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8/14/2019 10-1 Organization and Homeostasis Web Version
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Bones, Muscles,and Skin
Chapter 10
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Organization andHomeostasis
Chapter 10 Section 1
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Levels ofOrganization
The levels of organization in complexorganisms, including most plants andanimals, consist of cells, tissues,
organs, and organ systemsSmallest unit of organization is the cell,
and the largest is the organ system
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Cells: Structure andFunction
Cell- the basic unit of structure andfunction in a living thing
Structure- an organisms body plan, or theway its parts are arranged
Function- part of an organisms job, or theprocess it carries out
Cell membrane- forms outside boundary ofthe cell
Nucleus- control center that directs thecells activities and contains informationthat determines the cells characteristics
Cytoplasm- Area between the cell
membrane and the nucleus Cytoplasm contains a clear, jellylikesubstance in which many important cellstructures, called organelles are found
Cells contain molecules from digested foodthat provide energy and they get rid ofwaste products, grow, and reproduce
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TissuesTissue is the next largest unit or
organization in complex organismsTissue- a group of similar cells that
perform the same functionAnimals body contains contains four
basic types of tissue: muscle tissue,nerve tissue, connective tissue, andepithelial tissue
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TissuesMuscle tissue can contract and shorten
functioning to make parts of the bodymove
Nerve Tissue- directs and controls
movementNerve tissue carries messages back and
forth between the brain and every otherpart of the body
The brain is made up of mostly nerve tissueConnective tissue-provides support for thebody and connects all its parts; bone, fat
Epithelial tissue- covers the surfaces of theoutermost layer of the skin, protects
delicate structures that lie beneath it
O d O
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Organs and OrganSystems
Organ- a structure that is composed of differentkinds of tissue
Stomach, heart, brain, and lungs are organsOrgans have a specific functionEach organ is part of an organ system
Circulatory systemDigestive systemEndocrine systemExcretory system Immune systemMuscular system
Nervous systemReproductiveRespiratorySkeletal SystemSkin
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Maintaining Stable
Internal ConditionsThe organ systems in an organism worktogether to maintain homeostasis, thebodys tendency to keep an internal
balanceHomeostasis- the process by which an
organisms internal environment is keptin equilibrium, or stable, in spite of
changes in the external environmentAll organisms have ways of regulating
the amount of water inside them
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H
om
eo
stasi s
Maintaining Temperature
The body maintains aconstanttemperaturewhether you are ina blizzard or anoverheated room
The body maintains
an averagetemperature of98.6F
Sickness may causethe bodystemperature to rise
Perspiration is the
bodys response toenvironmentalconditions tomaintain a stablebody temperature
The sweat cools thebody
Responding to stimuli
Stimulus-something inside
or outside anorganisms body
that causes theorganism to react
in some way Response- action or
change inbehavior that
occurs as the
result of astimulus
Hunger is an
internal stimulus Food is an external
stimulus Eatin food is the
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Stress
and
H
om
eo
st a
si s
Physical Responses to
stress
Stress- the reactionof your body and
mind tothreatening,
challenging, ordisturbing events
Stress upsetshomeostasis
The body releases achemical called
adrenaline into
your bloodstream Adrenaline acts as
an internal
stimulus thatgives the body a
burst of energy
Fight or flight
Reactions caused byadrenaline are
sometimes calledthe fight-or-
flight response,because they
prepare you toeither fight the
stressor or to takeflight and escape
Body systems work
together torespond to thestressor
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Long-Term StressAfter the stress is over quickly, the body
regains homeostasisWhen a stressful situation does not go
away, your body cannot restorehomeostasis
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ReviewList the four levels of organization in
organisms. Give an example of each level.
Name the four types of tissue in animals.Give an example of where each is located.
What is homeostasis?
Describe what happens during the alarmstage of stress.
What systems of your body are involvedwhen you make a sandwich and then eatit?
Skeletal, nervous, muscular, circulatory,
and digestive systems