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Animal Regulatory SystemsI.
Designs A. Systems1.
Why?2. Nervous System Overview
Electrical response
Figure 48.3
Nervous system is designed for a quick response, evaluation, and respond again.
3. Endocrine System Overview
Figure 45.4
Chemical response
Endocrine system design slow response, evaluate, and respond again
Figure 45.11
II. Nervous System A. Nervous
Cells1. Neurona. Parts of a Neuron dendrites, cell body
(soma), axon hillock, axon, terminal branches (telodendria), and synaptic end bulbs
Figure 48.4
b. Types of neurons
Figure 48.5
i. based on function. ii. based on structure.
Neurons.
2. Supporting Cellsa. CNS Supporting cells Glial cells (astrocyte,
oligodendrocyte, ependymal cells, and macrophage)
Figure 49.6
b. PNS Supporting cells the Schwann and satellite cells
Figure 48.13
B. Communication
1. Nerve Impulsea. Events: i. resting potential, ii. threshold
stimuli, iii. depolarization, iv. repolarization, and v. hyperpolarization
Figure 48.7
Figure 48.11
b. Refractory Periods (i. absolute vs. ii. relative)
c. Self-Propagation
Figure 48.12
d. Saltatory Conduction
Figure 48.14
2. Synapse a. Structure electrical and
chemical signals
Figure 48.15
Neurotransmitters Table
48.2
b. Function
Figure 48.16
i. integrated by the number and type of connections EPSP versus IPSP
ii. Summation
Figure 48.17
C. Nervous Strategies1.
Development
a. Nerve Net Cnidariansb. Cephalization Platyhelminthesc. Ganglia to a ventral nerve cord Annelids
Figure 49.2
Advantage?
2. Vertebrate Nervous Systema.
OverviewVertebrate nervous system CNS and PNS,
motor and sensory
Figure 49.4 Figure
49.7
b. Peripheral Nervous Systemi. Cranial
NervesMammals 12 pair of cranial nerves
ii. Spinal Nerves31 pair of spinal
nerves
iii. Spinal Nerve Coverage
Dermatomes
Components of a reflex arc
Figure 49.3
iv. Autonomic NervesAutonomic Nervous System homeostatic
side of nerves divided into Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
Figure 49.8
The Autonomic Nervous System divisions can be distinguished by:
Length of Preganglionic Neurons Effects
Coverage Network
Origin of Preganglionic Neurons
Neurotransmitter Released
Effectors Receptors
c. Central Nervous Systemi.
DevelopmentCentral Nervous System dorsal hollow nerve cord
Figure 49.9
Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem
Figure 49.8
ii. Brain
The Cerebrum (gray and white matter)
Figure 49.15 Figure
49.17
Diencephalon, Cerebellum, & Brain Stem
Figure 49.8
Reticular formation = Arousal
Figure 49.10
EEG = Tracing
Figure 49.11Emotions =
Fun? Memory/Learning
Figure 49.13
Random thoughts:
Telephone cable
Connections
iii. Spinal Cord
Reflexes
III. Endocrine System A.
Design1. Invertebrates
B. Animal Strategies
a. Molting (ecdysis) crustaceans and insects
i. Crustaceans eyestalk X-organ (molt inhibiting hormone), and sinus gland Y-organ (molting hormone ecdysone)
b. Glands & Hormones
ii. Insects ecdysis brain (ecdysiotropin), prothoracic gland (ecdysone), & corpus allatum (juvenile hormone)
Figure 45.10
2. Vertebrates
a. Glands
Figure 45.4
b. Hormones == cover all homeostatic mechanisms
and then some.
c. Effects via a signal transduction pathway
Figure 45.6
d. Regulation via feedback loops