but mostly involuntaryBound by intercalated disksBound by intercalated disks
17Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisNervous TissueNervous Tissue
Nervous Tissue: Nervous Tissue: neurons-neurons-specialized forspecialized for the transmission of nerve impulses.
Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axonMade up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon
Dendrites (like antennae) receive signals from sensory Dendrites (like antennae) receive signals from sensory receptors.receptors.
Cell body contains the nucleus and organelles.Cell body contains the nucleus and organelles.
Axons conduct a nerve impulse away from the cell body.Axons conduct a nerve impulse away from the cell body.
Myelin-white matterMyelin-white matter
Unmyelinated fibers, cell bodies, and dendrites-grey Unmyelinated fibers, cell bodies, and dendrites-grey mattermatter
A nerve is a bundle of axons bound together by A nerve is a bundle of axons bound together by connective tissue.connective tissue.
Neuroglia Neuroglia support and nourish neuronssupport and nourish neurons
19Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Nervous TissueNervous Tissue
Nervous system regulates body response to Nervous system regulates body response to stimuli and has three main functionsstimuli and has three main functions Sensory inputSensory input Sensory Sensory (afferent)(afferent) carrying impulses from the carrying impulses from the body to the CNSbody to the CNS
Transmit info to the spinal cordTransmit info to the spinal cord Data integrationData integration Spinal cord and brain integrateSpinal cord and brain integrate Decision is made regarding appropriate Decision is made regarding appropriate responseresponse
Motor output-(efferent)Motor output-(efferent) Response is transmitted to effector (gland or Response is transmitted to effector (gland or muscle)muscle)
Effector initiates actual responseEffector initiates actual response
20Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Neurons are not in direct contact Neurons are not in direct contact with one with one another instead, a synapse another instead, a synapse separates separates them.them.
Neurons communicate with other Neurons communicate with other neurons neurons by releasing chemical by releasing chemical signals called signals called neurotransmitters neurotransmitters across a tiny gap.across a tiny gap.
21Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisTypesofNeuroglialCellsTypesofNeuroglialCells
Schwann Cells• peripheral nervous system• myelinating cell
Oligodendrocytes• CNS• myelinating cell
Astrocytes• CNS• mop up excess ions, etc• induce synapse formation• stimulate formation of tight junction between cells that make up the walls of capillaries. (Blood-brain barrier)
Microglia• CNS• phagocytic cell
Ependyma• CNS• ciliated• line central canal of spinal cord• line ventricles of brain•Regulate the production of CSF
22Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Types of Neuroglial CellsTypes of Neuroglial Cells
23Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Integumentary system-Skin and Integumentary system-Skin and derivativesderivatives
Functions of skin: Largest organ in the bodyFunctions of skin: Largest organ in the body Covers and protects underlying body regionsCovers and protects underlying body regions Regulate body temperatureRegulate body temperature Contains sensory receptor- touch, pressure Contains sensory receptor- touch, pressure Vital in maintaining homeostasisVital in maintaining homeostasis
Epidermis - Outer, thinner regionEpidermis - Outer, thinner region Stratified squamous epithelium-lacks blood Stratified squamous epithelium-lacks blood vesselsvessels
As new cells enlarge, older cells are pushed As new cells enlarge, older cells are pushed outward, become keratinized, and are outward, become keratinized, and are sloughed offsloughed off
Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment)Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment) Nails grow from specialized epidermal cellsNails grow from specialized epidermal cells
24Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Regions of SkinRegions of SkinDermis - Deeper and thicker than Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermisepidermisFibrous connective tissue containing Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and collagen fibers Contains:elastic and collagen fibers Contains:Hair folliclesHair folliclesSebaceous glands-secrete sebumSebaceous glands-secrete sebumReceptors-specialized nerve endingsReceptors-specialized nerve endingsNerve fibersNerve fibersBlood vesselsBlood vessels
Subcutaneous Layer - Loose Subcutaneous Layer - Loose connective tissue and adipose tissue connective tissue and adipose tissue located below dermislocated below dermis
25Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisHuman Skin AnatomyHuman Skin Anatomy
26Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & HomeostasistasisOrgan SystemsOrgan Systems
Body CavitiesBody Cavities Dorsal cavity / posterior (toward the back) Dorsal cavity / posterior (toward the back)
Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral Contains the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavitycavity
The brain is in the cranial cavity, andThe brain is in the cranial cavity, and
The spinal cord is in the vertebral cavityThe spinal cord is in the vertebral cavity Ventral cavity/ anterior (toward the front) is Ventral cavity/ anterior (toward the front) is divided by the diaphragm into divided by the diaphragm into
The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) The thoracic cavity (includes heart and lungs) and and
The abdominal cavity (most other internal The abdominal cavity (most other internal organs)organs)
The pelvic cavityThe pelvic cavity
27Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis Mammalian Body CavitiesMammalian Body Cavities
28Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
HomeostasisHomeostasis
The digestive systemThe digestive system Takes in and digests foodTakes in and digests food Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used Provides nutrient molecules that re-place used nutrientsnutrients
The respiratory systemThe respiratory system Adds oxygen to the blood Adds oxygen to the blood Removes carbon dioxideRemoves carbon dioxide
The organ systems of the human body contribute to The organ systems of the human body contribute to homeostasishomeostasis
29Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
HomeostasisHomeostasis
The liver and the kidneysThe liver and the kidneys
Store excess glucose as glycogen-regulates Store excess glucose as glycogen-regulates blood glucose blood glucose
Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the Later, glycogen is broken down to replace the glucose usedglucose used
The hormone insulin regulates blood glucose The hormone insulin regulates blood glucose levelslevels
The kidneysThe kidneys
Under hormonal control as they excrete Under hormonal control as they excrete wastes and saltswastes and salts
Regulate pH Regulate pH
30Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Negative FeedbackNegative FeedbackHomeostatic ControlHomeostatic Control
Partially controlled by hormonesPartially controlled by hormones
Ultimately controlled by the nervous Ultimately controlled by the nervous systemsystem
Negative Feedback is the primary Negative Feedback is the primary homeostatic mechanism that keeps a homeostatic mechanism that keeps a variable close to a set pointvariable close to a set point
Sensor detects change in the internal Sensor detects change in the internal environment;environment;
Regulatory Center activates an effectorRegulatory Center activates an effector
Effector reverses the changesEffector reverses the changes
31Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Regulation of Body Regulation of Body TemperatureTemperature
32Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback
During positive feedback, an event During positive feedback, an event increases the likelihood of another increases the likelihood of another event-a change occurs in one event-a change occurs in one directiondirection
Childbirth ProcessChildbirth Process
Positive FeedbackPositive Feedback
Does not result in equilibriumDoes not result in equilibrium
Does not occur as often as negative Does not occur as often as negative feedbackfeedback
33Animal OrganizAnimal Organization & Homeosation & Homeostasistasis
ReviewReview
Tissue TypesTissue TypesEpithelial Epithelial ConnectiveConnectiveMuscularMuscularNervousNervous
OrgansOrgansOrgan SystemsOrgan SystemsHomeostasisHomeostasis
Negative FeedbackNegative FeedbackPositive FeedbackPositive Feedback